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Bioenergy and Biodiversity- protecting and managing
Intellectual Property rights -
March 7th – 8th , 2007Prof. Hiroshi KATO
National Graduate Institute for Policy StudiesJapan Government Patent Office in METI
Science and Technology Seminar in AsiaBPPT in Jakarta
ＪＪapanapan ＰＰatentatent ＯＯfficeffice (JPO)(JPO)
Contents
１．Intellectual Property
２．Biological Diversity
３．Case Study
４．Discussion
BBioenergyioenergy
1. Intellectual Property
Why Intellectual Property ?
１．Natural Resources
２．Tangible Assets
３．Intangible Assets(Knowledge, IP)
Changes in Driving Forces Behind Economic Growth
Basic Theory of IPBasic Theory of IP
CreationCreation
UseUse ProtectionProtection
Benefit Application
Patent
IP CycleIP Cycle
Change of Intellectual Property
１．Natural Resources
２．Tangible Assets
３．Intangible Assets(Knowledge, IP)
Changes of Basic Theory of Intellectual Property
Recent Theory of Intellectual Property
CreationCreation
UseUse ProtectionProtectionProtectionProtection
PolicyPolicy
BiodiversityBioenergy IP Cycle
Benefit(1)
Benefit(2)
[Reference] ECO CAR
INSIGHTINSIGHT
2. Biological Diversity
Temporary Measures for Each Country on TRIPS
WTO/ＴＲＩＰＳ
National Treatment
Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
GeneralPatent for Substance
[A]
TemporaryMeasures
For [A]
Advanced Countries
1996.1.1 1996.1.1
DevelopingCountries
1996.1.1 2000.1.1 2005.1.11995.1.1
LeastDevelopedCountries
2006.1.1(2013.7.1)
2016.1.1
WIPO JAPAN OFFICE
• WIPO Japan Office– One of the center on IPR in Asia
Asia is one of the most important area for IP policy by WIPO.
– Exchange of information, Research Project e.t.c. Close relation : WIPO and Asia
Convention of Biological Diversity● Article 1 (Objectives) The objectives of this Convention are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.
● Article 15 (Access to Genetic Resources) 1. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, the authority to determine access to genetic resources rests with the national governments and is subject to national legislation.7. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or policy measures, as appropriate, … with the aim of sharing in a fair and equitable way the results of research and development and the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the Contracting Party providing such resources. Such sharing shall be upon mutually agreed terms.
Developing Developing CountriesCountries
CompaniesCompaniesBenefitBenefit
the fair and equitable the fair and equitable sharing of the benefitssharing of the benefits
AccessAccess（（PICPIC））
NativeNative
A kind of rightA kind of right
Developed Developed CountriesCountries
PATENTPATENT
Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD)Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD)
Domestic Law ?
Biological Diversity and IPBiological Diversity and IP
Domestic Act on Biological Diversity
1995 Directive by President in Philippine
1996 Convention of 391 in Andes
1999 Act of Traditional Medicine in Thailand
2001 Provisional Law 2186 in Brazil
2002 Law of Group Knowledge in Peru
2002 Biological Diversity Act in India
2004 Biological Diversity Act in South Africa
2004 Biological Diversity Act in Australia
3. Case Study
Case Study (1)1. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) [India]
- Ointment Invalidation of Patent
2. Neem (Azadirachta Indica) [India]- Insecticide in Dispute
3. Hoodia (Hoodia gordonii) [South Africa]- Appetite Suppressor Benefit Sharing
Case Study (2)
1. Methane fermentation- Methane bacteria JP3215706
2. Ethanol fermentation- Ethanol bacteria JP07-102125
3. Hydrogen fermentation- Hydrogen Bacteria JP3617528
*Bacteria Invention or Plant Invention ?(ex.Bio-diesel, from Corn)
*Bacteria Invention or Process Invention ?
Case Study (3)
Case Study (4)
Patent Map on Biomass Energy (1)
Application of Patents
Applicant of PatentsApplicant of Patents
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
Direct Combustion
Bio- ConversionThermochemistry
0
50
100
150
200
250
出願件数
Application Year
Patent Map on Biomass Energy (2)
Main technologyMain technologyIncreasingIncreasing
Application of Patents
4. Discussion
GRIPS (Graduate School)
●Traditional Knowledge●IP and Development
[Market of Plants]Price
Ph*
Ch*
Qh*（=Qm*）
Ph=αQh
Products
Benefit of A（ΠA ）
[Market of Medicine]Price
Pm*
β
Qm*
Pm=Ph+β=αQm+β
Products
Benefit of A（ΠA ）
Cm*=Ph*+β
Benefit of B（ΠB ）
B
Cm*
Dm=BｰQm
[Market of Medicine]Price
PT*
β
QT*
Pm=Ph+β=αQm+β
Products
Amount of the Benefit（ΠT ）
BDm=BｰQm
Thank You
Thank You
Policy Statement by KOIZUMI(Feb. 2002)
IP Strategy Headquarters(Mar. 2003)
IP Strategic Programs 2003, 2004, 2005
① IP High Court ② University IP Headquarters③ Measures against Counterfeits & Pirated Copies ④ Increase of Patent Examiners⑤ Media Contents Business⑥ 21 IP-related Laws enacted
Major Achievements
Rapid Progress of IP Strategy2002 2003 2005
Basic Law on IP(Nov. 2002)
History of IP SystemHistory of IP System
１８８３．１８８３．Paris ConventionParis Convention
１９６７．１９６７．Treaty Establishing WIPOTreaty Establishing WIPO
１９７８．１９７８．Patent Cooperation TreatyPatent Cooperation Treaty
１９９５．１９９５．WTO/TRIPS AgreementWTO/TRIPS Agreement
Economic Impact of Piracy Rate Reduction (2)
Source: Figure 3 of “Expanding Global Economies: The Benefits of Reducing Software Piracy” (April 2003)
Countries with high piracy rates receive virtually
nothing back from their IT sectors in tax revenues
Average Annual Piracy Rate, 1996 – 200110% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Indonesia
IT T
axes
as
a S
hare
of G
DP
,A
vera
ge 1
996
–20
01
US
UK
Japan
Brazil
Malaysia
4.0%
China
Economic Impact of Piracy Rate Reduction (3)
Source: Figure 5 of “Expanding Global Economies: The Benefits of Reducing Software Piracy” (April 2003)
Additional GDP contribution from a 10-point piracy
reduction
ProjectedIT sector size
in 2006 without piracy reductions
10-P
oin t
Re d
u cti o
n R
ela t
ive
Be n
e fit
2001 Piracy Rate40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
120%Indonesia
Note: China’s relative benefit is 274%
Experience of Japan (1)Number of Arrested Persons for IPR infringement in Japan
Trademarks
Utility Models
Designs
Patents
PersonsPersons
Unfair Competition
1947 1950 1955 1947 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1960 1965 1970 19751975
100
200
300
400
500
Persons
Year
Experience of Japan(2)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984
Extension of Product Patent Protection to Pharmaceuticals
R&D Expenditure in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry
Million Yen
Year
