Upload
dinah-barton
View
223
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Science and ReligionScience and Religion
Enemies or AlliesEnemies or Allies
Lesson Intention –
Introduce the main ideas that influenced the Scientific Revolution and the key scientific figures.
What is a world-view? A world-view is the way in which the
structure of the world is understood, based on beliefs and/or science.
A world-view often includes ideas about the world’s place in the universe.
Science and religion both discuss ideas about how we understand the world, how traditional religious beliefs relate to scientific understanding and how the contributions of philosophers, scientists and believers can contribute to the welfare of humans.
Science and Religion: The Love Affair
Religion and science weren’t always at each others throats!
It was out of the work of scientists and philosophers that science was born.
Until the 16th century philosophers and theologians were the scientists. They asked questions like: How was the world made? What holds the world up? Why does the Moon not fall down?
Science and Religion: The Love Affair The two got on so well together
because the scientific explanations included reference to God.
Things began to change in the 16th century as the way in which we understood God’s place in the universe and His relationship with humans began to change.
Science and religion began to drift apart and scientific principles began to be accepted without reference to God.
The Middle Ages –
Scientific Knowledge Expands
Introduction Profound change in the European world-view
in the late 16th and 17th centuries Primary cause was the Scientific Revolution
(1543-present) The most profound change in human history? New intellectual climate differed from
medieval & early modern world-view: Rejection of authority – e.g. bible and
church - without reason “Best” knowledge was practical Demystification of the universe Scientists of
this era differed from predecessors in combining mathematics and experiment – previous just Observation
Scientific Thought in 1500 The Aristotelian/Ptolemaic Universe
Geocentric 10 separate, transparent, crystal spheres
First 8 held the moon, sun, planets, stars 2 added during Middle Ages Heaven lay beyond the 10th sphere Angels kept the spheres moving
Sublunar world Earth, water; fire, air Uniform force moved objects until something
stopped it The Church invested greatly in this world-view – man
was at the center of the universe, most important part of Creation
The Scientific Revolution
The Geocentric UniverseThe Geocentric (Ptolemaic) Universe
Why Earth centred?
• The sun appeared as if moving.
• Earth felt stationary• If earth moved round
surely wind would sweep everything off the earth.
• Distant stars did not seem to change position
• A spinning earth would be expected to fling off everything that was not fixed to it.
• A cannonball, fired straight up would be expected to fall to the west of firing point as the earth moved (same with birds and clouds.)
Some people were studying the stars and noticed that they moved. Eventually,
scientists started discussions that the world was round and went round the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish monk Observed patterns of star
and planet movement On the Revolutions of
Celestial Bodies (1543) Heliocentrism Called into question the
literal truth of the Scriptures
Copernicus waited until he was near death to publish his findings
The Heliocentric (Copernican) Universe
Galileo (1564 – 1642) then published his own work based
on Copernicus and his work was widely read.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Italian scientist Improved the telescope Made observations that proved the
Copernican view of the universe Moon Planets Stars
Wrote in the vernacular 1633 – Church forced Galileo to
recant; placed under house arrest
Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany (1615)
Written to address the conflict between the Bible and heliocentric theory
Argued that the Bible must be interpreted in light of scientific knowledge
Argued for a non-literal interpretation of the Bible
Galileo declared the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go
The letter began Galileo’s troubles with the Catholic Church
The church confronts Galileo and asks him to back down
Galileo believed in God so why did the Catholic Church declare him a heretic?
Why did his books remain banned until the second half of the 20th century?
Real issue for the church was,
Who interprets the Bible?
The Church wanted to and if they allowed the scientists to it would mean a danger to the literal interpretation of
the Bible.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
French mathematician and philosopher
A transitional figure between the medieval past and modern science
A rationalist – Appealed to reason
Promoter of deductive reasoning, predicting particular results from general principles
Discourse on Method (1637)
Descartes wished to develop a method that could be used to yield scientific truth
Argued that abstract reasoning and math were a more reliable path to truth; our senses could deceive us
Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”)
Significance of the Scientific Revolution
Contributions of these scientists made the universe comprehensible for the first time
The individual became much more important; collective authority was not the source of wisdom…individual intellect was
After the Revolution, God was viewed by many as either a remote “master mechanic”, or his existence began to be doubted
Began long “adversarial” relationship between science and religion
The Revolution laid the foundation for the Enlightenment of the 18th century…
The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries…a product of the Scientific Revolution
Key principles of the Enlightenment: Belief in human reason Belief in the scientific method Progress, or “easing man’s estate”
Enlightenment ideals often came into conflict with religion
Blossomed in 18th century France
John Locke (1632-1704)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
Argues against innate knowledge –ideas of God, right and wrong , justice
Experience is the only source of knowledge
Tabula rasa - mind is a blank tablet – on which experience writes everything we come to know
Consequently, the knowledge of which we are capable is quite limited
Jean d’Alembert (1717-1783)
With Denis Diderot, edited the Encyclopedia (1750-1765) Published in 17 vols. Hundreds of contributors Goal was “to change the general
way of thinking” The Preliminary Discourse to the
Encyclopedia of Diderot contains d’Alembert’s reflections on knowledge
Goal to make everything available to the masses – math's, science etc
Discredit religion and superstition Listed Communion as ‘see
Cannibalism
To Do
1. Read back through the notes pages 1- 5
Create 5 questions based on the information on those pages.
2. Create in jotter 1 page summary of notes on the Medieval Worldview and the
Scientific Revolution
You could do a mindmap, bullet points etc but MUST only be ONE page in length