Science Proficiency Review Matter and Energy. Kinetic Molecular Theory Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) with definite

Science Proficiency ReviewScience Proficiency Review

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory

Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) with definite and molecules, or ions) with definite and characteristic sizes that do not change. Particles characteristic sizes that do not change. Particles are in constant random motion and possess are in constant random motion and possess kinetic energykinetic energy

The amount of kinetic energy is directly related The amount of kinetic energy is directly related to Kelvin temperatureto Kelvin temperature

Kinetic energy is transferred through collisionsKinetic energy is transferred through collisions

States of MatterStates of MatterSummary of Solid, Liquid, and GasSummary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

SolidSolid Liquid Liquid GasGas

Arrangement Arrangement and Closeness and Closeness

of Particlesof Particles

Fixed, CloseFixed, Close Random, CloseRandom, Close Random, Far Random, Far ApartApart

Attraction Attraction between between Particles Particles

StrongStrong ModerateModerate Little to noneLittle to none

Motion of Motion of

ParticlesParticles Particles vibrate Particles vibrate about fixed sitesabout fixed sites

Particles slide Particles slide over each otherover each other

Particles move Particles move constantly and constantly and randomly randomly



SolidSolid Liquid Liquid GasGas

VolumeVolume Definite volumeDefinite volume Define volumeDefine volume Takes volume of Takes volume of containercontainer

ShapeShape Definite shapeDefinite shape Takes the Takes the shape of shape of containercontainer

Takes the Takes the shape of shape of containercontainer

DensityDensity High densityHigh density High density High density (usually lower (usually lower than that of than that of same solid)same solid)

Low densityLow density



Solid Solid Liquid Liquid GasGas

FlowFlow Does not flowDoes not flow Flows easilyFlows easily Flows easilyFlows easily

CompressibilityCompressibility Small Small compressibilitycompressibility

Small Small compressibility compressibility to to incompressibleincompressible

Large Large compressibilitycompressibility

Thermal Thermal ExpansionExpansion

Small thermal Small thermal expansionexpansion

Small thermal Small thermal expansionexpansion

Moderate Moderate thermal thermal expansionexpansion

Phase ChangesPhase Changes

An energy transfer is needed to change from An energy transfer is needed to change from one phase to anotherone phase to another

Heating or cooling of a substance changes the Heating or cooling of a substance changes the amount of kinetic energy and motion of particlesamount of kinetic energy and motion of particles

When enough heat is added or removed from a When enough heat is added or removed from a substance, intermolecular attractions amongst substance, intermolecular attractions amongst particles decrease or increase enough for phase particles decrease or increase enough for phase changes to occurchanges to occur

Heating and Cooling CurvesHeating and Cooling Curves

Phase transitions occur at specific Phase transitions occur at specific temperature when the energy of particles temperature when the energy of particles exceeds that allowed for a given stateexceeds that allowed for a given state

During a phase change, the temperature During a phase change, the temperature of the substance stays constant until the of the substance stays constant until the phase change is completephase change is complete

Sample Heating CurveSample Heating Curve

Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions

1. A sample of carbon dioxide that 1. A sample of carbon dioxide that undergoes a transformation from solid undergoes a transformation from solid to liquid to gas would undergo a to liquid to gas would undergo a change in change in

a. densitya. densityb. massb. massc. compositionc. compositiond. chemical propertiesd. chemical properties


2. Which statement is NOT true?2. Which statement is NOT true? a. a. To change from a solid to a liquid To change from a solid to a liquid requires energy.requires energy.

b. Water can exist in solid, liquid, or b. Water can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states.gas states.c. Solids and liquids have similar c. Solids and liquids have similar

densities. densities. d. Particles in a solid do not move.d. Particles in a solid do not move.


3. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the 3. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the average kinetic energy of its molecules average kinetic energy of its molecules willwilla. decreasea. decreaseb. increaseb. increasec. remain the samec. remain the samed. quickly increase, then slowly decrease d. quickly increase, then slowly decrease to zeroto zero


4. Under the same conditions of 4. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, a liquid temperature and pressure, a liquid differs from a gas because the particles differs from a gas because the particles of the liquidof the liquida. are in constant straight-line motiona. are in constant straight-line motionb. take the shape of the container they b. take the shape of the container they occupyoccupyc. have no regular arrangementc. have no regular arrangementd. have stronger forces of attraction d. have stronger forces of attraction between thembetween them


5. Which of the following is true as a 5. Which of the following is true as a gas is changing to a liquid during gas is changing to a liquid during condensation?condensation?a. There is a decrease in particle order.a. There is a decrease in particle order.b. The particles gain freedom.b. The particles gain freedom.c. The temperature rises.c. The temperature rises.d. Energy is released.d. Energy is released.


6. The relative randomness of 6. The relative randomness of molecules in the states of matter is molecules in the states of matter is best indicated by:best indicated by:a. solid > liquid > gasa. solid > liquid > gasb. liquid > gas > solidb. liquid > gas > solidc. liquid > solid > gasc. liquid > solid > gasd. gas > liquid > solidd. gas > liquid > solid


7. The physical state of matter is related to 7. The physical state of matter is related to the potential energy and kinetic energy the potential energy and kinetic energy between molecules of the substance. The between molecules of the substance. The gaseous state is characterized bygaseous state is characterized bya. high potential energy and high kinetic energya. high potential energy and high kinetic energyb. high potential energy and low kinetic energyb. high potential energy and low kinetic energyc. low potential energy and high kinetic energyc. low potential energy and high kinetic energyd. low potential energy and low kinetic energyd. low potential energy and low kinetic energy


8. Low density and high compressibility 8. Low density and high compressibility are characteristic ofare characteristic ofa. the liquid statea. the liquid stateb. the solid stateb. the solid statec. the gaseous statec. the gaseous stated. both the liquid and solid statesd. both the liquid and solid states


9. Gases have a low density because 9. Gases have a low density because a. gas molecules have strong a. gas molecules have strong intermolecular attractions.intermolecular attractions.b. gas molecules are very far apart.b. gas molecules are very far apart.c. gas molecules take the shape of their c. gas molecules take the shape of their container.container.d. gas molecules have an indefinite d. gas molecules have an indefinite volume.volume.


10. A pot of water is placed on a hot 10. A pot of water is placed on a hot stove. Small bubbles begin to appear at stove. Small bubbles begin to appear at the bottom of the pot. The bubbles rise the bottom of the pot. The bubbles rise to the surface of the water and seem to to the surface of the water and seem to pop or disappear. What is inside the pop or disappear. What is inside the bubbles?bubbles?a. oxygen or hydrogena. oxygen or hydrogenb. airb. airc. oxygen and hydrogenc. oxygen and hydrogend. steamd. steam

Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuesitonsQuesitons

11. In a pure sample of oxygen gas, 11. In a pure sample of oxygen gas, what exists between the oxygen what exists between the oxygen molecules?molecules?a. mattera. matterb. airb. airc. nothingc. nothingd. atmosphered. atmosphere


12. Which of the following statements 12. Which of the following statements is correct?is correct?a. Heat causes molecules to expand.a. Heat causes molecules to expand.b. Molecular size depends on temperatureb. Molecular size depends on temperaturec. Gases have mass and volume.c. Gases have mass and volume.d. Bonds within molecules are broken d. Bonds within molecules are broken during melting.during melting.


113. Consider three samples of water in three 3. Consider three samples of water in three phases. The first is solid water (ice) at 0 °C, phases. The first is solid water (ice) at 0 °C, the second is liquid water at 24 °C, and the the second is liquid water at 24 °C, and the third is gaseous water at 100 °C. The water third is gaseous water at 100 °C. The water molecules in the liquid phase _______ the molecules in the liquid phase _______ the water molecules in the solid phase.water molecules in the solid phase.a. move faster thana. move faster thanb. move slower thanb. move slower thanc. move less randomly thanc. move less randomly thand. travel in the same direction as.d. travel in the same direction as.

Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review Question AnswersQuestion Answers

Answers to Sample Test QuestionsAnswers to Sample Test Questions1. (a)1. (a)2. (d)2. (d)3. (a)3. (a)4. (d)4. (d)5. (d)5. (d)6. (d)6. (d)7. (c)7. (c)8. (c)8. (c)9. (b)9. (b)10. (d)10. (d)11. (c)11. (c)12. (c)12. (c)13. (a)13. (a)

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Science Proficiency Review Matter and Energy. Kinetic Molecular Theory Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) with definite