Science Explorer Guided Reading Workbook Gr6

780130 5870609

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ISBN 0-13-058706-0

P R E N T I C E H A L L

SCIENCEEXPLORER


SCIENCEEXPLORER

Grade 6Grade 6Grade 6

Guided Reading and Study Workbook

Guided Reading and Study Workbook

� Promotes active reading and enhances students’study skills using innovative questioning strategies and exercises linked to the student text

� Builds a record of students’ work to use as a studyaid for quizzes and tests

� Provides a wide range of question formats—for every section of the text—to reach a wide variety of learners

� Gives parents a handy resource to help studentsstudy and learn

� Promotes active reading and enhances students’study skills using innovative questioning strategies and exercises linked to the student text

� Builds a record of students’ work to use as a studyaid for quizzes and tests

� Provides a wide range of question formats—for every section of the text—to reach a wide variety of learners

� Gives parents a handy resource to help studentsstudy and learn

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Grade 6

Guided Readingand

Study WorkbookTeacher’s Edition

Needham, MassachusettsUpper Saddle River, New Jersey

Glenview, Illinois

Grade 6

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Copyright © 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permissionshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,or likewise. For information regarding permissions(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.

ISBN 0-13-058709-52 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 05 04 03 02

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What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 1 Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . .51-1 Describing Matter and Energy . . . . . . . .51-2 Measuring Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91-3 Particles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111-4 Elements From Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Chapter 2 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

2-1 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172-2 Gas Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192-3 Graphing Gas Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . .212-4 Changes in State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Chapter 3 Relating Force and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

3-1 Describing, Measuring, and Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

3-2 Force and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . .313-3 Water in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Chapter 4 Cells: The Building Blocks of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

4-1 What is Life? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414-2 Discovering Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444-3 Looking Inside Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464-4 Introduction to Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Chapter 5 Cell Processes and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

5-1 The Cell in Its Environment . . . . . . . . .535-2 The Cell and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555-3 Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Chapter 6 From Bacteria to Plants . . .636-1 Classifying Living Things . . . . . . . . . . .636-2 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656-3 Protists and Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .706-4 The Plant Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Chapter 7 Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777-1 What Is an Animal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777-2 Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797-3 Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms,

and Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807-4 Arthropods and Echinoderms . . . . . . . .837-5 Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles . . . . .857-6 Birds and Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Chapter 8 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938-1 Components of an Ecosystem . . . . . . . .938-2 Studying Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .968-3 Energy in an Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Chapter 9 Energy Resources . . . . . . . .1019-1 Energy and Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . .1019-2 Renewable Sources of Energy . . . . . . .1049-3 Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1089-4 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Chapter 10 Solid Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . .11310-1 Inside Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11310-2 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11410-3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . .117

Chapter 11 Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

11-1 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12111-2 Earth’s Crust in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . .12311-3 Measuring Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . .12611-4 Volcanic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12811-5 Volcanic Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Chapter 12 Fresh Water . . . . . . . . . . . .13512-1 The Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13512-2 Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14012-3 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14312-4 Wetland Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14512-5 Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Table of Contents

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

iv Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6

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Chapter 13 Earth’s Atmosphere . . . . .15113-1 The Air Around You . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15113-2 Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15313-3 Air Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15613-4 Layers of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . .159

Chapter 14 Weather Factors . . . . . . . .16314-1 Energy in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . .16314-2 Integrating Physics: Heat Transfer . . .16514-3 Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16814-4 Water in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . .17114-5 Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Chapter 15 Weather Patterns . . . . . . .17715-1 Air Masses and Fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . .17715-2 Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17915-3 Floods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18215-4 Predicting Weather Change . . . . . . . . .183

Chapter 16 Components of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

16-1 Describing the Solar System . . . . . . . .18716-2 Characteristics of the Sun . . . . . . . . . .19016-3 Characteristics of the Inner Planets . .19116-4 Characteristics of the Outer Planets . .19516-5 Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors . . . . .19816-6 Traveling in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

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WHAT IS SCIENCE?(pages 10-19)

This section describes how scientists explore problems and seek answers to questionsabout the natural world. The section also describes the branches of science.

Introduction (page 10)

1. What is science? Science is a way of learning about the natural world and

the knowledge gained through that process.

2. The many ways in which scientists explore the problems and seekanswers to questions about the natural world is referred to as

.

Thinking Like a Scientist (pages 11–15)

3. What skills do scientists use? Posing questions, making observations and

inferences, developing hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting data

and making measurements, interpreting data, and drawing conclusions.

Match the term with its definition.

Term

b 4. observation

a 5. inference

6. A possible explanation for observations that relate to a scientific

question is called a(n) .hypothesis

scientific inquiry

Definition

a. An interpretation based on gatheredinformation and prior knowledge

b. Using sight, hearing, smell, andsometimes taste to gather information

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7. A hypothesis can be tested by observation or .

8. Complete the compare/contrast table.

experimentation

What Is Science? (continued)

Variables

Type of Variable Definition

Manipulated variable Variable that the scientist changes

Responding variable Variable that changes as a result

9. Is the following sentence true or false? In a controlled experiment,

scientists keep all the variables constant.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists who study processesthat take millions of years cannot conduct experiments.

11. The facts, figures, and other evidence collected in an experiment are

called .

12. Circle the letter of the units of measurement that are used by scientistsworldwide.

a. IS units b. International units

c. SI units d. Data units

13. A model that imitates something in the real world is called a(n)

.

Scientific Laws and Theories (page 16)

14. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time

under a particular set of conditions is a(n) .

15. A well-tested scientific concept that explains a wide range of

observations is a(n) .scientific theory

scientific law

simulation

data

false

false

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16. Is the following sentence true or false? If tests fail to support a theory,

scientists do more tests until the theory is supported.

Laboratory Safety (page 16)

17. Why is it important to follow safe laboratory practices? They protect

everyone from injury and make investigations go more smoothly.

Branches of Science (page 18)

18. What are the four main branches of science? Physical science, Earth

science, life science, and environmental science.

19. Knowledge about Earth and its place in the universe is referred to as

.

20. Circle the letter of each kind of work scientists do.

a. Test water supplies b. Study weather

c. Design safer cars d. Study rain forests

21. Scientists who study the universe are called .

22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about environmentalscientists.

a. They study the effects of using Earth’s resources.

b. They determine the effects of human activities on the environment.

c. They try to solve problems such as pollution.

d. They focus on the solar system.

23. Is the following sentence true or false? The branches of science are not

separate from one another.

Technology and the Internet (page 19)

24. What are two ways that technology helps scientists? Technology helps

scientists collect and analyze data. It also helps them communicate their

discoveries to other scientists and to the public.

true

astronomers

Earth science

false

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WordWiseUse your knowledge of the key terms to solve the crossword puzzle.

What Is Science? (continued)

Clues across

1. Experiment in which only one variable is manipulated

3. Way of learning about the natural world andknowledge gained through that process

4. Any factor that can change in an experiment

7. The facts, figures, and other evidence gained throughobservation

8. The variable that changes as a result of themanipulated variable

9. A possible explanation for a set of observations oranswer to a scientific question

c o n t r o l l e d

b

s c i e n c e

e

r

v a r i a b l e

a n a

d a t a f w

i e

o r e s p o n d i n g

n e

n

c

h y p o t h e s i s

i

1 2

3

4 5 6

7

8

9 10

Clues down

2. Use of all five senses togather information

5. An interpretation basedon observation andprior knowledge

6. A statement thatdescribes what scientistsexpect to happen everytime

10. Units of measurementsused by scientists

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C H A P T E R 1

MATTER AND ENERGY

Describing Matter and Energy(pages 24-33)

This section describes matter and energy. It also describes properties of matter andexplains the two basic ways that matter can change.

Defining Matter and Energy (pages 24–25)

1. In science, what is the meaning of the word matter? Matter is anything

that has mass and takes up space.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Air is not considered matter

because it is invisible.

3. What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.

4. What is chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the properties of matter and

how matter changes.

Classifying Matter by Its Physical and Chemical Properties (pages 25–26)

5. What two groups of properties are used to identify, describe, and classifymatter?

a. b.

6. A single kind of matter that has distinct physical and chemical

properties is called a(n) .

7. Color, texture, odor, and the temperature at which a substance melts are

examples of .physical properties

substance

chemical propertiesphysical properties

false

SECTION

1–1

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8. A characteristic that is observed when a substance interacts with

another substance is a(n) .

Kinds of Matter (pages 27–29)

9. What is an element? An element is a substance that cannot be broken

down into any other substances by chemical or physical means.

10. What is a compound? A compound is a substance made of two or more

elements chemically combined in a set ratio.

11. Table sugar is an example of a(n) .

12. What is a mixture? A mixture is made from two or more substances—

elements, compounds, or both—that are in the same place but are not

chemically combined.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Most matter occurs in the

environment as mixtures.

14. What are two ways that mixtures differ from compounds?

a. The substances in a mixture keep their individual properties.

b. The parts of a mixture are not necessarily present in set ratios.

true

compound

chemical property

CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued)

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15. Complete the concept map about types of matter.

Changes in Matter (pages 30–31)

16. What are two kinds of changes in matter?

a. b.

17. What is a physical change in matter? A physical change is a change that

alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material

into another substance.

18. What are the three principal states of matter?

a. b. c.

19. Is the following sentence true or false? Water remains the same

substance regardless of its physical state.

20. What is a chemical change of matter? A chemical change is a change in

matter that produces new substances.

21. Another name for a chemical change is .

22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about what can occur in achemical change.

a. Compounds may be broken down into elements.

b. Elements may combine to form compounds.

c. Compounds may change from one state to another.

d. Compounds may change into other compounds.

chemical reaction

true

gasesliquidssolids

chemical changesphysical changes

Matter

Compounds Mixtures

is classified as

Elements

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23. Complete the table by classifying each change as either a physicalchange or a chemical change.

Energy and Matter (pages 31–33)

24. Is the following sentence true or false? Energy is always involved when

physical and chemical changes in matter occur.

25. Energy related to the motion or position of matter is

.

26. The energy you sense as heat is .

27. Is the following sentence true or false? If thermal energy is added to

matter, the particles of matter move more slowly.

28. Light, X-rays, TV signals, and ultraviolet rays are examples of

.

29. In a microwave oven, electromagnetic energy is changed to

energy.

30. The energy of moving electric charges is called .

31. Electrical energy can be turned into , which turnsmotors.

32. The energy that is transferred to other forms of energy in a chemical

reaction is called .chemical energy

mechanical energy

electrical energy

thermal

electromagnetic energy

false

thermal energy

mechanical energy

true


Changes in Matter

Change Physical or Chemical Change?

Milk turns sour. Chemical change

Wood is chopped in half. Physical change

Wood is burned. Chemical change

Ice melts into liquid water. Physical change

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Measuring Matter(pages 34-39)

This section explains the difference between mass and weight. It also explains what the density of a substance is.

Mass (pages 34–35)

1. A measure of the force of gravity on an object is called .

2. Why would you weigh less on the moon than you do on Earth? The

force of gravity is much less on the moon than it is on Earth.

3. What is mass? Mass is a measurement of how much matter an object

contains.

4. Why do scientists rely on mass rather than weight as the measurement of

how much matter an object contains? Mass does not change if the force

of gravity changes, but weight does change.

5. What system of units do scientists use to measure the properties of matter?

They use the International System of Units.

6. The SI unit for mass is .

Volume (pages 35–37)

7. The amount of space that matter occupies is called its .

8. What formula do you use to find the volume of a rectangular object?

Volume = Length � Width � Height

9. What are the SI/metric units for volume listed in Figure 11 on page 38?

a. b.

c. d. cubic centimeter (cm3)milliliter (mL)

liter (L)cubic meter (m3)

volume

kilogram

weight

SECTION

1–2

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Density—A Physical Property of Matter (pages 38–39)

10. What is density? Density is a physical property that relates the mass and

volume of an object or material.

11. Why does a kilogram of bricks take up a much smaller space than a

kilogram of feathers? Bricks and feathers have different densities.

12. What formula do you use to calculate the density of an object?

Density =

13. One unit of density is g/cm3. How do you say that unit in words?

Grams per cubic centimeter

14. What unit of measurement is often used for the density of liquids?

Grams per milliliter, or g/mL

15. If you drop a block of gold and a block of wood into water, the goldsinks and the wood floats. What can you conclude about the density of

gold and wood compared to the density of water? Water has a density

of 1.0 g/cm3. Since wood floats, its density must be less than 1.0 g/cm3.

Since gold sinks, its density must be greater than 1.0 g/cm3.

16. Is the following sentence true or false? The density of a substance varies

with the samples of that substance. false

MassVolume


Outlining is a way to help yourself understand and remember what you have read. Write anoutline of Section 1–2, Measuring Matter. In your outline, copy the headings in the textbook.Under each heading, write the main idea. Then list the details that support, or back up, the mainidea. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.

Reading Skill Practice

The major heads of students’ outlines of the section should be Mass, Volume, and Density. Thesection’s subheads should form the next level of the outline.

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Particles of Matter(pages 41-45)

This section explains what atoms are and describes how scientists model atoms today.

Early Ideas About Atoms (page 42)

1. Who was Democritus? Democritus was a Greek philosopher.

2. Why did Democritus call the smallest piece of matter atomos? That is

the Greek word for “uncuttable.”

3. The smallest particle of an element is called a(n) .

Dalton’s Ideas About Atoms (pages 42–43)

4. Who was John Dalton? He was a British school teacher.

5. Complete the table about Dalton’s ideas about atoms.

atom

SECTION

1–3

Atoms

Dalton’s Ideas Result

Atoms can’t be broken down into Atoms are nearly impossible to break apart.

.

In any element, all atoms are An element always has the same properties.

.

Atoms of different elements are Different elements have their own set of properties.

.

Atoms of two or more elements can combine Compounds break down into elements.

to form .

Atoms of each element have a The atoms of any element have an identifiable mass.

unique .

The masses of elements in a compound are In any sample of a compound, the ratio of the masses of

always in a(n) .elements is always the same.constant ratio

mass

compounds

different

exactly alike

smaller pieces

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6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about how Dalton’s ideasare considered today.

a. Scientists have discovered that all of his statements are true.

b. His ideas form the basis of our understanding of atoms.

c. Scientists have identified exceptions to Dalton’s statements.

d. His ideas have been completely abandoned by modern scientists.

Ideas About Atoms Today (page 44)

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Each dot of ink on a newspaper

contains a few hundred atoms.

8. What tool did scientists use to capture the image of silicon atoms, as

shown in Figure 15 on page 44?

Atoms and Molecules (page 44)

9. What is a chemical bond? A chemical bond is the force that holds two

atoms together.

10. Circle the letter of the term that often means a combination of two ormore atoms that are bonded together.

a. atom b. compound c. molecule d. element

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about molecules.

a. Some molecules are made up of atoms that are alike.

b. There are no molecules that contain over a million atoms.

c. Most molecules are made of more than one type of atom.

d. Each water molecule contains only 1 oxygen atom.

The Atom as a Model (page 45)

12. What is a model? A model is a diagram, mental picture, mathematical

statement, or object that helps explain ideas about the natural world.

scanning tunneling microscope

false


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Elements From Earth(pages 46-50)

This section explains how the density of gold allows it to be separated from othersubstances. It also describes how copper and iron can be separated from rocks thatcontain them.

Gold and Density (page 47)

1. Why can density be used to separate gold from surrounding material?

Gold is much denser than the sand and dirt with which it is mixed, and it is

also much denser than its look-alike, pyrite.

2. What is gold’s density compared to pyrite? Gold’s density is 19.3 g/cm3,

while pyrite’s density is only 5.0 g/cm3.

3. The technique of separating gold from a mixture of gold, dirt, and sand

is called .

4. Today, gold mining is done with big machines called .

Copper and Electrolysis (pages 47–49)

5. How are most elements found in nature? Most elements are usually

found as compounds.

6. What is an ore? An ore is any rock that contains a metal or some other

economically useful material.

7. What must be done to obtain an element from its compound ore? To

obtain an element from its compound ore, it is necessary to cause a chemical

reaction to take place.

8. A process by which an electric current breaks a chemical bond is called

.electrolysis

dredges

panning

SECTION

1–4

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9. What are the metal strips called that are placed in the copper

compound solution during electrolysis?

Iron and the Blast Furnace (page 50)

10. What must be done to iron ore to produce the element iron? The

element iron must be separated from its compounds by a chemical reaction.

11. Where does the carbon that is used to purify iron come from? It

comes from a material called coke, which is made from coal.

12. Complete the flowchart about how purified iron is produced.

electrodes


Chunks of iron ore and a material called are

placed in a(n) furnace.blast

coke

Miners mine iron , or rocks that contain iron

compounds.

ore

At very high temperatures, the in the coke reacts

with the in the iron ore.oxygen

carbon

The result of the chemical reactions in the blast furnace is the element

.iron

The iron is then mixed with other elements to make

.steel

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WordWiseComplete the following paragraphs using key terms from Chapter 1 below. Each term may beused only once.

Word Bankatom chemistry density molecule elementmixture chemical change mass compound chemical bondphysical change volume weight

The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes is called

. A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances

by chemical or physical means is a(n) . A substance made of two or

more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio is a(n) . A(n)

is made of two or more substances that are in the same place but

are not chemically combined into a new substance.

There are two basic ways that matter can change. A change that alters the form or

appearance of a material but does not make the material into another substance is a(n)

. A change in matter that produces new substances is a(n)

.

There are all sorts of ways of measuring matter. The measurement of the force of

gravity on an object is . The measurement of how much matter an

object contains is . The measurement of the amount of space that

matter occupies is . The physical property that relates the mass and

volume of a material is .

The smallest particle of an element is a(n) . The force that holds

two atoms together is a(n) . A combination of two or more

atoms that are bonded together is a(n) .molecule

chemical bond

atom

density

volume

mass

weight

chemical change

physical change

mixture

compound

element

chemistry

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MathWiseFor the problems below, show your calculations. If you need more space, use another sheet ofpaper. Write the answers for the problems on the lines below.

Calculating Volume of a Rectangular Object (page 36)

1. Volume = 10 cm � 5 cm � 6 cm =

2. A box has a length of 25 centimeters, a width of 8 centimeters, and aheight of 12 centimeters. What is its volume?

Volume = 25 cm � 8 cm � 12 cm = 2,400 cm3

Answer:

Calculating Density (pages 38–39)

3. Density = =

4. A sample of water has a mass of 13 grams and a volume of 13 milliliters.What is the density of water?

Answer:

5. A sample of metal has a mass of 94.5 grams and a volume of 7 cubiccentimeters. What is its density?

Answer:

6. A sample of liquid has a mass of 26 grams and a volume of 20 milliliters.What is its density?

Answer: Density = 1.3 g/mL

Density = 26 g = 1.3 g/mL20 mL

Density = 13.5 g/cm3

Density = 94.5 g = 13.5 g/cm3

7 cm3

Density = 1 g/mL

Density = 13 g = 1 g/mL13 mL

3 g/cm324 g8 cm3

Volume = 2,400 cm3

300 cm3


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C H A P T E R 2

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES

States of Matter(pages 56-60)

This section explains how shape, volume, and the motion of particles are useful indescribing solids, liquids, and gases.

Solids (pages 57–58)

1. Which state of matter has a definite volume and a definite shape?

2. Why do solids have a definite shape and a definite volume? The

particles in a solid are packed tightly together and stay in fixed positions.

3. When a crystalline solid is heated, it melts at a distinct temperature

called its .

4. Complete the table about types of solids.

melting point

solid

SECTION

2–1

Solids

Type of Solid Description Examples Melting Point

Crystalline solids Made up of crystals Salt, sugar, sand, snow Distinct melting point

Amorphous solids Particles not arranged Plastics, rubber, glass No distinct melting pointin a regular pattern

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CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued)

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about particles in a solid.

a. They are completely motionless.

b. They stay in about the same position.

c. They vibrate back and forth.

d. They switch positions occasionally.

Liquids (pages 58–59)

6. Which state of matter has no definite shape but does have a definite

volume?

7. Is the following sentence true or false? A liquid’s volume does not

change no matter the shape of the container.

8. What does a liquid do when it is not in a container? It spreads out into

a wide, shallow puddle.

9. Circle the letter of the term that means the resistance of a liquid to flowing.

a. amorphous b. solid

c. viscosity d. insulator

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Liquids with high viscosity flow

quickly.

Gases (pages 59–60)

11. Which state of matter has neither definite shape nor volume?

12. If you put a gas into a sealed container, what will the gas do? It will

spread apart or squeeze together to fill that container.

13. The volume and shape of a gas are determined by its .container

gas

false

true

liquid

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14. In the containers below, draw how the particles are arranged in thethree states of matter.

Gas Behavior(pages 61-67)

This section explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas are related.

Measuring Gases (pages 62–63)

1. The volume of a gas is the same as the volume of its .

2. What is temperature? Temperature is a measure of the average energy

of motion of the particles of a substance.

3. The force of a gas’s outward push divided by the area of the walls of its

container is the gas’s .

4. What is the formula you use to calculate pressure?

Relating Pressure and Volume (pages 63–64)

5. What does Boyle’s law say about the relationship between the pressure

and volume of a gas? When the pressure of a gas is increased at constant

temperature, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is

decreased, the volume increases.

Pressure = ForceArea

pressure

container

SECTION

2–2

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6. Complete the table about the relationship between the pressure andvolume of a gas.


Pressure and Volume of Gases at Constant Temperature

Change Increases or Decreases?

Pressure decreases Volume increases

Pressure increases Volume decreases

Volume increases Pressure decreases

Volume decreases Pressure increases

Relating Pressure and Temperature (pages 64–65)

7. How is pressure affected by the collisions of gas particles? The more

collisions there are, the greater the pressure will be.

8. Suppose a gas is kept in a closed, rigid container. If the temperature ofthe gas increases, what happens to its pressure on the container?

The pressure increases.

9. If the temperature of that gas in the container decreases, what happens

to its pressure? The pressure decreases.

Relating Volume and Temperature (pages 66–67)

10. What is Charles’s law? When the temperature of a gas is increased at

constant pressure, its volume increases. When the temperature of a gas is

decreased, its volume decreases.

11. Is the following sentence true or false? At higher temperatures, the

particles of a gas move slower. false

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12. If the volume of a container can change, what will happen to a gas in

the container if the temperature is decreased? The volume of the gas

will decrease.

13. What would happen if a partially inflated party balloon were heated?

The air inside the balloon would be heated. As the temperature of the air

increased, so would its volume. The increasing volume of the gas would

make the balloon grow larger.

By looking carefully at photographs and illustrations in textbooks, you can better understandwhat you have read. Look carefully at Figure 12 on page 64. What important idea does thisillustration communicate? Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.


Graphing Gas Behavior(pages 68-71)

This section describes graphs for Charles’s law and Boyle’s law.


1. What is a graph? A graph is a diagram that shows how two variables, or

factors, are related.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Graphs show how changes in one

variable result in changes in a second variable. true

SECTION

2–3

The illustration communicates visually the relationship known as Boyle’s law. As the pressure ofa gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases.

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Res

pond

ing

varia

ble

(uni

ts)

Manipulated variable (units)

y -axis

x -axis


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Temperature and Volume (pages 69–70)

3. In the experiment represented in Figure 17 on page 69, what is the

volume of gas when the temperature is 0°C?

4. When the temperature of the gas rises to 353 kelvins, what is the

volume of the gas?

5. On the graph below, label the x-axis and the y-axis.

66 mL

50 mL

6. Write labels on the graph above that show on which axis the units forthe manipulated variable should be placed and on which axis the unitsfor the responding variable should be placed.

7. Where did the data come from that was used to create the graph in

Figure 19 on page 70? The data came from the experiment shown in

Figure 17.

8. Compare Figure 18 on page 69 with Figure 19 on page 70. In Figure 19,

what is the manipulated variable? The manipulated variable is the

temperature in kelvins of the gas.

9. What is the responding variable in Figure 19? The responding variable

is the volume in milliliters of the gas.

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10. When a graph of two variables is a straight line passing through the (0, 0) point, the relationship is linear and the variables are said to be

to each other.

11. What does the graph of Charles’s law show about the relationship

between the temperature and volume of a gas? The graph shows that

the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under

constant pressure.

Pressure and Volume (pages 70–71)

12. In the experiment shown in Figure 20 on page 70, what is the volume

and pressure of the gas when the experiment begins? The volume is

100 mL and the pressure is 60 kPa.

13. In that experiment, does the pressure increase or decrease as the

volume decreases? The pressure increases.

14. On the graph in Figure 21 on page 71, what is the manipulated

variable and what is the responding variable? The manipulated variable

is volume in milliliters, and the responding variable is pressure in kilopascals.

15. When a graph of two measurements forms a curve that becomes lesssteep close to the horizontal axis, the relationship is nonlinear and the

measurements are said to with eachother.

16. What does the graph for Boyle’s law show about the relationship

between the pressure and volume of a gas? The pressure of a gas varies

inversely with its volume at constant temperature.

vary inversely

directly proportional

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Changes in State(pages 74-79)

This section explains how energy is transferred when substances change state. It alsodescribes changes in state.

Energy and Changes in State (pages 74–75)

1. What is thermal energy? Thermal energy is the energy that the particles

of a substance have.

2. Thermal energy is transferred from one substance to another as

.

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Thermal energy always flows from

a cooler substance to a warmer substance.

4. Complete the table about the transfer of thermal energy.

false

heat

SECTION

2–4


Transfer of Thermal Energy

Cause Effect on Particles of Substance

Heat flows into a substance. The particles gain energy and move faster.

Heat flows from a substance. The particles lose energy and move more slowly.

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about thermal energy.

a. The particles of a solid have the most thermal energy.

b. The particles of a liquid have the least thermal energy.

c. The particles of a solid have the least thermal energy.

d. The particles of a gas have the most thermal energy.

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6. When does a substance change state? A substance changes state when

its thermal energy increases or decreases by a sufficient amount.

Changes Between Liquid and Solid (pages 75–76)

7. The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called .

8. How strongly a substance’s particles attract one another is what

determines the substance’s .

9. The change of state from liquid to solid is called .

10. Is the following sentence true or false? When water freezes, thetemperature stays at 0°C until freezing is complete and all the water

molecules have formed ice crystals.

Changes Between Liquid and Gas (pages 76–77)

11. The change from the liquid to the gas state of matter is called

.

12. Complete the concept map about vaporization.

vaporization

true

freezing

melting point

melting

Vaporization

Evaporation

On surface of the liquid

Boiling

Throughout the liquid

includes

which occurs which occurs

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13. Each liquid boils only at a certain temperature, which is called its

.

14. Why is the boiling point of water lower in the mountains than it is at

sea level? Air pressure is lower in the mountains. The lower the air

pressure above a liquid, the less energy that liquid molecules need to

escape into the air.

15. The change in state from a gas to a liquid is called .

16. Is the following sentence true or false? Condensation is the opposite of

vaporization.

17. When condensation occurs, does a gas lose or gain thermal energy?

It loses thermal energy.

Match the term with its example.

Term

b 18. vaporization

d 19. evaporation

a 20. boiling

c 21. condensation

Changes Between Solid and Gas (pages 78–79)

22. The change of state from a solid directly to a gas without passing

through the liquid state is called .sublimation

true

condensation

boiling point


Example

a. A pot of water on a stove reaches its boiling point.

b. Liquid water changes into water vapor.

c. Clouds form from water vapor in the sky.

d. A puddle dries up after a rain shower.

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23. Why does “dry ice” keep materials near it cold and dry? As solid

carbon dioxide changes directly into a gas, it absorbs thermal energy. That

keeps materials near it cold. Since it does not pass through the liquid state,

materials near it stay dry.

Identifying Substances Through Changes of State (page 79)

24. Is the following sentence true or false? Comparing melting points andboiling points can help identify an unknown substance.

25. Suppose you know that a liquid is either ethanol or chloroform, but

you don’t know which it is. How could you identify the liquid? The

liquid could be identified by observing at what temperature it boils, since

ethanol boils at 79°C and chloroform boils at 61°C.

26. Use Exploring Changes of State on page 78 to complete the flowchart.

true

Water exists in the solid state below .0°C

The temperature of ice stays at while ice melts because the molecules

rearrange but do not move faster.

0°C

Water’s temperature rises above once all of the substance is in the liquid state.0°C

During vaporization, water’s temperature stays at .100°C

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WordWiseThe block of letters below contains 10 key terms from Chapter 2. Use the clues to identify theterms you need to find. Then find the terms across, down, or on the diagonal. Circle eachterm in the hidden-word puzzle.

Clues Key Terms

The force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted

The change from the liquid to the gas state of matter

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

The resistance of a liquid to flowing

Vaporization that occurs on and below the surface of a liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume

The change in state from a liquid to a solid

A state of matter that has a definite volume and a definite shape

The change in state from a solid to a liquid

A diagram that shows how two variables are related

v a p o r i z a t i o n

i u r l m l i q u i d f

s s e n e y q i d x g r

c o s o l i d w n n r e

o w s m t p e f i p a e

s x u m i a s l d d p z

i t r c n a i c u p h i

t t e g g o x c i f x n

y c i p b t w q m c d g

graph

melting

solid

freezing

liquid

boiling

viscosity

gas

vaporization

pressure


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C H A P T E R 3

RELATING FORCE AND MOTION

Describing, Measuring, and Graphing Motion(pages 86-95)

This section explains how to recognize when an object is in motion and how todetermine how fast it is moving.

Changing Position—Recognizing Motion (pages 87–88)

1. An object is in when its distance from anotherobject is changing.

2. What is a reference point? A reference point is a place or object used for

comparison to determine if something is in motion.

3. An object is in motion if it changes position relative to a(n) reference

.

Describing Distance (pages 88–89)

4. Complete the table about SI.

point

motion

SECTION

3–1

5. How many centimeters are there in a meter?

6. How many meters are there in a kilometer? 1,000

100

SI

Question Answer

What is its whole name? International System of Units

What number is it based on? Ten

What is its basic unit of length? Meter

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Calculating Speed (pages 90–91)

7. What is the formula used to calculate the speed of an object?

8. How would you find the average speed of a cyclist throughout an entire

race? Divide the total distance the cyclist traveled by the total time.

Describing Velocity (pages 92–93)

9. Speed in a given direction is called .

10. An approaching storm is moving at 15 km/hr. What do you need to

know to determine its velocity? The direction in which it is moving

Graphing Motion (pages 94–95)

11. On a graph of motion, on which axis is time shown? The horizontal,

or x-axis.

velocity

CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued)

Speed = DistanceTime

200400600800

1,0001,200

Dis

tan

ce (

m)

Time (min)

1,4001,6001,8002,000

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

12. The motion graph above graphs the motion of a jogger on a run one

day. How far did the jogger run in 15 minutes? 1,400 m

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13. The motion graph above also shows the motion of a jogger on a runone day. The line is divided into segments. The middle segment ishorizontal. What does that tell you about the jogger’s progress between

minute 6 and minute 8? The jogger traveled no distance during those

minutes; the jogger rested.

Force and Acceleration(pages 98-105)

This section describes how unbalanced forces cause motion. It also describes whathappens to the motion of an object as it accelerates, or changes velocity.

Forces and Motion (pages 98–100)

1. What is a force? A force is a push or a pull on an object.

2. List three ways an unbalanced force can affect an object’s motion.

a. Start it moving

b. Stop the object

c. Change the direction it is moving

SECTION

3–2

200400600800

1,0001,200

Dis

tan

ce (

m)

Time (min)

1,4001,6001,8002,000

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

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3. Complete the concept map.

4. The overall force acting on an object is called the .

5. When a net force changes an object’s motion, the force is said to be

a(n) .

6. Equal and opposite forces acting on the same object are called

.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? An unbalanced force will not

change an object’s motion.

Types of Forces (pages 100–101)

8. What is a contact force? When two objects are in contact, each exerts

a force on the other that pushes it away. This force is called a contact force.

9. The force that one substance exerts on another when the two rub

against each other is called .

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Earth’s gravitational force pulls everything near Earth’s surface toward Earth’s center.

true

friction

false

balanced forces

unbalanced force

net force


Forces

Balanced Unbalanced

can be

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11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about forces.

a. Friction helps you walk and run.

b. Mass is a measure of the force of gravity.

c. Like poles of magnets repel.

d. Electrical forces result from charged particles.

Acceleration (pages 102–103)

12. What is acceleration? Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

13. Acceleration involves a change in what two components?

speed and direction

14. Any time the speed of an object increases, the object experiences

.

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Acceleration refers to increasing

speed, decreasing speed, or changing direction.

16. Deceleration is another word for acceleration in which speed

.

17. Is the following sentence true of false? An object can be accelerating

even if its speed is constant.

18. Circle the letter of each sentence that describes an example ofacceleration.

a. A car follows a gentle curve in the road.

b. A batter swings a bat to hit a ball.

c. A truck parked on a hill doesn’t move all day.

d. A runner slows down after finishing a race.

19. The moon revolves around Earth at a fairly constant speed. Is the moon

accelerating? The moon is accelerating because it is constantly changing

direction as it revolves around Earth.

true

decreases

true

acceleration

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Calculating Acceleration (pages 103–105)

20. What must you calculate to determine the acceleration of an object?

The change in velocity during each unit of time

21. What is the formula you use to determine acceleration?

22. Is the following sentence true or false? To calculate the acceleration ofan airplane, you must first subtract the final speed from the initial

speed.

23. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about calculating theacceleration of a moving object.

a. If an object is moving without changing direction, then itsacceleration is the change in its speed during one unit of time.

b. If an object’s speed changes by the same amount during each unit oftime, then the acceleration of the object at any time is the same.

c. To determine the average acceleration of an object, you mustcalculate the change in velocity during only one unit of time.

d. If an object’s acceleration varies, then you can describe only averageacceleration.

24. Suppose velocity is measured in kilometers/hour and time is measured

in hours. What is the unit of acceleration?

Graphing Acceleration (page 105)

25. If a graph of distance versus time is a straight line, the graph shows a(n)

relationship.linear

km/h2

false

Acceleration = Final velocity – Initial velocityTime


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27. The graph above shows the motion of an object that is accelerating.

What happens to the speed of the object over time? The speed increases

over time.

28. The graph line is slanted and straight. What does this line show about

the acceleration of the object? The acceleration is constant.

5

10

15

20

25

30

Spee

d (

m/s

)

Time (s)

35

10 2 3 4 5

26. If a graph of distance versus time is a curved line, the graph shows a(n)

relationship.nonlinear

Knowing the meanings of the key terms in a section will help you better understand what youare reading. Make a list of key terms in this section. Write the meanings of these terms usingyour own words. In this way, the key terms become a natural part of your vocabulary. Do yourwork on a separate sheet of paper.


Definitions for the key terms should be written in the students’ own words, but based on the

information on pages 98–105.

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Water in Motion(pages 108-112)

This section describes how moving water shapes Earth’s surface and tells how a floodaffects the land near a river.

Rivers Shape the Land (pages 108–109)

1. What is erosion? Erosion is the process by which fragments of soil and

rock are broken off from the ground and carried away.

2. The process by which soil and rock are dropped in a new location is

called .

3. How does the force of moving water shape Earth’s surface? Rivers wear

away landforms through erosion and build new landforms through deposition.

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about rivers.

a. The faster water flows, the more force it has.

b. A river deposits lighter sediments before heavier ones.

c. Water flows faster down a mountain than across a flat plain.

d. The more water in a river, the faster the river flows.

Profile of a River (pages 109–111)

5. The many small streams that come together at the source of a river are

called the .

6. The broad, flat valley through which a river flows is called the

.flood plain

headwaters

deposition

SECTION

3–3


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7. How does a meander become an oxbow lake? A meander is a looping

curve in a river. The river channel may break through the ends of the

meander, carving a new, straighter channel. The crescent-shaped, cutoff

body of water that remains is called an oxbow lake.

8. Complete the flowchart

Rivers and Floods (pages 111–112)

9. How do floods change land features? A flooding river can erode and

deposit huge amounts of soil, sand, and gravel. Floods can uproot trees and

pluck boulders from the ground.

10. Deposits along a channel build up over time into ,long ridges that parallel the river.

levees

At its mouth, a river flows in to .another body of water

The fast-moving waters of the river .slow down

The river deposits most of its .sediment

The deposits build up, forming an area called a(n) .delta

Formation of a Delta

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WordWiseMatch each definition in the left column with the correct term in the right column. Then writethe number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes,add up the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. All the sums should be the same.

A. When an object’s distance from another object ischanging

B. A place or object used for comparison to determineif something is in motion

C. The process by which soil and rock are dropped ina new location

D. The basic SI unit of length

E. The distance an object travels in one unit of time

F. Speed in a given direction

G. Looping curves in a river

H. The overall force acting on an object

I. The rate at which velocity changes


1. reference point

2. meanders

3. velocity

4. acceleration

5. speed

6. motion

7. meter

8. deposition

9. net force

A B C

D E F

G H I

492

357

816

= = =

151515

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

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MathWiseFor the problems below, show your calculations. If you need more space, use another sheet ofpaper. Write the answers for the problems on the lines below.

Calculating Speed (pages 90–91)

1. Speed = = 4 m/s

2. A car travels 66 kilometers in 3 hours. What is its speed?

Answer:

Average Speed (page 91)

3. Average Speed = = 40 km/h

4. Suppose a car travels 60 kilometers the first two hours and 15 kilometersthe next hour. What is the car’s average speed?

Answer:

5. On a trip in a car, you travel 180 km for the first two and a half hours,then stop for a half hour, and then travel 40 km in the last hour. What isthe car’s average speed for the trip?

Answer: Average speed = 25 km/h

Average speed = 220 km = 55 km/h4 h

Average speed = 25 km/h

Average speed = 75 km = 25 km/h3 h

200 km5 hr

Speed = 22 km/h

Speed = 66 km = 22 km/h3 h

32 m8 s

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6. The graph shows the motion of an object. What is the object’s speed atthe point marked on the graph?

Answer:

Calculating Acceleration (pages 103–105)

7. Acceleration = = 4 m/s2

8. A cheetah accelerates from 2 m/s to 16 m/s in 7 seconds. What is thecheetah’s average acceleration?

Answer: Acceleration = 2 m/s2

Acceleration = 16 m/s – 2 m/s = 2 m/s2

7 s

20 m/s – 4 m/s4 s

Speed = 3 m/s

Speed = 6 m = 3 m/s2 s

Graphing Motion (page 95)


2468

1012D

ista

nce

(m

)

Time (s)

141618202224262830

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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C H A P T E R 4

CELLS: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE

What Is Life?(pages 122-129)

This section explains the characteristics of living things and what living things need tosurvive.

The Characteristics of Living Things (pages 122–125)

1. What is an organism? An organism is a living thing.

2. List six characteristics that all living things share.

a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

3. The basic units of structure and function in an organism are

.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? An organism’s structure is the way

it is made.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? An organism made of many cells

is a unicellular organism.

6. Circle the letter of the most abundant chemical in cells.

a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. water d. nucleic acids

7. Lipids and are the building materials of cells.

8. Is the following sentence true or false? The cells of organisms use energy

for growth and repair. true

proteins

false

true

cells

ReproduceRespond to their surroundings

Grow and developUse energy

Contain similar chemicalsMade of cells

SECTION

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9. What is development? Development is the process of change that occurs

during an organism’s life to produce a more complex organism.

10. Circle the letter of a change in an organism’s surroundings that causesthe organism to react.

a. growth b. response c. stimulus d. development

11. Give one example of an external stimulus and one example of aninternal stimulus.

External stimulus: Answers might include temperature, light, or sound.

Internal stimulus: Answers might include hunger or thirst.

12. All organisms can , or produce offspring that aresimilar to the parents.

Life Comes From Life (pages 125–126)

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Frogs can sprout from mud in

ponds.

14. The idea that living things can come from nonliving sources is called

.

15. What did Francesco Redi show in his experiment? He showed that flies

do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

16. The factor that a scientist changes in a controlled experiment is the

.

17. Look carefully at Exploring the Experiments of Redi and Pasteur onpages 126–127. Circle the letter of the variable in Redi’s experiment.

a. meat b. jars c. cloth d. flies

18. Is the following sentence true or false? Louis Pasteur used a controlledexperiment to show that bacteria arise from spontaneous generation.

false

variable

spontaneous generation

false

reproduce

CHAPTER 4, Cells: The Building Blocks of Life (continued)

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The Needs of Living Things (pages 127–129)

19. Complete this concept map to show what living things need to survive.

20. Is the following sentence true or false? Living things use food as their

energy source to carry out their life functions.

21. Organisms that make their own food are called .Organisms that cannot make their own food are called

.

22. Is the following sentence true or false? Living things can live without

water for long periods of time.

23. What property of water makes it vital to living things? Water can

dissolve more chemicals than any other substance on Earth.

24. Is the following sentence true or false? Some organisms must compete

with each other for space to live.

25. Why must living things be able to maintain homeostasis, or stable

internal conditions? Conditions in the surroundings of a living thing can

change significantly.

true

false

heterotrophs

autotrophs

true

Living Things

Energy

Water Living space

Stable internalconditions

need

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Discovering Cells(pages 131-137)

This section describes how the invention of the microscope led to the development of atheory on cells. The section also explains how a light microscope works.

First Sightings of Cells (pages 132–133)

1. An instrument that makes small objects look larger is a(n)

.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? A compound microscope has only

one lens.

3. Complete the following table about the first people to observe cells.

false

microscope

SECTION

4–2


Illustrations can help you understand what you have read. Look at Exploring the Experiments ofRedi and Pasteur on pages 126–127. Study the diagrams showing Pasteur’s experiment. Useyour own words to describe Pasteur’s experiment. Identify the variable in his experiment. Doyour work on a separate sheet of paper.


Students should describe Pasteur’s experiment. The variable is boiling the broth.

The First People to Observe Cells

Questions Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What kind of microscope did he use? Compound microscope Simple microscope

What did he first look at with the microscope? A thin slice of cork Pond water

What did he name what he saw? Cells Animalcules

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Theodor Schwann worked alone

to develop the cell theory. false

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The Cell Theory (pages 134–135)

5. List the three points of the cell theory.

a. All living things are composed of cells.

b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

c. All cells are produced from other cells.

6. Is the following sentence true or false? The cell theory is only true for

living things that are small.

How a Light Microscope Works (pages 136–137)

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Magnification is the ability to

make things look larger than they are.

8. How do the lenses of a light microscope make an object look larger?

The lenses bend the light that passes through them.

9. In a convex lens, the of the lens is thicker than the

.

10. What is resolution? Resolution is the ability to clearly distinguish the

individual parts of an object.

Electron Microscopes (page 137)

11. A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to examine a specimen is

called a(n) .

12. Circle the letter of the microscope that has better resolution.

a. light microscope

b. electron microscope

electron microscope

edges

center

true

false

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Looking Inside Cells(pages 138-147)

This section describes cell structure and function in plant cells, animal cells, andbacteria.

Introduction (pages 138–139)

1. What are organelles? They are tiny cell structures inside a cell that carry

out specific functions within the cell.

Cell Wall (page 139)

2. The rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds plant cells is the

.

3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the cell wall.

a. Cell walls are made of cellulose.

b. Plant cells have cell walls.

c. Animal cells have cell walls.

d. Water and oxygen cannot pass through the cell wall.

Cell Membrane (pages 139–140)

4. Where is the cell membrane located in cells that have cell walls?

The cell membrane is just inside the cell wall.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? The main function of the cell

membrane is to control what comes into and out of a cell.

Nucleus (pages 140–141)

6. The cell’s control center, which directs all of the cell’s activities, is the

.nucleus

true

cell wall

SECTION

4–3


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7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the nucleus.

a. Materials move into the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane.

b. Chromatin contains the instructions that direct the functions of a cell.

c. The nucleolus is part of the nuclear membrane.

d. Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm (pages 141–145)

8. Circle the letter of the part of the cell that is the region between the cellmembrane and the nucleus.

a. organelle b. nucleus c. cytoplasm d. chromatin

9. In the table below, describe the function of each organelle in the cytoplasm.

Organelles in Cytoplasm

Organelle Function

Mitochondria Produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions

Endoplasmic reticulum Carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another

Ribosomes Produce proteins

Golgi bodies Receive proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packagethem, and send them to other parts of the cell

Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells; capture energy from sunlight and use it to make foodfor the cell

Vacuoles Are the storage areas of the cell

Lysosomes Contain chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones andbreak down old cell parts

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Bacterial Cells (page 145)

10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about bacterial cells.

a. Bacterial cells are eukaryotes

b. Bacterial cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane.

c. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus.

d. Bacterial cells do not have genetic material.

Structure and Function in Cells (page 146)

11. The structure of specialized cells enables them to perform their

.

12. How does the structure of nerve cells help them carry messages

throughout the body? Nerve cells are long and thin, like telephone wires.

Levels of Organization (pages 146–147)

13. List the four levels of organization in the body of a multicellularorganism, starting with the smallest unit.

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

14. The stomach, heart, and bones are examples of .

15. How does the strength and hardness of bones help the skeleton

perform its functions? The strength and hardness of bones make it

possible for the skeleton to support the body and protect internal organs.

16. What is a population? A population is all the members of one kind of

organism in a particular area.

17. Why do many environmental scientists add population as another level

of organization? Every organism interacts with other organisms and

the environment in which it lives.

organs

functions


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Introduction to Genetics(pages 149-152)

This section compares asexual and sexual reproduction. It also describes how traits arepassed from parents to offspring.


1. What are traits? Traits are the physical characteristics that an organism

can pass to its offspring.

Parents to Offspring (page 149)

2. The process by which traits pass from parents to offspring is called

.

3. Why do offspring resemble their parents? Offspring resemble their

parents because they inherit genetic material from their parents.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Genetic material is contained in

cells.

5. What is genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.

The Role of Genes in Inheritance (page 150)

6. The genetic material that carries information about an organism is

.

7. A section of DNA that controls a trait that an organism inherits is called

a(n) .gene

DNA

true

heredity

SECTION

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Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (page 150)


9. Is the following sentence true or false? Asexual reproduction is areproductive process that involves only one parent.

10. The offspring of asexual reproduction have genes that are

to those of the parent organism.

11. In sexual reproduction, new organisms are produced by the joining of

and .

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Only the egg contains genetic

material.

Sexual Reproduction and Change (page 151)

13. Is the following sentence true or false? The offspring of sexual

reproduction look exactly like their parents.

14. Why do organisms that reproduce sexually change from generation to

generation? The genetic information is re-sorted, over and over, each

time reproduction occurs.

false

false

eggssperm

identical

true


Reproduction

Asexual Sexual

can be

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Changing Traits by Selective Breeding (pages 151–152)

15. What is selective breeding? Selective breeding is a technique used to

improve the quality of organisms by selecting, or choosing, certain

organisms for reproduction.

16. Is the following sentence true or false? In selective breeding, the desiredtraits in the offspring are produced by the combination of geneticmaterial that the offspring inherit from both of their parents.

17. Give two examples of organisms produced by selective breeding.

a. prize-winning racehorses

b. cotton plants that yield strong fibers

18. Santa Gertrudis cattle were produced through mating Brahman cattle

with cattle.

19. What desirable traits do Santa Gertrudis cattle have? They are heat

resistant and produce tender, flavorful beef.

Changing Traits in Nature (page 152)

20. Is the following sentence true or false? The changes that occur inorganisms naturally over generations often help those organisms

survive in their environment.

21. How does a population of insects become resistant to pesticides over

many generations? When a pesticide is first used on a field, it kills

almost all the insects in the field. But a few insects survive because they

have genes that help them resist the pesticide. The surviving insects

reproduce. Some of their offspring inherit genes that enable them to resist

the pesticide. After many years, most of the insects in the field will be

resistant to the pesticide.

true

shorthorn

true

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Word WiseMatch each definition on the left with the correct term on the right. Then write the numberof each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes, add up thenumbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. The sums should be the same. Some termsmay not be used.

A. Acts as the cell’s control center

B. Area between the cell membrane and the nucleus

C. Male sex cell

D. A change in an organism’s surroundings

E. Basic unit of structure and function in living things

F. Organism whose cell lacks a nucleus

G. Make things look larger than they are

H. Process by which traits pass to offspring

I. Organism that makes its own food


A B C

D E F

G H I

4113

567

918

= = =

181818

= 18

= 18

= 18

= 18

= 18

1. cytoplasm

2. stimulus

3. magnification

4. autotroph

5. prokaryote

6. cell

7. response

8. nucleus

9. sperm

10. resolution

11. heredity

12. heterotroph

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C H A P T E R 5

CELL PROCESSES AND ENERGY

The Cell in Its Environment(pages 158-162)

This section tells how things move into and out of cells.

The Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper (page 158)

1. The cell membrane has a structure that makes it

.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? A selectively permeable

membrane allows all substances to pass through it.

3. Is the following sentence true or false? A cell membrane is usually

permeable to oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide.


Diffusion—Molecules in Motion (page 159)

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Diffusion is the main method by

which small molecules move into and out of cells. true

true

false

selectively permeable

SECTION

5–1

Substances

Diffusion Osmosis Active transport

enter or leave a cell by

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6. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of

concentration to an area of concentration.

7. What is concentration? The concentration of a substance is the

amount of that substance in a given volume.

8. Draw molecules on Part B of the diagram below to show how themolecules are distributed inside and outside the cell after diffusion hasoccurred.

Osmosis—The Diffusion of Water Molecules (page 160)

9. The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable

membrane is called .

Match the shape of each red blood cell with the concentration of water it isfloating in. See Figure 2 on page 160.

Shape of Cell

b 10. normal

a 11. shrunken

c 12. swollen

osmosis

lower

higher

CHAPTER 5, Cell Processes and Energy (continued)

A B

Water Concentration

a. Low concentration of water moleculesoutside the cell

b. Concentration of water molecules is thesame inside and outside of the cell

c. High concentration of water moleculesoutside the cell

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Active Transport (pages 161–162)

13. Two ways of moving things into and out of cells that do NOT need

energy are and .

14. Moving materials through a cell membrane without using energy is

called transport.

15. How does active transport differ from passive transport?

Active transport requires the cell to use energy while passive transport does

not.

16. List two ways that the cell moves things by active transport.

a. Transfer proteins carry molecules into and out of the cell.

b. The cell membrane engulfs a particle.

Why Are Cells Small? (page 162)

17. Is the following sentence true or false? As a cell gets larger, it takes longer

for a molecule to reach the middle of the cell.

The Cell and Energy(pages 163-168)

This section explains how plants make food by using the energy from sunlight. Thissection also explains how cells get energy from food.

What Is Photosynthesis? (page 163)

1. In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the energy from

to make food.

2. The green pigment in chloroplasts, called , absorbslight energy from the sun.

chlorophyll

sunlight

SECTION

5–2

true

passive

osmosisdiffusion

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The Events of Photosynthesis (page 164)

3. List the two stages in the process of photosynthesis.

a. Capturing the sun’s energy

b. Producing oxygen and sugars

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Besides the energy from sunlight,

the cell needs water and carbon dioxide to make sugar.

5. Circle the letter of each product of photosynthesis.

a. water b. carbon dioxide c. oxygen d. sugars

6. Write the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

7. What word does the arrow in the chemical equation stand for?

8. Circle the letter of each raw material of photosynthesis.

a. carbon dioxide b. glucose

c. water d. oxygen

Storing and Releasing the Energy in Food (page 165)

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the products ofphotosynthesis.

a. Plant cells use the glucose for food.

b. Some of the glucose is made into other compounds, such as cellulose.

c. Most of the oxygen passes out of the plant.

d. Most of the glucose passes out of the plant.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Photosynthesis produces the

carbon dioxide that most living things need to survive. false

yields

true


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11. Complete the following table about how living things use the sun’s energy.

12. How do cells get energy? Cells break down stored food to get energy.

What is Respiration? (page 166)

13. What happens during respiration? Cells break down simple food

molecules such as glucose and release the energy they contain.

14. Why do cells carry out respiration continuously? Because living

things need an ongoing supply of energy

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Respiration that takes placeinside of cells is the same as breathing air in and out of the lungs.

16. Write the chemical equation for the process of cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 � 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

false

How Living Things Use Energy From the Sun

Living Thing Autotroph or Heterotroph? Obtains Energy From the Sun Directly or Indirectly?

Plant Autotroph Directly

Caterpillar Heterotroph Indirectly

Bluebird Heterotroph Indirectly

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17. Use the table below to list the raw materials and products ofrespiration.

Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration (page 167)

18. Complete the cycle diagram below, which describes the relationshipbetween photosynthesis and respiration. See Figure 9 on page 167.

19. Is the following sentence true or false? Together, photosynthesis andrespiration form a cycle that keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon

dioxide fairly constant in Earth’s atmosphere. true


Respiration

Raw Materials Products

Glucose Carbon dioxide

Oxygen Water

Energy

Photosynthesis Respiration

Plants produce .oxygenAnimals use .oxygen

Plants use .carbon dioxideAnimals produce .carbon dioxide

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Writing a summary can help you remember the important ideas of what you have read. Write asummary of the process of photosynthesis. Your summary should be much shorter than the texton which it is based. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.


Summaries should be about one paragraph long. Check students’ answers with the informationgiven in the textbook on pages 163–165.

Fermentation (pages 167–168)

20. What is fermentation? Fermentation is an energy-releasing process

that does not require oxygen.

21. Is the following sentence true or false? Fermentation releases more

energy than respiration.

22. List the two types of fermentation, and tell where each takes place.

a. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast.

b. Lactic-acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells in the body.

23. Is the following sentence true or false? Lactic acid fermentation takesplace when cells use oxygen more slowly than it is replaced.

Cell Division(pages 170-177)

This section explains how cells grow and divide.

The Cell Cycle (page 171)

1. The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo is called

the .cell cycle

SECTION

5–3

false

false

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Stage 1: Interphase (pages 171–172)

2. List three things that the cell is doing during interphase.

a. Growing to its mature size

b. Making a copy of its DNA

c. Preparing to divide into two cells

3. Circle the letter of the process in which the cell copies its DNA.

a. interphase b. cell cycle c. replication d. division

Stage 2: Mitosis (page 172)

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mitosis.

a. The cell makes a copy of its DNA.

b. The cell divides into two new cells.

c. The cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei.

d. One copy of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell.

5. List the four phases of mitosis.

a. b.

c. d.

6. Label the parts of the structure in the diagram below.

telophaseanaphase

metaphaseprophase


Centromere

Chromatids Chromosome

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Stage 3: Cytokinesis (page 173)

7. During cytokinesis, the divides and the organellesare divided between the two new cells.

8. Is the following sentence true or false? During cytokinesis in plant cells,the new cell membrane forms before the new cell wall does.

Length of the Cell Cycle (pages 173–175)

9. Is the following sentence true or false? All cells have a cell cycle that

lasts the same amount of time.

10. Look at the circle graph in Figure 13 on page 173. How long is

interphase in a human liver cell?

DNA Replication (pages 176–177)

11. Why does a cell make a copy of its DNA before mitosis occurs?

DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell will have all of the genetic

information it needs to carry out its activities.

12. Circle the letter of each molecule that makes up the sides of the DNAladder.

a. deoxyribose b. glucose c. phosphate d. nitrogen

13. Name the nitrogen bases that pair up to make up the rungs of the DNAladder.

a. pairs with .

b. pairs with .

14. Is the following sentence true or false? DNA replication begins when the

two sides of the DNA molecule unwind and separate.

15. At the end of replication, new DNA molecules areformed.

two

true

cytosineGuanine

thymineAdenine

21 hours

false

true

cytoplasm

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WordWiseAnswer the clues to solve the crossword puzzle.


Clues down

1. Process in which molecules move froman area of higher concentration to anarea of lower concentration

2. The stage of the cell cycle in which thecell’s nucleus divides

3. Condensed genetic material, orchromatin, that is double stranded

7. The movement of materials through acell membrane using energy is _____transport.

Clues across

1. Nucleic acid that is passed from parentto offspring

3. The final stage of the cell cycle in whichthe cytoplasm divides

4. A pigment found in chloroplasts

5. The diffusion of water through aselectively permeable membrane

6. The first stage of the cell cycle in whichthe cell prepares to divide

8. A process by which cells get energy fromfood without using oxygen

D N A

i m

f c y t o k i n e s i s

f h t

u r c h l o r o p h y l l

o s m o s i s s

i m i n t e r p h a s e

o o s c

n s t

o i

f e r m e n t a t i o n v

e e

1

3

2

4

6

5

7

8

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C H A P T E R 6

FROM BACTERIA TO PLANTS

Classifying Living Things(pages 184-189)

This section tells how scientists divide living things into groups. It also describes howscientists name living things.

Why Do Scientists Classify Organisms? (pages 184–185)

1. The process of grouping things based on their similarities is

.

2. Why do biologists use classification? Biologists organize living things into

groups so that the organisms are easier to study.

3. The scientific study of how living things are classified is called

.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Once an organism is classified, a

scientist knows a lot about that organism.

The Classification System of Linnaeus (page 185)

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Linnaeus placed organisms into

groups based on their features that he could observe.

6. In Linnaeus’s naming system, called ,each organism is given a two-part name.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? A species is a classificationgrouping that contains similar, closely related organisms.

false

binomial nomenclature

true

true

taxonomy

classification

SECTION

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8. In the scientific name for mountain lions, Felis concolor, which is thegenus name and which is the species name?

Genus: Species:

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about binomialnomenclature.

a. An organism’s name is its genus and a species name together.

b. Genus and species names often are in Latin.

c. The genus name begins with a small letter.

d. Each species includes several genera.

Classification Today (pages 186–187)

10. List three things biologists consider when they classify an organism.

a. its structure

b. how it develops

c. its DNA

11. List the seven levels of classification used by modern biologists in order

from the broadest level to the most specific level. kingdom, phylum,

class, order, family, genus, species

12. Is the following sentence true or false? The more classification levelsthat two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in

common.

13. Look carefully at Figure 2 on page 187. What order does the great

horned owl belong to? It belongs to the order Strigiformes.

true

concolorFelis

CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued)

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Six Kingdoms (pages 188–189)

14. List the six kingdoms of living things.

a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

15. Complete the concept map to show how organisms are placed intokingdoms.

16. Is the following sentence true or false? All organisms in a kingdom

share many characteristics and are very similar.

17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about archaebacteria.

a. Archaebacteria can be autotrophic, or able to make their own food.

b. Archaebacteria are prokaryotes.

c. Archaebacteria have a cell nucleus.

d. Archaebacteria do not have nucleic acids.

18. Eubacteria are unicellular .

19. Is the following sentence true or false? Eubacteria have a similar

chemical makeup to archaebacteria.

20. Are eubacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs? Some eubacteria are

autotrophs while others are heterotrophs.

false

prokaryotes

false

animalsplants

fungiprotists

eubacteriaarchaebacteria

Organisms are placedin kingdoms

Type of cells Ability to make food Number of cells in their bodies

based on their

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21. Is the following sentence true or false? Protists can be either unicellular

or multicellular.

22. How do protists differ from archaebacteria and eubacteria? Protists

are eukaryotes—their cells contain nuclei.

23. Is the following sentence true or false? Mushrooms, molds, and yeast

are all fungi.

24. Circle the letter of each characteristic of fungi.

a. eukaryotes b. prokaryotes

c. autotrophs d. heterotrophs

25. What do most fungi feed on? Most feed on dead or decaying organisms.

26. Plants are ; they can make their own food.

27. Is the following true or false? All plants produce flowers.

28. Circle the letter of each characteristic of animals.

a. unicellular b. heterotrophs

c. eukaryotes d. autotrophs

29. Is the following sentence true or false? All animals are multicellular.

30. Is the following sentence true or false? At some point in their lives,most animals can move from one place to another.

true

true

false

autotrophs

true

true


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Bacteria(pages 190-193)

This section explains what bacteria are, their positive roles, and how they reproduce.

The Bacterial Cell (pages 190–191)

1. Bacteria are .The genetic material in their cells isnot contained in a nucleus.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Bacteria are living organismsbecause they use energy, grow, and respond to their surroundings.

3. What three shapes can bacterial cells have?

a. b. c.

4. Label the parts of a bacterial cell in this diagram.

5. Circle the letter of the cell structure that helps a cell to move.

a. cell wall b. cytoplasm c. ribosomes d. flagellum

6. Is the following sentence true or false? Air, water, and clothing can move

bacteria from one place to another. true

spiral shapedrodlikespherical

true

prokaryotes

SECTION

6–2

Genetic material

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Flagellum

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Energy Needs (page 191)

7. List the two ways in which autotrophic bacteria make food.

a. Capture and use the sun’s energy

b. Use the energy from chemical substances in their environment

8. How do heterotrophic bacteria get food? Heterotrophic bacteria

consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs.

9. Is the following sentence true or false? All bacteria must use oxygen to

break down food for energy.

Reproduction (page 192)

10. Complete the table below about reproduction in bacteria.

Survival Needs (page 192)

11. When do bacteria form endospores? Bacteria form endospores when

conditions in the environment become unfavorable for growth.

false


Reproduction in Bacteria

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Name of Process Binary fission Conjugation

Number of Parents One Two

What Occurs in Process The cell duplicates its genetic material. One bacterium transfers some of its Then the cell divides into two separate genetic material into another through cells. a thin, threadlike bridge that joins the

cells.

Result of Process Two cells that contain the same Bacteria that are genetically differentgenetic material from parents

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Bacteria and The Living World (page 193)

12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about bacteria.

a. All bacteria are harmful and cause disease.

b. Methane gas produced by archaebacteria living millions of years agohelps to heat homes.

c. Bacteria help produce foods such as buttermilk and cheese.

d. Decomposers recycle Earth’s matter.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Bacteria are used to clean up oil

spills and gasoline leaks.

Protists and Fungi(pages 196-203)

This section describes the characteristics of protists. This section also explains whatfungi are and how they get food.

The Protist Kingdom (pages 196–197)

1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about protists.

a. All protists are eukaryotes, organisms that have cells with nuclei.

b. All protists live in dry surroundings.

c. All protists are unicellular.

d. Some protists are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs, and some are both.

2. List the three categories into which scientists group protists.

a. animal-like protists

b. fungus-like protists

c. plantlike protists

Animal-like Protists (pages 197–199)

3. Circle the letter of each characteristic that animal-like protists sharewith animals.

a. autotroph b. heterotroph c. movement d. unicellular

SECTION

6–3

true

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4. Another name for an animal-like protist is .

5. Circle the letter of the cell part in an ameba that removes excess water.

a. pseudopod b. cilia

c. contractile vacuole d. cell membrane

6. Is the following sentence true or false? Paramecia have two nuclei.

Match the animal-like protist with the cell part it uses for movement.

Protist

c 7. ameba

a 8. paramecium

b 9. sporozoan

10. Animal-like protists called are parasites that feedon the cells and body fluids of their hosts.

Plantlike Protists (page 200)

11. Plantlike protists are commonly called .

12. The one characteristic that all algae share is that, like plants, they are

.

13. Why are algae important to other organisms? Algae that live on the

surface of ponds, lakes, and oceans are an important source of food and

oxygen.

14. How does a colony of algae differ from algae that are multicellular

organisms? A colony contains few or no cells that are specialized to

perform specific functions. A multicellular organism contains specialized

cells.

autotrophs

algae

sporozoans

true

protozoan


Cell Part

a. cilia

b. flagella

c. pseudopods

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Fungus-like Protists (page 201)

15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about fungus-like protists.

a. Like fungi, fungus-like protists are heterotrophs.

b. Fungus-like protists do not have cell walls.

c. Fungus-like protists use spores to reproduce.

d. Fungus-like protists never move during their lives.

The Fungi Kingdom (page 201)

16. Circle the letter before each sentence that is true about fungi.

a. All fungi are multicellular organisms.

b. Most fungi are eukaryotes.

c. Most fungi use spores to reproduce.

d. Most fungi are autotrophs.

17. What are three examples of fungi? Examples include cricket-killing

fungus, bread mold, mushrooms, and yeast.

Cell Structure of Fungi (page 202)

18. The cells of fungi are arranged in branching, threadlike tubes called

.

19. Is the following sentence true or false? Fuzzy-looking molds that growon food have hyphae that are packed tightly together.

20. Identify the structures of the mushroom shown here.

false

hyphae

Cap

Hyphae

Underground hyphae

Stalk

Gills

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How Do Fungi Obtain Food? (page 202)

21. Is the following sentence true or false? Some fungi are parasites.

22. Describe the process by which a fungus feeds. Hyphae from the fungus

grow into a food source. Digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the

food. The digestive chemicals break down the food so the hyphae can

absorb it.

Reproduction in Fungi (page 203)

23. Fungi most often reproduce by .

24. Is the following sentence true or false? Fungi reproduce sexually only

when growing conditions become unfavorable.

The Plant Kingdom(pages 204-211)

This section explains the features that all plants have. It also describes what plantsneed to survive and how they reproduce.

What Is a Plant? (pages 205–208)

1. Circle the letter of each characteristic that all plants share.

a. heterotroph b. autotroph c. prokaryote d. eukaryote

SECTION

6–4

true

spores

true


Concept maps are useful in organizing information. Make a concept map to show thecharacteristics of the four different types of animal-like protists. For more information aboutconcept maps, see page 588 in the Skills Handbook of your textbook. Do your work on aseparate sheet of paper.


Concept maps should include the name of each animal-like protist and include characteristicsfrom pages 197–199.

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2. Some plants move water, minerals, and food with an internal system of

tubelike structures called .

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Nonvascular plants can pass

materials only from one cell to the next.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Nonvascular plants can become very large and tall because of their support system.

5. What role do leaves play in a plant? Leaves carry out photosynthesis.

6. Carbon dioxide enters a leaf through tiny pores called ,which control the movement of gases into and out of the leaf.

7. List two characteristics that ferns and club mosses share.

a. Have vascular tissue

b. Use spores to reproduce

8. Is the following sentence true or false? Gymnosperms have seeds that

do not have a protective covering.

9. A plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in a fruit is called a(n)

.

10. List two functions of roots.

a. Anchor plants in the ground

b. Absorb water and nutrients from the soil

11. List three functions of stems.

a. Carry substances between the leaves and roots

b. Support the plant

c. Hold up leaves to the sun

angiosperm

true

stomata

false

true

vascular tissue

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Reproduction (pages 208–210)

12. The process in which a sperm unites with an egg is called

.

13. Circle the letter of the name of a fertilized egg.

a. spore b. sperm

c. zygote d. embryo

14. What is a seed? A seed is a plant structure that contains a young plant

inside a protective covering.

Match the part of the seed with its function.

Seed Part

b 15. embryo

c 16. cotyledon

a 17. seed coat

18. Is the following sentence true or false? Seeds can begin to grow in any

place they land.

19. What do seeds need to develop into a new plant? Seeds need light,

water, and nutrients.

20. Describe three ways seeds are dispersed. Wind carries some seeds.

Animals may eat seeds and deposit them elsewhere in wastes. Seeds may

stick to an animal’s fur and be carried to a new place.

false

fertilization


Function

a. Keeps the seed from drying out

b. Young plant that develops from thefertilized egg

c. A seed leaf that stores food

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21. Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called .

22. What is pollen? Pollen contains the microscopic cells that will later

become sperm cells.

23. A structure that contains an egg cell is a(n) .

24. Circle the letter of the reproductive structure of an angiosperm.

a. seed b. flower c. petals d. sepals

25. Label the parts of the flower in this diagram.

Plant Responses and Growth (pages 210–211)

26. What is a tropism? A tropism is a plant’s growth response toward or

away from a stimulus.

27. Circle the letter of each stimulus to which plants respond.

a. touch b. light c. food d. gravity

28. A chemical that affects how a plant grows and develops is a(n)

.

29. How long is the life cycle of a perennial? A perennial usually lives for

more than two years.

hormone

ovule

cones

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Pistil

StamenAnther

Filament

Petal

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WordWiseMatch each definition on the left with the correct term on the right. Then write the numberof each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes, add up thenumbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. The sums should be the same.

A. Branching, threadlike tubes that make up fungi

B. Animal-like protists

C. A small, thick walled resting cell in side a bacterial cell

D. Fertilized egg

E. A group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring

F. Scientific study of how living things are classified

G. Process by which one cell divides to form two identical cells

H. A plant’s growth toward or away from a stimulus

I. Tiny pores in leaves


1. protozoans

2. binary fission

3. taxonomy

4. stomata

5. species

6. hyphae

7. zygote

8. endospore

9. tropism

A B C

D E F

G H I

492

357

816

= = =

151515

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

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C H A P T E R 7

ANIMALS

What Is an Animal?(pages 218-220)

This section explains the characteristics of animals and how biologists classify animalsinto groups. It also describes some animal adaptations.

Characteristics of Animals (page 218)

1. List four characteristics of animals.

a. Many-celled organism

b. Heterotrophs

c. Most reproduce sexually

d. Can move from place to place

2. Animals get water, food, and oxygen from their .

3. Is the following sentence true or false? An animal responds to stimuli in

its environment.

How Animals Reproduce (page 219)

4. What is sexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction is the process by

which sperm and egg unite, producing a new individual.

5. Is the following sentence true of false? A hydra reproduces sexually by

forming buds that break off to form new hydras. false

true

environment

SECTION

7–1

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Structure and Function in Animals (pages 219–220)

6. What is an adaptation? An adaptation is a characteristic that helps an

organism survive in its environment or reproduce.

Match the type of animal with what it eats.

Type of Animal

c 7. herbivore

b 8. carnivore

a 9. omnivore

10. Carnivores that hunt and kill other animals are called

. The animals that these carnivores capture and

feed upon are called .

11. Is the following sentence true or false? The bristly tongue of a bee is an

adaptation for protection.

Classification of Animals (page 220)

12. Biologists classify animals in the animal kingdom into about 35 major

groups, called .


14. Is the following sentence true or false? Most animal species are

vertebrates.

15. Circle the letter of the animal that is a vertebrate.

a. bird b. jellyfish c. spider d. crab

false

phyla

false

prey

predators

CHAPTER 7, Animals (continued)

What It Eats

a. both plants and animals

b. other animals

c. plants only

Animals

Invertebrates Vertebratescan be classified as

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Symmetry(pages 221-222)

This section explains the balanced arrangement of animal bodies.


1. The balanced arrangement of the body of a complex animal is called

.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? The bodies of complex animals

all have either radial or bilateral symmetry.

3. Complete the drawing of the butterfly’s body on the other side of theline of symmetry.

4. Because the butterfly can be divided into two halves that are mirror

images of each other, it has symmetry.

5. Objects with many lines of symmetry that all go through a central

point have symmetry.

Animals With Radial Symmetry (page 222)

6. Circle the letter of each object that has radial symmetry.

a. oak leaf b. sea anemone c. pair of eyeglasses d. bicycle wheel

radial

bilateral

true

symmetry

SECTION

7–2

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Animals With Bilateral Symmetry (pages 222)

7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about animals with bilateralsymmetry.

a. Human bodies have bilateral symmetry.

b. Radially symmetrical animals have distinct front and back ends.

c. Bilateral symmetry allows animals to move quickly and efficiently.

d. Most bilaterally symmetrical animals have sense organs in their backends.

Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms, and Mollusks(pages 223-228)

This section describes the characteristics of sponges and cnidarians. It also tells aboutthe characteristics of the major groups of worms and mollusks.

Characteristics of Sponges (pages 223–224)

1. Describe the body of a sponge. The body of a sponge is something like

a bag that is pierced all over with openings called pores.

2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about sponges.

a. Sponges remove bacteria and protists from the water that enters them.

b. Pores in the sponge’s body trap food particles and digest them.

c. A sponge gets oxygen from water.

d. Water that leaves a sponge carries waste material away.

Cnidarians (page 224)

3. What are cnidarians? Cnidarians are soft-bodied, radially symmetrical

invertebrates that have long, wavy tentacles arranged around an opening

called a mouth.

SECTION

7–3


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4. How does a cnidarian capture prey? A cnidarian captures prey by using

its stinging cells to inject venom to paralyze prey. Then its tentacles pull the

prey to its mouth.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? A cnidarian’s nerve net helps the

animal to respond quickly to external stimuli.

Worms (page 225)

6. List five characteristics shared by all worms.

a. Invertebrates

b. Bilateral symmetry

c. Long, narrow bodies without legs

d. Tissues, organs, and organ systems

e. Have head and tail ends

Flatworms (page 225)

7. Complete the concept map to show the three major groups of worms.

8. The characteristics that distinguishes flatworms from other worms are

their .

Roundworms (pages 225–226)

9. Is the following sentence true or false? Unlike flatworms, roundwormshave a digestive tract that is like a tube, open at both ends.

true

flat bodies

true

Worms

Flatworms Roundworms Segmented worms

are classified as

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Segmented Worms (page 226)

10. Earthworms have bodies made up of many linked sections called

11. Earthworms have a digestive system with opening(s).

12. What is the advantage of a closed circulatory system? A closed

circulatory system moves the blood around an animal’s body more quickly.

What Are Mollusks? (pages 227–228)

13. Circle the letter of each characteristic of a mollusk.

a. vertebrate b. invertebrate

c. segmented body d. unsegmented body

14. Give the function of each of the following parts of a mollusk.

hard outer shell: Protects the soft body

mantle: Covers the internal organs and produces the shell

foot: Adapted for crawling, digging, or catching prey

Match the body part with its function.

Body Part

a 15. gills

c 16. cilia

b 17. radula

two

segments


By looking carefully at illustrations, you can help yourself understand what you have read. Lookat Figure 8 on page 226. What does this illustration show?


The diagram shows that an earthworm has a segmented body with many organs.

Function

a. Organs that remove oxygen from water

b. A flexible ribbon of tiny teeth that scrapesfood from a surface

c. Tiny, hairlike structures that move waterover the gills

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Arthropods and Echinoderms(pages 230-236)

This section describes the characteristics of arthropods, and tells about the majorgroups of arthropods. It also describes spiny-skinned animals called echinoderms.

The Arthropod Phylum (pages 230–231)

1. What are the characteristics of an arthropod? An arthropod is a

bilaterally symmetrical invertebrate that has an external skeleton, a

segmented body, and jointed attachments called appendages.

2. What happens to the exoskeleton when an arthropod grows? The

arthropod sheds its exoskeleton in a process called molting.

3. Look at the table in Figure 6 on page 231. Crustaceans have

pairs of antennae. Arachnids have body segments.

Insects have pairs of legs.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Joints in their appendages give

arthropods flexibility and the ability to move.

Insects (page 232)

5. What is an insect? Insects are arthropods with three body sections, six

legs, one pair of antennae, and usually one or two pairs of wings.

6. Circle the letter of the body segment to which wings and legs are attached.

a. head b. thorax c. abdomen d. exoskeleton

7. In complete metamorphosis, the larva stage is followed by the

stage.

8. In gradual metamorphosis, the egg hatches into a(n) ,which looks much like a small adult.

nymph

pupa

true

three

two

two

SECTION

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Crustaceans (page 234)

9. What is a crustacean? A crustacean is an arthropod that has two or three

body sections and usually has three pairs of appendages for chewing.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Very few watery environments are

home to crustaceans.

Arachnids (page 234)

11. An arthropod with only two body sections is a(n) .

12. Circle the letter of each characteristic of arachnids.

a. Abdomen with reproductive organs and digestive tract

b. Eight legs

c. Four antennae

d. Book lungs

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about spiders.

a. All spiders are herbivores.

b. All spiders build webs.

c. Spiders have hollow fangs that inject venom into prey.

d. Spiders have an exoskeleton.

Centipedes and Millipedes (page 235)

Match the arthropod with its characteristics. Each kind of arthropod maybe used more than once.

Characteristics

b 14. Two pairs of legs on each segment

a 15. One pair of legs on each segment

a 16. Predators with sharp jaws

b 17. Herbivores

arachnid

false


Arthropods

a. centipede

b. millipede

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The Echinoderm Phylum (pages 235–236)

18. What is an echinoderm? An echinoderm is a radially symmetrical

invertebrate that lives on the ocean floor.

19. The skin of most echinoderms is supported by a spiny internal

skeleton, called a(n) .

20. What is a water vascular system? The water vascular system is made up

of fluid-filled tubes inside the echinoderm’s body.

Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles(pages 237-245)

This section describes animals with backbones and identifies the characteristics offishes, amphibians, and reptiles.

Vertebrates (pages 237–238)

1. The backbone is formed by many similar bones, called

, which are lined up in a row.

2. A vertebrate’s backbone is part of a(n) , or internalskeleton.

3. List the functions of the endoskeleton.

a. Support and protect the body

b. Give the body its shape

c. Give muscles a place to attach

Regulating Body Temperature (page 238)

4. What is an ectotherm? An ectotherm is an animal whose body

temperature is close to that of its environment.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Ectotherms can live in a greater

variety of environments than endotherms can. false

endoskeleton

vertebrae

SECTION

7–5

endoskeleton


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Characteristics of Fishes (pages 238–239)

6. What is a fish? A fish is an ectothermic vertebrate that lives in the water

and has fins.

7. Circle the letter of each characteristic of fishes.

a. gills b. feathers

c. scales d. hair

8. Fishes obtain oxygen from .

9. Is the following sentence true or false? In a fish’s circulatory system,

blood flows through two loops.

Kinds of Fishes (pages 239–240)

10. List the three groups of fishes.

a.

b.

c.

11. The skeletons of cartilaginous fishes are made of .

12. Circle the letter of each characteristic of cartilaginous fishes.

a. jaws b. fins c. scales d. bones

Match the parts of bony fishes with their functions. See Exploring a BonyFish on page 240.

Part

d 13. gill cover

b 14. scales

c 15. lateral line

a 16. swim bladder

cartilage

bony fishes

cartilaginous fishes

jawless fishes

false

water


Function

a. Helps stabilize the fish at different levels in the water

b. Cover the body by overlapping each other

c. Sense organ that picks up vibrations andpressure changes in water

d. A flexible flap that opens to release waterfrom the gills

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Amphibians (pages 241–242)

17. What is an amphibian? An amphibian is an ectothermic vertebrate that

spends its early life in water and its adult life on land.

18. Describe the path blood takes in the circulatory system of an adult

amphibian. Blood from the heart moves to the lungs, then returns to the

heart. Then blood pumps from the heart to the rest of the body and returns

back to the heart.

19. Circle the letter of the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

a. ventricles b. atria c. vessels d. lungs

Kinds of Amphibians (page 242)

20. Is the following sentence true or false? A land animal must have astrong skeleton to support the body against the pull of gravity.

21. How are frogs and toads adapted for hopping and leaping? Frogs and

toads have powerful hind-leg muscles and a skeleton that can absorb the

shock of landing.

22. Amphibians with long, slender bodies that keep their tails as adults are

called .

Reptiles (pages 243–244)

23. What is a reptile? A reptile is an ectothermic vertebrate that has lungs

and scaly skin.

24. What are two functions of a reptile’s scaly skin? It helps protect the

reptile and keeps water in the body.

25. How do the kidneys keep reptiles from losing water? The kidneys

concentrate the urine so that they lose very little water.

salamanders

true

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Kinds of Reptiles (pages 244–245)

26. Reptiles with slender bodies and four legs with claws are

.

27. Is the following sentence true or false? A snake can swallow prey that is

larger in diameter than the snake itself.

28. What is a turtle? A turtle is a reptile whose body is covered by a

protective shell.

29. Is the following sentence true or false? All turtles can pull their head,

legs, and tail inside their shell.

Birds and Mammals(pages 247-255)

This section tells about the characteristics of birds and how they care for their young.It also describes the characteristics of mammals.

What Is a Bird? (pages 247–248)

1. List six characteristics of birds.

a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

2. Circle the letter of each adaptation that enables birds to fly.

a. feathers b. hollow bones c. scales d. large chest muscles

Eating Like a Bird (page 248)

3. Why do birds need a lot of energy? They need energy to maintain their

body temperature and to power the muscles used in flight.

Most can flyScales on feet and legs

Lay eggsFour-chambered heart

FeathersEndothermic vertebrate

SECTION

7–6

false

true

lizards


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4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about birds.

a. Birds have teeth.

b. Each bird species has a bill shaped to help it feed.

c. The crop stores food in the body after the bird swallows it.

d. Chemicals break down food in the gizzard.

Delivering Oxygen to Cells (pages 248–249)

5. Cells must have enough to release the energyfrom food.

6. What is the function of air sacs? Air sacs, attached to the lungs, enable

birds to get much more oxygen from each breath of air than other animals

can.

7. What is the advantage of a four-chambered heart? There is no mixing

of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, so blood arriving in the body tissues

has plenty of oxygen.

Quick Response to Stimuli (page 250)

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the nervous system.

a. Birds have very quick reactions.

b. Birds cannot see well.

c. Birds have a poorly developed brain.

d. Birds have well developed ears.

Reproducing and Caring for Young (page 250)

9. Circle the letter of a characteristic of bird eggs.

a. soft shell b. leathery shell c. hard shell d. no shell

10. How do birds keep their eggs warm so that they will develop? A parent

bird usually sits on the eggs to keep them warm.

11. How long do parent birds care for their young? Most parent birds feed

and protect their young until they are able to fly.

oxygen

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Why Birds Are Important (page 250)

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Birds help pollinate flowers and

carry seeds to new places.

13. How do predator birds help people? Predator birds eat many pest

animals, such as rats, mice, and insect pests.

What is a Mammal? (page 251)

14. Circle the letter of each characteristic of mammals.

a. endothermic vertebrate b. feathers

c. three-chambered heart d. teeth

Fur and Hair (page 251)

15. Is the following sentence true or false? All mammals have fur or hair at

some point in their lives.

16. How do fur and hair help mammals? Fur and hair prevent body heat

from escaping and help maintain a stable body temperature in cold weather.

Structure and Function of Teeth (page 252)

Match the type of teeth with their function.

Teeth

b 17. canines

c 18. molars

a 19. incisors

Breathing (page 252)

20. Is the following sentence true or false? All mammals, except whales,

breathe with lungs. false

true

true


Function

a. Bite off and cut parts of food

b. Stab food and tear it

c. Grind and shred food into tiny bits

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Nervous System and Senses (page 252)

21. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mammals’ nervoussystem.

a. The brain helps mammals learn, remember, and behave in complex ways.

b. Squirrels cannot remember what they have learned.

c. The senses of mammals are adapted for the ways that individualspecies live.

d. All mammals can see in color.

Reproduction (page 253)

22. Is the following sentence true or false? Some mammals lay eggs.

23. All mammals feed their young with milk produced in .

Monotremes (page 254)

24. What are monotremes? Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs.

Marsupials (page 254)

25. What are marsupials? Marsupials are mammals whose young are born

alive, but at an early age of development, and they usually continue to

develop in a pouch on their mother’s body.

26. Marsupials have a short , the length oftime between fertilization and birth.

Placental Mammals (page 255)

27. What is a placental mammal? A placental mammal develops inside its

mother’s body until its body systems can function independently.

28. Circle the letter of each item that passes from the mother to her youngthrough the placenta.

a. wastes b. water c. food d. oxygen

gestation period

mammary glands

true

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Word WiseComplete the crossword puzzle by using the clues below.


Clues down

1. Midsection of an insect, to which thewings and legs are attached

2. Structures that remove oxygen fromwater

3. Mammal whose young are born at anearly stage of development and completedevelopment in the mother’s pouch

4. Invertebrate with an exoskeleton andjointed appendages

5. Mollusk’s flexible ribbon of teeth

7. Lower chamber of a vertebrate’s heart

9. Opening in the digestive tract throughwhich wastes leave the body

Clues across

3. Process in which an animal’s bodyundergoes dramatic changes in form

6. Immature form of an animal that looksvery different from the adult

8. Stage in which an insect graduallychanges into the adult form

10. Carnivores that use stinging cells tocapture their prey

11. Section of an insect’s body thatcontains may of the internal organs

12. Organs of the excretory system

t g

m e t a m o r p h o s i s

a r a o l

r t d r l a r v a

s h p u p a s e

u r l x n

p o a a t

l p c n i d a r i a n

a b d o m e n u i

l d s c

l

k i d n e y

3

11

4

8

5

1 2

6 7

9

10

12

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C H A P T E R 8

ECOSYSTEMS

Components of an Ecosystem(pages 266-271)

This section describes what organisms need and how their environments provide fortheir needs. The section also describes how organisms live together in populations andcommunities.

Introduction (pages 266–267)

1. All the living and nonliving things that interact in a particular area make

up a(n) .

Habitats (page 267)

2. The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the

organism needs is called its .

3. What needs of an organism are provided by its habitat? Needs include

food, water, and shelter.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Each ecosystem contains one

habitat.

Biotic Factors (page 267)

5. Circle the letter of each choice that is a biotic factor in a prairie dogecosystem.

a. Grass and other plants that the prairie dog eats

b. Hawks, ferrets, and other animals that hunt the prairie dog

c. The soil that provides the prairie dog with a home

d. Worms, fungi, and bacteria that also live in the soil

false

habitat

ecosystem

SECTION

8–1

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6. The living parts of an ecosystem are called .

Abiotic Factors (pages 268–269)

7. The nonliving parts of an ecosystem are called .


abiotic factors

biotic factors

CHAPTER 8, Ecosystems (continued)

Abiotic factors

Water

Sunlight Temperature

Soil

include

Oxygen

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about water.

a. It is needed by all living things.

b. It makes up 20 percent of the air.

c. It is needed by algae and plants to make food.

d. It is an abiotic factor only for organisms that actually live in the water.

Structure and Function in Populations (page 269)

10. What is a population? A population is all the members of one species in

a particular area.

11. Circle the letter of each choice that is an example of a population.

a. All the prairie dogs in a prairie dog town

b. All the daisies in a field

c. All the bull frogs in a pond

d. All the trees in a forest

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12. Is the following sentence true or false? All populations live in the same-

sized area.

13. What is a society? A society is a closely related population of animals that

work together for the benefit of the whole group.

Communities (page 270)

14. All the different populations that live together in an area make up a(n)

.

15. Circle the letter of the choice that lists the levels of organization in anecosystem from the smallest unit of organization to the largest.

a. Population, organism, community, ecosystem

b. Organism, population, ecosystem, community

c. Organism, community, population, ecosystem

d. Organism, population, community, ecosystem

16. In addition to a community of different species, what else does an

ecosystem include? An ecosystem also includes abiotic factors.

17. Is the following sentence true or false? To be considered a community,

populations must live close enough together to interact.

What Is Ecology? (pages 270–271)

18. What is ecology? Ecology is the study of how living things interact with

each other and with their environment.

19. Scientists who study how living things interact with each other and

with their environment are called .

20. Is the following sentence true or false? In an ecosystem, responses tochanges in the environment always take place quickly.

false

ecologists

true

community

false

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Studying Populations(pages 273-278)

This section describes how scientists study population density, size, and growth. Thesection also explains how factors such as food, space, and weather limit how largepopulations can become.

Population Density (page 273)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? Population density is the

number of individuals in a specific area.

2. Write the equation you would use to find population density.

Population density = Number of individuals

Determining Population Size (pages 274–275)

Match the type of study with its example.

Type of Study

b 3. direct observation

a 4. indirect observation

d 5. sampling

c 6. mark-and-recapture study

Changes in Population Size (pages 275–276)

7. How can populations change in size? Populations can change in size

when new members enter the population or when members leave the

population.

true

SECTION

8–2


Example

a. Counting the number of nestingsites in an area

b. Counting all the bald eagles thatlive along a river

c. Counting hawks with and withoutbands on their legs

d. Counting the number of redmaples in a small area to estimatethe number in the entire forest

Unit area

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8. What is the major way in which new individuals are added to a

population? The major way new individuals are added is through the birth

of offspring.

9. The number of births in a population in a certain amount of time is

the .

10. What is the major way that individuals leave a population? The major

way individuals leave is by dying.

11. The number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time is

the .

12. Is the following sentence true or false? If the birth rate is greater than

the death rate, population size decreases.

Match the term with its definition

Term

b 13. immigration

a 14. emigration

Limiting Factors (pages 277–278)

15. An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing is

called a(n) .

16. What are some limiting factors for populations? Some limiting factors

are food, space, and weather conditions.

17. The largest population that an environment can support is called its

.

18. Is the following sentence true or false? Space is often a limiting factor

for plants. true

carrying capacity

limiting factor

false

death rate

birth rate

Definition

a. Leaving a population

b. Moving into a population

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Energy in a Ecosystem(pages 280-286)

This section explains the source of energy for ecosystems and describes how energy andmatter interact in ecosystems.

An Ecosystem’s Energy Source (pages 280–281)

1. Energy enters most ecosystems from .

2. Where do heterotrophs such as cattle get energy? From the stored

energy in plants

Energy Roles in Ecosystems (pages 281–282)

Match the three energy roles with their definitions.

Energy Roles

c 3. producers

a 4. consumers

b 5. decomposers

Energy Flow in Food Chains and Food Webs (pages 282–284)

6. What is a food chain? A food chain is a diagram that shows the flow of

energy from organism to organism.

sunlight

SECTION

8–3


Outlining is a way to help yourself understand what you have read. Write an outline of thissection on studying populations. In the outline, copy the headings in the textbook. Under eachheading, write the main idea and list the details that support the main idea.

Reading Skill Practice(pages 273-278)

Outlines should be organized under the headings Population Density, Determining PopulationSize, Changes in Population Size, and Limiting Factors and include information from pages271–278

Definitions

a. Obtain food and energy by eating otherorganisms

b. Obtain energy by breaking down wastesand remains of other organisms

c. Produce food and store energy

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7. Is the following sentence true or false? In general, energy flows fromdecomposers, to consumers, to producers in

an ecosystem.

8. A diagram that shows how many food chains are connected is

called a(n) .

Cycles in Ecosystems (pages 284–285)

9. What are three cycles in which matter and energy interact in

ecosystems? Water cycle, carbon and oxygen cycles, nitrogen cycle

10. Complete the cycle diagram that shows the carbon and oxygen cycles.

food web

false

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Most organisms cannot use the

“free” nitrogen in air.

12. What is nitrogen fixation? Nitrogen fixation is the process of

combining free nitrogen with other elements.

The Decay of Biomass (page 286)

13. The total amount of living matter, and the remains of dead organisms

in an area, is the area's .

14. What are the two results of the decay of biomass?

a. It produces matter in the form of small molecules.

b. It releases the energy stored in the chemical compounds in the biomass.

biomass

true

in carbon dioxide

carbon

oxygen inair

by producers

photosynthesis

by organisms

respiration

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WordWiseMatch each definition in the left column with the correct term in the right column. Then writethe number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled all the boxes, addup the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. All the sums should be the same.

Definitions

A. All the living and nonliving things that interact in aparticular area

B. Leaving a population

C. All the members of one species in a particular area

D. Total amount of living matter and the remains of deadorganisms in an area

E. Number of births in a population in a certain amount of time

F. Diagram that shows how many food chains are connected

G. Place where an organism lives

H. Organisms that produce food and store energy

I. Moving into a population

Terms

1. emigration

2. habitat

3. food web

4. immigration

5. birth rate

6. ecosystem

7. biomass

8. population

9. producers

A B C

D E F

G H I

492

357

816

= = =

151515

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

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C H A P T E R 9

ENERGY RESOURCES

Energy and Fossil Fuels(pages 292-298)

This section explains how fuels provide energy. The section also explains what fossilfuels are and compares and contrasts the different types of fossil fuels.

Energy Transformation (page 292)

1. A change from one form of energy to another is called a(n)

, or energy conversion.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Any form of energy can be

converted to another form.

Fuels and Energy (page 293)

3. A substance that provides a form of energy, such as heat, as a result of a

chemical change, is a(n) .

4. The process of burning a fuel is called .

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the production ofelectric power.

a. In most power plants, water is boiled to make steam.

b. The chemical energy of steam turns the blades of a turbine.

c. Powerful magnets turn inside a wire coil, generating electric current.

d. Electricity is produced by a turbine.

Energy Transformations in the Home (page 294)

6. Some hot water heaters convert electrical energy into

thermal energy

combustion

fuel

true

energy transformation

SECTION

9–1

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7. In a refrigerator, a(n) , is pumped through the

walls, where it absorbs energy.

What Are Fossil Fuels? (page 295)

8. Energy-rich substances formed from the remains of once-living

organisms are called .

9. List the three major fossil fuels.

a. b. c.

10. Energy-rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

atoms are called .

11. Complete the flow chart.

hydrocarbons

natural gasoilcoal

fossil fuels

thermal

refrigerant

CHAPTER 9, Energy Resources (continued)

Combustion of Fossil Fuels

12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about fossil fuels.

a. Fossil fuels take hundreds of millions of years to form.

b. Three fourths of Earth’s known oil reserves have already been used.

c. The rate at which fossil fuels are used is decreasing.

d. Fossil fuels are considered a nonrenewable resource.

Oil (pages 296–297)

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about petroleum.

a. Petroleum accounts for most of the energy produced in the world.

b. Petroleum fuels most cars, airplanes, trains, and ships.

c. The United States consumes a third of the oil produced in the world.

d. Three percent of the world’s oil supply is located in the United States.

Hydrocarbons+

Oxygen

Energy

Water

Carbon dioxide

Combustion

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14. Scientists can use to test an area for oilwithout drilling.

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Most of the oil wells that are

drilled produce usable amounts of oil.

16. When oil is first pumped out of the ground, it is called .

17. A factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by

heating is called a(n) .

18. Compounds that are made from oil are called .

Natural Gas (page 297)

19. Natural gas is a mixture of and other gases.

20. Is the following sentence true or false? Because natural gas is less dense

than oil, it often rises above an oil deposit.

21. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about natural gas.

a. It produces a lot of energy.

b. It produces more air pollutants than oil.

c. It is easy to transport using pipelines.

d. A gas leak can cause a violent explosion and fire.

Coal (page 298)

22. What is coal? Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains.

23. Is the following sentence true or false? Today, coal provides 23 percent

of the energy used worldwide.

24. Is the following sentence true or false? The major use of coal is to fuel

factories.

25. Known deposits of coal and other fossil fuels that can be obtained

using current technology are called .reserves

false

false

true

methane

petrochemicals

refinery

crude oil

false

sound waves

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26. Circle the letter of the sentence that is true about coal as an energy source.

a. It is the least plentiful fossil fuel in the United States.

b. It is difficult to transport.

c. It provides a lot of energy when burned.

d. It produces less air pollution than other fossil fuels.

27. How can coal mining harm the environment? Coal mining can increase

erosion, and runoff from mines can cause water pollution. Burning coal

produces air pollution.

Renewable Sources of Energy(pages 299-304)

This section describes several renewable sources of energy and explains the advantagesand disadvantages of each energy source.


1. Energy sources that are constantly being supplied are called

resources.

Energy From the Sun (pages 299–300)

2. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about solar energy.

a. It is the source of most other renewable energy resources.

b. It causes pollution.

c. It will not run out for billions of years.

d. It is available only when the sun is shining.

Solar Technologies (pages 300–301)

3. How do solar plants capture energy and use it to generate electricity?

Rows of giant mirrors focus the sun’s rays to heat a tank of water. The water

boils, making steam that can be used to generate electricity.

renewable

SECTION

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4. Is the following sentence true or false? Solar energy can be converted

directly into electricity in a solar cell.

5. What are solar cells used to power? They are used to power calculators,

lights, telephones, and other small devices.

6. Is the following sentence true or false? Solar heating systems convert

sunlight into mechanical energy.


false

true

Solar heating systems

Passive Active

can be

8. How do active solar heating systems differ from passive solar heating

systems? In a passive solar heating system, sunlight passes through

windows, is absorbed by walls and floors, and then is converted to heat.

Active solar heating systems use fans and pumps to distribute the heat.

Other Sources of Renewable Energy (pages 302–303)

9. List other renewable sources of energy besides the sun.

a. b. c.

d. e.

10. Electricity produced by flowing water is called .

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Hydroelectric power is the leastwidely used source of renewable energy in the world today.

false

hydroelectric power

hydrogenEarth’s interior

windbiomass materialwater

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12. Is the following sentence true or false? Hydroelectric power is expensive

and creates air pollution.

13. What are two limitations on hydroelectric power in the United States?

Most of the suitable rivers have already been dammed, and dams can have

negative effects on the environment.

14. Fuels made from things that were once alive are called

.

15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about biomass fuels.

a. They include leaves, food wastes, and manure.

b. They can be converted to other fuels.

c. They are widely used today.

d. They are renewable resources.

16. What type of fuel is wood? Wood is a biomass fuel.

17. Is the following sentence true or false? Corn can be used to make

alcohol.

18. What is gasohol, and what is it used for? Gasohol is a mixture of alcohol

and gasoline. It can be used as fuel for cars and trucks.

19. What fuel is produced in some landfills? Methane gas, a heating fuel, is

produced in some landfills.

20. Intense heat from Earth’s interior is called .

21. Is the following sentence true or false? Geothermal energy is an

unlimited source of cheap energy. true

geothermal energy

true

biomass fuels

false


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Cold water Steam

Magma

Bedrock

Power plant

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22. Add arrows to the drawing to show how water flows through ageothermal power plant.

When you read a long section, identifying the sentence that best expresses the main topic undereach heading can help you focus on the most important points. Identify and write the sentencethat best expresses the main topic under each heading in Section 9-2. Do your work on aseparate sheet of paper.


The boldfaced sentences are good choices for topic sentences under the headings where theyoccur.

23. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about wind energy.

a. It provides 10 percent of the world’s electricity.

b. It is the fastest-growing energy source.

c. It causes pollution.

d. It is free.

Hydrogen Power (page 304)

24. What is the obstacle to using hydrogen as a fuel? It takes more energy

to obtain pure hydrogen than is produced by burning the hydrogen.

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Nuclear Energy(pages 307-311)

This section explains how nuclear reactions inside atoms can produce energy. Thesection also describes the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy.


1. The central core of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons is

called the .


nucleus

SECTION

9–3


Types of nuclearreactions

Fission Fusion

are

Fission Reactions and Energy (pages 307–308)

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Nuclear reactions convert matter

into energy.

4. What formula, developed by Albert Einstein, describes the relationship

between energy and matter?

5. The splitting of an atom’s nucleus into two smaller nuclei is called

.

6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about nuclear fission.

a. It can use uranium as a fuel.

b. It is a chain reaction.

c. It is extremely safe.

d. It can be used to generate electricity.

nuclear fission

E = mc2

true

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Nuclear Power Plants (pages 308–309)

7. How is electricity produced in a nuclear power plant? The heat

released from the reactions is used to change water into steam. The steam

then turns the blades of a turbine to generate electricity.

Match the part of a nuclear reactor with its function.

Part of Reactor

b 8. reactor vessel

a 9. fuel rod

d 10. control rod

c 11. heat exchanger

The Risks of Nuclear Fission (pages 309–310)

12. When fuel rods in a nuclear power plant generate so much heat that

they start to melt, the condition is called a(n) .

13. Why is it difficult to dispose of radioactive wastes produced by power

plants? It is difficult because they remain dangerous for many thousands

of years.

The Quest to Control Fusion (pages 310–311)

14. The combining of two atomic nuclei to produce a single larger nucleus

is called .

15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about nuclear fusion.

a. It produces less energy per atom than nuclear fission.

b. The fuel it needs is readily available.

c. Scientists have not yet been able to control a large-scale fusionreaction.

d. It is widely used today to produce electricity.

nuclear fusion

meltdown

Function

a. It contains the uranium.

b. It is where nuclear fission occurs.

c. It changes hot water to steam.

d. It controls the reactions.

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Energy Conservation(pages 313-316)

This section describes several ways that energy use can be reduced to make availablefuels last as long as possible.


1. What are two approaches to the problem of the limited supply of fossil

fuels? One approach to the problem is to find new sources of energy.

Another approach is to make the fuels that are available now last as long as

possible.

Conservation and Efficiency (pages 313–316)

2. Reducing energy use is called .

3. The percentage of energy from a fuel that is actually used to perform

work is its .

4. What happens to the energy from a fuel that is not used to perform work?

Most of the rest of the energy is “lost” to the surroundings, usually as heat.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Incandescent light bulbs waste

less energy than compact fluorescent bulbs.

6. A layer of material that helps block the transfer of heat between the air

inside and outside a building is called .

7. How does insulation work? Insulation traps air, and this layer of trapped

air helps keep the building from losing or gaining heat from the outside.

insulation

false

efficiency

energy conservation

SECTION

9–4


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8. Circle the letter of the choice that is the best material for insulation.

a. fiberglass b. brick c. stone d. glass

9. Why do new windows have two panes of glass with space between them?

The air between the panes of glass acts as insulation to help prevent heat

loss through the windows.

10. How have engineers improved the energy efficiency of cars?

Engineers have designed better engines and tires.

11. What are some ways to reduce the number of cars on the road?

Communities can maintain public transit systems that provide an alternative

to driving. They can also encourage carpooling, for example, by setting

aside lanes for cars containing two or more people.

12. Is the following sentence true or false? A car that runs on electricity is less

energy-efficient than one that runs directly on fuel.

What You Can Do (page 316)

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that describes a way you can reduceyour personal energy use.

a. Use air conditioners instead of fans.

b. Use electric lights whenever possible.

c. Ride buses and trains.

d. Keep your home warmer in winter and cooler in summer.

14. Why does recycling aluminum help to save energy? Recycling an

aluminum can uses only 5 percent of the energy that making a new can

uses.

false

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WordWiseSolve the clues by filling in the blanks with key terms from Chapter 9. Then write thenumbered letters in the correct order to find the hidden message.

Clues Key Terms

Substance that provides energy as the result of a chemical change 1 2

Compound made from oil3 4

Liquid fossil fuel5 6 7

A known deposit of fuels8

Factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products 9

Dangerous condition caused by overheating inside a nuclear reactor 10

Percentage of energy that is used by a device to perform work 11

Building material that blocks heat transfer between the air inside and outside 12

Reducing energy use13 14

Electricity produced by the kinetic energy of moving water 15 16

Energy from heat in Earth’s interior17

Compound that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms 18

Hidden Message

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

ygrenesedivorpleuF

nobracordyh

lamrehtoeg

cirtceleordyh

noitavresnoc

noitalusni

ycneiciffe

nwodtlem

yrenifer

evreser

muelortep

lacimehcortep

leuf


.

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C H A P T E R 1 0

SOLID EARTH

Inside Earth(pages 326-329)

This section describes the science of geology and identifies the layers of Earth.

Introduction (pages 326)

1. What is rock? Rock is the material that makes up Earth’s hard outer

surface.

2. The layer of solid rock that surrounds Earth’s surface is called the

.

The Science of Geology (page 327)

3. What is geology? Geology is the study of planet Earth, including Earth’s

surface and interior.

4. What do geologists study? Geologists study Earth’s surface and interior.

They also study the physical and chemical characteristics of rocks.

Earth’s Interior (pages 328–329)

5. List the major layers that make up Earth.

a. b.

c. d.

6. Is the following sentence true or false? The inner core is liquid and the

outer core is solid. false

lithospheremantle

outer coreinner core

crust

SECTION

10–1

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7. On the diagram of Earth, label the crust, mantle, lithosphere, inner core,and outer core.

8. Is the following sentence true or false? The upper part of the mantle is

soft, but solid and can flow very slowly.

Minerals(pages 330-337)

This section describes properties of minerals and explains how these properties areused to identify minerals. It also explains how minerals form.

What Is a Mineral? (pages 331–332)

1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about minerals.

a. Mineral are solids.

b. Minerals are formed from living things.

c. Minerals form naturally.

d. Each mineral has a definite chemical composition.

2. The atoms that make up a mineral line up in a pattern that repeats over

and over, forming a solid called a(n) .

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Some elements are made up of

only one element. true

crystal

SECTION

10–2

true

CHAPTER 10, Solid Earth (continued)

Crust

Lithosphere Outercore

Innercore

Mantle

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Identifying Minerals (pages 333–335)

4. List six properties of minerals.

a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

5. To classify minerals according to their hardness, geologists use the

Mohs hardness scale.

6. Is the following sentence true or false? All forms of a mineral have the

same color.

7. The way a mineral reflects light from its surface is called

.


luster

false

densityhow it breaks apart

lusterstreak

colorhardness

9. A measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume is

called .

How Minerals Form (page 336)

10. What are two ways that minerals can form? Minerals form when

molten material cools and hardens inside Earth or on the surface.

Other minerals form when materials dissolved in water come out of solution.

density

Minerals that break

Flat surfaces Irregular surfaces

Cleavage Fracture

along

have the property of have the property of

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Match the terms with their definitions.

Terms

b 11. magma

c 12. lava

d 13. vein

14. Is the following sentence true or false? Large crystals form when

magma and lava cool slowly.

How People Use Minerals (pages 336–337)

15. What is a gemstone? A gemstone is a mineral that is valued for its

beautiful color, hardness, and glassy luster.

16. Is the following sentence true or false? Everything that is made of metal

began as minerals inside Earth.

17. Fertilizers, medicines, and petroleum refining make use of the mineral

.

18. List two uses of clay minerals.

a. ceramics

b. building materials such as bricks

sulfur

true

true


Definitions

a. Narrow band of minerals that form from solutions

b. Molten material inside Earth

c. Molten material that reaches Earth’s surface

Outlining is a way to help yourself remember what you have read. Write an outline of thissection on minerals. In the outline, copy the headings in the textbook. Under each heading, writethe main idea of that part of the section. Then list the details that support the main idea.


Outlines should be organized under the heads What Is a Mineral?, Identifying Minerals, HowMinerals Form, and How People Use Minerals. Outlines should include subheads andinformation on pages 330–337.

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Rocks and the Rock Cycle(pages 340-347)

This section identifies three kinds of rocks and describes how they form. This sectionalso explains the rock cycle.

Building Blocks of the Crust (page 340)

1. A solid material made up of one or more minerals or other substances,

including the remains of once-living things is called .

2. The 20 common minerals that make up most of Earth’s rocks are called

the minerals.

Classifying Rocks (pages 341–342)

3. List four ways geologists classify rocks.

a. b.

c. d.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Texture refers to the size, shape,

and arrangement of a rock’s grains.

5. What are the three major groups of rocks?

a. b.

c.

Igneous Rock (page 342)

6. How does igneous rock form? Igneous rock forms when magma or lava

cools and hardens.

7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about igneous rock.

a. Magma that cools quickly forms igneous rocks with large crystals.

b. Igneous rock that formed beneath Earth’s surface is intrusive rock.

c. Granite is an extrusive rock.

d. Basalt is extrusive rock that makes up the ocean floor.

metamorphic

sedimentaryigneous

true

how they formedcomposition

texturecolor

rock-forming

rock

SECTION

10–3

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Sedimentary Rock (pages 343–344)

8. How does sedimentary rock form? Sedimentary rock forms when

particles of rock and other material are pressed and stuck together.

9. Sand, gravel, and mud are examples of .

10. Sediment is moved from place to place on Earth’s surface by the process

of .

11. Sediment is laid down in the process of .

12. What two processes form rock from sediment? Compaction and

cementation

Match the kind of rock with their definitions and examples.

Definitions and Examples

a 13. Pieces of rock that have been pressed andstuck together

c 14. Rock formed when dissolved minerals comeout of solution

b 15. Rock formed from the remains of plantsand animals

c 16. Halite

b 17. Limestone

Metamorphic Rock (page 345)

18. Other types of rock are changed to metamorphic rock by

and beneath Earth’s surface.

19. As metamorphic rock forms, chemical changes may change the

in the rock.

20. Is the following sentence true or false? Only sedimentary rock canbecome metamorphic rock. false

minerals

pressureheat

deposition

erosion

sediment


Rocks

a. clastic

b. organic

c. chemical

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21. The metamorphic rock gneiss forms from .

The Rock Cycle (pages 346–347)

22. The rock cycle is a series of processes that ,

, and rocks in Earth’s crust.

23. In the rock cycle, water and weather wear away rock by the process of

.

24. In the rock cycle, sediments are pressed together and

to form sedimentary rock.

25. In the rock cycle, the heat of Earth’s interior can melt rock. This molten

material can form new rock.

26. On the diagram of the rock cycle, label the four kinds of materialinvolved in the rock cycle.

igneous

cemented

erosion

changesdestroys

builds

granite

Volc

anic

acti

vity

Molten Material

Heat

and

Pressu

re

Sedimentary Rock

Erosion

Melting

Ero

sion

Mel

ting

Mel

ting

Metamorphic Rock

Heat and Pressure

Igneous Rock

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Clues Across

1. Rock that forms from other rock dueto heat and pressure beneath Earth’ssurface

6. Molten rock material that reachesEarth’s surface

8. Rock that forms when particles of rockand other materials are pressed andstuck together

9. Solid, inorganic materials that formnaturally on or beneath Earth’s surface

10. Layer of solid rock that surroundsEarth’s surface

11. Size, shape, and arrangement of grainsof rock

Clues Down

1. Molten rock material inside Earth

2. Layer that surrounds Earth’s core

3. Solid material made of one or moreminerals or other substances

4. Igneous rock that forms from lava onEarth’s surface

5. Repeating pattern of a mineral’s atomsin a solid shape

7. Narrow band of mineral formed froma solution

8. Color of a mineral’s powder

Word WiseComplete the crossword puzzle by using the clues below.

m e t a m o r p h i c

a a o

g n c

m t k e c

l a v a l x r

e s e d i m e n t a r y

i t r s

m i n e r a l s u t

e c r u s t a

a i l

k v

t e x t u r e

8

4

10

11

5

1 2 3

6 7

9

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C H A P T E R 1 1

EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES

Plate Tectonics(pages 354-357)

This section explains how Earth’s plates move and interact, causing changes in Earth’ssurface.


1. The lithosphere is broken into a number of large pieces called

.

2. Most of the United States is located on the plate.

Earth’s Moving Plates (pages 354–355)

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Earth’s plates move very rapidly.

4. Complete the flowchart.

false

North American

plates

SECTION

11–1

Continents and formed one great landmass.collided

The “supercontinent” slowly .broke apart

Continents moved to their positions.present

Wegener’s Hypothesis

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The Theory of Plate Tectonics (pages 355–356)

5. Is the following sentence true or false? During most of the twentiethcentury, geologists did not accept the idea of continental drift.

6. What is the theory of plate tectonics? Plate tectonics states that Earth’s

plates are in constant, slow motion.

7. What does the theory of plate tectonics explain? It explains how

Earth’s plates form and move. It also explains how plates interact, producing

volcanoes, mountain ranges, earthquakes, and features of the ocean floor.

8. The plates of the lithosphere float on material in the

.

Effects of Plate Movement (pages 356–357)

9. The cracks between the plates of the lithosphere are called

.

10. Where oceanic crust sinks toward the mantle beneath continental crust,

a deep-ocean may form.

11. The mountain range that winds through Earth’s oceans is called the

.

12. As oceanic plates pull apart along the mid-ocean ridge, the process of

occurs.

13. When two pieces of continental crust pull apart, a(n)

forms.

14. When two plates slide past each other, moving slowly in opposite

directions, they can cause .earthquakes

rift valley

sea-floor spreading

mid-ocean ridge

trench

plate boundaries

mantle

true

CHAPTER 11, Earthquakes and Volcanoes (continued)

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15. What happens if two plates carrying continental crust collide? The

plates fold and pile on top of each other, forming a mountain range.

Earth’s Crust in Motion(pages 358-365)

This section explains how stresses in Earth’s crust cause breaks in the crust calledfaults. The section also explains how faults and folds in Earth’s crust form mountains.

Stress in the Crust (page 358)

1. The shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock

beneath Earth’s surface is called a(n) .

2. The movement of Earth’s plates creates powerful forces called

, which squeeze or pull the rock in the crust.

Types of Stress (page 359)

3. List the three types of stress that occur in Earth’s crust.

a. b. c.

4. Define shearing, and describe how it can affect rock. Shearing is stress

that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions. It can cause rock to

break and slip apart or to change its shape.

5. Define tension, and describe how it can affect rock. Tension is stress

that pulls on the crust. It can cause rock to stretch so that it becomes thinner

in the middle.

compressiontensionshearing

stress

earthquake

SECTION

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6. Define compression, and describe how it can affect rock. Compression

is stress that squeezes rock. Compression can cause rock to fold or break.

7. Circle the letter of the term that means any change in the volume orshape of Earth’s crust.

a. deformation b. compression c. tension d. stress

Kinds of Faults (pages 360–361)

8. A break in Earth’s crust is a(n) .

Match the kind of fault with its description.

Kind of Fault

b 9. strike-slip fault

c 10. normal fault

a 11. reverse fault

12. Is the following sentence true or false? A strike-slip fault that forms theboundary between two plates is called a convergent boundary.

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a hanging wall.

a. It is the half of a fault that lies above the fault.

b. It is the half of a fault that lies below the fault.

c. It is the same as a footwall.

d. It occurs when the fault is at an angle.

14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about both normal andreverse faults.

a. The faults are at an angle. b. The faults are caused by tension.

c. The faults are caused by d. The faults have footwalls.compression.

false

fault


Description

a. The hanging wall slides up and overthe footwall.

b. There is little up or down motion.

c. The hanging wall slips downwardbelow the footwall.

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15. Complete the flowchart.

Shearing

Tension

Compression

Rock

Strike-slip

Normal

Reverse

Type of Stress Type of Fault

Match the landform with the type of fault that produced it.

Landform

b 16. San Andreas Fault

c 17. Rio Grande Valley

a 18. Appalachian Mountains

Friction Along Faults (page 362)

19. The force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across

another surface is referred to as .

Mountain Building and Uplift (pages 362–365)

20. Circle the letter of the sentence that describes how a fault-blockmountain is created.

a. It is created by two normal faults.

b. It is created by two reverse faults.

c. It is created by a strike-slip fault.

d. It is created by shearing.

21. Circle the letter of each mountain range that was formed by folding.

a. Alps b. Himalayas c. Tetons d. Sierra Nevadas

friction

Type of Fault

a. reverse fault

b. strike-slip fault

c. normal fault

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Term

a 22. anticline

c 23. syncline

b 24. plateau


Definition

a. Fold in rock that bends upward

b. Large area of flat land high above sea level

c. Fold in rock that bends downward

When reading about related processes, drawings can help you appreciate their similarities anddifferences. Study Figures 6, 7, and 8 in Section 11-1 and explain how the figures are similarand how they are different. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.


All three figures show two slabs of crust moving past each other, but they differ in how and whythe movements occur. For example, the hanging wall slides downward in the normal fault due totension but upward in the reverse fault due to compression.

Measuring Earthquakes(pages 368-373)

This section explains how energy from an earthquake can be detected and how the sizeof an earthquake can be measured.


1. The point where a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake is

called the .

2. The point on the surface directly above the focus is the .

Seismic Waves (pages 368–370)

3. What are seismic waves? Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through

Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.

epicenter

focus

SECTION

11–3

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P Waves

B

S Waves


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4. Is the following sentence true or false? Seismic waves carry the energy of

an earthquake away from the focus in all directions.

5. Circle the letter of each term that is a category of seismic wave.

a. P wave b. S wave

c. surface wave d. underground wave

6. Label each drawing as S Waves or P Waves.

true

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Surface waves move more quickly

than P waves and S waves.

Detecting Seismic Waves (page 370)

8. A device that records the ground movements caused by seismic waves is

a(n) .

Measuring Earthquakes (pages 371–372)

9. List the three scales that are used for measuring earthquakes.

a. b.

c.

Locating the Epicenter (pages 372–373)

10. Is the following sentence true or false? The closer an earthquake, thegreater the time between the arrival of P waves and the arrival of S

waves. false

moment magnitude scale

Richter scaleMercalli scale

seismograph

false

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Volcanic Activity(pages 374-383)

This section explains how volcanoes erupt and describes types of volcanic activity. Thesection also describes how geologists monitor volcanoes.

How Magma Reaches Earth’s Surface (pages 374–375)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? Liquid magma rises until itreaches the surface or until it becomes trapped beneath layers of rock.

2. What happens during a volcanic eruption? The gases dissolved in

magma rush out, carrying the magma with them.

Inside a Volcano (pages 375–376)

3. Circle the letter of each feature that all volcanoes share.

a. pocket of magma beneath the surface b. crack to the surface

c. side vents d. crater

4. Label the drawing with the following terms: magma chamber, pipe, vent,and crater.

true

SECTION

11–4


Vents

Pipe

Crater

Magma chamber

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5. What is a lava flow? A lava flow is the area covered by lava as it pours

out of a vent.

6. Where does a crater form? A crater forms at the top of a volcano around

the central vent.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? The pipe of a volcano is a

horizontal crack in the crust.

Characteristics of Magma (page 377)

8. What factors determine the force of a volcanic eruption? Factors

include the amount of gas dissolved in the magma, how thick or thin the

magma is, its temperature, and its silica content.

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about silica.

a. It is formed from oxygen and nitrogen.

b. It makes magma thicker.

c. It is rarely found in the crust.

d. It produces light-colored lava.

Match the type of rock with its description.

Rock

a 10. rhyolite

c 11. obsidian

d 12. pumice

b 13. basalt

Types of Volcanic Eruptions (pages 378–379)

14. Hot, fast-moving lava is called .

15. Cool, slow-moving lava is called .aa

pahoehoe

false

Description

a. Has the same composition as granite

b. Forms from low-silica lava

c. Forms when high-silica lava cools very quickly

d. Forms when gas bubbles are trapped incooling lava

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16. Is the following sentence true or false? A volcano erupts quietly if its

magma is thick and sticky.

Match the type of lava fragment with its description.

Type of Fragment

c 17. volcanic ash

a 18. cinders

b 19. bombs

20. What is a pyroclastic flow? A pyroclastic flow is an explosive eruption of

ash, cinders, bombs, and gases.

Stages of a Volcano (page 380)

21. Is the following sentence true or false? The activity of a volcano maylast from less than a decade to more than 10 million years.

22. Is the following sentence true or false? Most long-lived volcanoes erupt

continuously.


false

true

false


Description

a. Pebble-sized particles

b. Particles ranging from the size of abaseball to the size of a car

c. Fine rocky particles as small as a grain of sand

Volcanic Stages

Stage Description

Extinct Unlikely to erupt ever again

Active Erupting or showing signs that it soon will erupt

Dormant No longer active but may become active again

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24. Is the following sentence true or false? The length of time betweeneruptions of a dormant volcano is always less than a thousand years.

Monitoring Volcanoes (page 381)

25. Circle the letter of the sentence that is true about monitoring andpredicting volcanic eruptions.

a. Geologists monitor the water level in a volcano’s crater lake.

b. There is never any warning when a volcano will erupt.

c. Geologists cannot detect magma moving underground.

d. Many small earthquakes occur around a volcano before it erupts.

Other Types of Volcanic Activity (page 382)

26. Is the following sentence true or false? Some types of volcanic activity

do not involve the eruption of lava.

27. When groundwater heated by a nearby body of magma rises to the

surface and collects in a natural pool, it is called a(n) .

28. A fountain of water and steam that erupts from the ground is referred

to as a(n) .

29. How can geothermal energy be converted to electricity? Steam from

deep underground spins the wheel in a turbine, and the moving wheel turns

a generator that produces electricity.

Volcano Hazards (pages 382–383)

30. Why might people living near a dormant volcano be unaware of the

danger? They might be unaware of the danger because the time between

volcanic eruptions may span hundreds of years.

geyser

hot spring

true

false

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31. Is the following sentence true or false? Volcanic eruptions only cause

damage close to the crater’s rim.

32. What kinds of damage can volcanoes cause? Volcanoes can start fires,

bury towns, damage crops, clog car engines, collapse roofs, stall airplane

engines, and create landslides and avalanches.

Volcanic Landforms(pages 388-390)

This section describes landforms and soils that are created by volcanoes.

Landforms from Magma (pages 386–388)

1. List five features formed by magma.

a. c. e.

b. d.

2. Complete the Venn diagram using the following phrases: forms frommagma, forms across rock layers, forms between rock layers.

3. A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the

crust is called a(n) .batholith

dome mountainsbatholiths

sillsdikesvolcanic necks

SECTION

11–5

false


Dike

Forms across

rock layers

Forms from

magma

Forms between

rock layers

Sill

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4. Is the following sentence true or false? A dome mountain forms when

rising magma is blocked by horizontal layers of rock.

Landforms From Lava and Ash (pages 389–390)

5. List four landforms created from lava and ash.

a. b.

c. d.

6. Shield volcanoes form from many layers of lava.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? The Hawaiian Islands are cinder

cone volcanoes.

8. Name three examples of composite volcanoes. Examples include Mount

Fuji, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood.

9. Is the following sentence true or false? A composite volcano has both

quiet and explosive eruptions.

Match the landform with its description.

Landform

e 10. shield volcano

c 11. cinder cone

b 12. composite volcano

a 13. lava plateau

d 14. caldera

Soils from Lava and Ash (page 390)

15. When volcanic ash breaks down, it releases ,

, and other materials needed by plants.phosphorus

potassium

true

false

thin

lava plateauscomposite volcanoes

cinder cone volcanoesshield volcanoes

true

Description

a. High, level area formed byrepeated lava flows

b. Mountain formed by lava flowsalternating with explosive eruptions

c. Cone-shaped mountain formedfrom ash, cinders, and bombs

d. Hole left by the collapse of avolcanic mountain

e. Gently sloping mountain formedby repeated lava flows

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WordWiseRead the clues below, and then find the key terms from Chapter 11 that are hidden in thepuzzle. The hidden terms may occur vertically, horizontally, or diagonally.

1. The shaking and trembling of Earth’scrust

2. Large pieces of the lithosphere

3. A stress force that squeezes rock

4. A large area of elevated flat land

5. A force that changes rock’s shape orvolume

6. A mass of rock formed when a largebody of magma cools inside the crust

7. Fast-moving, hot lava

8. Stress that pushes rock in oppositedirections

9. Huge hole left by the collapse of avolcanic mountain

10. An instrument that records groundmovements caused by seismic waves

11. The bottom half of a fault

12. Volcano that is unlikely to erupt again

s t i o n s c o d d l n p m

f a e a r t h q u a k e v p

w d e f t r m b t r o n d a

y p l a t e s u r c a f t h

d u p c o s h e a r i n g o

s w n o f s a z s e p t w e

e e o m i p h o r v a d t h

i x m p f g t p u l a c m o

s t d r s b n m l i q e p e

m i c e o m u a q a v b c t

o n e s j m w u c k t i b d

g c n s o t h u m b b e y t

r t t i o k v o o x l e a n

a w o o p l y i m s s a h u

p u f n t t c a l d e r a s

h a l e t b a t h o l i t h

Clues

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Distribution of Water on Earth

97%

3% Fresh water

Salt water


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C H A P T E R 1 2

FRESH WATER

The Water Cycle(pages 396-402)

This section describes how water is distributed on Earth and recycled in a series ofprocesses called the water cycle. The section also describes ways that people use waterand explains why living things need water.

Water on Earth (pages 396–397)

1. Label the circle graph to show the percentage of Earth’s water that is saltwater and the percentage that is fresh water.

SECTION

12–1

2. The gaseous form of water is called .

3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about fresh water on Earth.

a. About three quarters of Earth’s fresh water is in ice masses near the poles.

b. Most fresh water in the atmosphere is in the form of water vapor.

c. Less than 1 percent of all the water on Earth is fresh water thathumans can use.

d. Some of Earth’s fresh water is deep underground.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? All Earth’s oceans are connected

to form a single world ocean. true

water vapor

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5. Is the following sentence true or false? Icebergs are formed from frozen

salt water.

6. Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers

is called .

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Far less fresh water is located

underground than in all Earth’s rivers and lakes.

The Water Cycle (pages 398–399)

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the water cycle.

a. It naturally recycles water.

b. It is powered by energy from the sun.

c. It is a continuous process.

d. It does not involve living things.

9. Is the following sentence true or false? All the water on Earth has been

through the water cycle.

10. Is the following sentence true or false? The water cycle has a beginning

and an end.

11. How do plants take in water? Plants draw in water from the soil through

their roots.

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Plants give off only a small

amount of water.

13. Why isn’t water vapor that comes from the ocean salty? It isn’t salty

because the salt remains in the ocean when the water evaporates.

false

false

true

false

groundwater

false

CHAPTER 12, Fresh Water (continued)

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Groundwater

Runoff

Precipitation

The Water Cycle

Condensation

Evaporation


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14. Add arrows to the diagram to show how water moves through thewater cycle.

15. Complete the table.

Processes in the Water Cycle

Process Role in the Water Cycle

Evaporation Produces water vapor from bodies of water

Transpiration Produces water vapor from plants

Condensation Forms clouds from water vapor

Precipitation Returns water to Earth’s surface

16. Why does water vapor condense when it travels far above Earth?

Higher up, the air is colder. Cold air holds less water vapor than warm air,

so some of the water vapor condenses.

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17. Describe how clouds form. Clouds form when condensed water droplets

clump together around tiny dust particles in the air.

18. How does precipitation occur? Water droplets in a cloud grow larger and

larger. Eventually they become so heavy that they fall to Earth.

19. List four forms of precipitation.

a. b.

c. d.

20. Is the following sentence true or false? Little precipitation actually falls

directly into the oceans.

21. If groundwater reaches the surface, how can it continue through the

water cycle? It can continue by evaporating again.

22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth’s water supply.

a. Precipitation is the source of all fresh water on Earth.

b. The water cycle uses up Earth’s fresh water supply.

c. Earth’s total water supply has decreased greatly over the past millionyears.

d. In the world as a whole, rates of evaporation and precipitation arebalanced.

How Do People Use Water? (pages 400–402)

23. What are the ways that people use water? People use water for

household purposes, agriculture, industry, transportation, and recreation.

24. Is the following sentence true or false? All parts of the United States

receive enough regular rainfall for agriculture. false

false

sleethail

snowrain


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25. The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable

for growing crops is called .

26. Is the following sentence true or false? In the United States, more water is

used for industry than for any other single purpose.

27. What is one way water is used in industry? Water is used to cool down

hot machinery.

28. Is the following sentence true or false? Oceans and rivers have beenused for transporting people and goods since ancient times.

29. What led to the growth of port cities in the United States? Ocean

travel led to their growth.

30. Name several ways that water is used for recreation. Water is used for

swimming, fishing, boating, skiing, and skating.

Water and Living Things (page 402)

31. Is the following sentence true or false? Water makes up one third of the

human body.

32. Plants use water to make food in a process called .

33. The place where an organism lives and that provides the things it needs

to survive is its .habitat

photosynthesis

false

true

false

irrigation

When you read a long section, turning the headings into questions and then trying to find theanswers can help you focus on the most important points. Turn each heading in Section 12-1into a question, and then find and write the answer. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper.


A sample question for the heading “Water and Living Things” might be “How do living thingsneed water?” A good answer would be: “Water is essential for living things to grow, reproduce,and carry out other important processes.”

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Surface Water(pages 404-411)

This section describes fresh water on Earth’s surface, including rivers, lakes, ponds, andicebergs.

River Systems, Watersheds, and Divides (pages 404–406)

1. The smaller streams and rivers that feed into a main river are called

.


Term

a 2. river system

c 3. watershed

b 4. divide

Rivers and Floods (page 406)

5. Is the following sentence true or false? Spring floods occur frequently on

rivers in the Midwest.

6. When does a flood occur? A flood occurs when the volume of water in a

river increases so much that the river overflows its channel.

7. Why have people both feared and welcomed floods? Deposition from

regular floods improves farm land, but floods can also destroy farms and

crops and kill people.

Can Floods Be Controlled? (page 407)

8. How can dams help to control floods? Dams can help by redirecting or

storing extra water.

true

tributaries

SECTION

12–2


Definition

a. A river and all its tributaries together

b. The ridge that separates onewatershed from another

c. The land area that supplies water to ariver system

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9. Long ridges of sediments alongside the channel of a river are called

.

10. Why may building up levees to prevent floods sometimes backfire?

Levees may make heavy flooding worse for areas farther downstream

because the water has nowhere to go except downstream.

Bodies of Fresh Water (page 407)

11. When do ponds and lakes form? They form when water collects in

hollows and low-lying areas.

12. Complete the Venn diagram by labeling each circle.

levees

Pond

Smaller andshallower

Standing waterLarger and

deeper

Lake

Ponds (pages 408–409)

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about ponds.

a. Ponds provide only one type of habitat.

b. All ponds exist year-round.

c. Algae are the basic food producers in ponds.

d. Pond animals include fish.

14. Why does ice form on the surface of a pond? Ice is less dense than

liquid water, so it floats on the surface.

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15. Circle the letter of the sentence that explains why plants grow throughouta pond.

a. Pond water is shallow. b. Animals live throughout a pond.

c. Some ponds dry up. d. Algae grow in a pond.

Lakes (pages 409–410)

16. How is the bottom of a lake different from the bottom of a pond? The

bottom of a lake has sand, pebbles, or rock. The bottom of a pond is muddy.

17. What are ways a lake may be used by people? A lake may be used for

supplying drinking water, irrigating fields, and boating and fishing.

18. A lake that stores water for human use is called a(n) .

19. Is the following sentence true or false? Wildlife near the shore in a lake

is similar to wildlife in a pond.

20. Is the following sentence true or false? Compared with the center of a

pond, the center of a lake has more organisms on the bottom.

Icebergs (page 411)

21. Large chunks that break off a glacier and float away in the ocean are

called .

22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about icebergs.

a. Icebergs are made of frozen salt water.

b. Many North Atlantic icebergs come from Greenland.

c. Icebergs are smallest near Antarctica.

d. About 90 percent of an iceberg is visible above water.

icebergs

false

true

reservoir


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Unsaturated zone

Permeablelayers

Impermeablelayer

Saturated zone

Water table


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Groundwater(pages 412-415)

This section explains how water gets underground from the surface and howunderground water is stored in rock layers. The section also describes howunderground water gets back to the surface.

Underground Layers (pages 412–413)

1. Precipitation that soaks into the ground trickles downward due to

.


Term

c 2. pore

a 3. permeable

d 4. impermeable

b 5. saturated zone

f 6. water table

e 7. unsaturated zone

8. In the drawing, label the water table and the saturated and unsaturatedzones.

gravity

SECTION

12–3

Definition

a. Allows water to pass through

b. Area that is totally filled with water

c. Space between rock and soil particles

d. Does not let water pass through

e. Layer above the water table

f. Top of the saturated zone

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Aquifers (page 414)

9. Any underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water is called

a(n) .

10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about aquifers.

a. All of them are very large.

b. They can provide drinking water.

c. They can provide water for crops.

d. They contain moving water.

Bringing Groundwater to the Surface (pages 414–415)

11. Is the following sentence true or false? The depth of the water table is

always the same, even over a large area of land.

12. What raises the level of the water table, and when does the level fall?

Heavy rain or lots of melting snow raise the level of the water table. The

level falls in dry weather.

13. Where the water table meets the ground surface, groundwater bubbles

or flows out of cracks in the rock in places called .

14. Circle the letter of the choice that best explains how to get water froman aquifer with a well.

a. By drilling below the water table

b. By drilling below the aquifer

c. By drilling through impermeable rock

d. By drilling near a dry well

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Pumping water out of an aquifer

in a well raises the water level near the well.

16. New water that enters an aquifer from the surface is called

.recharge

false

springs

false

aquifer


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17. A well in which water rises because of pressure within an aquifer is

called a(n) .

Wetland Systems(pages 418-422)

This section describes what wetlands are and the habitats they provide. The sectionalso explains why wetlands are important.


1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a wetland.

a. It is an area of land covered with shallow water.

b. It always contains salt water.

c. It can form where water is trapped in low areas.

d. It may form where groundwater seeps onto the surface.


SECTION

12–4

artesian well

What Is a Wetland System? (page 418)

3. Is the following sentence true or false? A wetland is a system made upof all of the living things in a given area and their physical

environment.

4. What are the two main parts of a wetland system?

a. b. biotic factorsabiotic factors

true

Freshwater wetlands

include

Swamps

Marshes Bogs

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Abiotic Parts of a Wetland System (page 419)

5. Is the following sentence true or false? The layer of water covering awetland can range from several centimeters to a few meters deep.

6. What two abiotic factors affect the amount of water available in awetland system?

a.

b.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Due to the lack of movement ofwater in many wetland systems, there is a large amount of oxygen.

Biotic Parts of a Wetland System (pages 419–421)

8. The producers in a wetland ecosystem capture the energy of sunlight

through and store it as chemical energy in food.

9. Match the plants with the wetland system in which they live.

Plants

b 9. Grasses and cattails

c 10. Cypress trees

a 11. Sphagnum moss

12. Is the following sentence true or false? The consumers found in awetland system depend on the types of producers that live there.

13. What is the role of decomposers in a wetland system? Decomposers

break down the wastes and remains of plants and animals.

true

photosynthesis

false

temperature

precipitation

true


Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________

Wetland System

a. bog

b. marsh

c. swamp

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Properties of Wetland Systems (pages 421–422)

14. Is the following sentence true or false? The properties of a wetland

ecosystem differ from the properties of its parts.

15. A wetland system provides and

for the organisms that live there.

16. Give an example of how incoming energy can affect the abiotic parts of

a wetland system. Sunlight warms the water, causing it to evaporate and

continue the water cycle.

17. Is the following sentence true or false? A wetland ecosystem tends toremain stable unless it is disturbed by a change in its abiotic or biotic

factors.

The Everglades: A Unique Wetland System (page 422)

18. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the Everglades.

a. The water in the Everglades does not flow.

b. No trees grow in the Everglades.

c. Many unusual species live in the Everglades.

d. The Everglades are a unique region.

The Importance of Wetland Systems (page 422)

19. Circle the letter of each choice that is a natural function of wetlands.

a. Helping control floods

b. Filtering water

c. Trapping silt and mud

d. Providing farmland

20. What happens when wetlands are drained or paved over? The water

cannot be absorbed, so it runs off the land quickly and can cause floods.

true

niches

habitats

true

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Water Resources(pages 423-425)

This section explains how the supply of water and the demand for water can change.The section also describes ways to conserve water and new ways of obtaining freshwater that may be used in the future.

Water Supply and Demand (pages 424–425)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? Water is a nonrenewable

resource.

2. When does a water shortage occur? A water shortage occurs when there

is too little water, too great a demand, or both.

3. The condition of scarce rainfall for a few years is known as a(n)

.

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about droughts.

a. They affect the supply of surface water.

b. They affect the supply of groundwater.

c. They cause the water table to rise.

d. They may cause wells to run dry.

Conserving Water (pages 425–426)

5. Using a resource wisely so that it will not be used up is called

.

6. Circle the letter of each choice that helps conserve water in the home.

a. Taking shorter showers

b. Watering the lawn around noon instead of early or late in the day

c. Keeping a pitcher of drinking water in the refrigerator

d. Running the washing machine only when you have small loads

conservation

drought

false

SECTION

12–5


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7. Is the following sentence true or false? In the United States, the biggest

use of water is for agriculture.

8. How do sprinkler and drip irrigation systems help conserve water?

They help conserve water by reducing evaporation.


true

Fresh Water for the Future (pages 426–427)

10. The process of obtaining fresh water from salt water is called

.

11. Circle the letter of the choice that gives the correct sequence of steps indistillation.

a. Evaporation, boiling, condensation

b. Boiling, condensation, evaporation

c. Boiling, evaporation, condensation

d. Condensation, boiling, evaporation

12. How could an iceberg be used to supply fresh water to a dry region on

the coast of Africa or South America? The iceberg could be wrapped

and tugged to the area, and the water could be piped ashore as the iceberg

melted.

13. What environmental questions have been raised about using icebergs

for fresh water? Questions include how the ice would affect local weather

and what would happen to living things as the ice cooled the water around it.

desalination

Ways to conserve water in industry

Reducing water use Recycling water Reusing water

include

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WordWiseMatch each definition in the left column with the correct term in the right column. Then writethe number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes,add up the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. All the sums should be the same.

A. Lake that stores water for human use

B. Long ridge of sediments deposited alongside a river channel

C. Layer of permeable rock or soil that is saturated with water

D. Top of the saturated zone

E. Area covered with shallow water some or all of the year

F. A few years of scarce rainfall

G. Land area that supplies water to a river system

H. New water that enters an aquifer from the surface

I. Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soiland rock layers.

1. levee

2. watershed

3. drought

4. groundwater

5. wetland

6. reservoir

7. water table

8. saturated zone

9. recharge

A B C

D E F

G H I

492

357

816

= = =

151515

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

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Gases in Dry Air

1%All other gases

21%Oxygen

78%Nitrogen


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C H A P T E R 1 3

EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

The Air Around You(pages 434-437)

This section describes Earth’s atmosphere, or the layer of gases that surrounds the planet.

Importance of the Atmosphere (pages 434–435)

1. The condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place is

called .

2. How does Earth’s atmosphere make conditions on Earth suitable for

living things? The atmosphere contains oxygen and other gases living

things need to live. The atmosphere also keeps most of Earth’s surface warm

enough for water to exist as a liquid, which living things need, and it protects

living things from dangerous radiation and meteoroids.

Composition of the Atmosphere (pages 435–437)

3. Label the two larger pieces of the graph with the gases they represent.

weather

SECTION

13–1

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4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about nitrogen.

a. It is essential to living things.

b. It is found in proteins.

c. It is needed for growth and repair of cells.

d. It is obtained directly from the air by all living things.

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about oxygen.

a. It is needed by animals but not plants.

b. It is needed to release energy from food.

c. It is released by fuels when they burn.

d. It forms ozone when it interacts with lightning.

6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbon dioxide.

a. It is essential to life.

b. It is given off by animals as a waste product.

c. It is used by animals to digest food.

d. It is needed by fuels to burn.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Carbon dioxide alone makes up

almost 1 percent of dry air.

8. Water in the form of a gas is called .

9. Is the following sentence true or false? Water vapor is the same as steam.

10. What role does water vapor play in Earth’s weather? Water vapor forms

clouds when it condenses out of the air to form tiny droplets of water or

crystals of ice. The droplets or crystals fall as rain or snow if they become

large enough.

11. What particles does air contain? Air contains tiny solid and liquid

particles of dust, smoke, salt, and other chemicals.

false

water vapor

false

CHAPTER 13, Earth’s Atmosphere (continued)

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Air Quality(pages 440-443)

This section describes harmful substances in the air and explains how they can affectpeople and things. The section also describes what has been done to improve air quality.

Air Pollution (pages 440–441)

1. Harmful substances in the air, water, or soil are known as

.

2. How can air pollution affect human health? Air pollution can cause

dizziness and headaches; eye, nose, and throat irritation; allergies; cough;

lung diseases; and chest pains.

3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the causes of airpollution.

a. Some air pollution occurs naturally.

b. Much of air pollution is caused by human activities.

c. Motor vehicles cause almost half the air pollution from human activities.

d. Factories and power plants cause a little more than half of all airpollution.

Particles (page 441)

4. What are some natural sources of particles in the atmosphere? Natural

sources include ocean spray, molds, plant pollen, forest fires, soil erosion,

dust storms, and erupting volcanoes.

5. The average number of pollen grains in a cubic meter of air is known as

the .

6. The particles in smoke that give it its dark color are .soot

pollen count

pollutants

SECTION

13–2

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Smog (page 442)

7. The brown haze that forms over sunny cities like Los Angeles is called

.

8. Is the following sentence true or false? Photochemical smog is caused by

the action of sunlight on chemicals.

9. What effects does ozone have on living and nonliving things? It

irritates breathing passages, harms plants, and damages rubber, paint, and

some plastics.

Temperature Inversion (page 442)

10. When a layer of warm air holds polluted air close to the surface, it is

called a(n) .

Acid Rain (page 443)

11. Is the following sentence true or false? One result of air pollution is

acid rain.

12. Complete the flow chart.

true

temperature inversion

true

photochemical smog


Nitrogen oxides

Water

Sulfur oxides

Nitric acid

Sulfuric acid

Formation of Acid Rain

+

+

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13. Rain that contains more acid than normal is known as

.

14. How can acid rain affect trees such as pines and spruce? It may make

tree needles turn brown or fall off.

15. How can acid rain harm lakes and ponds? It can make water so acidic

that plants, amphibians, fish, and insects can no longer survive in it.

Improving Air Quality (page 443)

16. What are some laws and regulations that have been passed to reduce air

pollution? Pollution-control devices are required on cars; factories and

power plants must install filters in smokestacks.

17. Is the following sentence true or false? Air quality in this country has

worsened over the past 30 years.

18. Is the following sentence true or false? The air in many American cities

is still polluted. true

false

acid rain

When you read about a complex process, representing the process with a flowchart can helpyou understand it. Make a flowchart to show how photochemical smog forms. For moreinformation on flowcharts, see page 589 of the Skills Handbook in your text. Do your work on aseparate sheet of paper.


Students’ flowcharts should show that nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and other air pollutantsreact with each other in the presence of sunlight to form the mixture of ozone and otherchemicals that is called photochemical smog.

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Air Pressure(pages 445-450)

This section describes several properties of air, including density and air pressure. Thesection also explains how air pressure is measured and how it changes with altitude.

Properties of Air (pages 445–446)

1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about air.

a. Air has mass because it is composed of atoms and molecules.

b. Because air has mass, it has density and pressure.

c. The more molecules in a given volume of air, the greater its density.

d. The greater the density of air, the less pressure it exerts.


SECTION

13–3


Properties of Air

Property Definition

Density Amount of mass in a given volume of air

Pressure Weight of the air pushing down on an area

3. Why doesn’t air pressure crush your desk? Air pressure doesn’t crush

your desk because the molecules in air push in all directions. So the air

pushing down on the top of your desk is balanced by the air pushing up on

the bottom.

Measuring Air Pressure (pages 446–447)

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Falling air pressure usually

indicates that a storm is approaching.

5. An instrument that is used to measure changes in air pressure is a(n)

.barometer

true

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7. Is the following sentence true or false? The first barometers invented

were aneroid barometers.

8. Draw a line on the glass tube to show where the level of the mercurymight be if the air pressure fell.

false

9. Why are aneroid barometers often more practical than mercury

barometers? They are often more practical because they are smaller and

do not contain liquid.

10. Two different units used to measure air pressure are

and .millibars

inches

Kinds of barometers

Mercury barometers Aneroid barometers

include

Air pressure

Mercury

Air pressure

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11. If the air pressure is 30 inches, how many millibars of air pressure are

there? There are about 1,016 millibars.

Increasing Altitude (pages 448–450)

12. Another word for elevation, or distance above sea level, is

.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Air pressure increases as altitude

increases.

14. Is the following sentence true or false? As air pressure decreases, so does

air density.

15. Why is air pressure greatest at sea level? Air pressure is greatest at sea

level because sea-level air has the weight of the whole atmosphere pressing

down on it.

16. Why is the air pressure on top of a mountain less than the air

pressure at sea level? The air on top of a mountain has less weight

pressing down on it, and thus has lower air pressure.

17. Is the following sentence true or false? As altitude increases, so does air

density.

18. Circle the letter of the sentence that helps explain why you would havemore difficulty breathing at high altitudes than at sea level.

a. Air pressure is higher at high altitudes.

b. Density of the air is greater at high altitudes.

c. The percentage of oxygen in the air is lower at high altitudes.

d. The amount of oxygen in each breath is less at high altitudes.

false

true

false

altitude


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Layers of the Atmosphere(pages 451-456)

This section describes the four main layers of the atmosphere.


1. The four main layers of the atmosphere are classified according to

changes in .


temperature

SECTION

13–4

Main layers of theatmosphere

Troposphere

Stratosphere Mesosphere

Thermosphere

are

The Troposphere (pages 451–452)

3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the troposphere.

a. It is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

b. It has less variable conditions than other layers.

c. It is where Earth’s weather occurs.

d. It is the shallowest layer of the atmosphere.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? The troposphere contains almost

all of the mass of the atmosphere.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? As altitude increases in the

troposphere, temperature also increases. false

true

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6. How does the depth of the troposphere vary? The depth varies from

more than 16 kilometers above the equator to less than 9 kilometers above

the North and South poles.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? At the top of the troposphere,

the temperature stays constant.

The Stratosphere (page 452)

8. How far does the stratosphere extend above Earth’s surface? It extends

to about 50 kilometers above Earth’s surface.

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the stratosphere.

a. The temperature of the lower stratosphere is about –60°C.

b. The upper stratosphere is colder than the lower stratosphere.

c. The upper stratosphere contains a layer of ozone.

d. The ozone in the stratosphere reflects energy from the sun.

10. Why does a weather balloon keep increasing in volume as it rises

through the stratosphere? It keeps increasing in volume because the air

pressure outside the balloon is decreasing.

The Mesosphere (pages 452–454)

11. Where does the mesosphere begin? It begins 50 kilometers above

Earth’s surface.

12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the mesosphere.

a. It is the middle layer of the atmosphere.

b. In its outer part, temperatures approach –90°C.

c. It protects Earth’s surface from being hit by most meteoroids.

d. It ends at 320 kilometers above sea level.

true


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The Thermosphere (pages 454–456)

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the thermosphere.

a. It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

b. Its air is very thin.

c. It has no definite outer limit.

d. It starts at 320 kilometers above sea level.

14. Why is the thermosphere so hot? Energy from the sun strikes the

thermosphere first, and nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the air convert the

energy into heat.

15. Why would an ordinary thermometer show a low temperature in the

thermosphere? There are not enough air molecules in the thermosphere

to collide with an ordinary thermometer and warm it very much.


Layers of the Thermosphere

Layer Distance Above Sea Level

Ionosphere 80–550 kilometers

Exosphere Above 550 kilometers

17. Brilliant light displays that occur in the ionosphere are called the

.

18. Is the following sentence true or false? Satellites orbit Earth in the

exosphere. true

aurora borealis

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WordWiseMatch each definition in the left column with the correct term in the right column. Thenwrite the number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled all theboxes, add up the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. All the sums should bethe same.

Definitions

A. Mixture of gases that surrounds Earth

B. Form of oxygen with three atoms instead of two

C. Harmful substance in the air, water, or soil

D. Amount of mass in a given space

E. Amount of force pushing on an area

F. Elevation above sea level

G. Second-lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere

H. Outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere

I. Outer layer of the thermosphere


Terms

1. thermosphere

2. atmosphere

3. altitude

4. pollutant

5. pressure

6. stratosphere

7. density

8. exosphere

9. ozone

A B C

D E F

G H I

816

357

492

= = =

151515

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

= 15

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C H A P T E R 1 4

WEATHER FACTORS

Energy in the Atmosphere(pages 462-465)

This section explains how the atmosphere, or the air around Earth, is heated.

Energy from the Sun (pages 462–463)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? About half the energy in Earth’s

atmosphere comes from the sun.

2. Energy from the sun travels to Earth as .

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Electromagnetic waves areclassified according to wavelength, or the distance between waves.

4. The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called

.

Match the type of radiation with its description.

Type of Radiation

a 5. visible light

c 6. infrared radiation

b 7. ultraviolet radiation

8. What causes the different colors of visible light? The different colors are

the result of different wavelengths.

radiation

true

electromagnetic waves

false

SECTION

14–1

Description

a. It is a mixture of all the colors ofthe rainbow.

b. It has wavelengths that are shorterthan violet light.

c. It has wavelengths that are longerthan red light.

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9. Is the following sentence true or false? Red light has a shorter

wavelength than blue light.

10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about infrared radiation.

a. It is invisible. b. It can be felt as heat.

c. It has longer wavelengths than red light. d. It causes sunburn.

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about ultraviolet radiation.

a. It makes up most of the energy from the sun that reaches Earth.

b. It can cause skin cancer and eye damage.

c. It has longer wavelengths than violet light.

d. It is used in heat lamps.

Energy in the Atmosphere (pages 463–464)


false

CHAPTER 14, Weather Factors (continued)

Energy from the sun

Absorbed Reflected

can be

13. What absorbs or reflects energy from the sun in the atmosphere?

Clouds, dust particles, and molecules of gases in the atmosphere absorb or

reflect energy from the sun.

14. Reflection of light in all directions is called .

15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about scattering.

a. Short wavelengths of visible light scatter less than long wavelengths.

b. Blue light scatters less than red light.

c. Scattered light is bluer than ordinary sunlight.

d. Scattering explains why the daytime sky looks blue.

scattering

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16. What happens to energy from the sun that is neither reflected nor

absorbed by the atmosphere? The energy is either reflected or absorbed

by Earth’s surface.

Energy at Earth’s Surface (page 465)

17. Energy that is absorbed by the land and water is changed into

.

18. Is the following sentence true or false? When Earth’s surface is heated, itradiates some of the energy back into the atmosphere as ultraviolet

radiation.

19. What absorbs the energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface?

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases in the atmosphere absorb the

energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface.

20. The process by which gases hold heat in the air is called the

.

21. Is the following sentence true or false? The greenhouse effect is a

natural process.

Heat Transfer(pages 468-471)

This section explains what temperature measures and how temperature is related toheat. The section also describes three ways that heat can be transferred from a hotterobject to a cooler one.

Energy and Temperature (pages 468–469)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? The faster the molecules of a gas

are moving, the more energy they have. true

SECTION

14–2

true

greenhouse effect

false

heat

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2. The total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance is called

.

3. The average amount of energy of motion of the molecules of a

substance is called .

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Temperature is a measure of how

hot or cold a substance is.

Measuring Temperature (page 469)

5. Air temperature is usually measured with a(n) .

6. How does a thermometer work? When the temperature increases, the

liquid in the bulb expands and rises up the column. When the temperature

decreases, the liquid contracts and moves down.


thermometer

true

temperature

thermal energy


Temperature Scales

Scale Freezing Point of Water Boiling Point of Water

Celsius 0°C 100°C

Fahrenheit 32°F 212°F

How Heat Is Transferred (pages 469–470)

8. The energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one is referred to

as .


heat

Heat

Radiation Conduction Convection

can be transferred by

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Convection

Radiation

Conduction


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10. Is the following sentence true or false? Radiation is the direct transfer of

energy by electromagnetic waves.

11. The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance

that it is touching is called .

12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about conduction.

a. It works well in some solids. b. It works well in metals.

c. It works best in liquids. d. It works very well in air.

13. The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is called

.

Match the type of heat transfer with its example.

Heat Transfer

c 14. radiation

b 15. conduction

a 16. convection

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere (pages 470–471)

17. In the drawing, label each of the ways that heat is transferred in thetroposphere.

convection

conduction

true

Example

a. Drying your boots over a hot-air vent

b. Burning your bare feet on hot sand

c. Feeling the sun’s warmth on your face

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18. Most of the heating of the troposphere is caused by .

19. The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of

cool air form .

Winds(pages 472-480)

This section explains what causes winds and how winds are measured. The sectionalso describes different types of winds that blow across Earth’s surface.

What Causes Winds? (pages 472–473)

1. The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an

area of lower pressure is referred to as .

2. Is the following sentence true or false? All winds are caused by

differences in air pressure.

3. Differences in air pressure are caused by of theatmosphere.

Measuring Wind (page 473)

Match the instrument with what it measures.

Instrument

b 4. wind vane

a 5. anemometer

6. Is the following sentence true or false? A south wind blows toward the

south.

7. The increased cooling that a wind can cause is called the

.wind-chill factor

false

unequal heating

true

wind

SECTION

14–3

convection currents

convection


What It Measures

a. wind speed

b. wind direction

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Sea breeze

Cooler air moving totake warmer air’s place

Warmer air rising

Land breeze

Warmer air rising

Cooler air moving totake warmer air’s place


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8. Why does the wind blowing over your skin make you feel colder?

The wind makes you feel colder because it removes body heat.

Local Winds (pages 474–476)

9. Winds that blow over short distances are called .

10. What causes local winds? Local winds are caused by unequal heating of

Earth’s surface within a small area.

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the unequal heatingof land and water.

a. Land warms up faster than water.

b. During the day, air over water is warmer than air over land.

c. Water cools more quickly than land.

d. At night, air over water is cooler than air over land.

12. Label the drawings to indicate which drawing shows a sea breeze andwhich drawing shows a land breeze.

local winds

Monsoons (page 476)

13. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about monsoons.

a. They are caused by unequal heating of land and water.

b. They occur in the South Atlantic.

c. They always blow in the same direction.

d. They supply the rains needed by crops.

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Global Winds (page 477)

14. Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances

are called .

15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about global winds.

a. They are created by unequal heating of Earth’s surface.

b. They are produced by the movement of air between the equator andthe poles.

c. They blow in a straight line from the poles toward the equator.

d. They curve because of Earth’s rotation.

16. As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect causes winds in the Northern

Hemisphere to turn toward the .

Global Wind Belts (pages 478–480)

17. The calm areas around Earth include the and the

.


horse latitudes

doldrums

right

global winds


Directions of Global Wind Belts

Wind Belt Direction It Blows

Trade winds Toward the equator

Prevailing westerlies Toward the poles

Polar easterlies Away from the poles

Jet Streams (page 480)

19. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about jet streams.

a. They are about 100 kilometers above Earth’s surface.

b. They are hundreds of kilometers wide.

c. They blow from east to west.

d. They blow at speeds of 200 to 400 kilometers per hour.

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Water in the Atmosphere(pages 481-486)

This section explains what humidity is and how it is measured. The section alsoexplains how clouds form and describes different types of clouds.


1. The process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air

as water vapor is called .

2. What is the water cycle? The water cycle is the movement of water

between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.

Humidity (page 482)

3. A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air is .

4. What is relative humidity? It is the percentage of water vapor in the air

compared to the maximum amount the air could hold.

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about relative humidity.

a. It is a percentage.

b. It is all the water vapor the air can hold.

c. It depends on air temperature.

d. It measures how hot it feels.

6. How does evaporation of moisture from your skin help keep you

comfortable on a hot day? Evaporation of moisture from your skin

removes heat and helps to keep your body’s temperature comfortable.

Measuring Relative Humidity (pages 482–483)

7. Relative humidity can be measured with a(n) .psychrometer

humidity

evaporation

SECTION

14–4

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8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about how a psychrometerworks.

a. The dry-bulb thermometer is cooled by evaporation when the windblows.

b. The higher the humidity, the faster water evaporates from the bulb.

c. The wet-bulb thermometer reading is always higher than the dry-bulb reading.

d. When relative humidity is high, there is not much difference betweenthermometer readings.

How Clouds Form (pages 482–483)

9. Is the following sentence true or false? Clouds form when water vapor

in the air becomes liquid water or ice crystals.


Term

d 10. condensation

c 11. dew point

b 12. dew

a 13. frost

14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about condensation ofwater vapor.

a. It occurs when air gets warmer. b. It can occur on cold surfaces.

c. It is why clouds form. d. It occurs when air sinks.

15. What causes the clouds to form on the windward side of the mountain?

The cooling of humid air as it rises up over the mountain causes

condensation and cloud formation.

true


Definition

a. Ice that has been deposited directlyfrom the air onto a cold surface

b. Water that condenses from the air ontoa cold surface

c. Temperature at which condensationbegins

d. Process by which molecules of watervapor become liquid water

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Types of Clouds (pages 484–486)

Match the type of cloud with its height.

Type of Cloud

a 16. cumulus

d 17. stratus

b 18. cirrus

c 19. fog


Height

a. About 2 to 18 kilometers above the surface

b. More than 6 kilometers above the surface

c. At or near the surface

d. 2 to 6 kilometers above the surface

Types of Clouds

Type of Cloud Description

Cumulus Looks like fluffy piles of cotton

Stratus Forms in flat layers

Cirrus Looks wispy and feathery

21. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about cloud types.

a. Cumulus clouds are usually a sign that a storm is approaching.

b. Cumulonimbus and nimbostratus clouds produce rain or snow.

c. Altostratus clouds are lower than regular stratus clouds.

d. Cirrus clouds are made up of ice crystals.

When you read a section with a lot of details, writing an outline can help you organize andremember the material. Outline Section 14-4 by first writing the section headings as majortopics in the order in which they appear in the book. Then, beneath each major topic, listimportant details about it. Title your outline Water in the Atmosphere. Do your work on aseparate sheet of paper.


Students should use as their major topics Humidity, Measuring Relative Humidity, How CloudsForm, and Types of Clouds. Under each topic, they should list enough details to make the topicclear and informative.

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Precipitation(pages 487-490)

This section explains how rain, snow, and other common types of precipitation occurand how they are measured. The section also describes how scientists try to producerain from clouds.


1. What is precipitation? Precipitation is any form of water that falls from

clouds and reaches Earth’s surface.

2. Is the following sentence true or false? All clouds produce precipitation.

Types of Precipitation (pages 487–489)


false

SECTION

14–5


Types of Precipitation

Type of Precipitation Description

Rain Drops of water at least 0.5 mm in diameter

Sleet Ice particles smaller than 5 mm in diameter

Hail Ice pellets larger than 5 mm in diameter

Snow Ice crystals

4. Is the following sentence true or false? The most common kind of

precipitation is snow.

5. How do mist and drizzle differ from rain? Mist and drizzle are made up

of smaller drops of water than rain.

false

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6. Why do ice storms cause power failures? Ice builds up on tree branches,

which break onto power lines, causing power failures.

Match the type of precipitation with how it forms

Precipitation

d 7. sleet

c 8. freezing rain

b 9. hail

a 10. snow

11. What damage can large hailstones do? Large hailstones can cause

tremendous damage to crops, buildings, and vehicles.

Measuring Precipitation (page 489)

12. Meteorologists measure rainfall with a(n) .

13. Is the following sentence true or false? On average, 10 centimeters ofsnow contains about the same amount of water as 5 centimeters of

rain.

Controlling Precipitation (page 490)

14. Long periods of unusually low precipitation are called .

15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about cloud seeding.

a. It is the most common way to produce rain from clouds.

b. It adds water vapor to the air so clouds will form.

c. It adds particles to clouds so water vapor can condense.

d. It has been used to clear fog from airports.

droughts

false

rain gauge

How It Forms

a. Water vapor in a cloud is converteddirectly into ice crystals.

b. Ice pellets add layers of ice as they arecarried up and down in a storm cloud.

c. Raindrops freeze after they hit the groundand other surfaces.

d. Raindrops freeze into tiny particles of iceas they fall through the air.

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WordWiseTest your knowledge of key terms from Chapter 14 by solving the crossword puzzle.


Clues down

1. The energy transferred from ahotter object to a cooler one

2. Reflection of light in alldirections

4. Transfer of heat by movementsof a fluid

8. Clouds that form in flat layers

h

s s e a c

c a o

l a t i t u d e n

t v

t e m p e r a t u r e

e c

d r o u g h t s t

i t i

a n e m o m e t e r o

g a n

h u m i d i t y

u

c i r r u s

2

1

3

5

4

6

7

9

10

11

8

Clues across

3. Type of breeze that blows from an ocean or laketo the land

5. Distance north or south from the equatormeasured in degrees

6. Average amount of energy of motion in themolecules of a substance

7. Water shortage caused by long periods of lowprecipitation

9. Instrument used to measure wind speed

10. Measure of the amount of water vapor in the air

11. Clouds made mostly of ice crystals that formhigh above Earth

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C H A P T E R 1 5

WEATHER PATTERNS

Air Masses and Fronts(pages 496-502)

This section describes huge bodies of air, called air masses, and explains how they move.The section also explains how the meeting of different air masses affects weather.


1. What is an air mass? An air mass is a huge body of air that has similar

temperature, humidity, and air pressure throughout it.

Types of Air Masses (pages 496–498)

2. Scientists classify air masses according to and

.

3. Is the following sentence true or false? Polar air masses have low air

pressure.


false

humidity

temperature

SECTION

15–1

Types of Air Masses and Their Characteristics

Type of Air Mass Characteristics

Maritime tropical Warm and humid

Maritime polar Cool and humid

Continental tropical Hot and dry

Continental polar Cool and dry

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Cold front Warm front

Directionof front

Warm airCold air

Cold air

Direction of front

Warm air


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How Air Masses Move (page 499)

5. In the continental United States, major wind belts generally push air

masses from to .

Fronts (pages 499–501)

6. Label the drawings to indicate a cold front and a warm front.

eastwest

CHAPTER 15, Weather Patterns (continued)

Match the type of front with how it forms.

Type of Front

c 7. cold front

a 8. warm front

d 9. stationary front

b 10. occluded front

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about fronts.

a. Cold fronts can cause violent thunderstorms.

b. Warm fronts are associated with clouds and rain.

c. Stationary fronts may bring many days of clouds and precipitation.

d. Occluded fronts always bring fair weather.

How It Forms

a. A moving warm air mass collides witha slowly moving cold air mass.

b. A warm air mass is caught betweentwo cooler air masses.

c. A rapidly moving cold air mass runsinto a slowly moving warm air mass.

d. A cold air mass and a warm air massmeet and remain stalled over an area.

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Cyclones and Anticyclones (pages 501–502)

12. A swirling center of low air pressure is called a(n) .

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Winds spiral inward toward the

center of a cyclone.

14. What type of weather is associated with cyclones? Storms and

precipitation are associated with cyclones.

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Winds in an anticyclone spin

clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

16. What type of weather is associated with anticyclones? Dry, clear

weather is associated with anticyclones.

Storms(pages 503-511)

This section explains how thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and snow storms form.The section also describes how people can stay safe in the different types of storms.


1. What is a storm? A storm is a violent disturbance in the atmosphere.

Thunderstorms (pages 504–505)

2. Circle the letter of the type of clouds in which thunderstorms form.

a. cumulus b. nimbus

c. nimbostratus d. cumulonimbus

3. A sudden energy discharge between parts of a cloud or between the

cloud and the ground is called .lightning

SECTION

15–2

true

true

cyclone

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4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about thunder.

a. It is the sound of an explosion.

b. It occurs after lightning.

c. It occurs because lightning heats the air.

d. It occurs because light travels faster than sound.

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is a way to stay safe in athunderstorm.

a. Avoid touching metal objects.

b. Get out of the water.

c. Don’t use the telephone.

d. Get out of your car and go under a tree.

Tornadoes (pages 505–508)

6. What is a tornado? A tornado is a rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud

that reaches down from a storm cloud to touch Earth’s surface.

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Tornadoes develop in the same

clouds that bring thunderstorms.

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about where and whentornadoes occur.

a. Tornadoes are most likely in late summer and early fall.

b. Tornadoes occur often in the Great Plains.

c. Tornadoes occur more often in the United States than in any othercountry.

d. Tornadoes occur in just a few parts of the United States.

9. Where is the safest place to be during a tornado? The safest place to be

is in the basement of a well-built building.

true


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Hurricanes (pages 508–510)

10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a hurricane.

a. It is a tropical storm.

b. It has winds of at least 159 kilometers per hour.

c. It is typically about 60 kilometers across.

d. It forms over water.

11. The quiet center of a hurricane is called the .

12. Is the following sentence true or false? Hurricanes do not last as long as

other storms.

13. A “dome” of water that sweeps across the coast where the hurricane

lands is called a(n) .

14. Is the following sentence true or false? If you hear a hurricane warningand are told to evacuate, you should leave the area immediately.

Winter Storms (pages 510–511)

15. When does snow fall? Snow falls when humid air cools below 0°C.

16. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about lake-effect snow.

a. It occurs in Detroit and Chicago.

b. It occurs because land cools more rapidly than water.

c. It occurs on the south and west sides of the Great Lakes.

d. It occurs when humid air rises and cools over land.

17. What should you do if you are caught in a snowstorm? You should try

to find shelter from the wind, cover exposed parts of your body, and try to

stay dry. If you are in a car, the driver should keep the engine running only

if the exhaust pipe is clear of snow.

true

storm surge

false

eye

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Floods(pages 515-518)

This section explains why floods occur and describes how to stay safe in floods.

Flash Floods (page 516)

1. Is the following sentence true or false? Floods are the most dangerous

weather-related events in the United States.

2. A sudden, violent flood that occurs within a few hours, or even minutes,

of a storm is called a(n) .


flash flood

true

SECTION

15–3


Flash floods

Rain Dams breaking Ice jams breaking free

can be caused by

Flood Safety Measures (pages 516–518)

4. Why is it important to be able to predict floods? Advance warning can

help reduce flood damage and loss of life.

5. An announcement describing the area in which flooding is possible is

a(n) .

6. An announcement that floods have already been reported or are about

to occur is a(n) .flood warning

flood watch

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7. What is the first rule of flood safety? The first rule of flood safety is to

move to higher ground and stay away from flood waters.

8. Circle the letter of each choice that is a flood hazard.

a. power outages

b. landslides

c. polluted drinking water

d. interruption of emergency services

As you read, identifying the sentence that best expresses the main topic under each headingcan help you focus on the most important points. For each heading in Section 15-3, identify andcopy the sentence that best expresses the main topic under that heading. Do your work on aseparate sheet of paper.


The boldfaced sentences are good choices for topic sentences under the two headings.

Predicting the Weather(pages 519-525)

This section explains how scientists predict the weather in the future and why it isdifficult to predict the weather accurately. The section also explains how to readweather maps.

Weather Forecasting (page 520)

1. Scientists who study the causes of weather and try to predict it are called

.

2. Meteorologists get weather information from which of the followingsources?

a. radar b. seismographs

c. instruments carried by balloons d. satellites

meteorologists

SECTION

15–4

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Weather Technology (page 521)

3. In what two areas have changes in technology occurred in weather

forecasting? Gathering weather data and using computers to make forecasts

4. Is the following sentence true or false? Weather forecasts for over three

days into the future are never reliable.

5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about weather balloons orweather satellites.

a. Weather balloons carry instruments into the stratosphere.

b. Weather balloons carry computers to analyze weather data.

c. The first weather satellite was launched in 1940.

d. Weather satellites take pictures of Earth from the exosphere.

6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about computer forecasts ofthe weather.

a. Computers are rarely used to help forecast weather.

b. Computer forecasts are based on weather conditions from manyweather stations.

c. Computers only make long-term forecasts of a week or more.

d. When new weather data come in, computers revise their forecasts.

El Niño (page 522)

7. A warm-water event that occurs periodically in the Pacific Ocean is

called .

8. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about El Niño.

a. When it occurs, warm surface water is pushed toward South America.

b. It prevents cold water from rising to the surface near the coast ofSouth America.

c. It occurs once every five to ten years.

d. It can affect weather patterns in places as far away as Florida.

El Niño

false


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Reading Weather Maps (pages 522–525)

9. What data are shown on a weather map? Weather maps show amount

of cloud cover, atmospheric pressure, wind direction, wind speed, and

temperature for individual weather stations. Weather maps also show the

location of air masses and fronts.

10. What are the temperature, air pressure, and winddirection at the weather station represented by the

symbol shown here? The temperature is 38°F, the

air pressure is 1018 millibars, and the wind is from

the southwest.


Term

b 11. isobars

a 12. isotherms

The Butterfly Effect (page 524)

13. Why is weather forecasting tricky, even with current technology?

The main reason weather forecasting is tricky is that weather patterns do

not follow an orderly, step-by-step process.

14. Is the following sentence true or false? The butterfly effect refers to thefact that a small change in the weather today can mean a larger change

in the weather a week later. true

38 1018

Definition

a. Lines on a weather map joining places thathave the same temperature

b. Lines on a weather map joining places thathave the same air pressure

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WordWiseSolve the clues by filling in the blanks with key terms from Chapter 15. Then write thenumbered letters in the correct order to find the hidden message.

Clues Key Terms

Violent disturbance in the atmosphere1 2

Type of air mass that forms north of 50°north latitude or south of 50° south latitude 3 4

Type of air mass that forms over oceans5

Lines on a map joining places that have the same air pressure 6 7 8

Type of front in which a warm air mass is cut off from the ground by cool air beneath it 9 10

Type of air mass that forms in the tropics11

A sudden spark when electrical charges jump between parts of a cloud or between 12 13

a cloud and the ground

Lines on a map joining places that have the same temperature 14 15

Rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down from a storm cloud to 16

touch Earth’s surface

Tropical storm with winds of 119 kilometers per hour or higher 17

Scientist who studies the causes of weather and tries to predict it 18

Hidden Message

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

suoregnaderasmrotS

tsigoloroetem

enacirruh

odanrot

smrehtosi

gninthgil

laciport

dedulcco

srabosi

emitiram

ralop

mrots


.

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C H A P T E R 1 6

COMPONENTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Describing the Solar System(pages 532-537)

This section describes the history of ideas about the solar system. It also explains thetwo factors that keep the planets in orbit around the sun.

Wandering Stars (page 533)

1. What did the Romans name the five points of light that the Greeks

called planets? Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn

Greek Ideas: Earth at the Center (page 533)

2. In a geocentric system, what is the arrangement of planets? Earth is at

the center of the revolving planets.

3. What was Ptolemy’s explanation for why the planets seemed to move at

different speeds? He thought the planets moved on little circles that moved

on bigger circles.

Copernicus’s Idea: Sun at the Center (page 534)

4. A description of the solar system in which all the planets revolve around

the sun is called a(n) .

5. In the 1500s, who developed a heliocentric explanation for the motion of

the planets? Polish astronomer Copernicus

heliocentric system

SECTION

16–1

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Galileo’s Observations (page 534)

6. What were two observations that Galileo made through his telescope

that supported the heliocentric model? He saw four moons revolving

around Jupiter and he discovered that Venus goes through phases similar to

the moon’s phases.

7. Circle the letter of whose ideas about the solar system are accepted today.

a. Copernicus b. the Greeks c. Ptolemy d. the Romans

Brahe and Kepler (pages 534–535)

8. What is an ellipse? An ellipse is an elongated circle, or oval shape.

9. Complete the table about Brahe and Kepler.

CHAPTER 16, Components of the Solar System (continued)

Brahe and Kepler

Observer Time Identification Accomplishment

Tycho Brahe late 1500s Danish astronomer Observed the positions of the planets for almost 20 years

Johannes Kepler 1600 German mathematician Discovered that the orbit of each planet is an ellipse

Inertia and Gravity (pages 535–536)

10. What were the two factors Isaac Newton concluded that combined tokeep the planets in orbit?

a.

b. inertia

gravity

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11. What is inertia? Inertia is the tendency of a moving object to continue in

a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place.

12. Circle the letter of each statement that Newton made about the moon’sorbit around Earth.

a. Earth pulls the moon toward it.

b. The moon keeps moving ahead because of gravity.

c. Earth curves away as the moon falls toward it.

d. Inertia keeps the moon moving ahead.

13. What does Figure 5 on page 536 show would happen if the force of

gravity didn’t pull the planet toward the sun? The planet would travel in

a straight line away from the sun.

14. Why are the planets in orbit around the sun? The sun’s gravity pulls on

them while their inertia keeps them moving ahead.

Smaller Systems Inside (page 536)

15. Astronomers still use telescopes to study the solar system. How have they

made even closer observations of the planets? They have made close-up

observations of the planets from space probes sent far into the solar system.

Writing a summary can help you remember the information you have read. When you write asummary, write only the most important points. On a separate sheet of paper, write a summary ofthe information in Section 16–1. Your summary should be shorter than the text on which it is based.


Students’ summaries should be a short history of ideas about the solar system, including theideas and discoveries of Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Brahe, Kepler, and Newton.

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Characteristics of the Sun(pages 538-542)

This section describes the sun’s interior and its atmosphere. It also describes featureson and above the sun’s surface.

The Sun’s Interior (pages 538–539)

1. The sun’s energy comes from the process called .

2. What occurs in nuclear fusion? Hydrogen atoms join together to form

helium atoms.

3. Where does nuclear fusion occur on the sun? It occurs in the sun’s

center, or core.

4. What are three products of the nuclear fusion that occurs on the sun?

a. b. c.

The Sun’s Atmosphere (pages 539–540)

5. Complete the table about the layers of the sun’s atmosphere.

heatlighthelium

nuclear fusion

SECTION

16–2


The Sun’s Atmosphere

Layer Description When Is It Visible?

Photosphere The inner layer When you look at an image or photograph of the sun

Chromosphere The middle layer At the beginning or end of a total eclipse

Corona The outer layer During eclipses or with special telescopes

6. The corona sends out a stream of electrically charged particles called

.solar wind

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Features on the Sun (pages 540–542)

7. What are three features on or above the sun’s surface?

a. b. c.

8. Complete the table about features on the sun.

solar flaresprominencessunspots

Features on the Sun

Feature Description

Sunspots Areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases around them

Prominences Reddish loops of gas that connect different parts of sunspot regions

Solar flares Explosions of hydrogen gas out into space

9. Short-term changes in climate on Earth may be related to

.

10. When solar flares increase solar wind from the corona, what do they

cause in Earth’s upper atmosphere?

Characteristics of the Inner Planets(pages 544-551)

This section describes the main characteristics of the four planets closest to the sun.


1. Which planets are often called the terrestrial planets? The inner

planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

2. What are two similarities among the inner planets? They are small and

have rocky surfaces.

SECTION

16–3

magnetic storms

sunspot cycles

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Mercury Venus Earth Mars


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3. Look at the table in Figure 10 on page 545. Rank the inner planetsaccording to diameter. Rank the planet with the greatest diameter as 1.

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

4. Which planet rotates on its axis in about the same amount of time as

Earth does?

5. The drawing below shows the sun and the four inner planets. Label theinner planets according to their place in the solar system.

Mars

3124


Earth (pages 544–545)

6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Earth.

a. About 70 percent of its surface is covered with water.

b. Its atmosphere extends about 1 kilometer above its surface.

c. Most of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen gas.

d. No other planet in the solar system has oceans like it.

7. What are the three main layers of Earth?

a. b. c.

8. What is Earth’s dense inner core made of? iron and nickel

coremantlecrust

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9. How can studying Earth help scientists understand other planets?

They use what they know about Earth to make inferences about other

planets.

Mercury (page 546)

10. Is the following sentence true or false? Most of the gases Mercury once

had in its atmosphere apparently escaped into space.

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Mercury.

a. Mercury’s surface has many craters.

b. Mercury has no moons.

c. The interior of Mercury is composed mostly of the element mercury.

d. Mercury is the planet closest to the sun.

12. Why does Mercury have a greater range of temperatures than any other

planet? It is so close to the sun that it gets very hot during the day. But

because it has almost no atmosphere, most of the heat escapes into space

at night, and the temperature becomes very cold.

Venus (pages 547–549)

13. Because Venus is often a bright object in the west after sunset, it is

known as the .

14. Why is Venus sometimes called “Earth’s twin”? Venus is about the same

size as Earth.

15. Circle the letter of the gas that makes up most of the atmosphere of theplanet Venus.

a. oxygen b. nitrogen

c. sulfuric acid d. carbon dioxide

evening star

true

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16. Why is the rotation of Venus called retrograde rotation? Venus rotates

from east to west, the opposite of the other planets.

17. Is the following sentence true or false? The atmosphere of Venus is so

thick that it never has a sunny day.

18. The trapping of heat by the atmosphere of Venus is called the

.

Mars (pages 549–551)

19. Why is Mars called the “red planet”? It has a slightly reddish tinge when

you see it in the sky.

20. The atmosphere on Mars is mostly .

21. Is the following sentence true or false? There are no canals on Mars.

22. Why do some regions on Mars look darker than others? Wind storms

arise and blow the dust around on the surface of Mars. The darker regions

are where the dust has been blown away.

23. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Mars.

a. The rocks on Mars are covered with a rusty dust.

b. Mars has seasons because it is tilted on its axis.

c. Mars has many large oceans on its surface.

d. Mars has giant volcanoes on its surface.

24. What are the two moons of Mars?

a. b. DeimosPhobos

true

carbon dioxide

greenhouse effect

true


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SunMercury

Venus

Earth

Jupiter Uranus Neptune Pluto

Mars

Saturn


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Characteristics of the Outer Planets(pages 552-559)

This section describes the main characteristics of the five planets farthest from the sun.It also explains how Pluto is different from the other planets.

Characteristics of the Gas Giants (pages 552–553)

1. The first four outer planets do not have solid .

2. Which four planets are known as the gas giants? Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,

and Neptune

3. What is the composition of the atmospheres of the gas giants? Their

atmospheres are, on average, about 75 percent hydrogen, 24 percent helium,

and 1 percent other elements.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? None of the gas giants has a

solid surface, but all have a solid core.

5. The drawing below shows the sun, the four inner planets, and the five outerplanets. Label the outer planets according to their place in the solar system.

true

surfaces

SECTION

16–4

6. Why don’t astronomers know much about the cores of the gas giants?

The cores are buried so deep inside the gas giants that it has been hard to

find out much about them.

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Jupiter (pages 554–555)

7. Is the following sentence true or false? Jupiter’s atmosphere is made up

mainly of hydrogen and helium.

8. What is the Great Red Spot on Jupiter? It is a giant area in Jupiter’s

atmosphere with swirling clouds many times bigger than Earth. It appears to

be an ongoing storm similar to a hurricane on Earth.

9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Jupiter.

a. Jupiter’s atmosphere contains many colorful bands.

b. Jupiter’s atmosphere is extremely thin.

c. Jupiter has many moons revolving around it.

d. Jupiter is the most massive planet in the solar system.

10. What are Jupiter’s four largest moons?

a. b.

c. d.

11. Jupiter’s moon Io is covered with .

Saturn (pages 555–556)

12. What are Saturn’s rings made of? They are made of chunks of ice and

rock, each traveling in its own orbit around Saturn.

13. Is the following sentence true or false? Saturn has only 10 rings, although

it looks like there are more.

14. The largest of Saturn’s 19 moons is called .

Uranus (page 557)

15. Why does Uranus look bluish? It looks bluish because there are traces

of methane in its atmosphere.

Titan

false

volcanoes

EuropaIo

CallistoGanymede

true


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16. What made astronomer William Herschel famous in 1781? He

discovered the planet Uranus, the first planet discovered since ancient

times.

17. How much larger is Uranus than Earth? Uranus is about four times the

diameter of Earth.

18. How is the rotation of Uranus unlike that of most of the other planets?

Uranus rotates from top to bottom instead of from side to side, the way most

of the other planets do.

19. What are Uranus’s five largest moons like? They have icy, cratered

surfaces. They also have lava flows on their surfaces.

Neptune (page 558)

20. In the 1800s, why did astronomers predict that the planet Neptune

would be discovered well before anyone had seen it? Uranus was not

quite following the orbit astronomers thought it should. They hypothesized

that the gravity of another planet was affecting Uranus’s orbit.

21. Circle the letter of the sentence that explains how the Great Dark Spotwas like the Great Red Spot.

a. Both formed from volcanoes. b. Both formed on rings.

c. Both were probably storms. d. Neither lasted long.

22. Is the following sentence true or false? Neptune’s atmosphere is blue

and nearly featureless.

23. Which is the largest of Neptune’s eight moons? Triton

false

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Pluto and Charon (page 559)

24. Is the following sentence true or false? Pluto is less than two thirds the

size of Earth’s moon.

25. Why don’t astronomers know much about Pluto and Charon? They

are so far away that astronomers haven’t been able to learn much about them.

26. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Pluto.

a. Its moon is more than half Pluto’s size.

b. Both Pluto and Charon have gaseous surfaces.

c. Astronomers often consider Pluto and Charon a double planet.

d. The American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930.

27. Why do some astronomers think Pluto should not be called a planet?

It is so small that it may just be the largest of thousands of objects revolving

around the sun out beyond Neptune.

Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors(pages 562-565)

This section describes the other objects in the solar system, including comets, asteroids,and meteors.

Comet Systems (pages 562–563)

1. What are comets? Comets are large chunks of ice and dust whose orbits

can be very long, narrow ellipses.

2. What are the three main parts of a comet system?

a. b. c. tailcomanucleus

SECTION

16–5

true


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3. How does a comet’s tail form? Solar wind pushes the gas from a comet

away from the sun. Gas and dust form the comet’s tail.

4. Is the following sentence true or false? A comet’s tail can be hundreds

of millions of kilometers long.

5. Who predicted that a comet would reappear in 1758? English

astronomer Edmond Halley

Asteroids (page 564)

6. Objects revolving around the sun that are too small and too numerous

to be called planets are called .

7. Where is the asteroid belt? The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of

Mars and Jupiter.

8. What happened when an asteroid collided with Earth 65 million years ago?

Debris from the explosion probably started huge fires that destroyed much

of Earth’s forests and grass. As a result, many species became extinct,

including the dinosaurs.

Meteors (pages 564–565)


Term

b 9. meteoroid

c 10. meteor

a 11. meteorite

asteroids

true

Definition

a. A meteoroid that has passed through theatmosphere and hit Earth’s surface

b. A chunk of rock or dust in space

c. A streak of light caused by the burning up of a meteoroid in the atmosphere

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Traveling in Space(pages 566-569)

This section explains how rockets travel in space and describes what satellites andspace stations are used for.

Transportation in Space (page 566)

1. Why does a rocket move forward? A rocket moves forward when gases

expelled from the rear of the rocket push it in the opposite direction.

2. For every force, or action, there is an equal and opposite force, or

.

3. How many stages do multistage rockets have?

4. What happens to each stage when it uses up its fuel? The empty fuel

container drops off.

5. What did the development of multistage rockets make possible? Their

development made it possible to send rockets to the moon and farther into

space.

Artificial Satellites (pages 567–568)

6. What is a satellite? A satellite is any natural or artificial object that revolves

around an object in space.

7. Circle the letter of the first artificial satellite launched into space.

a. Skylab b. Explorer 1 c. Sputnik 1 d. Mir

three

reaction

SECTION

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8. What are four uses of satellites and space stations?

a. b.

c. d.

9. What does it mean when a satellite is in a geosynchronous orbit? The

satellite revolves around Earth at the same rate that Earth rotates.

10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about geosynchronous orbits.

a. They seem to hover over a given point on Earth.

b. People can live on them for long periods.

c. They are used to map weather patterns.

d. People can find them on Earth’s surface.

11. A large satellite in which people can live for long periods is called a(n)

.

12. What are the United States, Russia, and many other countries

cooperating to build in space?

Equipment Needed in Space (page 569)

13. An astronauts space suit adjusts air pressure and levels for the astronaut.

14. List three components’ included in a space suit.

a. helmet

b. communication system

c. parachute

15. Is the following sentence true or false? When astronauts leave theshuttle to work in space, they must take along a life-supporting

environment. true

oxygen

the International Space Station

space station

researchcollecting weather data

navigationcommunications

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WordWiseAnswer the questions by writing the correct key terms in the blanks. Use the circled letters tofind the hidden key term. Then write a definition for the hidden key term.

Clues

What is the middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere?

What is an elongated circle, or oval shape, called?

What are the objects called that orbit the sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter?

What is the spinning rotation of a planet from east to west called?

What is a description of the solar system in which all the planets revolve around Earth?

What is a chunk of rock or dust in space called?

What are reddish loops of gas that connect different parts of sunspot regions?

What are areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases around them?

What is a stream of electrically charged particles sent out by the corona called?

What is the outer layer of the sun’s atmosphere?

Key Term:

Definition: A description of the solar system in which all of the planets revolve around the sun

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Documents

Science Explorer Guided Reading Workbook Gr6