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Science and the Environment
Chapter 1
Vocabulary
Use your books to define the following Key Terms– Environmental science– Ecology– Agriculture– Natural Resource– Pollution– Biodiversity
What is Ecology?
Ecology– The study of the relationship between organisms
(living things) and their environment (nonliving things).– Scientists typically study communities of living things
and their environment These are known as Ecosystems
– If you specifically look at how humans interact with their environment, that is called Environmental Science
end
What is Ecology?
For the last 200 years scientists specialized in a specific area– It's now realized that things are way too complicated
for people to specialize in 1 subject– Ecology is a type of biology, but it also uses
knowledge of Zoology, Botany, Geology, Atmospheric Sciences, Hydrology, and many more
end
History of Our Environment
Wherever humans go, we change the environment– 300 years ago Manhattan was a beautiful green oasis,
Now its paved, congested, and overpriced
end
History of Our Environment
Hunter-Gatherers– Got food by collecting plants or hunting animals– Humans were in this stage for most of history– Still found today in remote parts of the jungle– How did they affect the environment?
Native Americans who hunted buffalo would burn the prairie to stop trees from growing
This made sure that they to keep hunting
end
History of Our Environment
Agricultural Revolution– Raise plants and animals for food– First signs seen ~10,000 years ago– Allows an area to support up to 500 times as
many people– How did this affect the environment?
Stress the land Destroy habitats
end
History of Our Environment
Industrial Revolution– Started in the mid 1700s– Change from animal and water energy to fossil fuels– What did this do?
Large-scale production of everything Need less people to do the same amount of work Improved the quality of life Caused most of the Environmental Problems we have
today
end
History of Our Environment
The Modern World– Pesticides and fertilizers– Everything we use can be thrown away
But it hurts the environment when we put it into the landfills
– As life has become easier the human population has grown
The world population is 10 times bigger than it was 400 years ago
More people mean that small problems become big ones
end
Big Environmental Problems
3 big environmental problems:– Resource depletion– Pollution– Loss of biodiversity
end
Big Environmental Problems
Resource Depletion As the population grows we use more resources to
support ourselves– Currently we use resources faster that they can be
created– What can we do to fix it?
Use less resources Use resources that can be created faster
end
Big Environmental Problems
Pollution The Industrial Revolution created all kinds of
pollution– What types of pollution did it create?
Air- Water- Soil-
end
Big Environmental Problems
Loss of Biodiversity As we destroy were animals live, we start to kill
them off– This leads to entire species being killed off– If extinctions are a part of nature, why should we
worry about losing species?
end
Review Questions
Complete questions 1-4 on page 15 with your group. These should be part of your notes
Tragedy of the Commons
Essay by ecologist Garrett Hardin, 1968 The basis of the modern environmental
movement Conflict between short-term interests and long-
term welfare of society– What is going to make you lots of money right
now vs. what is better for everyone in the long run
end
Tragedy of the Commons
end
Tragedy of the Commons
• People will overuse public land, because they don't have to take care of it
• But people will take care of their own land, because it is their responsibility
• What are some examples?
end
Population and Consumption
As populations increase natural resources are replaced at a slower rate
Developed nations use ~75% of the worlds natural resources– But make up only 20% of the population
end
Population and Consumption
Ecological Footprint– Shows the area needed to support one person– US= 30 acres Britain= 16 acres– Mexico= 7 acres India= 3 acres
Sustainability– When human needs are met in such a way that a
human population can survive indefinitely
end
Scientific Methods
Scientific Method– An organized plan for gathering, organizing, and
communication information– This method is the foundation of ALL modern science
Five Steps– Make Observations– Form a Hypothesis– Test your Hypothesis– Draw a Conclusion– Develop a Theory
end
The Scientific Method•Take a look around and see what is out there
end
The Scientific Method•If we observe something interesting, then we ask, why did that happen?•We then use our knowledge to make an educated guess that explains what we observed.
end
The Scientific Method
•After you create a hypothesis, you must test it to see if you were right.•You test by conducting an experiment
end
•When you finish your experiment, you have to look at the results.•If your results don't back up your hypothesis, then you change your hypothesis to fit your data.
end
•When the results of your experiment support you hypothesis, you still have more work to do.•You must continue to test the hypothesis over and over again.
end
The Scientific Method
•Eventually, after thousands of experiments and many years you take your results and develop a theoryend
Scientific Laws and Theories
Scientific Law– A statement summarizing a pattern found in
nature
Scientific Theory– A well-tested explanation for a set of observations
or experimental results
end
Experiments
• When testing a hypothesis, your experiment will be divided into several small tests
• These tests should be set up exactly the same– Except for 1 variable (thing that you are
testing)
• The tests were the variable has changed are called experimental groups
• These tests are all compared to the control group
– Group that the variable is not changedend
Experiments
• Say we wanted to test how sunlight affects a plants growth
– What would be the variable that we test?• Sunlight
– What would be the control group?• No sunlight
– What type of experimental groups would you have?
• 1 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr sunlight
– What would be the same in all groups?end
Informed Decisions
• When you are trying to make a decision there are lots of things to consider:
– Economical, ethical, health, and environmental effects, just to name a few
• To make the best decision, you should use a decision-making model
– A systematic process for making decisions
end
Informed Decisions
Research the topic- find out what you are talking about
What matters to you the most? Education, Economics, Health, Morals?
What are the good and bad things that will happen immediately? What about in the long-term?
In the end you have to make a decision. Are you for the topic or against it? Why?end
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Heredity and Natural Selection
Genetic Variation and Natural Selection
Genetic Variation and Natural Selection
Genetic Variation and Natural Selection
Genetic Variation and Natural Selection
Species and Genetic Isolation
Species and Genetic Isolation
Evolution and Gene Frequency
Evolution and Gene Frequency
Adaptation and Genes
Adaptation and Genes
Evolution of Resistance
Evolution of Resistance
Bellringer
Bellringer
Bellringer
Bellringer