64
THE ESSAYS OF  ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER 86%270%8)(&= 8&%-0)=7%92()671% ON HUMAN NATURE.

SchopenhauerOn Human Nature

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THE ESSAYS OF

 ARTHUR

SCHOPENHAUER

86%270%8)(&=

8&%-0)=7%92()671%

ON HUMAN NATURE.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

,91%22%896)

+3:)621)28

*6));-00%2(*%8%0-71

',%6%'8)6 

136%0-278-2'8

)8,-'%06)*0)'8-327

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86%270%836746)*%')

8LI JSPPS[MRK IWWE]WEVIHVE[R JVSQ XLI GLETXIVW IRXMXPIH >YV)XLMOERH >YV

 6IGLXWPILVIYRH4SPMXMO [LMGLEVIXSFIJSYRHFSXLMR7GLSTIRLEYIVW 4EVIVKEERHMRLMWTSWXLYQSYW[VMXMRKW%WMRQ]TVIZMSYWZSPYQIWWSEPWSMRXLMW-

LEZISQMXXIHEJI[TEWWEKIW[LMGLETTIEVIHXSQIXSFIIMXLIVERXMUYEXIHSVRSPSRKIVSJER]KIRIVEPMRXIVIWX*SVGSRZIRMIRGIWEOI-LEZIHMZMHIHXLISVMKMREPGLETXIVWMRXSWIGXMSRW[LMGL-LEZILEHXSREQIERH-LEZIEPWSLEHXSMRZIRXE

XMXPI[LMGLWLSYPHI\TVIWWXLIMVVIEPWGSTI8LIVIEHIV[MPPJMRHXLEXMXMWRSXWSQYGL )XLMGWERH 4SPMXMGWXLEXEVILIVIXVIEXIHEWLYQERREXYVIMXWIPJMRZEVMSYW

EWTIGXW

8&7

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,YQER2EXYVI

8VYXLW SJ XLI TL]WMGEP SVHIV QE] TSWWIWW QYGL I\XIVREP WMKRMJMGERGI FYXMRXIVREP WMKRMJMGERGI XLI] LEZI RSRI8LI PEXXIV MW XLI TVMZMPIKI SJMRXIPPIGXYEPERH QSVEPXVYXLW[LMGL EVI GSRGIVRIH[MXLXLISFNIGXMZEXMSRSJXLI[MPPMRMXWLMKLIWXWXEKIW[LIVIEWTL]WMGEPXVYXLWEVIGSRGIVRIH[MXLMXMRMXWPS[IWX

*SV I\EQTPI MJ [I GSYPH IWXEFPMWL XLI XVYXL SJ [LEX YT XMPP RS[ MW SRP] EGSRNIGXYVI REQIP] XLEX MX MW XLI EGXMSR SJ XLI WYR [LMGL TVSHYGIWXLIVQSIPIGXVMGMX] EX XLI IUYEXSV XLEX XLMW TVSHYGIW XIVVIWXVMEP QEKRIXMWQ ERHXLEXXLMWQEKRIXMWQEKEMRMWXLIGEYWISJXLI EYVSVEFSVIEPMWXLIWI[SYPHFIXVYXLWI\XIVREPP]SJKVIEXFYXMRXIVREPP]SJPMXXPIWMKRMJMGERGI3RXLISXLIVLERHI\EQTPIW SJ MRXIVREP WMKRMJMGERGI EVI JYVRMWLIH F] EPP KVIEX ERH XVYI TLMPSWSTLMGEPW]WXIQWF]XLIGEXEWXVSTLISJIZIV]KSSHXVEKIH]RE]IZIRF]XLISFWIVZEXMSRSJLYQERGSRHYGXMRXLII\XVIQIQERMJIWXEXMSRWSJMXWQSVEPMX]ERHMQQSVEPMX]SJMXWKSSHERHMXWIZMPGLEVEGXIV*SVEPPXLIWIEVII\TVIWWMSRWSJXLEXVIEPMX][LMGLXEOIWSYX[EVHWLETIEWXLI[SVPHERH[LMGLMRXLILMKLIWXWXEKIWSJMXWSFNIGXMZEXMSRTVSGPEMQWMXWMRRIVQSWXREXYVI

8SWE]XLEXXLI[SVPHLEWSRP]ETL]WMGEPERHRSXEQSVEPWMKRMJMGERGIMWXLIKVIEXIWX ERH QSWX TIVRMGMSYW SJ EPP IVVSVW XLI JYRHEQIRXEP FPYRHIV XLI VIEP

 TIVZIVWMX] SJ QMRH ERH XIQTIV ERH EX FSXXSQ MX MW HSYFXPIWW XLI XIRHIRG][LMGL JEMXL TIVWSRMJMIW EW %RXM'LVMWX 2IZIVXLIPIWW MRWTMXI SJEPP VIPMKMSRWERH XLI] EVI W]WXIQW [LMGL SRI ERH EPP QEMRXEMR XLI STTSWMXI ERH WIIO XSIWXEFPMWLMXMRXLIMVQ]XLMGEP[E]XLMWJYRHEQIRXEPIVVSVRIZIVFIGSQIWUYMXII\XMRGXFYXVEMWIWMXWLIEHJVSQXMQIXSXMQIEJVIWLYRXMPYRMZIVWEPMRHMKREXMSRGSQTIPWMXXSLMHIMXWIPJSRGIQSVI

=IX LS[IZIV GIVXEMR [I QE] JIIP SJ XLI QSVEP WMKRMJMGERGI SJ PMJI ERH XLI[SVPHXSI\TPEMRERHMPPYWXVEXIMXERHXSVIWSPZIXLIGSRXVEHMGXMSRFIX[IIRXLMWWMKRMJMGERGI ERH XLI [SVPH EW MX MW JSVQ E XEWO SJ KVIEX HMJJMGYPX] WS KVIEX

MRHIIHEWXSQEOIMXTSWWMFPIXLEXMXLEWVIQEMRIHJSVQIXSI\LMFMXXLIXVYIERHSRP]KIRYMRIERHWSYRHFEWMWSJQSVEPMX]IZIV][LIVIERHEXEPPXMQIWIJJIGXMZIXSKIXLIV[MXLXLIVIWYPXWXS[LMGLMXPIEHW8LIEGXYEPJEGXWSJQSVEPMX]EVIXSSQYGLSRQ]WMHIJSVQIXSJIEVXLEXQ]XLISV]GERIZIVFIVITPEGIHSVYTWIXF]ER]SXLIV

,S[IZIV WS PSRK EW IZIR Q] IXLMGEP W]WXIQ GSRXMRYIW XS FI MKRSVIH F] XLI

 TVSJIWWSVMEP[SVPHMXMW/ERXWQSVEPTVMRGMTPIXLEXTVIZEMPWMRXLIYRMZIVWMXMIW%QSRK MXW ZEVMSYW JSVQW XLI SRI [LMGL MW QSWX MR JEZSYV EX TVIWIRX MW XLI

HMKRMX] SJ QER - LEZI EPVIEH] I\TSWIH XLI EFWYVHMX] SJ XLMW HSGXVMRI MR Q]

XVIEXMWISRXLI *SYRHEXMSRSJ1SVEPMX]8LIVIJSVI-[MPPSRP]WE]LIVIXLEXMJ7IG

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XLIUYIWXMSR[IVIEWOIHSR[LEXXLIEPPIKIHHMKRMX]SJQERVIWXWMX[SYPHRSX FI PSRK FIJSVI XLI ERW[IV [EW QEHI XLEX MX VIWXW YTSR LMW QSVEPMX] -R SXLIV[SVHW LMW QSVEPMX] VIWXW YTSR LMW HMKRMX] ERH LMW HMKRMX] VIWXW YTSR LMW

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QERWEPPIKIHHMKRMX]FYXSRXLIGSRXVEV]XSVIKEVHLMQEWERSFNIGXSJTMX]

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;LIR[IGSQTEVIXLIWITVSJSYRHMHIEWSJQSVEPMX]EWXLI]EVIIRXIVXEMRIHF]

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VIGETMXYPEXIHEKEMRERHEKEMR.YWXMGI:EPSYV8IQTIVERGIERH;MWHSQMXMW)HMXSJZSPZMT

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 TPEMRXLEXXLIPEXXIVEVIRSXFEWIHSRER]GPIEVPIEHMRKMHIEFYXEVIGLSWIRSRKVSYRHW XLEX EVI WYTIVJMGMEP ERH MR TEVX SFZMSYWP] JEPWI :MVXYIW QYWX FIUYEPMXMIWSJXLI[MPPFYX;MWHSQMWGLMIJP]EREXXVMFYXISJXLI-RXIPPIGX?+VIIO

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JMVWXHMZIVKI8LIWIX[SHMEQIXVMGEPP]STTSWMXIUYEPMXMIWI\MWXMRIZIV]QERJSVXLI]WTVMRKJVSQXLIMRIZMXEFPIGSQTEVMWSR[LMGLLIHVE[WFIX[IIRLMWS[RPSX

ERH XLEX SJ SXLIVW %GGSVHMRK EW XLI VIWYPX SJ XLMW GSQTEVMWSR EJJIGXW LMWMRHMZMHYEP GLEVEGXIV HSIW XLI SRI SV XLI SXLIV SJ XLIWI UYEPMXMIW FIGSQI XLI

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MXQYWXFIEHQMXXIHXLEXGS[EVHMGIHSIWRSXWIIQXSFIZIV]GSQTEXMFPI[MXLER] RSFMPMX] SJ GLEVEGXIVMJ SRP] JSV XLI VIEWSR XLEX MX FIXVE]W ER SZIVKVIEX

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ZMVXYI

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&YXMXMWWYTIVJPYMX]XLEX%ZEVMGIFVMRKWMRMXWXVEMRERH[LIR[EWWYTIVJPYMX]IZIV YR[IPGSQI# 8LEX QYWX FI E KSSH ZMGI [LMGL LEW KSSH GSRWIUYIRGIW%ZEVMGI TVSGIIHW YTSR XLI TVMRGMTPI XLEX EPP TPIEWYVI MW SRP] RIKEXMZI MR MXWSTIVEXMSR ERH XLEX XLI LETTMRIWW [LMGL GSRWMWXW SJ E WIVMIW SJ TPIEWYVIW MW EGLMQEIVEXLEXSRXLIGSRXVEV]MXMWTEMRW[LMGLEVITSWMXMZIERHI\XVIQIP]VIEP%GGSVHMRKP]XLIEZEVMGMSYWQERJSVIKSIWXLIJSVQIVMRSVHIVXLEXLIQE]FIXLI FIXXIVTVIWIVZIHJVSQXLIPEXXIVERHXLYWMXMWXLEX FIEVERHJSVFIEV  WYWXMRIIXEFWXMRIMW LMW QE\MQ %RH FIGEYWI LI ORS[W JYVXLIVLS[ MRI\LEYWXMFPI EVIXLI TSWWMFMPMXMIW SJ QMWJSVXYRI ERH LS[ MRRYQIVEFPI XLI TEXLW SJ HERKIV LIMRGVIEWIWXLIQIERWSJEZSMHMRKXLIQMRSVHIVMJTSWWMFPIXSWYVVSYRHLMQWIPJ[MXL E XVMTPI [EPP SJTVSXIGXMSR ;LS XLIR GER WE] [LIVI TVIGEYXMSR EKEMRWXHMWEWXIVFIKMRWXSFII\EKKIVEXIH#,IEPSRI[LSORS[W[LIVIXLIQEPMKRMX]SJJEXI VIEGLIW MXW PMQMX %RH IZIR MJ TVIGEYXMSR [IVI I\EKKIVEXIH MX MW ER IVVSV[LMGL EX XLI QSWX [SYPHLYVX XLI QER [LS XSSOMX ERH RSXSXLIVW -J LI [MPPRIZIVRIIHXLIXVIEWYVIW[LMGLLIPE]WYTJSVLMQWIPJXLI][MPPSRIHE]FIRIJMX

SXLIVW [LSQ REXYVI LEW QEHI PIWW GEVIJYP 8LEX YRXMP XLIR LI [MXLHVE[W XLIQSRI] JVSQ GMVGYPEXMSR MW RS QMWJSVXYRI JSV QSRI] MW RSX ER EVXMGPI SJ

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GSRWYQTXMSR MX SRP] VITVIWIRXW XLI KSSH XLMRKW [LMGL E QER QE] EGXYEPP] TSWWIWWERHMWRSXSRIMXWIPJ'SMRWEVISRP]GSYRXIVWXLIMVZEPYIMW[LEXXLI]VITVIWIRX ERH [LEX XLI] VITVIWIRX GERRSX FI [MXLHVE[R JVSQ GMVGYPEXMSR

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WTIRHMRK ERH WUYERHIVMRKJSV RSFIXXIV VIEWSR *VMIRHWLMT [MXL EQMWIVMW RSXSRP][MXLSYXHERKIVFYXMXMWTVSJMXEFPIFIGEYWISJXLIKVIEXEHZERXEKIWMXGER FVMRK*SVMXMWHSYFXPIWWXLSWI[LSEVIRIEVIWXERHHIEVIWXXSXLIQMWIV[LSSRLMWHIEXL[MPPVIETXLIJVYMXWSJXLIWIPJGSRXVSP[LMGLLII\IVGMWIHFYXIZIRMRLMWPMJIXMQIXSSWSQIXLMRKQE]FII\TIGXIHSJLMQMRGEWIWSJKVIEXRIIH%XER]VEXISRIGEREP[E]WLSTIJSVQSVIJVSQLMQXLERJVSQXLIWTIRHXLVMJX[LSLEW PSWX LMW EPP ERH MW LMQWIPJ LIPTPIWW ERH MR HIFX1EW HE IP HYVS UYI IP

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REXYVIXLI ERMQEP TEVX SJ LMQ[LMGL MW EX JEYPX ,I MW GEVVMIH E[E] F] MXWEXXVEGXMSRW ERH SZIVGSQI F] XLI MQTVIWWMSR SJ XLI QSQIRX LI EGXW [MXLSYX

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8LMW SFWXMREXI PSZI SJ XLI TPIEWYVIW SJ XLI [SVPHE PSZI [LMGL EW MX [IVISYXPMZIWMXWIPJXLMWYXXIVP]MRGSVVMKMFPIWMRXLMWVIJMRIHERHWYFPMQEXIHHIWMVISJ

XLIJPIWLMWXLIEFWXVEGXJSVQMR[LMGLEPPPYWXWEVIGSRGIRXVEXIHERHXS[LMGLMXWXERHWPMOIEKIRIVEPMHIEXSMRHMZMHYEPTEVXMGYPEVW%GGSVHMRKP]%ZEVMGIMWXLI

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8LMW HMWTYXEXMS MR YXVEQUYI TEVXIQXLMW HIFEXI JSV ERH EKEMRWXMW GIVXEMRP]GEPGYPEXIH XS HVMZI YW MRXS EGGITXMRK XLI NYWXIQMPMIYQSVEPMX] SJ %VMWXSXPI EGSRGPYWMSRXLEXMWEPWSWYTTSVXIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRKGSRWMHIVEXMSR

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SJXIRLETTIRW[IQEOIEQMWXEOIEFSYXEQERMXMWFIGEYWIEXXLIFIKMRRMRKSJSYVEGUYEMRXERGI[MXLLMQ[IGSRJSYRHLMWHIJIGXW[MXLXLIOMRHWSJTIVJIGXMSRXS [LMGL XLI] EVI EPPMIH 8LI GEYXMSYW QER WIIQW XS YW E GS[EVH XLI

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GPIZIVQERYRHIVWXERHWLS[XSGSRGIEPXLIWIUYEPMXMIW%RHLS[SJXIRSRXLISXLIVLERHHSIWETIVZIVWMX] SJLIEVX TVIZIRXE QERJVSQWIIMRK XVYXLW [LMGL

LMWMRXIPPMKIRGIMWUYMXIGETEFPISJKVEWTMRK

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&YX MR WTMXI SJ EPP XLMW XLI HMJJIVIRGI IZIR FIX[IIR SRI QER ERH ERSXLIV MWMRGEPGYPEFP]KVIEXERHQER]ESRI[SYPHFILSVVMJMIHXSWIIERSXLIVEWLIVIEPP]MW 3L JSV WSQI %WQSHIYW SJ QSVEPMX] XS QEOI RSX SRP] VSSJW ERH [EPPWXVERWTEVIRX XS LMW JEZSYVMXIW FYX EPWS XS PMJX XLI ZIMP SJ HMWWMQYPEXMSR JVEYHL]TSGVMW]TVIXIRGIJEPWILSSHERHHIGITXMSR[LMGLMWWTVIEHSZIVEPPXLMRKWXSWLS[LS[PMXXPIXVYILSRIWX]XLIVIMWMRXLI[SVPHERHLS[SJXIRIZIR[LIVIMXMWPIEWXXSFII\TIGXIHFILMRHEPPXLII\XIVMSVSYX[SVOSJZMVXYIWIGVIXP]ERHMRXLI MRRIVQSWX VIGIWWIW YRVMKLXISYWRIWW WMXW EX XLI LIPQ -X MW NYWX SR XLMW

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WYVI LS[ MW E QER XS KIX VIPMIJ JVSQ XLI IRHPIWW HMWWMQYPEXMSR JEPWMX] ERHQEPMGISJQEROMRHMJXLIVI[IVIRSHSKWMRXS[LSWILSRIWXJEGIWLIGERPSSO[MXLSYXHMWXVYWX#

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7YGLJSV MRWXERGIMW XLI JEZSYVXLEX ZMPPEMR]JMRHWXLI RIKPIGX XLEXQIVMX IZIRXLIVEVIWXERHXLIKVIEXIWXWYJJIVWEXXLILERHWSJXLSWISJXLIWEQITVSJIWWMSRXLI LEXVIH SJ XVYXL ERH KVIEX GETEGMX] XLI MKRSVERGI SJ WGLSPEVW MR XLIMV S[R TVSZMRGIERHXLIJEGXXLEXXVYI[EVIWEVIEPQSWXEP[E]WHIWTMWIHERHXLIQIVIP]WTIGMSYWSRIWMRVIUYIWX8LIVIJSVIPIXIZIRXLI]SYRKFIMRWXVYGXIHFIXMQIWXLEXMR XLMW QEWUYIVEHI XLI ETTPIW EVI SJ [E\ XLI JPS[IVW SJ WMPO XLI JMWL SJ TEWXIFSEVHERHXLEXEPPXLMRKW]IWEPPXLMRKWEVIXS]WERHXVMJPIWERHXLEXSJX[S QIR [LSQ LI QE] WII IEVRIWXP] IRKEKIH MR FYWMRIWW SRI MW WYTTP]MRKWTYVMSYWKSSHWERHXLISXLIVTE]MRKJSVXLIQMRJEPWIGSMR

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 FYWMRIWWSJ XEQMRK ERH VIWXVEMRMRK LMQ [LMGL[IGEPPGMZMPMWEXMSR ,IRGIMXMWXLEX [I EVI XIVVMJMIH MJ RS[ ERH XLIR LMW REXYVI FVIEOW SYX ;LIVIZIV ERH[LIRIZIV XLI PSGOW ERH GLEMRW SJ PE[ ERH SVHIV JEPP SJJ ERH KMZI TPEGI XS

EREVGL] LI WLS[W LMQWIPJ JSV [LEX LI MW &YX MX MW YRRIGIWWEV] XS [EMX JSV

EREVGL]MRSVHIVXSKEMRIRPMKLXIRQIRXSRXLMWWYFNIGX%LYRHVIHVIGSVHWSPHERHRI[TVSHYGIXLIGSRZMGXMSRXLEXMRLMWYRVIPIRXMRKGVYIPX]QERMWMRRS[E]MRJIVMSV XS XLI XMKIV ERH XLI L]EIRE % JSVGMFPI I\EQTPI MW WYTTPMIH F] E

 TYFPMGEXMSRSJXLI]IEVIRXMXPIH7PEZIV]ERHXLI-RXIVREP7PEZI8VEHIMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIWSJ2SVXL%QIVMGEFIMRKVITPMIWXSUYIWXMSRWXVERWQMXXIHF]XLI &VMXMWL%RXMWPEZIV]7SGMIX] XS XLI%QIVMGER %RXMWPEZIV] 7SGMIX] 8LMW FSSOGSRWXMXYXIWSRISJXLILIEZMIWXMRHMGXQIRXWEKEMRWXXLILYQERVEGI2SSRIGER TYXMXHS[R[MXLEJIIPMRKSJLSVVSVERHJI[[MXLSYXXIEVW*SV[LEXIZIVXLIVIEHIVQE]LEZIIZIVLIEVHSVMQEKMRIHSVHVIEQXSJXLIYRLETT]GSRHMXMSRSJ WPEZIV] SV MRHIIH SJ LYQER GVYIPX] MR KIRIVEP MX [MPP WIIQ WQEPP XS LMQ

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3XLIV I\EQTPIW EVI JYVRMWLIH F] 8WLYHMW8VEZIPW MR4IVY MR XLI HIWGVMTXMSR

[LMGLLIKMZIWSJXLIXVIEXQIRXSJXLI4IVYZMERWSPHMIVWEXXLILERHWSJXLIMVSJJMGIVWERHF]1EGPISHW8VEZIPWMR)EWXIVR%JVMGE[LIVIXLIEYXLSVXIPPWSJ

XLI GSPHFPSSHIH ERH XVYP] HIZMPMWL GVYIPX] [MXL [LMGL XLI 4SVXYKYIWI MR1S^EQFMUYI XVIEX XLIMV WPEZIW &YX [I RIIH RSX KS JSV I\EQTPIW XSXLI 2I[;SVPHXLEXSFZIVWIWMHISJSYVTPERIX-RXLI]IEVMX[EWFVSYKLXXSPMJIXLEX MR )RKPERH RSX MR SRI FYX ETTEVIRXP] MR E LYRHVIH GEWIW [MXLMR E FVMIJ TIVMSH E LYWFERH LEH TSMWSRIH LMW [MJI SVZMGI ZIVWE SV FSXL LEH NSMRIH MR TSMWSRMRKXLIMVGLMPHVIRSVMRXSVXYVMRKXLIQWPS[P]XSHIEXLF]WXEVZMRKERHMPPXVIEXMRK XLIQ [MXL RS SXLIV SFNIGX XLER XS KIX XLI QSRI] JSV FYV]MRK XLIQ[LMGLXLI]LEHMRWYVIHMRXLI&YVMEP'PYFWEKEMRWXXLIMVHIEXL*SVXLMWTYVTSWIEGLMPH[EWSJXIRMRWYVIHMRWIZIVEPIZIRMREWQER]EWX[IRX]GPYFWEXSRGI

(IXEMPW SJ XLMW GLEVEGXIV FIPSRK MRHIIH XS XLI FPEGOIWX TEKIW MR XLI GVMQMREP

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PMOI XLI ZIRSQ MR E WIVTIRXW XSSXL ERH [EMXMRK SRP] JSV ER STTSVXYRMX] SJZIRXMRKMXWIPJERHXLIRPMOIEHIQSRYRGLEMRIHSJWXSVQMRKERHVEKMRK-JE

QERLEWRSKVIEXSGGEWMSRJSVFVIEOMRKSYXLI[MPPIRHF]XEOMRKEHZERXEKISJXLI WQEPPIWX ERH F] [SVOMRK MX YT MRXS WSQIXLMRK KVIEX F] XLI EMH SJ LMW

MQEKMREXMSRJSVLS[IZIVWQEPPMXQE]FIMXMWIRSYKLXSVSYWILMWERKIV

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'LEVEGXIV

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-XMWEJEGXXLEXXLIVIMWEKVIEXERHSVMKMREPHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRSRIIQTMVMGEPGLEVEGXIV ERH ERSXLIV ERH MX MW E HMJJIVIRGI [LMGL EX FSXXSQ VIWXW YTSR XLIVIPEXMSRSJXLIMRHMZMHYEPW[MPPXSLMWMRXIPPIGXYEPJEGYPX]8LMWVIPEXMSRMWJMREPP]

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