AMERICANASSOCIATION FOR THEADVANCEMENT OFSCIENCE SCIENCE

ISSN 0036-8075Io JANUARY I986VOLUME 231No. 4734.

99 This Week in Scince

101 Planet Earth

103 The National Science Board: S. MAc LANE; Genetic Engineering: W. J. HAYDEN;SSC Design: D. H. SToRK; Gastronomic Variety: R. McMANus

105 NASA and Military Press for a Spaceplane107 A Risk Reduction Center Gains U.S. Support

109 Soviets Launch Computer Literacy Drive

115 Briefing: High Selenium Levls Confirmed in Six States; NRC Finds Crisis in RemoteSensing; Reye's Data to Be Turned Over to Company; Creationism Downed Again inLouisiana

__ 113 When Stones Can Be Deceptive115 Dexterous Early Hominids

116 Gepysias Btiefltg: Parkfield Earthquake Looks to Be on Schedule; A Search forAnother San Andreas; Long Valley Is Quiet but Still Bulging; How to Stir Up aDeep-Sea Storm

myf_~~ 121 Evolution of Mechanisms Controlling Mating Behavior: D. CREws andM. C. MooRE

126

129

The 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: A. G. MoruLsKirBackground and Mass Extinctions: The Alternation of Macroevolutionary Regimes:D. JABLONSKI

Automated Chemical Synthesis of a Protein Growth Factor for Hemopoietic Cells,Interleukin-3: I. CLAR-LEwIS, R. AEBERSOLD, H. ZILTENER, J. W. SCHRADER,L. E. HOOD, S. B. H. KENT

* SCIENCE Is published weekly on Friday, except the lt week In Decbwer, by the Amercen AsociatIon for theAdancem t of ScInce, 1333 H Stret, NW, Wahington, DC 20006. Second-class posWe (publication No.484460) paid at Washirgton, DC, and at an additional entry. Now combined with The Scentific Uontly Copyright 01985 by the Amenican Association for the Advancement of Science. Domestic individual membership and subscription(51 Issues): $60. Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $98. Forein postag extra: Canada $24. other (surfacemail) $27, air-surface via Amsterdam $85. First class, airmail, school-year, and sudent rates on request Single copies$2.50 ($3 by mail); back issues $4 ($4.50 by mail); Bkiotchnology issue, $5.50 ($6 by mail); classroom rates on requestChag of address: aiow 6 weeks, giving old and new addresses and seven-digit account number. Authorization topholocopy material for intemal or personal use under circumstanes not faNing within the fair use provsion of the Copy-right Act is granted by AMS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Cbarance Center (CCC) Transac-tional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $1 per copy plus $0.10 per page is paid direcly to CCC, 21 Con-gres Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970. The identification code for Scim is 0036.8075/83 $1 + .10. Postmat:Send Form 3579 to Scince, 1333 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. ScIc is indexed in the RAdWs Guide toPeriodical Lterature and in several specialized indexes.

* The American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorPOate in 1874. its objectsare to further the work of scientists, to facilitate raton among them, to foster sentfic ftreedom and rsponibility,to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increae public understanding and ap-preciation of the importane and promise of the methods of science in human progress.

SCIENCE, VOL. 23I96

- SCIENCECOVER Aerial view of the meteorological tower and the canopy of the oak-hickory forest at Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee. The large surface area ofthe forest vegetation results in significant interception of atmospheric particles andvapors. This material contributes to both the nutrient needs and the pollutant loadof the forest. See page 141. [R. R. Turner and S. E. Lindberg, Environmental Sci-ences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831]

141 Atmospheric Deposition and Canopy Interactions of Major Ions in a Forest:S. E. LINDBERG, G. M. LovETr, D. D. RICHTER, D. W. JOHNSON

145 Modification of the Active Site of Alkaline Phosphatase by Site-DirectedMutagenesis: S. S. GHOSH, S. C. BocK, S. E. ROmTA, E. T. KmSER

148 Specific Immunosuppression by Immunotoxins Containing Daunomycin:E. DIENER, U. E. DINER, A. SINHA, S. XIE, R. VERGIDIS

150 Antigens Induced on Erythrocytes by P. falkparum: Expression of Diverse andConserved Detenninants: K. MARSH and R. J. HowARD

153 Rat Resistance to Schistosomiasis: Platelet-Mediated Cytotoxicity Induced byC-Reactive Protein: D. BouT, M. JOSEPH, M. PONTET, H. VORNG, D. DESLEE,A. CAPRON

156 Effect of Antibodies to Recombinant and Synthetic Peptides on P. fakiparumSporozoites in Vitro: D. MAZIER, S. MELLOUK, R. L. BEAUDOIN, B. TEXIER,P. DRUILHE et al.

159 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Precursor: Characterization in Rat Brain:R. M. LECHAN, P. WU, I. M. D. JACKSON, H. WOLF, S. COOPERMAN, G. MANDEL,R. H. GOoDMAN

161 Systemic Ethanol: Selective Enhancement of Responses to Acetylcholine andSomatostatin in Hippocampus: J. R. MANCILLAS, G. R. SIGGINS, F. E. BLOOM

164 The Intelligence Men, reviewed by L. ZENDERLAND; All the World's a Fair,B. BENEDICr; Marine Micropaleontology of China and Acta MicropalaeontologicaSinica, J. H. LIPPS; Evolutionary Relationships among Rodents, M. C. McKENNA;Polymers, C. WALLING; Books Received

171 Computerized Thermal Analysis * Chromatography Columns for Peptides * ImageAnalysis * Syringe Tip Filters * Software for Complex Mathematics * Measurementof Oxygen Consumption * Temperature Monitor * Secondary Ion Mass Spectrome-ter * Expression of Proteins from Filamentous Fungi

Robert McC. AdamsRobert W. BerlinerMildred DresselhausDonald N. LangenbergDorothy NelkinJohn E. SawyerShelia E. WidnallUnda S. Wilson

William T. GoldenTreasurer

William D. CareyExecutive Officer

Editorial Board

David BaltimoreWilliam F. BrinkmanAnsley J. CoaleJoseph L. GoldsteinJames D. Idol, Jr.Leon KnopofSeymour UpsetWaiter MasseyOliver E. NelsonAllen NewellRuth PatrickDavid V. RagoneVera C. RubinHoward E. SimmonsSolomon H. SnyderRobert M. Solow

Board of ReviewngEditors

Qais Al-AwqatiJames P. AllisonLuis W. AlvarezDon L AndersonKenneth J. ArrowC. Paul BbanchiElizabeth H. Bl&ckbumFloyd E. BloomCharles R. CantorJames H. ClarkBruce F. EldrdgeStanley FalkowDouglas J. Futuyma

Theodore H. GebleRobert B. GoldbergStephen P. GotRoger 1. M. GlassPatricia S. Goldman-RakicRichard M. HeldGloria HeppnerEric F. JohnsonKonrad B. KrauskopfJoseph B. MarfinJohn C. McGilfAfton MeisterMortimer MishkinJohn S. PearseYeshayau PockerFrederic M. RichardsJames E. Rothman

Ronald H. SchwartzOtto T. SolbrigRobert T. N. TJlianVirginia TrimbieGeerat J. VermeijMartin G. WeigertGeorge M. WhitesidesWilliam B. WoodHarriet Zuckerman

TABLE OF CONTENTS 97

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Bowd of DlrectorsDavid A. HamburgRetiring President,ChairmanGerard PielPresdentLawrence BogoradPreidentelect

IO JANUARY I986

SCIENCE

American Association for the Advancenent of ScienceScience serves its readers as a forum for the presentationand discussion of important issues related to the advance-ment of science, including the presentation of minority or con-flicting points of view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accordingly, all ar-ticles published in Science-including editorials, news andcomment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the indi-vidual views of the authors and not official points of viewadopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the au-thors are affiliated.

PuMilsher: William D. CareyEditor: Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.Dey Editors: Philip H. Abelson (Engineering and AppliedSciences); John 1. Brauman (Physical Sciences); GardnerLindzey (Social Sciences)

EDITORIAL STAFFManaging Editor: Patricia A. MorganAssistant Managing Editors: Nancy J. Hartnagel, John E.RingleSenior Editors: Eleanore Butz, Lawrence 1. Grossman, RuthKulstadAssocalt Editors: Martha Collins, Sylvia Eberhart, WilliamGreaves, Barbara Jasny, Katrina L. Kelner, Edith MeyersLetters Editor: Christine GilbertBook Reviews: Katherine Livingston, editor; Linda Heiser-manThis Week In Science: Ruth Levy GuyerChief Production Editor: Ellen E. MurphyEditing Department: Lois Schmitt, head; Caitilin Gordon,Stephen Kepple, Lisa McCulloughCopy Desk: Isabella Bouldin, chief; Mary McDaniel, SharonRyan, Beverly ShieldsProduction Manager: Karen SchoolsGraphics and Production: John Baker, assistant manager;Holly Bishop, Kathleen Cosimano, Eleanor WarnerCovers Editor: Grayce FingerManuscript Systems Analyst: William Carter

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IO JANUARY I986

IO JANUARY 1986VOLUME 231NUMBER 4734

Planet EarthA new public television series, "Planet Earth," will premier on Wednesday, 22 January.

A total of seven 1-hour episodes, to be shown at weekly intervals, will portray thetremendous advances that have occurred in earth and planetary science. Geologists

and geophysicists who have seen the films are high in their praise of the series. And well theymay be, for the authenticity of the content was intensively monitored by committees of theNational Academy of Sciences. Nearly 100 of the nation's leading earth scientists participat-ed in vetting the material. But there is more than authenticity in the series. There are high-quality entertainment and educational values for viewers from all walks of life. During thepast 30 years, a revolution has occurred in earth science, made possible by new tools forexploration of the solid earth, the ocean depths, the atmosphere, the planets, and the sun.The studies have created knowledge. They have also provided marvelous photo opportuni-ties. WQED in Pittsburgh has chosen from among many existing film clips and has madeothers to produce an informative series of pictures that accompany a well-judged narrative.

The titles of the seven episodes are The Living Machine, The Blue Planet, The ClimatePuzzle, Tales from Other Worlds, The Solar Sea, Gifts from the Earth, and Fate of theEarth. These titles do not always well convey the content. The Living Machine might betterhave been called The Restless Earth, for it deals with the history of the earth, plate tectonics,and related volcanism and earthquakes. The Blue Planet might have been called Oceanogra-phy, but that would not have conveyed the excitement of exploration of the ocean deeps.Tales from Other Worlds deals with lunar and planetary exploration and meteorite impacts.It includes a sumnmary ofhighlights ofthe space effort and reviews recent findings relating tothe Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions.

The film that will be shown on 22 January, The Living Earth, provides historicalbackground before dealing with the recent findings. It tells of Hutton's late 18th-centuryobservations that created the foundation for field geology. It also treats of Wegenerspioneering evidence for continental drift, set forth early in the 20th century. Then itdescribes the more recent work involving mapping of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Subsequent-ly, magnetic observations on dated terrestrial basalts showed that the polarity of the earth'smagnetic field reverses from time to time. Measurements made on mid-ocean basalts showedcorresponding magnetic reversals at different distances from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Theseobservations constituted conclusive evidence of sea-floor spreading. As a first episode in theseven-part series, The Living Earth is a particularly good starter. Its educational values arereinforced by its pictures. Volcanism and earthquakes provide marvelous photo opportuni-ties that dramatize the violence and power of nature.

Creating a seven-part television series is an expensive undertaking. The costs were inexcess of $4 million. That kind of money is not easily available for a science-based series.When "Planet Earth" is shown it will represent the culmination of efforts that began in1979. The key enthusiast and idea man for the project was the late Hugh Odishaw, who wasthen dean of the College of Earth Sciences at the University of Arizona. Odishaw had beendirector of American endeavors for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957-1958. He was impressed with the many discoveries that had occurred since IGY and felt thatthe earth sciences had dramatic stories to convey to the public. Through enthusiasticsalesmanship and sheer persistence, Odishaw lined up the sponsorship of six major scientificorganizations, including the National Academy of Sciences, six relevant governmentagencies, and three foundations. These contributed more prestige than money, but theirsupport in the early phases enabled Odishaw to develop further the feasibility of a "PlanetEarth" series. Knowing of WQED's reputation and production expertise, he contactedWQED's executive vice president, Thomas Skinner, who recognized the potential of thetheme and began working with Odishaw to develop the series. The major financing included$3 million from the Annenberg-CPB Project and $1 million from IBM.

One of the by-products of the "Planet Earth" series is a major hardcover book by thesame name. This high-quality publication, which is a January selection of the Book-of-the-Month-Club, covers much of the content of the television series. It can be read with interestby scientists and the lay public.-PHILIP H. ABELSON

EDITORIAL 101