Science STAAR Notebook Biology - Category 4 Biological
Processes and Systems
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Patrick Haney
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STAAR Question Which of the following levels of organization
lists the levels in order from the largest level to the smallest
level? A cell, tissue, organ, organ system B organ system, organ,
tissue, cell C organ, tissue, organ system, cell D organ system,
tissue, organ, cell
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Levels of Organization Contd After organisms: After organisms:
Population same organisms in an area Population same organisms in
an area Ex: people in a city Ex: people in a city Community
different organisms in an area Community different organisms in an
area Ex: different type of fish in a pond Ex: different type of
fish in a pond Ecosystem a community plus the non-living factors
(ex: rocks, soil, water) Ecosystem a community plus the non-living
factors (ex: rocks, soil, water) Ex: dessert or rainforest Ex:
dessert or rainforest Biosphere many ecosystems together Biosphere
many ecosystems together Ex: earth Ex: earth
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Homeostasis Definition animals and plants maintaining a steady
balance of water, nutrients, and energy. Definition animals and
plants maintaining a steady balance of water, nutrients, and
energy. Examples: sweating when you get too warm; plants closing
their stomata to regulate water lose Examples: sweating when you
get too warm; plants closing their stomata to regulate water lose
Sheldons Homeostasis Sheldons Homeostasis Sheldons Homeostasis
Sheldons Homeostasis
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Homeostasis Feedback mechanisms help to maintain homeostasis.
Stimulate to make more active Inhibit/Suppress to make less
active
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STAAR Question Changes in water pressure within guard cells
cause the cells to open or close the stoma. This response helps the
plant maintain homeostasis by A stabilizing the plants temperature
through the evaporation of water B regulating the amount of water
the plant loses during transpiration C allowing oxygen needed for
photosynthesis to enter the plant D enabling the plant to release
more carbon dioxide at night for photosynthesis
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Digestive delivers and absorbs useful nutrients; produces
chemicals to breakdown food Digestive delivers and absorbs useful
nutrients; produces chemicals to breakdown food Circulatory
transports oxygen (O 2 ) from the respiratory systems and nutrients
from the digestive system to cells and carries wastes away from
cells Circulatory transports oxygen (O 2 ) from the respiratory
systems and nutrients from the digestive system to cells and
carries wastes away from cells Skeletal protects your internal
organs, gives your body shape and support, and produces blood
cells. Skeletal protects your internal organs, gives your body
shape and support, and produces blood cells. Muscular is
responsible for voluntary (jumping or pointing) and involuntary
(beating of your heart or moving food through digestive tract)
movement. Muscular is responsible for voluntary (jumping or
pointing) and involuntary (beating of your heart or moving food
through digestive tract) movement. Organ Systems
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STAAR Question The human digestive system is approximately
900cm long. Food is moved through the digestive tract primarily by
A bile produced by the pancreas B the enzymes amylase and pepsin C
muscular contractions D hydrochloric acid in the stomach
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Organ Systems Endocrine produces chemical messengers called
hormones. These help maintain homeostasis. Other hormones control
development and growth. Also found in plants. Endocrine produces
chemical messengers called hormones. These help maintain
homeostasis. Other hormones control development and growth. Also
found in plants. Integumentary the skin - forms a protective
barrier around the body. Helps prevent water loss and controls body
temperature. It also gathers information about your surroundings.
Integumentary the skin - forms a protective barrier around the
body. Helps prevent water loss and controls body temperature. It
also gathers information about your surroundings. Reproductive
reproduces organisms; in males the reproductive system produces
sperm, and in females the reproductive system produces eggs.
Reproductive reproduces organisms; in males the reproductive system
produces sperm, and in females the reproductive system produces
eggs. Respiratory moves oxygen (O 2 ) into the body and carbon
dioxide (CO 2 ) out of the body. Respiratory moves oxygen (O 2 )
into the body and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) out of the body.
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Organ Systems Excretory removes waste from the body Excretory
removes waste from the body Ex: urine and feces Ex: urine and feces
Nervous detects changes and controls the way your body responds to
these changes Nervous detects changes and controls the way your
body responds to these changes Ex: fear and stress increases
breathing rate and heart rate Ex: fear and stress increases
breathing rate and heart rate Immune protects the body from
infection. Immune protects the body from infection. Lymphatic takes
fluid from the spaces between cells and returns it to the
circulatory system. It also filters bacteria and other
microorganisms from this fluid. Lymphatic takes fluid from the
spaces between cells and returns it to the circulatory system. It
also filters bacteria and other microorganisms from this
fluid.
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STAAR Question Which of the following correctly describes an
interaction that occurs between two body systems of a rabbit that
helps the rabbit outrun a pursuing coyote? A The skeletal system
releases additional calcium, and the circulatory system retains
more sodium in the blood to provide muscles with ions for
contraction. B The digestive system increases the rate of
digestion, and the excretory system ceases to provide tissues with
more nutrients. C The respiratory systems increases the breathing
rate, and the circulatory system increases blood pressure to
provide tissues with more oxygen. D The endocrine system releases
hormones that prepare the immune system to deal with possible
injuries.
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Photo by Aaron Escobar Plant Systems Root System: Root System:
The root of a plant is responsible for absorbing all of the water
and nutrients that a plant needs to grow. The root of a plant is
responsible for absorbing all of the water and nutrients that a
plant needs to grow.
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Plant Systems Shoot System: Shoot System: Stems Stems gives
structure to the plant and supports the leaves, flowers and fruit.
gives structure to the plant and supports the leaves, flowers and
fruit. carries the water and nutrients throughout the plant through
vascular tissue. This could be compared to the circulatory system
of animals. carries the water and nutrients throughout the plant
through vascular tissue. This could be compared to the circulatory
system of animals.
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Plant Systems Vascular System: transport system Vascular
System: transport system Xylem tubes that transports water
throughout plant Phloem tubes that transports nutrients throughout
plan xylem phloem
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Photos by Joaquim Alves Gaspar Plant Systems Reproductive
System: Reproductive System: Some plants reproduce using a
specialized organ known as a flower. Some plants reproduce using a
specialized organ known as a flower. As pollinators collect nectar
from a plant to be used as food, they also leave behind a bit of
pollen from the previous plant. As pollinators collect nectar from
a plant to be used as food, they also leave behind a bit of pollen
from the previous plant. This fertilizes the second plant and
allows the plants to sexually reproduce. This fertilizes the second
plant and allows the plants to sexually reproduce.
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STAAR Question Copper is a micronutrient that can be found in
the soil. Copper is important for reproductive growth in plants and
plays an indirect role in chlorophyll production. Which statement
correctly describes the interaction that occurs between the root
and the shoot systems of plants to allow reproduction to occur? A
Copper is produced in the roots when copper-containing compounds
are hydrolyzed. B Copper that is absorbed by the roots is
transported to reproductive tissues by the shoot. C The shoot
system stores copper for later use by the roots and the
reproductive structures. D The shoot system transports copper to
the roots after it is taken in through stomata in the leaves.
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Plant Tropisms Tropism plant growth in response to a stimulus
(trigger) due to plant hormones. Tropism plant growth in response
to a stimulus (trigger) due to plant hormones. Examples: Examples:
1. Phototropism growth in response to light 1. Phototropism growth
in response to light 2. Geotropism growth in response to gravity 2.
Geotropism growth in response to gravity 3. Hydrotropism growth in
response to water 3. Hydrotropism growth in response to water 4
Thigmotropism growth in response to touch 4 Thigmotropism growth in
response to touch
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STAAR Question Plant hormones serve as chemical messengers
between cells and tissues. Auxin is a plant hormone that causes the
cells on the shady side of a plant shoot to elongate. This response
enabled by auxin is known as A geotropism B transpiration C
phototropism D photosynthesis
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Plant Adaptions Examples: Examples: Annual rings of trees thin
in dry periods; thicker when there is more rainfall. Plant leaves
in an arid (dry) habitat are typically spiny (for protection) and
smaller. Because of a lack of water, the plant cuticle increases in
thickness. It is a structural response to the environment. Plants
absorb energy from the sun in their leaves. The broader the leaf,
the more sunlight absorbed. Seeds of a plant can be dispersed in
different ways depending on their structure. Seeds can be carried
by water, wind, or animals.
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Enzymes Enzymes function as CATALYSTS to speed up chemical
reactions by LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY of reactions. Enzymes
function as CATALYSTS to speed up chemical reactions by LOWERING
THE ACTIVATION ENERGY of reactions. They may only catalyze one type
of reaction and can be used over and over again!!!! They may only
catalyze one type of reaction and can be used over and over
again!!!! The substrate is the substance that the enzyme is working
with; the active site is the place on the enzyme where the
substrate attaches The substrate is the substance that the enzyme
is working with; the active site is the place on the enzyme where
the substrate attaches Each enzyme has a definite 3D shape which
Each enzyme has a definite 3D shape which allows it to recognize
and bind with its substrate (like 2 puzzle pieces) Example: enzymes
are used in the digestive Example: enzymes are used in the
digestive system to break food down into component molecules for
use by the body
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Activation Energy- energy required to get a reaction started.
What is needed to start a reaction? Activation Energy- energy
required to get a reaction started.
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STAAR Question This diagram shows the biochemical pathway that
produces arginine in Neurospora, a mold. Neurospora is easily grown
on a simple jelly-like medium. If Enzyme X were not functioning
properly, what substance would need to be added to the growth
medium for this mold to grow normally? A Base substance B Ornithine
C Enzyme Y D Enzyme Z
