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Science Final Review Notes
Does it Float or Sink?
Density is less than 1.0 g/cm3
Density is more than 1.0 g/cm3
FLOATS
SINKS
Solids
• Phase of matter in which matter has a definite shape and volume
Molecules (small round objects)
are arranged and organized in
“tightly packed” order
Liquids
• Phase of matter in which matter takes the shape of its container and has
definite volume
Molecules are moving slowly; not fast enough to overcome the
attractions between them
Gases
• Phase in which matter changes in both volume and shape
Molecules move very quickly and are able to break apart from one
another
So How Do We Classify Them?
• How fast the molecules move!!!
Solids Liquids Gases Plasmas
Molecules move slow and vibrate
in place
Move faster than solids and overcome
some attraction
Move fast and
overcome all of
attraction
Move incredibly fast but
break apart
• Potential Energy – Stored energy
• Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion
Circuits
• Complete, closed path through which electric charges flow
Closed Open
Two Types of Circuits
• 1. Series: all parts are connected in one loop
Types Of Circuits
• 2. Parallel: different loads are located on separate branches
Types Of Waves
• 2 Types
1. Transverse Waves
2. Longitudinal Waves
These two waves can be identified by the direction in which the particles of the
medium vibrate compared with the direction in which the waves travel
Transverse Waves
• Transverse: waves that move across
Particles in a transverse wave move across or perpendicular to the direction of the wave
Longitudinal Waves• Longitudinal: the particles of a medium
vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travels
Properties of Waves
• Amplitude: the maximum distance the wave vibrates from its rest position
Larger the amplitude = taller wave
What Does Amplitude Mean?
• Small Amplitude = low energy
• Large Amplitude = high energy
Wavelength• Wavelength: the distance between
any two adjacent crests or compressions
Frequency
• Frequency: the number of waves produced in a given amount of time
Expressed in Hertz
Newton’s Laws
1. An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force
2. Force = mass x acceleration
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• The seven types of energy are:
Energy
Heat
Light
Electrical
MechanicalSound
Nuclear
Chemical
What Makes An Object Move?• Force: a push or pull on an object
Characteristics of Forces
1. Have size
2. Direction
40.0 Newtons
3. Units = Newtons
Law of Gravity
• What goes up must come down.
• Gravitational force increases with increased mass of the object or decreased distance between objects.
Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change form.
Levers
• A simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point
Fulcrum: pivot point
Inclined Planes
• Simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface
The longer an inclined plane is compared to its height, the greater the mechanical
advantage
Wheel and Axle
• Consists of two circular objects of different sizes
The wheel allows the individual to spin the axle easier
1st Circular Object
2nd Circular Object
Pulleys
• Consists of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cable
Compound Machines
• Machines that are made of two or more simple machines
The more moving parts, the more mechanical advantage
What is Friction Then?o Friction: a force that
opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching
There is NO SUCH THING as a
completely smooth surface!!
Efficiency In Machine
• Machines can be made to be more efficient
We do this by REDUCING…
Lubricants: substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce friction between them
Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing what the object originally was
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hair
Chalk
Apple
Water
Color Shape ColorTaste
Color Texture Liquid Clear
Physical Changes
Changes in size, shape, or color (the object is still the same substance)
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES
Hair
Chalk
Apple
Water
HAIRCUT STILL HAIR! SLICEDSTILL AN APPLE!
BREAK STILL CHALK!COLORING
STILL WATER!
Chemical Changes
Evident when we make a NEW SUBSTANCE!!
EVIDENCE OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES CHEMCIAL CHANGES
Size Bubbling
Shape Flammable
Color Dissolving/Dissolves
Solubility Curves
** A WAY TO FIGURE OUT HOW MUCH
SUBSTANCEYOU CAN DISSOLVE AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES**** Match the
temperature at the bottom with the grams
of solute on the left side…where they meet is the solubility for that
substance**
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Name for the range of electromagnetic waves when they are placed in order of
increasing frequency
Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued
long Wavelength short
low Frequency high
Refraction Bending of a wave as it passes at an
angle from one medium to another
Reflection
Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light
When light or any other waves bounces off an object
Absorption and Scattering
Absorption: the transfer of energy carried by light waves to particles of matter
Light and Color Color is produced by REFLECTION
and ABSORPTION!!!!
The colors that are REFLECTED are the colors that you can see!!!!!!
What Are Our Basic Colors?
THE RAINBOW!!!Meet ROY G. BIV
ROYGBIV
= RED= ORANGE= YELLOW= GREEN= BLUE= INDIGO= VIOLET