Upload
sandman24
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 1/64
THE ESSAYS OF
ARTHUR
SCHOPENHAUER
86%270%8)(&=
8&%-0)=7%92()671%
ON HUMAN NATURE.
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 2/64
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
,91%22%896)
+3:)621)28
*6));-00%2(*%8%0-71
',%6%'8)6
136%0-278-2'8
)8,-'%06)*0)'8-327
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 3/64
86%270%836746)*%')
8LI JSPPS[MRK IWWE]WEVIHVE[R JVSQ XLI GLETXIVW IRXMXPIH >YV)XLMOERH >YV
6IGLXWPILVIYRH4SPMXMO [LMGLEVIXSFIJSYRHFSXLMR7GLSTIRLEYIVW 4EVIVKEERHMRLMWTSWXLYQSYW[VMXMRKW%WMRQ]TVIZMSYWZSPYQIWWSEPWSMRXLMW-
LEZISQMXXIHEJI[TEWWEKIW[LMGLETTIEVIHXSQIXSFIIMXLIVERXMUYEXIHSVRSPSRKIVSJER]KIRIVEPMRXIVIWX*SVGSRZIRMIRGIWEOI-LEZIHMZMHIHXLISVMKMREPGLETXIVWMRXSWIGXMSRW[LMGL-LEZILEHXSREQIERH-LEZIEPWSLEHXSMRZIRXE
XMXPI[LMGLWLSYPHI\TVIWWXLIMVVIEPWGSTI8LIVIEHIV[MPPJMRHXLEXMXMWRSXWSQYGL )XLMGWERH 4SPMXMGWXLEXEVILIVIXVIEXIHEWLYQERREXYVIMXWIPJMRZEVMSYW
EWTIGXW
8&7
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 4/64
,YQER2EXYVI
8VYXLW SJ XLI TL]WMGEP SVHIV QE] TSWWIWW QYGL I\XIVREP WMKRMJMGERGI FYXMRXIVREP WMKRMJMGERGI XLI] LEZI RSRI8LI PEXXIV MW XLI TVMZMPIKI SJMRXIPPIGXYEPERH QSVEPXVYXLW[LMGL EVI GSRGIVRIH[MXLXLISFNIGXMZEXMSRSJXLI[MPPMRMXWLMKLIWXWXEKIW[LIVIEWTL]WMGEPXVYXLWEVIGSRGIVRIH[MXLMXMRMXWPS[IWX
*SV I\EQTPI MJ [I GSYPH IWXEFPMWL XLI XVYXL SJ [LEX YT XMPP RS[ MW SRP] EGSRNIGXYVI REQIP] XLEX MX MW XLI EGXMSR SJ XLI WYR [LMGL TVSHYGIWXLIVQSIPIGXVMGMX] EX XLI IUYEXSV XLEX XLMW TVSHYGIW XIVVIWXVMEP QEKRIXMWQ ERHXLEXXLMWQEKRIXMWQEKEMRMWXLIGEYWISJXLI EYVSVEFSVIEPMWXLIWI[SYPHFIXVYXLWI\XIVREPP]SJKVIEXFYXMRXIVREPP]SJPMXXPIWMKRMJMGERGI3RXLISXLIVLERHI\EQTPIW SJ MRXIVREP WMKRMJMGERGI EVI JYVRMWLIH F] EPP KVIEX ERH XVYI TLMPSWSTLMGEPW]WXIQWF]XLIGEXEWXVSTLISJIZIV]KSSHXVEKIH]RE]IZIRF]XLISFWIVZEXMSRSJLYQERGSRHYGXMRXLII\XVIQIQERMJIWXEXMSRWSJMXWQSVEPMX]ERHMQQSVEPMX]SJMXWKSSHERHMXWIZMPGLEVEGXIV*SVEPPXLIWIEVII\TVIWWMSRWSJXLEXVIEPMX][LMGLXEOIWSYX[EVHWLETIEWXLI[SVPHERH[LMGLMRXLILMKLIWXWXEKIWSJMXWSFNIGXMZEXMSRTVSGPEMQWMXWMRRIVQSWXREXYVI
8SWE]XLEXXLI[SVPHLEWSRP]ETL]WMGEPERHRSXEQSVEPWMKRMJMGERGIMWXLIKVIEXIWX ERH QSWX TIVRMGMSYW SJ EPP IVVSVW XLI JYRHEQIRXEP FPYRHIV XLI VIEP
TIVZIVWMX] SJ QMRH ERH XIQTIV ERH EX FSXXSQ MX MW HSYFXPIWW XLI XIRHIRG][LMGL JEMXL TIVWSRMJMIW EW %RXM'LVMWX 2IZIVXLIPIWW MRWTMXI SJEPP VIPMKMSRWERH XLI] EVI W]WXIQW [LMGL SRI ERH EPP QEMRXEMR XLI STTSWMXI ERH WIIO XSIWXEFPMWLMXMRXLIMVQ]XLMGEP[E]XLMWJYRHEQIRXEPIVVSVRIZIVFIGSQIWUYMXII\XMRGXFYXVEMWIWMXWLIEHJVSQXMQIXSXMQIEJVIWLYRXMPYRMZIVWEPMRHMKREXMSRGSQTIPWMXXSLMHIMXWIPJSRGIQSVI
=IX LS[IZIV GIVXEMR [I QE] JIIP SJ XLI QSVEP WMKRMJMGERGI SJ PMJI ERH XLI[SVPHXSI\TPEMRERHMPPYWXVEXIMXERHXSVIWSPZIXLIGSRXVEHMGXMSRFIX[IIRXLMWWMKRMJMGERGI ERH XLI [SVPH EW MX MW JSVQ E XEWO SJ KVIEX HMJJMGYPX] WS KVIEX
MRHIIHEWXSQEOIMXTSWWMFPIXLEXMXLEWVIQEMRIHJSVQIXSI\LMFMXXLIXVYIERHSRP]KIRYMRIERHWSYRHFEWMWSJQSVEPMX]IZIV][LIVIERHEXEPPXMQIWIJJIGXMZIXSKIXLIV[MXLXLIVIWYPXWXS[LMGLMXPIEHW8LIEGXYEPJEGXWSJQSVEPMX]EVIXSSQYGLSRQ]WMHIJSVQIXSJIEVXLEXQ]XLISV]GERIZIVFIVITPEGIHSVYTWIXF]ER]SXLIV
,S[IZIV WS PSRK EW IZIR Q] IXLMGEP W]WXIQ GSRXMRYIW XS FI MKRSVIH F] XLI
TVSJIWWSVMEP[SVPHMXMW/ERXWQSVEPTVMRGMTPIXLEXTVIZEMPWMRXLIYRMZIVWMXMIW%QSRK MXW ZEVMSYW JSVQW XLI SRI [LMGL MW QSWX MR JEZSYV EX TVIWIRX MW XLI
HMKRMX] SJ QER - LEZI EPVIEH] I\TSWIH XLI EFWYVHMX] SJ XLMW HSGXVMRI MR Q]
XVIEXMWISRXLI *SYRHEXMSRSJ1SVEPMX]8LIVIJSVI-[MPPSRP]WE]LIVIXLEXMJ7IG
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 5/64
XLIUYIWXMSR[IVIEWOIHSR[LEXXLIEPPIKIHHMKRMX]SJQERVIWXWMX[SYPHRSX FI PSRK FIJSVI XLI ERW[IV [EW QEHI XLEX MX VIWXW YTSR LMW QSVEPMX] -R SXLIV[SVHW LMW QSVEPMX] VIWXW YTSR LMW HMKRMX] ERH LMW HMKRMX] VIWXW YTSR LMW
QSVEPMX]
&YXETEVXJVSQXLMWGMVGYPEVEVKYQIRXMXWIIQWXSQIXLEXXLIMHIESJHMKRMX]GER FIETTPMIHSRP]MRERMVSRMGEPWIRWIXSEFIMRK[LSWI[MPPMWWSWMRJYP[LSWI
MRXIPPIGX MW WS PMQMXIH [LSWI FSH] MW WS [IEO ERH TIVMWLEFPI EW QERW ,S[WLEPPEQERFITVSYH[LIRLMWGSRGITXMSRMWEGVMQILMWFMVXLETIREPX]LMWPMJI
EPEFSYVERHHIEXLERIGIWWMX]
5YMHWYTIVFMXLSQS#GYNYWGSRGITXMSGYPTE2EWGMTSIREPEFSVZMXERIGIWWIQSVM
8LIVIJSVIMRSTTSWMXMSRXSXLIEFSZIQIRXMSRIHJSVQSJXLI/ERXMERTVMRGMTPI-WLSYPHFIMRGPMRIHXSPE]HS[RXLIJSPPS[MRKVYPI;LIR]SYGSQIMRXSGSRXEGX[MXLEQERRS QEXXIV [LSQHS RSX EXXIQTXER SFNIGXMZI ETTVIGMEXMSR SJLMQEGGSVHMRKXSLMW[SVXLERHHMKRMX](SRSXGSRWMHIVLMWFEH[MPPSVLMWREVVS[YRHIVWXERHMRKERHTIVZIVWIMHIEWEWXLIJSVQIVQE]IEWMP]PIEH]SYXSLEXIERHXLI PEXXIV XS HIWTMWI LMQ FYX JM\ ]SYV EXXIRXMSR SRP] YTSR LMW WYJJIVMRKW LMWRIIHWLMWER\MIXMIWLMWTEMRW8LIR]SY[MPPEP[E]WJIIP]SYVOMRWLMT[MXLLMQ]SY [MPP W]QTEXLMWI [MXL LMQ ERH MRWXIEH SJ LEXVIH SV GSRXIQTX ]SY [MPPI\TIVMIRGIXLIGSQQMWIVEXMSRXLEXEPSRIMWXLITIEGIXS[LMGLXLI+SWTIPGEPPWYW 8LI [E]XS OIITHS[R LEXVIH ERH GSRXIQTX MW GIVXEMRP] RSX XS PSSO JSV E
QERWEPPIKIHHMKRMX]FYXSRXLIGSRXVEV]XSVIKEVHLMQEWERSFNIGXSJTMX]
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
;LIR[IGSQTEVIXLIWITVSJSYRHMHIEWSJQSVEPMX]EWXLI]EVIIRXIVXEMRIHF]
SVMIRXEPREXMSRW[MXLXLIGIPIFVEXIHGEVHMREPZMVXYIWSJ4PEXS[LMGLLEZIFIIR
VIGETMXYPEXIHEKEMRERHEKEMR.YWXMGI:EPSYV8IQTIVERGIERH;MWHSQMXMW)HMXSJZSPZMT
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 6/64
TPEMRXLEXXLIPEXXIVEVIRSXFEWIHSRER]GPIEVPIEHMRKMHIEFYXEVIGLSWIRSRKVSYRHW XLEX EVI WYTIVJMGMEP ERH MR TEVX SFZMSYWP] JEPWI :MVXYIW QYWX FIUYEPMXMIWSJXLI[MPPFYX;MWHSQMWGLMIJP]EREXXVMFYXISJXLI-RXIPPIGX?+VIIO
7STLVSW]REIA [LMGL 'MGIVS XVERWPEXIW 8IQTIVERXME MW E ZIV] MRHIJMRMXI ERH
EQFMKYSYW[SVHERHMXEHQMXWXLIVIJSVISJEZEVMIX]SJETTPMGEXMSRWMXQE]QIERHMWGVIXMSRSVEFWXMRIRGISVOIITMRKEPIZIPLIEH'SYVEKIMWRSXEZMVXYIEXEPPEPXLSYKLWSQIXMQIWMXMWEWIVZERXSVMRWXVYQIRXSJZMVXYIFYXMXMWNYWXEW
VIEH] XS FIGSQI XLI WIVZERX SJ XLI KVIEXIWX ZMPPEMR] -X MW VIEPP] E UYEPMX] SJXIQTIVEQIRX )ZIR +IYPMR\ MR XLI TVIJEGI XS XLMW )XLMGW GSRHIQRIH XLI4PEXSRMG ZMVXYIW ERH TYX XLI JSPPS[MRK MR XLIMV TPEGI (MPMKIRGI 3FIHMIRGI.YWXMGI ERH ,YQMPMX] [LMGL EVI SFZMSYWP] FEH 8LI 'LMRIWI HMWXMRKYMWL JMZIGEVHMREP ZMVXYIW 7]QTEXL] .YWXMGI 4VSTVMIX] ;MWHSQ ERH 7MRGIVMX] 8LIZMVXYIWSJ'LVMWXMERMX]EVIXLISPSKMGEPRSXGEVHMREP*EMXL0SZIERH,STI
*YRHEQIRXEPHMWTSWMXMSRXS[EVHWSXLIVWEWWYQMRKXLIGLEVEGXIVIMXLIVSJ)RZ]SVSJ7]QTEXL]MWXLITSMRXEX[LMGLXLIQSVEPZMVXYIWERHZMGIWSJQEROMRH
JMVWXHMZIVKI8LIWIX[SHMEQIXVMGEPP]STTSWMXIUYEPMXMIWI\MWXMRIZIV]QERJSVXLI]WTVMRKJVSQXLIMRIZMXEFPIGSQTEVMWSR[LMGLLIHVE[WFIX[IIRLMWS[RPSX
ERH XLEX SJ SXLIVW %GGSVHMRK EW XLI VIWYPX SJ XLMW GSQTEVMWSR EJJIGXW LMWMRHMZMHYEP GLEVEGXIV HSIW XLI SRI SV XLI SXLIV SJ XLIWI UYEPMXMIW FIGSQI XLI
WSYVGIERH TVMRGMTPI SJEPPLMW EGXMSR)RZ]FYMPHW XLI [EPPFIX[IIR8LIIERH1I XLMGOIV ERH WXVSRKIV 7]QTEXL] QEOIW MX WPMKLX ERH XVERWTEVIRX RE]
WSQIXMQIW MXTYPPWHS[R XLI [EPP EPXSKIXLIVERH XLIR XLI HMWXMRGXMSRFIX[IIRWIPJERHRSXWIPJZERMWLIW
:EPSYV[LMGLLEWFIIRQIRXMSRIHEWEZMVXYISVVEXLIVXLI'SYVEKISR[LMGLMXMWFEWIHJSVZEPSYVMWSRP]GSYVEKIMR[EVHIWIVZIWEGPSWIVI\EQMREXMSR8LIERGMIRXWVIGOSRIH'SYVEKIEQSRKXLIZMVXYIWERHGS[EVHMGIEQSRKXLIZMGIW FYX XLIVI MW RS GSVVIWTSRHMRK MHIE MR XLI 'LVMWXMER WGLIQI [LMGL QEOIW JSV
GLEVMX]ERH TEXMIRGI ERH MRMXW XIEGLMRKJSVFMHW EPP IRQMX] SVIZIR VIWMWXERGI8LIVIWYPXMWXLEX[MXLXLIQSHIVRW'SYVEKIMWRSPSRKIVEZMVXYI2IZIVXLIPIWW
MXQYWXFIEHQMXXIHXLEXGS[EVHMGIHSIWRSXWIIQXSFIZIV]GSQTEXMFPI[MXLER] RSFMPMX] SJ GLEVEGXIVMJ SRP] JSV XLI VIEWSR XLEX MX FIXVE]W ER SZIVKVIEX
ETTVILIRWMSREFSYXSRIWS[RTIVWSR
'SYVEKI LS[IZIV QE] EPWS FI I\TPEMRIH EW E VIEHMRIWW XS QIIX MPPW XLEXXLVIEXIR EX XLI QSQIRX MR SVHIV XS EZSMH KVIEXIV MPPW XLEX PMI MR XLI JYXYVI[LIVIEWGS[EVHMGIHSIWXLIGSRXVEV]&YXXLMWVIEHMRIWWMWSJXLIWEQIUYEPMX]EW TEXMIRGI JSV TEXMIRGI GSRWMWXW MR XLI GPIEV GSRWGMSYWRIWW XLEX KVIEXIV IZMPWXLERXLSWI[LMGLEVITVIWIRXERHXLEXER]ZMSPIRXEXXIQTXXSJPIIJVSQSVKYEVHEKEMRWXXLIMPPW[ILEZIQE]FVMRKXLISXLIVWYTSRYW'SYVEKIXLIR[SYPHFIEOMRHSJTEXMIRGIERHWMRGIMXMWTEXMIRGIXLEXIREFPIWYWXSTVEGXMWIJSVFIEVERGIERHWIPJGSRXVSP'SYVEKIMWXLVSYKLXLIQIHMYQSJTEXMIRGIEXPIEWXEOMRXS
ZMVXYI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 7/64
&YX TIVLETW'SYVEKIEHQMXW SJFIMRK GSRWMHIVIHJVSQELMKLIV TSMRXSJ ZMI[8LI JIEV SJ HIEXL QE] MR IZIV] GEWIFI XVEGIH XS E HIJMGMIRG] MR XLEX REXYVEP TLMPSWSTL]REXYVEPERHXLIVIJSVIVIWXMRKSRQIVIJIIPMRK[LMGLKMZIWEQER
XLIEWWYVERGIXLEXLII\MWXWMRIZIV]XLMRKSYXWMHILMQNYWXEWQYGLEWMRLMWS[R
TIVWSRWSXLEXXLIHIEXLSJLMWTIVWSRGERHSLMQPMXXPILEVQ&YXMXMWNYWXXLMWZIV] EWWYVERGI XLEX [SYPH KMZI E QER LIVSMG 'SYVEKI ERH XLIVIJSVI EW XLIVIEHIV[MPPVIGSPPIGXJVSQQ] )XLMGW'SYVEKIGSQIWJVSQXLIWEQIWSYVGIEW
XLIZMVXYIWSJ.YWXMGIERH,YQERMX]8LMWMW-EHQMXXSXEOIEZIV]LMKLZMI[SJXLI QEXXIV FYX ETEVX JVSQ MX - GERRSX [IPP I\TPEMR [L] GS[EVHMGI WIIQWGSRXIQTXMFPI ERH TIVWSREP GSYVEKI E RSFPI ERH WYFPMQI XLMRK JSV RS PS[IV TSMRXSJZMI[IREFPIWQIXSWII[L]EJMRMXIMRHMZMHYEP[LSMWIZIV]XLMRKXSLMQWIPJRE] [LS MW LMQWIPJ IZIR XLI ZIV] JYRHEQIRXEP GSRHMXMSR SJ XLII\MWXIRGI SJXLI VIWX SJXLI [SVPHWLSYPH RSX TYX LMW S[R TVIWIVZEXMSR EFSZIIZIV]SXLIVEMQ-XMWXLIRERMRWYJJMGMIRXI\TPEREXMSRSJ'SYVEKIXSQEOIMX
VIWXSRP]SRYXMPMX]XSKMZIMXERIQTMVMGEPERHRSXEXVERWGIRHIRXEPGLEVEGXIV-XQE]LEZIFIIRJSVWSQIWYGLVIEWSRXLEX'EPHIVSRSRGIYXXIVIHEWGITXMGEPFYXVIQEVOEFPI STMRMSR MRVIKEVH XS'SYVEKIRE] EGXYEPP] HIRMIH MXW VIEPMX]ERH TYX LMW HIRMEP MRXS XLI QSYXL SJ E [MWI SPH QMRMWXIV EHHVIWWMRK LMW ]SYRKWSZIVIMKR%PXLSYKLLISFWIVZIHREXYVEPJIEVMWSTIVEXMZIMREPPEPMOIEQERQE]FIFVEZIMRRSXPIXXMRKMXFIWIIRERHMXMWXLMWXLEXGSRWXMXYXIW'SYVEKI
5YIEYRUYIIPREXYVEPXIQSV )RXSHSWSFVEMKYEPQIRXI2SQSWXVEVPIIWWIVZEPMIRXI=IWXSIWPSUYILEGIIPZEPSV
-RVIKEVHXSXLIHMJJIVIRGI[LMGL-LEZIQIRXMSRIHFIX[IIRXLIERGMIRXWERHXLIQSHIVRWMRXLIMVIWXMQEXISJ'SYVEKIEWEZMVXYIMXQYWXFIVIQIQFIVIHXLEXF]:MVXYI ZMVXYW ?+VIIO EVIXEIA XLI ERGMIRXW YRHIVWXSSH IZIV] I\GIPPIRGI SV
UYEPMX] XLEX [EW TVEMWI[SVXL] MR MXWIPJ MX QMKLX FI QSVEP SV MRXIPPIGXYEP SV TSWWMFP] SRP] TL]WMGEP &YX [LIR 'LVMWXMERMX] HIQSRWXVEXIH XLEX XLI
JYRHEQIRXEP XIRHIRG] SJ PMJI [EW QSVEP MX [EW QSVEP WYTIVMSVMX] EPSRI XLERLIRGIJSVXL EXXEGLIH XS XLI RSXMSR SJ :MVXYI 1IER[LMPI XLI IEVPMIV YWEKI WXMPP
WYVZMZIHMRXLIIPHIV0EXMRMWXWERHEPWSMR-XEPMER[VMXIVWEWMWTVSZIHF]XLI[IPPORS[R QIERMRK SJ XLI [SVH ZMVXYSWS 8LI WTIGMEP EXXIRXMSR SJ WXYHIRXW
WLSYPHFIHVE[RXSXLMW[MHIVVERKISJXLIMHIESJ:MVXYIEQSRKWXXLIERGMIRXWEWSXLIV[MWIMXQMKLXIEWMP]FIEWSYVGISJWIGVIXTIVTPI\MX]-QE]VIGSQQIRH
X[STEWWEKIWTVIWIVZIHJSVYWF]7XSFEIYW[LMGL[MPPWIVZIXLMWTYVTSWI3RISJXLIQMWETTEVIRXP]JVSQXLI4]XLEKSVIERTLMPSWSTLIV1IXSTSWMR[LMGLXLIJMXRIWWSJIZIV]FSHMP]QIQFIVMWHIGPEVIHXSFIEZMVXYI8LISXLIVTVSRSYRGIWXLEXXLIZMVXYISJEWLSIQEOIVMWXSQEOIKSSHWLSIW8LMWQE]EPWSWIVZIXSI\TPEMR [L] MX MW XLEX MR XLI ERGMIRX WGLIQI SJ IXLMGW ZMVXYIW ERH ZMGIW EVIQIRXMSRIH[LMGLJMRHRSTPEGIMRSYVW
0E,MNEHIP%MV IMM
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 8/64
%WXLITPEGISJ'SYVEKIEQSRKWXXLIZMVXYIWMWE QEXXIVSJHSYFXWSMW XLEXSJ%ZEVMGI EQSRKWX XLI ZMGIW -X QYWX RSX LS[IZIV FI GSRJSYRHIH [MXL KVIIH[LMGLMWXLIQSWXMQQIHMEXIQIERMRKSJXLI0EXMR[SVHEZEVMXME0IXYWXLIR
HVE[ YT ERH I\EQMRI XLI EVKYQIRXW TVS IX GSRXVE MR VIKEVH XS %ZEVMGI ERH
PIEZIXLIJMREPNYHKQIRXXSFIJSVQIHF]IZIV]QERJSVLMQWIPJ
3R XLI SRI LERH MX MW EVKYIH XLEX MX MW RSX %ZEVMGI [LMGL MW E ZMGI FYX
I\XVEZEKERGIMXWSTTSWMXI)\XVEZEKERGIWTVMRKWJVSQEFVYXMWLPMQMXEXMSRXSXLI TVIWIRXQSQIRXMRGSQTEVMWSR[MXL[LMGLXLIJYXYVII\MWXMRKEWMXHSIWSRP]MR
XLSYKLXMWEWRSXLMRK-XVIWXWYTSRXLIMPPYWMSRXLEXWIRWYEPTPIEWYVIWTSWWIWWE TSWMXMZISVVIEPZEPYI%GGSVHMRKP]JYXYVIRIIHERHQMWIV]MWXLITVMGIEX[LMGL
XLIWTIRHXLVMJXTYVGLEWIWTPIEWYVIWXLEXEVIIQTX]JPIIXMRKERHSJXIRRSQSVIXLER MQEKMREV] SV IPWI JIIHW LMW ZEMR WXYTMH WIPJGSRGIMX SR XLI FS[W ERHWGVETIWSJTEVEWMXIW[LSPEYKLEXLMQMRWIGVIXSVSRXLIKE^ISJXLIQSFERH
XLSWI[LSIRZ]LMWQEKRMJMGIRGI;IWLSYPHXLIVIJSVIWLYRXLIWTIRHXLVMJXEWXLSYKLLILEHXLITPEKYIERHSRHMWGSZIVMRKLMWZMGIFVIEO[MXLLMQFIXMQIW
MRSVHIVXLEXPEXIVSR[LIRXLIGSRWIUYIRGIWSJLMWI\XVEZEKERGIIRWYI[IQE]RIMXLIVLEZIXSLIPTXSFIEVXLIQRSVSRXLISXLIVLERHLEZIXSTPE]XLITEVXSJ
XLIJVMIRHWSJ8MQSRSJ%XLIRW
%XXLIWEQIXMQIMXMWRSXXSFII\TIGXIHXLEXLI[LSJSSPMWLP]WUYERHIVWLMWS[RJSVXYRI[MPPPIEZIERSXLIVQERWMRXEGXMJMXWLSYPHGLERGIXSFIGSQQMXXIH
XSLMWOIITMRKRE] WYMTVSJYWYWERHEPMIRMETTIXIRWEVIF]7EPPYWXZIV]VMKLXP]GSRNSMRIH,IRGIMXMWXLEXI\XVEZEKERGIPIEHWRSXSRP]XSMQTSZIVMWLQIRXFYX
EPWS XS GVMQI ERH GVMQI EQSRKWX XLI QSRI]IH GPEWWIW MW EPQSWX EP[E]W XLIVIWYPXSJI\XVEZEKERGI-XMWEGGSVHMRKP][MXLNYWXMGIXLEXXLI /SVERHIGPEVIWEPPWTIRHXLVMJXWXSFIFVSXLIVWSJ7EXER
&YXMXMWWYTIVJPYMX]XLEX%ZEVMGIFVMRKWMRMXWXVEMRERH[LIR[EWWYTIVJPYMX]IZIV YR[IPGSQI# 8LEX QYWX FI E KSSH ZMGI [LMGL LEW KSSH GSRWIUYIRGIW%ZEVMGI TVSGIIHW YTSR XLI TVMRGMTPI XLEX EPP TPIEWYVI MW SRP] RIKEXMZI MR MXWSTIVEXMSR ERH XLEX XLI LETTMRIWW [LMGL GSRWMWXW SJ E WIVMIW SJ TPIEWYVIW MW EGLMQEIVEXLEXSRXLIGSRXVEV]MXMWTEMRW[LMGLEVITSWMXMZIERHI\XVIQIP]VIEP%GGSVHMRKP]XLIEZEVMGMSYWQERJSVIKSIWXLIJSVQIVMRSVHIVXLEXLIQE]FIXLI FIXXIVTVIWIVZIHJVSQXLIPEXXIVERHXLYWMXMWXLEX FIEVERHJSVFIEV WYWXMRIIXEFWXMRIMW LMW QE\MQ %RH FIGEYWI LI ORS[W JYVXLIVLS[ MRI\LEYWXMFPI EVIXLI TSWWMFMPMXMIW SJ QMWJSVXYRI ERH LS[ MRRYQIVEFPI XLI TEXLW SJ HERKIV LIMRGVIEWIWXLIQIERWSJEZSMHMRKXLIQMRSVHIVMJTSWWMFPIXSWYVVSYRHLMQWIPJ[MXL E XVMTPI [EPP SJTVSXIGXMSR ;LS XLIR GER WE] [LIVI TVIGEYXMSR EKEMRWXHMWEWXIVFIKMRWXSFII\EKKIVEXIH#,IEPSRI[LSORS[W[LIVIXLIQEPMKRMX]SJJEXI VIEGLIW MXW PMQMX %RH IZIR MJ TVIGEYXMSR [IVI I\EKKIVEXIH MX MW ER IVVSV[LMGL EX XLI QSWX [SYPHLYVX XLI QER [LS XSSOMX ERH RSXSXLIVW -J LI [MPPRIZIVRIIHXLIXVIEWYVIW[LMGLLIPE]WYTJSVLMQWIPJXLI][MPPSRIHE]FIRIJMX
SXLIVW [LSQ REXYVI LEW QEHI PIWW GEVIJYP 8LEX YRXMP XLIR LI [MXLHVE[W XLIQSRI] JVSQ GMVGYPEXMSR MW RS QMWJSVXYRI JSV QSRI] MW RSX ER EVXMGPI SJ
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 9/64
GSRWYQTXMSR MX SRP] VITVIWIRXW XLI KSSH XLMRKW [LMGL E QER QE] EGXYEPP] TSWWIWWERHMWRSXSRIMXWIPJ'SMRWEVISRP]GSYRXIVWXLIMVZEPYIMW[LEXXLI]VITVIWIRX ERH [LEX XLI] VITVIWIRX GERRSX FI [MXLHVE[R JVSQ GMVGYPEXMSR
1SVISZIVF]LSPHMRKFEGOXLIQSRI]XLI ZEPYISJ XLI VIQEMRHIV [LMGLMW MR
GMVGYPEXMSR MW IRLERGIH F] TVIGMWIP] XLI WEQI EQSYRX )ZIR XLSYKL MX FI XLIGEWIEWMWWEMHXLEXQER]EQMWIVGSQIWMRXLIIRHXSPSZIQSRI]MXWIPJJSVMXWS[RWEOIMXMWIUYEPP]GIVXEMRXLEXQER]EWTIRHXLVMJXSRXLISXLIVLERHPSZIW
WTIRHMRK ERH WUYERHIVMRKJSV RSFIXXIV VIEWSR *VMIRHWLMT [MXL EQMWIVMW RSXSRP][MXLSYXHERKIVFYXMXMWTVSJMXEFPIFIGEYWISJXLIKVIEXEHZERXEKIWMXGER FVMRK*SVMXMWHSYFXPIWWXLSWI[LSEVIRIEVIWXERHHIEVIWXXSXLIQMWIV[LSSRLMWHIEXL[MPPVIETXLIJVYMXWSJXLIWIPJGSRXVSP[LMGLLII\IVGMWIHFYXIZIRMRLMWPMJIXMQIXSSWSQIXLMRKQE]FII\TIGXIHSJLMQMRGEWIWSJKVIEXRIIH%XER]VEXISRIGEREP[E]WLSTIJSVQSVIJVSQLMQXLERJVSQXLIWTIRHXLVMJX[LSLEW PSWX LMW EPP ERH MW LMQWIPJ LIPTPIWW ERH MR HIFX1EW HE IP HYVS UYI IP
HIWRYHSWE]WE7TERMWLTVSZIVFXLIQER[LSLEWELEVHLIEVX[MPPKMZIQSVIXLERXLIQER[LSLEWERIQTX]TYVWI8LIYTWLSXSJEPPXLMWMWXLEX%ZEVMGIMWRSXEZMGI
3RXLISXLIVWMHIMXQE]FIWEMHXLEX%ZEVMGIMWXLIUYMRXIWWIRGISJEPPZMGIW;LIR TL]WMGEP TPIEWYVIW WIHYGI E QER JVSQ XLI VMKLX TEXL MX MW LMW WIRWYEP
REXYVIXLI ERMQEP TEVX SJ LMQ[LMGL MW EX JEYPX ,I MW GEVVMIH E[E] F] MXWEXXVEGXMSRW ERH SZIVGSQI F] XLI MQTVIWWMSR SJ XLI QSQIRX LI EGXW [MXLSYX
XLMROMRKSJXLIGSRWIUYIRGIW;LIRSRXLISXLIVLERHLIMWFVSYKLXF]EKISV FSHMP][IEORIWWXSXLIGSRHMXMSRMR[LMGLXLIZMGIWXLEXLIGSYPHRIZIVEFERHSRIRHF]EFERHSRMRKLMQERHLMWGETEGMX]JSVTL]WMGEPTPIEWYVIHMIWMJLIXYVRWXS%ZEVMGIXLIMRXIPPIGXYEPHIWMVIWYVZMZIWXLIWIRWYEP1SRI][LMGLVITVIWIRXWEPP XLIKSSHXLMRKWSJXLMW[SVPHERHMW XLIWIKSSHXLMRKWMRXLIEFWXVEGXRS[ FIGSQIWXLIHV]XVYROSZIVKVS[R[MXLEPPXLIHIEHPYWXWSJXLIJPIWL[LMGLEVIIKSMWQMRXLIEFWXVEGX8LI]GSQIXSPMJIEKEMRMRXLIPSZISJXLI1EQQSR8LIXVERWMIRX TPIEWYVISJ XLI WIRWIWLEWFIGSQI EHIPMFIVEXIERH GEPGYPEXIHPYWXSJQSRI][LMGLPMOIXLEXXS[LMGLMXMWHMVIGXIHMWW]QFSPMGEPMRMXWREXYVIERHPMOIMXMRHIWXVYGXMFPI
8LMW SFWXMREXI PSZI SJ XLI TPIEWYVIW SJ XLI [SVPHE PSZI [LMGL EW MX [IVISYXPMZIWMXWIPJXLMWYXXIVP]MRGSVVMKMFPIWMRXLMWVIJMRIHERHWYFPMQEXIHHIWMVISJ
XLIJPIWLMWXLIEFWXVEGXJSVQMR[LMGLEPPPYWXWEVIGSRGIRXVEXIHERHXS[LMGLMXWXERHWPMOIEKIRIVEPMHIEXSMRHMZMHYEPTEVXMGYPEVW%GGSVHMRKP]%ZEVMGIMWXLI
ZMGISJEKINYWXEWI\XVEZEKERGIMWXLIZMGISJ]SYXL
8LMW HMWTYXEXMS MR YXVEQUYI TEVXIQXLMW HIFEXI JSV ERH EKEMRWXMW GIVXEMRP]GEPGYPEXIH XS HVMZI YW MRXS EGGITXMRK XLI NYWXIQMPMIYQSVEPMX] SJ %VMWXSXPI EGSRGPYWMSRXLEXMWEPWSWYTTSVXIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRKGSRWMHIVEXMSR
)ZIV]LYQERTIVJIGXMSRMWEPPMIHXSEHIJIGXMRXS[LMGLMXXLVIEXIRWXSTEWWFYXMXMWEPWSXVYIXLEXIZIV]HIJIGXMWEPPMIHXSETIVJIGXMSR,IRGIMXMWXLEXMJEW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 10/64
SJXIRLETTIRW[IQEOIEQMWXEOIEFSYXEQERMXMWFIGEYWIEXXLIFIKMRRMRKSJSYVEGUYEMRXERGI[MXLLMQ[IGSRJSYRHLMWHIJIGXW[MXLXLIOMRHWSJTIVJIGXMSRXS [LMGL XLI] EVI EPPMIH 8LI GEYXMSYW QER WIIQW XS YW E GS[EVH XLI
IGSRSQMGEP QER E QMWIV XLI WTIRHXLVMJX WIIQW PMFIVEP XLI VYHI JIPPS[
HS[RVMKLXERHWMRGIVIXLIJSSPLEVH]TIVWSRPSSOWEWMJLI[IVIKSMRKXS[SVO[MXLERSFPIWIPJGSRJMHIRGIERHWSSRMRQER]SXLIVGEWIW
2S SRI GER PMZI EQSRK QIR [MXLSYX JIIPMRK HVE[R EKEMR ERH EKEMR XS XLIXIQTXMRKWYTTSWMXMSRXLEXQSVEPFEWIRIWWERHMRXIPPIGXYEPMRGETEGMX]EVIGPSWIP]GSRRIGXIH EW XLSYKL XLI] FSXL WTVERK HMVIGX JVSQ SRI WSYVGI 8LEX XLEXLS[IZIVMWRSXWS-LEZIWLS[RMRHIXEMP8LEXMXWIIQWXSFIWSMWQIVIP]HYIXSXLIJEGX XLEXFSXLEVIWSSJXIRJSYRHXSKIXLIVERHXLIGMVGYQWXERGIMWXSFI
I\TPEMRIHF]XLIZIV]JVIUYIRXSGGYVVIRGISJIEGLSJXLIQWSXLEXMXQE]IEWMP]LETTIRJSVFSXLXSFIGSQTIPPIHXSPMZIYRHIVSRIVSSJ%XXLIWEQIXMQIMXMWRSX XSFIHIRMIH XLEXXLI]TPE]MRXSIEGL SXLIVWLERHWXS XLIMVQYXYEPFIRIJMXERHMXMWXLMWXLEXTVSHYGIWXLIZIV]YRIHMJ]MRKWTIGXEGPI[LMGLSRP]XSSQER]
QIR I\LMFMX ERH XLEX QEOIW XLI [SVPH XS KS EW MX KSIW % QER [LS MWYRMRXIPPMKIRXMWZIV]PMOIP]XSWLS[LMWTIVJMH]ZMPPEMR]ERHQEPMGI[LIVIEWE
GPIZIVQERYRHIVWXERHWLS[XSGSRGIEPXLIWIUYEPMXMIW%RHLS[SJXIRSRXLISXLIVLERHHSIWETIVZIVWMX] SJLIEVX TVIZIRXE QERJVSQWIIMRK XVYXLW [LMGL
LMWMRXIPPMKIRGIMWUYMXIGETEFPISJKVEWTMRK
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
&YX MR WTMXI SJ EPP XLMW XLI HMJJIVIRGI IZIR FIX[IIR SRI QER ERH ERSXLIV MWMRGEPGYPEFP]KVIEXERHQER]ESRI[SYPHFILSVVMJMIHXSWIIERSXLIVEWLIVIEPP]MW 3L JSV WSQI %WQSHIYW SJ QSVEPMX] XS QEOI RSX SRP] VSSJW ERH [EPPWXVERWTEVIRX XS LMW JEZSYVMXIW FYX EPWS XS PMJX XLI ZIMP SJ HMWWMQYPEXMSR JVEYHL]TSGVMW]TVIXIRGIJEPWILSSHERHHIGITXMSR[LMGLMWWTVIEHSZIVEPPXLMRKWXSWLS[LS[PMXXPIXVYILSRIWX]XLIVIMWMRXLI[SVPHERHLS[SJXIRIZIR[LIVIMXMWPIEWXXSFII\TIGXIHFILMRHEPPXLII\XIVMSVSYX[SVOSJZMVXYIWIGVIXP]ERHMRXLI MRRIVQSWX VIGIWWIW YRVMKLXISYWRIWW WMXW EX XLI LIPQ -X MW NYWX SR XLMW
EGGSYRXXLEXWSQER]QIRSJXLIFIXXIVOMRHLEZIJSYVJSSXIHJVMIRHWJSVXSFI-RQ]GLMIJ[SVOZSPMMGL\M\
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 11/64
WYVI LS[ MW E QER XS KIX VIPMIJ JVSQ XLI IRHPIWW HMWWMQYPEXMSR JEPWMX] ERHQEPMGISJQEROMRHMJXLIVI[IVIRSHSKWMRXS[LSWILSRIWXJEGIWLIGERPSSO[MXLSYXHMWXVYWX#
*SV[LEXMWSYVGMZMPMWIH[SVPHFYXEFMKQEWUYIVEHI#[LIVI]SYQIIXORMKLXW
TVMIWXW WSPHMIVW QIR SJ PIEVRMRK FEVVMWXIVW GPIVK]QIR TLMPSWSTLIVW ERH -HSRX ORS[ [LEX EPP &YX XLI] EVI RSX [LEX XLI] TVIXIRH XS FI XLI] EVI SRP]
QEWOWERHEWEVYPIFILMRHXLIQEWOW]SY[MPPJMRHQSRI]QEOIVW3RIQER-WYTTSWITYXWSRXLIQEWOSJPE[[LMGLLILEWFSVVS[IHJSVXLITYVTSWIJVSQE
FEVVMWXIV SRP] MR SVHIV XS FI EFPI XS KMZI ERSXLIV QER E WSYRH HVYFFMRK EWIGSRHLEWGLSWIRXLIQEWOSJTEXVMSXMWQERHXLITYFPMG[IPJEVI[MXLEWMQMPEV
MRXIRXEXLMVHXEOIWVIPMKMSRSVTYVMX]SJHSGXVMRI*SVEPPWSVXWSJTYVTSWIWQIRLEZISJXIRTYXSRXLIQEWOSJTLMPSWSTL]ERHIZIRSJTLMPERXLVST]ERH-ORS[RSX[LEXFIWMHIW;SQIRLEZIEWQEPPIVGLSMGI%WEVYPIXLI]EZEMPXLIQWIPZIW
SJ XLI QEWO SJ QSVEPMX] QSHIWX] HSQIWXMGMX] ERH LYQMPMX] 8LIR XLIVI EVIKIRIVEP QEWOW [MXLSYX ER] TEVXMGYPEV GLEVEGXIV EXXEGLMRK XS XLIQ PMOI
HSQMRSIW 8LI] QE] FI QIX [MXL IZIV][LIVI ERH SJ XLMW WSVX MW XLI WXVMGXVIGXMXYHIXLIGSYVXIW]XLIWMRGIVIW]QTEXL]XLIWQMPMRKJVMIRHWLMTXLEXTISTPI
TVSJIWW8LI[LSPISJXLIWIQEWOWEWEVYPIEVIQIVIP]EW-LEZIWEMHEHMWKYMWIJSVWSQIMRHYWXV]GSQQIVGISVWTIGYPEXMSR-XMWQIVGLERXWEPSRI[LSMRXLMW
VIWTIGX GSRWXMXYXI ER] LSRIWX GPEWW 8LI] EVI XLI SRP] TISTPI [LS KMZIXLIQWIPZIW SYX XS FI [LEX XLI] EVI ERH XLIVIJSVI XLI] KS EFSYX [MXLSYX ER]
QEWOEXEPPERHGSRWIUYIRXP]XEOIELYQFPIVERO
-X MW ZIV] RIGIWWEV] XLEX E QER WLSYPH FI ETTVMWIH IEVP] MR PMJI XLEX MX MW EQEWUYIVEHI MR [LMGL LI JMRHW LMQWIPJ *SV SXLIV[MWI XLIVI EVI QER] XLMRKW[LMGL LI [MPP JEMP XS YRHIVWXERH ERH TYX YT [MXL RE] EX [LMGL LI [MPP FIGSQTPIXIP]TY^^PIHERHXLEXQER PSRKIWX SJEPP[LSWI LIEVXMW QEHISJFIXXIVGPE]
)XQIPMSVIPYXSJMR\MXTVEIGSVHME8MXER
7YGLJSV MRWXERGIMW XLI JEZSYVXLEX ZMPPEMR]JMRHWXLI RIKPIGX XLEXQIVMX IZIRXLIVEVIWXERHXLIKVIEXIWXWYJJIVWEXXLILERHWSJXLSWISJXLIWEQITVSJIWWMSRXLI LEXVIH SJ XVYXL ERH KVIEX GETEGMX] XLI MKRSVERGI SJ WGLSPEVW MR XLIMV S[R TVSZMRGIERHXLIJEGXXLEXXVYI[EVIWEVIEPQSWXEP[E]WHIWTMWIHERHXLIQIVIP]WTIGMSYWSRIWMRVIUYIWX8LIVIJSVIPIXIZIRXLI]SYRKFIMRWXVYGXIHFIXMQIWXLEXMR XLMW QEWUYIVEHI XLI ETTPIW EVI SJ [E\ XLI JPS[IVW SJ WMPO XLI JMWL SJ TEWXIFSEVHERHXLEXEPPXLMRKW]IWEPPXLMRKWEVIXS]WERHXVMJPIWERHXLEXSJX[S QIR [LSQ LI QE] WII IEVRIWXP] IRKEKIH MR FYWMRIWW SRI MW WYTTP]MRKWTYVMSYWKSSHWERHXLISXLIVTE]MRKJSVXLIQMRJEPWIGSMR
&YX XLIVI EVI QSVI WIVMSYW VIJPIGXMSRW XS FI QEHI ERH [SVWI XLMRKW XS FI
VIGSVHIH1ERMWEXFSXXSQEWEZEKILSVVMFPIFIEWX;IORS[MXMJSRP]MRXLI.YZIREP7EX
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 12/64
FYWMRIWWSJ XEQMRK ERH VIWXVEMRMRK LMQ [LMGL[IGEPPGMZMPMWEXMSR ,IRGIMXMWXLEX [I EVI XIVVMJMIH MJ RS[ ERH XLIR LMW REXYVI FVIEOW SYX ;LIVIZIV ERH[LIRIZIV XLI PSGOW ERH GLEMRW SJ PE[ ERH SVHIV JEPP SJJ ERH KMZI TPEGI XS
EREVGL] LI WLS[W LMQWIPJ JSV [LEX LI MW &YX MX MW YRRIGIWWEV] XS [EMX JSV
EREVGL]MRSVHIVXSKEMRIRPMKLXIRQIRXSRXLMWWYFNIGX%LYRHVIHVIGSVHWSPHERHRI[TVSHYGIXLIGSRZMGXMSRXLEXMRLMWYRVIPIRXMRKGVYIPX]QERMWMRRS[E]MRJIVMSV XS XLI XMKIV ERH XLI L]EIRE % JSVGMFPI I\EQTPI MW WYTTPMIH F] E
TYFPMGEXMSRSJXLI]IEVIRXMXPIH7PEZIV]ERHXLI-RXIVREP7PEZI8VEHIMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIWSJ2SVXL%QIVMGEFIMRKVITPMIWXSUYIWXMSRWXVERWQMXXIHF]XLI &VMXMWL%RXMWPEZIV]7SGMIX] XS XLI%QIVMGER %RXMWPEZIV] 7SGMIX] 8LMW FSSOGSRWXMXYXIWSRISJXLILIEZMIWXMRHMGXQIRXWEKEMRWXXLILYQERVEGI2SSRIGER TYXMXHS[R[MXLEJIIPMRKSJLSVVSVERHJI[[MXLSYXXIEVW*SV[LEXIZIVXLIVIEHIVQE]LEZIIZIVLIEVHSVMQEKMRIHSVHVIEQXSJXLIYRLETT]GSRHMXMSRSJ WPEZIV] SV MRHIIH SJ LYQER GVYIPX] MR KIRIVEP MX [MPP WIIQ WQEPP XS LMQ
[LIRLIVIEHWSJXLI[E]MR[LMGLXLSWIHIZMPWMRLYQERJSVQXLSWIFMKSXIHGLYVGLKSMRKWXVMGXP]7EFFEXEVMERVEWGEPWERHMRTEVXMGYPEVXLI%RKPMGERTVMIWXWEQSRKXLIQXVIEXIHXLIMVMRRSGIRXFPEGOFVSXLIVW[LSF][VSRKERHZMSPIRGILEHKSXMRXSXLIMVHMEFSPMGEPGPYXGLIW
3XLIV I\EQTPIW EVI JYVRMWLIH F] 8WLYHMW8VEZIPW MR4IVY MR XLI HIWGVMTXMSR
[LMGLLIKMZIWSJXLIXVIEXQIRXSJXLI4IVYZMERWSPHMIVWEXXLILERHWSJXLIMVSJJMGIVWERHF]1EGPISHW8VEZIPWMR)EWXIVR%JVMGE[LIVIXLIEYXLSVXIPPWSJ
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
(IXEMPW SJ XLMW GLEVEGXIV FIPSRK MRHIIH XS XLI FPEGOIWX TEKIW MR XLI GVMQMREP
VIGSVHWSJLYQERMX]&YX[LIREPPMWWEMHMXMWXLIMR[EVHERHMRREXIGLEVEGXIVSJ QER XLMW KSH TEV I\GIPPIRGI SJ XLI 4ERXLIMWXW JVSQ [LMGL XLI] ERH
IZIV]XLMRKPMOIXLIQTVSGIIH-RIZIV]QERXLIVIH[IPPWJMVWXERHJSVIQSWXEGSPSWWEPIKSMWQ[LMGLFVIEOWXLIFSYRHWSJVMKLXERHNYWXMGI[MXLXLIKVIEXIWX
JVIIHSQEWIZIV]HE]PMJIWLS[WSREWQEPPWGEPIERHEWLMWXSV]SRIZIV]TEKISJMXSREPEVKI(SIWRSXXLIVIGSKRMWIHRIIHSJEFEPERGISJTS[IVMR)YVSTI[MXLXLIER\MSYW[E]MR[LMGLMXMWTVIWIVZIHHIQSRWXVEXIXLEXQERMWEFIEWXSJ
8VERWPEXSVW2SX I-J7GLSTIRLEYIV[IVI[VMXMRKXSHE]LI[SYPH[MXLIUYEPXVYXLTSMRXXSXLIQMWIVMIWSJXLI%JVMGERXVEHI-LEZIWPMKLXP]EFVMHKIHXLMWTEWWEKIEWWSQISJXLIIZMPW
EKEMRWX[LMGLLITVSXIWXIHRSPSRKIVI\MWX'J8LI8MQIWXLRHERHVH7ITXERHEPWSXL(IG
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 13/64
TVI][LSRSWSSRIVWIIWE[IEOIVQERRIEVLMQXLERLIJEPPWYTSRLMQ[MXLSYXJEMP#ERHHSIWRSXXLIWEQILSPHKSSHSJXLIEJJEMVWSJSVHMREV]PMJI#
&YXXSXLIFSYRHPIWWIKSMWQSJSYVREXYVIXLIVIMWNSMRIHQSVISVPIWWMRIZIV]LYQERFVIEWX E JYRH SJLEXVIH ERKIV IRZ] VERGSYV ERH QEPMGI EGGYQYPEXIH
PMOI XLI ZIRSQ MR E WIVTIRXW XSSXL ERH [EMXMRK SRP] JSV ER STTSVXYRMX] SJZIRXMRKMXWIPJERHXLIRPMOIEHIQSRYRGLEMRIHSJWXSVQMRKERHVEKMRK-JE
QERLEWRSKVIEXSGGEWMSRJSVFVIEOMRKSYXLI[MPPIRHF]XEOMRKEHZERXEKISJXLI WQEPPIWX ERH F] [SVOMRK MX YT MRXS WSQIXLMRK KVIEX F] XLI EMH SJ LMW
MQEKMREXMSRJSVLS[IZIVWQEPPMXQE]FIMXMWIRSYKLXSVSYWILMWERKIV
5YERXYPEGYRUYIEHISIWXSGGEWMSWYJJMGMXMVEI
ERH XLIR LI [MPP GEVV] MX EW JEV EWLI GER ERH QE] ;I WII XLMW MR HEMP] PMJI
[LIVIWYGLSYXFYVWXWEVI[IPPORS[RYRHIVXLIREQISJZIRXMRKSRIWKEPPSRWSQIXLMRK-X[MPPEPWSLEZIFIIRSFWIVZIHXLEXMJWYGLSYXFYVWXWQIIX[MXLRSSTTSWMXMSR XLI WYFNIGX SJ XLIQ JIIPW HIGMHIHP] XLI FIXXIV JSV XLIQ EJXIV[EVHW8LEX ERKIV MW RSX [MXLSYX MXW TPIEWYVI MW E XVYXL XLEX [EW VIGSVHIH IZIR F]%VMWXSXPI ERH LI UYSXIW E TEWWEKI JVSQ ,SQIV [LS HIGPEVIW ERKIV XS FIW[IIXIVXLERLSRI]&YXRSXMRERKIVEPSRIMRLEXVIHXSS[LMGLWXERHWXSERKIVPMOIEGLVSRMGXSEREGYXIHMWIEWIEQERQE]MRHYPKI[MXLXLIKVIEXIWXHIPMKLX
2S[LEXVIHMWF]JEVXLIPSRKIWXTPIEWYVI1IRPSZIMRLEWXIFYXXLI]HIXIWXEXPIMWYVI
+SFMRIEYMRLMW[SVO 0IW6EGIW,YQEMRIWLEWGEPPIHQERPERMQEPQIGLERXTEVI\GIPPIRGI4ISTPIXEOIXLMWZIV]MPPFIGEYWIXLI]JIIPXLEXMXLMXWXLIQFYXLIMW
UYMXIVMKLXJSVQERMWXLISRP]ERMQEP[LMGLGEYWIWTEMRXSSXLIVW[MXLSYXER]JYVXLIVTYVTSWIXLERNYWXXSGEYWIMX3XLIVERMQEPWRIZIVHSMXI\GITXXSWEXMWJ]
XLIMVLYRKIVSVMRXLIVEKISJGSQFEX-JMXMWWEMHEKEMRWXXLIXMKIVXLEXLIOMPPWQSVIXLERIEXWLIWXVERKPIWLMWTVI]SRP]JSVXLITYVTSWISJIEXMRKMXERHMJLI
GERRSXIEXMXXLISRP]I\TPEREXMSRMWEWXLI*VIRGLTLVEWILEWMXXLEX WIW]IY\ WSRX TPYW KVERHW UYI WSR IWXSQEG 2S ERMQEP IZIV XSVQIRXW ERSXLIV JSV XLI
QIVITYVTSWISJXSVQIRXMRKFYXQER HSIWMXERHMXMW XLMWXLEXGSRWXMXYXIWXLI
HMEFSPMGEP JIEXYVI MR LMW GLEVEGXIV [LMGL MW WS QYGL [SVWI XLER XLI QIVIP]ERMQEP-LEZIEPVIEH]WTSOIRSJXLIQEXXIVMRMXWFVSEHEWTIGXFYXMXMWQERMJIWXIZIRMRWQEPP XLMRKWERH IZIV]VIEHIVLEW EHEMP]STTSVXYRMX] SJSFWIVZMRKMX*SV MRWXERGI MJ X[S PMXXPI HSKW EVI TPE]MRK XSKIXLIVERH [LEX E KIRMEP ERHGLEVQMRKWMKLX MXMWERHE GLMPHSJXLVIISV JSYV]IEVWNSMRW XLIQMXMWEPQSWXMRIZMXEFPIJSVMXXSFIKMRLMXXMRKXLIQ[MXLE[LMTSVWXMGOERHXLIVIF]WLS[MXWIPJIZIREXXLEXEKIPERMQEPQIGLERXTEVI\GIPPIRGI8LIPSZISJXIEWMRKERH TPE]MRKXVMGOW[LMGLMWGSQQSRIRSYKLQE]FIXVEGIHXSXLIWEQIWSYVGI*SV
.YZIREP7EX 6LIX MMM&]VSR (SR.YERG\MMM
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 14/64
MRWXERGIMJEQERLEWI\TVIWWIHLMWERRS]ERGIEXER]MRXIVVYTXMSRSVSXLIVTIXX]MRGSRZIRMIRGI XLIVI [MPP FI RS PEGO SJ TISTPI [LS JSV XLEX ZIV] VIEWSR [MPP FVMRK MX EFSYX ERMQEPQIGLERXTEV I\GIPPIRGI 8LMW MW WS GIVXEMR XLEX E QER
WLSYPHFIGEVIJYPRSXXSI\TVIWWER]ERRS]ERGIEXWQEPPIZMPW3RXLISXLIVLERH
LIWLSYPHEPWSFIGEVIJYPRSXXSI\TVIWWLMWTPIEWYVIEXER]XVMJPIJSVMJLIHSIWWS QIR [MPP EGX PMOI XLI NEMPIV [LS [LIR LI JSYRH XLEX LMW TVMWSRIV LEH TIVJSVQIHXLIPEFSVMSYWXEWOSJXEQMRKEWTMHIVERHXSSOETPIEWYVIMR[EXGLMRK
MXMQQIHMEXIP]GVYWLIHMXYRHIVLMWJSSX PERMQEPQIGLERXTEVI\GIPPIRGI8LMWMW[L]EPPERMQEPWEVIMRWXMRGXMZIP]EJVEMHSJXLIWMKLXSVIZIRSJXLIXVEGOSJEQERXLEXERMQEPQIGLERXTEVI\GIPPIRGIRSVHSIWXLIMVMRWXMRGXXLIQJEPWIJSVMXMWQEREPSRI[LSLYRXWKEQIJSV[LMGLLILEWRSYWIERH[LMGLHSIWLMQRSLEVQ
-XMWEJEGXXLIRXLEXMRXLILIEVXSJIZIV]QERXLIVIPMIWE[MPHFIEWX[LMGLSRP]
[EMXWJSVERSTTSVXYRMX]XSWXSVQERHVEKIMRMXWHIWMVIXSMRJPMGXTEMRSRSXLIVWSVMJXLI]WXERHMRLMW[E]XSOMPPXLIQ-XMWXLMW[LMGLMWXLIWSYVGISJEPPXLI
PYWXSJ[EVERHFEXXPI-RXV]MRKXSXEQIERHXSWSQII\XIRXLSPHMXMRGLIGOXLIMRXIPPMKIRGIMXWETTSMRXIHOIITIVLEWEP[E]WIRSYKLXSHS4ISTPIQE]MJXLI]
TPIEWIGEPPMXXLIVEHMGEPIZMPSJLYQERREXYVIEREQI[LMGL[MPPEXPIEWXWIVZIXLSWI[MXL[LSQE[SVHWXERHWJSVERI\TPEREXMSR-WE]LS[IZIVXLEXMXMWXLI
[MPP XS PMZI [LMGL QSVI ERH QSVI IQFMXXIVIH F] XLI GSRWXERX WYJJIVMRKW SJI\MWXIRGIWIIOWXSEPPIZMEXIMXWS[RXSVQIRXF]GEYWMRKXSVQIRXMRSXLIVW&YXMR
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
&YX MX MW 7GLEHIRJVIYHI E QMWGLMIZSYW HIPMKLX MR XLI QMWJSVXYRIW SJ SXLIVW
[LMGLVIQEMRWXLI[SVWXXVEMX MRLYQER REXYVI-XMWEJIIPMRK[LMGLMW GPSWIP]EOMRXSGVYIPX]ERHHMJJIVWJVSQMXXSWE]XLIXVYXLSRP]EWXLISV]JVSQTVEGXMGI
-RKIRIVEPMXQE]FIWEMHSJMXXLEXMXXEOIWXLITPEGI[LMGLTMX]SYKLXXSXEOI TMX][LMGLMWMXWSTTSWMXIERHXLIXVYIWSYVGISJEPPVIEPNYWXMGIERHGLEVMX]
)RZ] MW EPWS STTSWIH XS TMX] FYX MR ERSXLIV WIRWI IRZ] XLEX MW XS WE] MW TVSHYGIHF]EGEYWIHMVIGXP]ERXEKSRMWXMGXSXLEX[LMGLTVSHYGIWXLIHIPMKLXMRQMWGLMIJ8LISTTSWMXMSRFIX[IIRTMX]ERHIRZ]SRXLISRILERHERHTMX]ERHXLIHIPMKLXMRQMWGLMIJSRXLISXLIVVIWXWMRXLIQEMRSRXLISGGEWMSRW[LMGLGEPPXLIQJSVXL-RXLIGEWISJIRZ]MXMWSRP]EWEHMVIGXIJJIGXSJXLIGEYWI[LMGL
I\GMXIWMXXLEX[IJIIPMXEXEPP8LEXMWNYWXXLIVIEWSR[L]IRZ]EPXLSYKLMXMWEVITVILIRWMFPI JIIPMRK WXMPP EHQMXW SJ WSQI I\GYWI ERH MW MR KIRIVEP E ZIV]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 15/64
LYQERUYEPMX][LIVIEWXLIHIPMKLXMRQMWGLMIJMWHMEFSPMGEPERHMXWXEYRXWEVIXLIPEYKLXIVSJLIPP
8LIHIPMKLXMRQMWGLMIJEW-LEZIWEMHXEOIWXLITPEGI[LMGLTMX]SYKLXXSXEOI)RZ]SRXLIGSRXVEV]JMRHWETPEGISRP][LIVIXLIVIMWRSMRHYGIQIRXXSTMX]
SVVEXLIVERMRHYGIQIRXXSMXWSTTSWMXIERHMXMWNYWXEWXLMWSTTSWMXIXLEXIRZ]EVMWIW MR XLI LYQER FVIEWX ERH WS JEV XLIVIJSVI MX QE] WXMPP FI VIGOSRIH E
LYQERWIRXMQIRX2E]-EQEJVEMHXLEXRSSRI[MPPFIJSYRHXSFIIRXMVIP]JVIIJVSQMX*SVXLEXEQERWLSYPHJIIPLMWS[RPEGOSJXLMRKWQSVIFMXXIVP]EXXLI
WMKLX SJ ERSXLIVW HIPMKLX MR XLI IRNS]QIRX SJ XLIQ MW REXYVEP RE] MX MWMRIZMXEFPIFYXXLMWWLSYPHRSXVSYWILMWLEXVIHSJXLIQER[LSMWLETTMIVXLER
LMQWIPJ-XMWNYWXXLMWLEXVIHLS[IZIVMR[LMGLXVYIIRZ]GSRWMWXW0IEWXSJEPPWLSYPHEQERFIIRZMSYW[LIRMXMWEUYIWXMSRRSXSJXLIKMJXWSJJSVXYRISVGLERGISVERSXLIVWJEZSYVFYXSJXLIKMJXWSJREXYVIFIGEYWIIZIV]XLMRKXLEXMW
MRREXIMREQERVIWXWSREQIXETL]WMGEPFEWMWERHTSWWIWWIWNYWXMJMGEXMSRSJELMKLIVOMRHMXMWWSXSWTIEOKMZIRLMQF](MZMRIKVEGI&YXYRLETTMP]MXMW
NYWXMRXLIGEWISJTIVWSREPEHZERXEKIWXLEXIRZ]MWQSWXMVVIGSRGMPEFPI8LYWMXMWXLEXMRXIPPMKIRGISVIZIRKIRMYWGERRSXKIXSRMRXLI[SVPH[MXLSYXFIKKMRK
TEVHSRJSVMXWI\MWXIRGI[LIVIZIVMXMWRSXMRETSWMXMSRXSFIEFPITVSYHP]ERH FSPHP]XSHIWTMWIXLI[SVPH
-RSXLIV[SVHWMJIRZ]MWEVSYWIHSRP]F][IEPXLVEROSVTS[IVMXMWSJXIROITX
HS[R F] IKSMWQ [LMGL TIVGIMZIW XLEX SR SGGEWMSR EWWMWXERGI IRNS]QIRXWYTTSVXTVSXIGXMSREHZERGIQIRXERHWSSRQE]FILSTIHJSVJVSQXLISFNIGX
SJIRZ]SVXLEXEXPIEWXF]MRXIVGSYVWI[MXLLMQEQERQE]LMQWIPJ[MRLSRSYVJVSQXLIVIJPIGXIHPMKLXSJLMWWYTIVMSVMX]ERHLIVIXSSXLIVIMWXLILSTISJSRIHE]EXXEMRMRKEPPXLSWIEHZERXEKIWLMQWIPJ3RXLISXLIVLERHMRXLIIRZ]XLEXMWHMVIGXIH XS REXYVEP KMJXW ERH TIVWSREP EHZERXEKIW PMOI FIEYX] MR [SQIR SVMRXIPPMKIRGIMRQIRXLIVIMWRSGSRWSPEXMSRSVLSTISJSRIOMRHSVXLISXLIVWS
XLEX RSXLMRK VIQEMRW FYX XS MRHYPKI E FMXXIV ERH MVVIGSRGMPEFPI LEXVIH SJ XLI TIVWSR[LSTSWWIWWIWXLIWITVMZMPIKIWERHLIRGIXLISRP]VIQEMRMRKHIWMVIMWXS
XEOIZIRKIERGISRLMQ
&YXLIVIXLIIRZMSYWQERJMRHWLMQWIPJMRERYRJSVXYREXITSWMXMSRJSVEPPLMW FPS[W JEPP TS[IVPIWW EW WSSR EW MX MW ORS[R XLEX XLI] GSQI JVSQ LMQ%GGSVHMRKP]LILMHIWLMWJIIPMRKWEWGEVIJYPP]EWMJXLI][IVIWIGVIXWMRWERHWS FIGSQIW ER MRI\LEYWXMFPI MRZIRXSV SJ XVMGOW ERH EVXMJMGIW ERH HIZMGIW JSVGSRGIEPMRK ERH QEWOMRK LMW TVSGIHYVI MR SVHIV XLEX YRTIVGIMZIH LI QE][SYRHXLISFNIGXSJLMWIRZ]*SVMRWXERGI[MXLEREMVSJXLIYXQSWXYRGSRGIVRLI[MPPMKRSVIXLIEHZERXEKIW[LMGLEVIIEXMRKLMWLIEVXSYXLI[MPPRIMXLIVWIIXLIQRSVORS[XLIQRSVLEZISFWIVZIHSVIZIRLIEVHSJXLIQERHXLYWQEOILMQWIPJ E QEWXIV MR XLI EVX SJ HMWWMQYPEXMSR ;MXL KVIEX GYRRMRK LI [MPPGSQTPIXIP]SZIVPSSOXLIQER[LSWIFVMPPMERXUYEPMXMIWEVIKRE[MRKEXLMWLIEVX
ERHEGXEWXLSYKLLI[IVIUYMXIERYRMQTSVXERXTIVWSRLI[MPPXEOIRSRSXMGISJLMQERHSRSGGEWMSR[MPPLEZIIZIRUYMXIJSVKSXXIRLMWI\MWXIRGI&YXEXXLI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 16/64
WEQIXMQILI[MPPFIJSVIEPPXLMRKWIRHIEZSYVF]WIGVIXQEGLMREXMSRGEVIJYPP]XSHITVMZI XLSWI EHZERXEKIW SJ ER] STTSVXYRMX] SJ WLS[MRK XLIQWIPZIW ERH FIGSQMRKORS[R8LIRSYXSJLMWHEVOGSVRIVLI[MPPEXXEGOXLIWIUYEPMXMIW[MXL
GIRWYVI QSGOIV]VMHMGYPIERH GEPYQR]PMOIXLI XSEH [LMGLWTYVXW MXW TSMWSR
JVSQELSPI2SPIWW[MPPLIIRXLYWMEWXMGEPP]TVEMWIYRMQTSVXERXTISTPISVIZIRMRHMJJIVIRXSVFEHTIVJSVQERGIWMRXLIWEQIWTLIVI-RWLSVXLI[MPPFIGSQIWE4VSXIEW MR WXVEXEKIQ MR SVHIV XS [SYRH SXLIVW [MXLSYX WLS[MRK LMQWIPJ &YX
[LEXMWXLIYWISJMX#8LIXVEMRIHI]IVIGSKRMWIWLMQMRWTMXISJMXEPP,IFIXVE]WLMQWIPJMJF]RSXLMRKIPWIF]XLI[E]MR[LMGLLIXMQMHP]EZSMHWERHJPMIWJVSQXLISFNIGXSJLMWIRZ][LSWXERHWXLIQSVIGSQTPIXIP]EPSRIXLIQSVIFVMPPMERXLIMWERHXLMWMWXLIVIEWSR[L]TVIXX]KMVPWLEZIRSJVMIRHWSJXLIMVS[RWI\,I FIXVE]WLMQWIPJXSS F]XLI GEYWIPIWW LEXVIH[LMGL LI WLS[WE LEXVIH[LMGLJMRHWZIRXMREZMSPIRXI\TPSWMSREXER]GMVGYQWXERGILS[IZIVXVMZMEPXLSYKLMXMWSJXIRSRP]XLITVSHYGXSJLMWMQEKMREXMSR,S[QER]WYGLQIRXLIVIEVIMR
XLI[SVPHQE]FIVIGSKRMWIHF]XLIYRMZIVWEPTVEMWISJQSHIWX]XLEXMWSJEZMVXYIMRZIRXIHSRFILEPJSJHYPPERHGSQQSRTPEGITISTPI2IZIVXLIPIWWMXMWEZMVXYI [LMGL F] I\LMFMXMRK XLI RIGIWWMX] JSV HIEPMRK GSRWMHIVEXIP] [MXL XLI[VIXGLIHTPMKLXSJXLIWITISTPIMWNYWX[LEXGEPPWEXXIRXMSRXSMX
*SVSYV WIPJGSRWGMSYWRIWWERH SYV TVMHIXLIVI GER FIRSXLMRK QSVI JPEXXIVMRK
XLERXLIWMKLXSJIRZ]PYVOMRKMRMXWVIXVIEXERHTPSXXMRKMXWWGLIQIWFYXRIZIVPIXEQERJSVKIXXLEX[LIVIXLIVIMWIRZ]XLIVIMWLEXVIHERHPIXLMQFIGEVIJYP
RSXXSQEOIEJEPWIJVMIRHSYXSJER]IRZMSYWTIVWSR8LIVIJSVIMXMWMQTSVXERXXSSYVWEJIX]XSPE]IRZ]FEVIERHEQERWLSYPHWXYH]XSHMWGSZIVMXWXVMGOWEWMXMWIZIV][LIVIXSFIJSYRHERHEP[E]WKSIWEFSYX MRGSKRMXSSVEW-LEZIWEMHPMOIE ZIRSQSYW XSEH MX PYVOW MR HEVO GSVRIVW -X HIWIVZIW RIMXLIV UYEVXIV RSVW]QTEXL]FYXEW[IGERRIZIVVIGSRGMPIMXPIXSYVVYPISJGSRHYGXFIXSWGSVRMX[MXLEKSSHLIEVXERHEWSYVLETTMRIWWERHKPSV]MWXSVXYVIXSMX[IQE]VINSMGIMRMXWWYJJIVMRKW
(IR2IMH[MVWXRMQQIVHYZIVWSILRIR7SQEKWXHYMLRKIXVSWXZIVLSILRIR(IMR+PYIGOHIMR6YLQMWXMLQIMR0IMHIR
1EKWXHVYQERWIMRIV5YEEPHMGL[IMHIR
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
WMRQEPYQTSIREI[MXLQEPYQGYPTEI*VSQXLIWEQITSMRXSJZMI[[IPSWISYVMRHMKREXMSREXXLEXMRXIPPIGXYEPMRGETEGMX]SJXLIKVIEXQENSVMX]SJQEROMRH
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 17/64
[LMGL MR PMJI WS SJXIR HMWKYWXW YW -R XLMW 7ERWEVE EW XLI &YHHLMWXW GEPP MXLYQERQMWIV]LYQERHITVEZMX]ERHLYQERJSPP]GSVVIWTSRH[MXLSRIERSXLIV TIVJIGXP]ERHXLI]EVISJPMOIQEKRMXYHI&YXMJSRWSQIWTIGMEPMRHYGIQIRX
[IHMVIGXSYVKE^IXSSRISJXLIQERHWYVZI]MXMRTEVXMGYPEVMXWIIQWXSI\GIIH
XLI SXLIV X[S 8LMW LS[IZIV MW ER MPPYWMSR ERH QIVIP] XLI IJJIGX SJ XLIMVGSPSWWEPVERKI
%PPXLMRKWTVSGPEMQXLMW7ERWEVEQSVIXLEREPPIPWIXLI[SVPHSJQEROMRHMR[LMGL JVSQ E QSVEP TSMRX SJ ZMI[ ZMPPEMR] ERH FEWIRIWW ERH JVSQ ER
MRXIPPIGXYEP TSMRX SJ ZMI[ MRGETEGMX] ERH WXYTMHMX] TVIZEMP XS E LSVVMJ]MRKI\XIRX 2IZIVXLIPIWW XLIVI ETTIEV MR MX EPXLSYKL ZIV] WTEWQSHMGEPP] ERH
EP[E]WEWEJVIWLWYVTVMWIQERMJIWXEXMSRWSJLSRIWX]SJKSSHRIWWRE]IZIRSJRSFMPMX] ERH EPWS SJ KVIEX MRXIPPMKIRGI SJ XLI XLMROMRK QMRH SJ KIRMYW 8LI]RIZIVUYMXIZERMWLFYXPMOIWMRKPITSMRXWSJPMKLXKPIEQYTSRYWSYXSJXLIKVIEX
HEVOQEWW;IQYWXEGGITXXLIQEWETPIHKIXLEXXLMW7ERWEVEGSRXEMRWEKSSHERHVIHIIQMRKTVMRGMTPI[LMGLMWGETEFPISJFVIEOMRKXLVSYKLERHSJJMPPMRKERH
JVIIMRKXLI[LSPISJMX
8LIVIEHIVWSJQ] )XLMGWORS[XLEX[MXLQIXLIYPXMQEXIJSYRHEXMSRSJQSVEPMX]MWXLIXVYXL[LMGLMRXLI:IHEWERHXLI:IHERXEVIGIMZIWMXWI\TVIWWMSRMRXLIIWXEFPMWLIH Q]WXMGEPJSVQYPE8EXX[EQEWM 8LMW MW XL]WIPJ [LMGLMWWTSOIR[MXL VIJIVIRGI XS IZIV] PMZMRK XLMRK FI MX QER SV FIEWX ERH MW GEPPIH XLI
1ELEZEO]EXLIKVIEX[SVH
%GXMSRW [LMGLTVSGIIH MREGGSVHERGI [MXL XLMW TVMRGMTPI WYGL EWXLSWISJXLI TLMPERXLVSTMWX QE] MRHIIH FI VIKEVHIH EW XLI FIKMRRMRK SJ Q]WXMGMWQ )ZIV] FIRIJMXVIRHIVIH[MXLETYVIMRXIRXMSRTVSGPEMQWXLEXXLIQER[LSI\IVGMWIWMXEGXWMRHMVIGXGSRJPMGX[MXLXLI[SVPHSJETTIEVERGIJSVLIVIGSKRMWIWLMQWIPJEWMHIRXMGEP[MXLERSXLIVMRHMZMHYEP[LSI\MWXWMRGSQTPIXIWITEVEXMSRJVSQLMQ%GGSVHMRKP] EPP HMWMRXIVIWXIH OMRHRIWW MW MRI\TPMGEFPI MX MW E Q]WXIV] ERHLIRGI MR SVHIV XS I\TPEMR MX E QER LEW XS VIWSVX XS EPP WSVXW SJ JMGXMSRW ;LIR/ERXLEHHIQSPMWLIHEPPSXLIVEVKYQIRXWJSVXLIMWQLIEHQMXXIHSRISRP]XLEXMXKEZIXLIFIWXMRXIVTVIXEXMSRERHWSPYXMSRSJWYGLQ]WXIVMSYWEGXMSRWERHSJEPPSXLIVW PMOI XLIQ ,I XLIVIJSVI EPPS[IH MX XS WXERH EW E TVIWYQTXMSRYRWYWGITXMFPI MRHIIH SJ XLISVIXMGEP TVSSJ FYX ZEPMH JVSQ E TVEGXMGEP TSMRX SJZMI[-QE]LS[IZIVI\TVIWWQ]HSYFXW[LIXLIVLI[EWUYMXIWIVMSYWEFSYXMX*SV XS QEOI QSVEPMX] VIWX SR XLIMWQ MW VIEPP] XS VIHYGI QSVEPMX] XS IKSMWQEPXLSYKLXLI)RKPMWLMXMWXVYIEWEPWSXLIPS[IWXGPEWWIWSJWSGMIX][MXLYWHSRSXTIVGIMZIXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJER]SXLIVJSYRHEXMSRJSVMX
8LI EFSZIQIRXMSRIH VIGSKRMXMSR SJ E QERW S[R XVYI FIMRK MR ERSXLIV
MRHMZMHYEPSFNIGXMZIP]TVIWIRXIHXSLMQMWI\LMFMXIHMRETEVXMGYPEVP]FIEYXMJYPERHGPIEV[E]MRXLIGEWIWMR[LMGLEQEREPVIEH]HIWXMRIHXSHIEXLFI]SRHER]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 18/64
LSTISJVIWGYIKMZIW LMQWIPJYTXS XLI [IPJEVISJSXLIVW[MXLKVIEXWSPMGMXYHIERH ^IEP ERH XVMIW XS WEZI XLIQ 3J XLMW OMRH MW XLI [IPPORS[R WXSV] SJ EWIVZERX[LS[EWFMXXIRMREGSYVX]EVHEXRMKLXF]EQEHHSK-RXLIFIPMIJXLEX
WLI[EWFI]SRHLSTIWLIWIM^IHXLIHSKERHHVEKKIHMXMRXSEWXEFPI[LMGLWLI
XLIRPSGOIHWSXLEXRSSRIIPWIQMKLXFIFMXXIR8LIREKEMRXLIVIMWXLIMRGMHIRXMR2ETPIW[LMGL8MWGLFIMRLEWMQQSVXEPMWIHMRSRISJLMWEUYEVIPPIW%WSRJPIIMRKJVSQXLIPEZE[LMGLMWVETMHP]WXVIEQMRKXS[EVHXLIWIEMWGEVV]MRKLMW
EKIHJEXLIVSRLMWFEGO;LIRXLIVIMWSRP]EREVVS[WXVMTSJPERHPIJXFIX[IIRXLIHIZSYVMRKIPIQIRXWXLIJEXLIVFMHWXLIWSRTYXLMQHS[RWSXLEXXLIWSRQE]WEZILMQWIPJF]JPMKLXEWSXLIV[MWIFSXL[MPPFIPSWX8LIWSRSFI]WERHEWLIKSIWGEWXWEKPERGISJJEVI[IPPSRLMWJEXLIV8LMWMWXLIQSQIRXHITMGXIH8LILMWXSVMGEPGMVGYQWXERGI[LMGL7GSXXVITVIWIRXWMRLMWQEWXIVP][E]MR 8LI ,IEVX SJ1MHPSXLMER GLET MM MW SJ E TVIGMWIP] WMQMPEV OMRH [LIVI SJ X[SHIPMRUYIRXWGSRHIQRIH XSHIEXL XLI SRI [LS F]LMWE[O[EVHRIWWGEYWIHXLI
GETXYVI SJ XLI SXLIV LETTMP] WIXW LMQ JVII MR XLI GLETIP F] SZIVTS[IVMRK XLIKYEVHEJXIVXLII\IGYXMSRWIVQSR[MXLSYXEXXLIWEQIXMQIQEOMRKER]EXXIQTXSR LMW S[R FILEPJ 2E] MR XLI WEQI GEXIKSV] QYWX EPWS FI TPEGIH XLI WGIRI[LMGL MW VITVIWIRXIH MR E GSQQSR IRKVEZMRK [LMGL QE] TIVLETW FISFNIGXMSREFPIXS[IWXIVRVIEHIVW-QIERXLISRIMR[LMGLEWSPHMIVORIIPMRKXS FIWLSXMWXV]MRKF][EZMRKEGPSXLXSJVMKLXIRE[E]LMWHSK[LS[ERXWXSGSQIXSLMQ
-REPP XLIWI GEWIW [I WII ER MRHMZMHYEP MR XLI JEGI SJ LMW S[R MQQIHMEXI ERHGIVXEMRHIWXVYGXMSRRSPSRKIVXLMROMRKSJWEZMRKLMQWIPJWSXLEXLIQE]HMVIGXXLI[LSPISJLMWIJJSVXWXSWEZMRKWSQISRIIPWI,S[GSYPHXLIVIFIEGPIEVIVI\TVIWWMSR SJ XLI GSRWGMSYWRIWW XLEX [LEX MW FIMRK HIWXVS]IH MW SRP] E TLIRSQIRSRERHXLEXXLIHIWXVYGXMSRMXWIPJMWSRP]ETLIRSQIRSRXLEXSRXLISXLIVLERHXLIVIEPFIMRKSJXLIQER[LSQIIXWLMWHIEXLMWYRXSYGLIHF]XLEXIZIRXERHPMZIWSRMRXLISXLIVQERMR[LSQIZIRRS[EWLMWEGXMSRFIXVE]WLIWSGPIEVP]TIVGIMZIWMXXSI\MWX#*SVMJXLMW[IVIRSXWSERHMX[EWLMWVIEP FIMRK [LMGL [EW EFSYX XS FI ERRMLMPEXIH LS[ GSYPH XLEX FIMRK WTIRH MXW PEWXIJJSVXW MR WLS[MRK WYGL ER EVHIRX W]QTEXL] MR XLI [IPJEVI ERH GSRXMRYIHI\MWXIRGISJERSXLIV#
8LIVIEVIX[SHMJJIVIRX[E]WMR[LMGLEQERQE]FIGSQIGSRWGMSYWSJLMWS[R
I\MWXIRGI 3R XLI SRI LERH LI QE] LEZI ER IQTMVMGEP TIVGITXMSR SJ MX EW MXQERMJIWXW MXWIPJ I\XIVREPP]WSQIXLMRK WS WQEPP XLEX MX ETTVSEGLIW ZERMWLMRK
TSMRXWIXMRE [SVPH[LMGLEW VIKEVHWXMQIERHWTEGIMW MRJMRMXI SRISRP]SJXLI XLSYWERH QMPPMSRW SJ LYQER GVIEXYVIW [LS VYR EFSYX SR XLMW TPERIX JSV EZIV] FVMIJ TIVMSH ERH EVI VIRI[IH IZIV] XLMVX] ]IEVW 3R XLI SXLIV LERH F]KSMRKHS[RMRXSXLIHITXLWSJLMWS[RREXYVIEQERQE]FIGSQIGSRWGMSYWXLEXLIMWEPPMREPPXLEXMRJEGXLIMWXLISRP]VIEPFIMRKERHXLEXMREHHMXMSRXLMW VIEP FIMRK TIVGIMZIW MXWIPJ EKEMR MR SXLIVW [LS TVIWIRX XLIQWIPZIW JVSQ
[MXLSYXEWXLSYKLXLI]JSVQIHEQMVVSVSJLMQWIPJ
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 19/64
3J XLIWI X[S [E]W MR [LMGL E QER QE] GSQI XS ORS[ [LEX LI MW XLI JMVWXKVEWTW XLI TLIRSQIRSR EPSRI XLI QIVI TVSHYGX SJ XLI TVMRGMTPI SJMRHMZMHYEXMSR[LIVIEWXLIWIGSRHQEOIWEQERMQQIHMEXIP]GSRWGMSYWXLEXLI
MWXLIXLMRKMRMXWIPJ 8LMWMWEHSGXVMRIMR[LMGLEWVIKEVHWXLIJMVWX[E]-LEZI
/ERXERHEWVIKEVHWFSXL-LEZIXLI:IHEWXSWYTTSVXQI
8LIVIMWMXMWXVYIEWMQTPISFNIGXMSRXSXLIWIGSRHQIXLSH-XQE]FIWEMHXS
EWWYQI XLEX SRI ERH XLI WEQI FIMRK GER I\MWX MR HMJJIVIRX TPEGIW EX XLI WEQIXMQIERH]IXFIGSQTPIXIMRIEGLSJXLIQ%PXLSYKLJVSQERIQTMVMGEPTSMRXSJ
ZMI[XLMWMWXLIQSWXTEPTEFPIMQTSWWMFMPMX]RE]EFWYVHMX]MXMWRIZIVXLIPIWW TIVJIGXP] XVYI SJ XLI XLMRKMRMXWIPJ 8LI MQTSWWMFMPMX] ERH XLI EFWYVHMX] SJ MX
IQTMVMGEPP]EVISRP]HYIXSXLIJSVQW[LMGLTLIRSQIREEWWYQIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVMRGMTPISJMRHMZMHYEXMSR*SVXLIXLMRKMRMXWIPJXLI[MPPXSPMZII\MWXW[LSPIERHYRHMZMHIH MRIZIV] FIMRK IZIRMRXLIWQEPPIWX EWGSQTPIXIP] EWMR
XLIWYQXSXEPSJEPPXLMRKWXLEXIZIV[IVISVEVISV[MPPFI8LMWMW[L]IZIV] FIMRK IZIR XLI WQEPPIWX WE]W XS MXWIPJ 7S PSRK EW - EQ WEJI PIX XLI [SVPH
TIVMWLHYQ IKS WEPZYW WMQ TIVIEX QYRHYW %RH MR XVYXL IZIR MJ SRP] SRIMRHMZMHYEP[IVIPIJXMRXLI[SVPHERHEPPXLIVIWX[IVIXSTIVMWLXLISRIXLEX
VIQEMRIH[SYPH WXMPPTSWWIWW XLI [LSPIWIPJFIMRKSJ XLI [SVPH YRMRNYVIH ERHYRHMQMRMWLIH ERH [SYPHPEYKLEX XLI HIWXVYGXMSRSJXLI [SVPHEW ER MPPYWMSR
8LMW GSRGPYWMSR TIV MQTSWWMFPI QE] FI FEPERGIH F] XLI GSYRXIVGSRGPYWMSR[LMGLMWSREPPJSYVW[MXLMXXLEXMJXLEXPEWXMRHMZMHYEP[IVIXSFIERRMLMPEXIHMR
ERH[MXLLMQXLI[LSPI[SVPH[SYPHFIHIWXVS]IH-X[EWMRXLMWWIRWIXLEXXLIQ]WXMG%RKIPEW7MPIWMYWHIGPEVIHXLEX+SHGSYPHRSXPMZIJSVEQSQIRX[MXLSYXLMQ ERH XLEX MJ LI [IVI XS FI ERRMLMPEXIH +SH QYWX SJ RIGIWWMX] KMZI YT XLIKLSWX
-GL[IMWWHEWWSLRIQMGL+SXXRMGLXIMR2YOERRPIFIR;IVHMGL̂ YRMGLXIVQYWWZSR2SXLHIR+IMWXEYJKIFIR
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
8VERWPEXSVW2SXI%RKIPYW7MPIWMYWWII'SYRWIPWERH1E\MQWT? )HMXSV 7IGXMSR
*SSXRSXIARSXI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 20/64
+SZIVRQIRX
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
[LMQSJXLITVSJIWWSVJSVXLIXMQIFIMRK8LIGPIEVIWXERHWMQTPIWXVIPEXMSRWSJPMJIWYGL EWEJJIGX YW HMVIGXP] EVI XLYW QEHI UYMXIYRMRXIPPMKMFPI XSXLI KVIEX
HIXVMQIRX SJ XLI ]SYRK TISTPI [LS EVI IHYGEXIH MR WYGL E WGLSSP 8LIWIVIPEXMSRWXLIQWIPZIW EVI TIVJIGXP]WMQTPI ERH IEWMP] YRHIVWXSSHEW XLI VIEHIV
QE]GSRZMRGILMQWIPJMJLI[MPPXYVRXSXLIEGGSYRX[LMGL-LEZIKMZIRSJXLIQMRXLI *SYRHEXMSRSJ1SVEPMX]7IGERHMRQ]GLMIJ[SVOFOM7IG
&YX EXXLIWSYRHSJ GIVXEMR[SVHW PMOI6MKLX *VIIHSQXLI+SSH&IMRKXLMWRYKEXSV] MRJMRMXMZI SJ XLI GYTSPEERH QER] SXLIVW SJ XLI WEQI WSVX XLI+IVQERWLIEHFIKMRWXSW[MQERHJEPPMRKWXVEMKLX[E]MRXSEOMRHSJHIPMVMYQLIPEYRGLIWJSVXLMRXSLMKLJPS[RTLVEWIW[LMGLLEZIRSQIERMRK[LEXIZIV,IXEOIW XLI QSWX VIQSXI ERH IQTX] GSRGITXMSRW ERH WXVMRKW XLIQ XSKIXLIV
EVXMJMGMEPP] MRWXIEH SJ JM\MRK LMW I]IW SR XLI JEGXW ERH PSSOMRK EX XLMRKW ERHVIPEXMSRW EW XLI] VIEPP] EVI -X MW XLIWI XLMRKW ERH VIPEXMSRW [LMGL WYTTP] XLI
MHIEW SJ 6MKLX ERH *VIIHSQ ERH KMZI XLIQ XLI SRP] XVYI QIERMRK XLEX XLI] TSWWIWW
8LIQER[LSWXEVXWJVSQXLITVIGSRGIMZIHSTMRMSRXLEXXLIGSRGITXMSRSJ6MKLX
QYWXFIETSWMXMZISRIERHXLIREXXIQTXWXSHIJMRIMX[MPPJEMPJSVLIMWXV]MRKXSKVEWT E WLEHS[ XS TYVWYI E WTIGXVI XS WIEVGL JSV [LEX HSIW RSX I\MWX 8LIGSRGITXMSR SJ 6MKLX MW E RIKEXMZI SRI PMOI XLI GSRGITXMSR SJ *VIIHSQ MXWGSRXIRX MW QIVI RIKEXMSR -X MW XLI GSRGITXMSR SJ ;VSRK [LMGL MW TSWMXMZI
;VSRK LEW XLI WEQI WMKRMJMGERGI EW MRNYV]PEIWMSMRXLI[MHIWXWIRWISJXLIXIVQ%RMRNYV]QE]FIHSRIIMXLIVXSEQERWTIVWSRSVXSLMWTVSTIVX]SVXSLMWLSRSYVERHEGGSVHMRKP]EQERWVMKLXWEVIIEW]XSHIJMRIIZIV]SRILEWEVMKLXXSHSER]XLMRKXLEXMRNYVIWRSSRIIPWI
8SLEZIEVMKLXXSHSSVGPEMQEXLMRKQIERWRSXLMRKQSVIXLERXSFIEFPIXSHSSVXEOISVZMWIMX[MXLSYXXLIVIF]MRNYVMRKER]SRIIPWI7MQTPI\WMKMPPYQZIVM8LMW HIJMRMXMSR WLS[W LS[ WIRWIPIWW QER] UYIWXMSRW EVI JSV MRWXERGI XLIUYIWXMSR[LIXLIV[ILEZIXLIVMKLXXSXEOISYVS[RPMJI%WJEVEWGSRGIVRWXLI
TIVWSREPGPEMQW[LMGLSXLIVWQE]TSWWMFP]LEZIYTSRYWXLI]EVIWYFNIGXXSXLIGSRHMXMSRXLEX[IEVIEPMZIERHJEPPXSXLIKVSYRH[LIR[IHMI8SHIQERHSJE
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 21/64
QER[LSHSIWRSXGEVIXSPMZIER]PSRKIVJSVLMQWIPJXLEXLIWLSYPHPMZISREWEQIVIQEGLMRIJSVXLIEHZERXEKISJSXLIVWMWERI\XVEZEKERXTVIXIRWMSR
%PXLSYKL QIRW TS[IVW HMJJIV XLIMV VMKLXW EVI EPMOI 8LIMV VMKLXW HS RSX VIWXYTSRXLIMVTS[IVWFIGEYWI6MKLXMWSJEQSVEPGSQTPI\MSRXLI]VIWXSRXLIJEGX
XLEX XLI WEQI [MPP XS PMZI WLS[W MXWIPJ MR IZIV] QER EX XLI WEQI WXEKI SJ MXWQERMJIWXEXMSR8LMWLS[IZIVSRP] ETTPMIW XSXLEX SVMKMREPERH EFWXVEGX 6MKLX
[LMGLEQERTSWWIWWIWEWEQER8LITVSTIVX]ERHEPWSXLILSRSYV[LMGLEQEREGUYMVIWJSVLMQWIPJF]XLII\IVGMWISJLMWTS[IVWHITIRHSRXLIQIEWYVI
ERHOMRHSJTS[IV[LMGLLITSWWIWWIWERHWSPIRHLMW6MKLXE[MHIVWTLIVISJETTPMGEXMSR ,IVI XLIR IUYEPMX] GSQIW XS ER IRH 8LI QER [LS MW FIXXIV
IUYMTTIHSVQSVIEGXMZIMRGVIEWIWF]EHHMRKXSLMWKEMRWRSXLMW6MKLXFYXXLIRYQFIVSJXLIXLMRKWXS[LMGLMXI\XIRHW
-R Q] GLMIJ [SVO
- LEZI TVSZIH XLEX XLI 7XEXI MR MXW IWWIRGI MW QIVIP] ERMRWXMXYXMSR I\MWXMRK JSV XLI TYVTSWI SJ TVSXIGXMRK MXW QIQFIVW EKEMRWX SYX[EVHEXXEGO SV MR[EVH HMWWIRWMSR -X JSPPS[W JVSQ XLMW XLEX XLI YPXMQEXI KVSYRH SR[LMGLXLI7XEXIMWRIGIWWEV]MWXLIEGORS[PIHKIHPEGOSJ6MKLXMRXLILYQER
VEGI-J6MKLX[IVIXLIVIRSSRI[SYPHXLMROSJE7XEXIJSVRSSRI[SYPHLEZIER]JIEVXLEXLMWVMKLXW[SYPHFIMQTEMVIHERHEQIVIYRMSREKEMRWXXLIEXXEGOW
SJ [MPH FIEWXW SV XLI IPIQIRXW [SYPH LEZI ZIV] PMXXPI EREPSK] [MXL [LEX [IQIERF]E7XEXI*VSQXLMWTSMRXSJZMI[MXMWIEW]XSWIILS[HYPPERHWXYTMH
EVIXLITLMPSWSTLEWXIVW[LSMRTSQTSYWTLVEWIWVITVIWIRXXLEXXLI7XEXIMWXLIWYTVIQIIRH ERH JPS[IVSJLYQER I\MWXIRGI7YGLEZMI[MW XLIETSXLISWMW SJ
4LMPMWXMRMWQ
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
2S[ XLMW MW E GSRGITXMSR SJ 6MKLX [LMGL FSXL MR XLISV] ERH MR TVEGXMGI RSPSRKIVTVIZEMPWMRXLIGMZMG[SVPHFYXMRXLI[SVPHMRKIRIVEPXLSYKLEFSPMWLIH
&OMMGL\PZMM8VEGX8LISP4SPGLMM7IG )XLMGW-:\\\ZMM4EVXMGYPEVP]MRETEWWEKIMRXLI (I'MZI-7IG
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 22/64
MRXLISV]MXGSRXMRYIWXSETTP]MRTVEGXMGI8LIGSRWIUYIRGIWSJRIKPIGXMRKMXQE] FI WIIR MR XLI GEWI SJ 'LMRE 8LVIEXIRIH F] VIFIPPMSR [MXLMR ERH JSIW[MXLSYXXLMWKVIEXIQTMVIMWMREHIJIRGIPIWWWXEXIERHLEWXSTE]XLITIREPX]SJ
LEZMRKGYPXMZEXIHSRP]XLIEVXWSJTIEGIERHMKRSVIHXLIEVXWSJ[EV
8LIVIMWEGIVXEMREREPSK]FIX[IIRXLISTIVEXMSRWSJREXYVIERHXLSWISJQER[LMGLMWETIGYPMEVFYXRSXJSVXYMXSYWGLEVEGXIVERHMWFEWIHSRXLIMHIRXMX]SJ
XLI [MPP MR FSXL ;LIR XLI LIVFMZSVSYW ERMQEPW LEH XEOIR XLIMV TPEGI MR XLISVKERMG [SVPH FIEWXW SJ TVI] QEHI XLIMV ETTIEVERGIRIGIWWEVMP] E PEXI
ETTIEVERGIMRIEGLWTIGMIWERHTVSGIIHIHXSPMZIYTSRXLIQ.YWXMRXLIWEQI[E] EW WSSREW F] LSRIWX XSMP ERH MR XLI W[IEX SJ XLIMV JEGIW QIR LEZI [SR
JVSQXLIKVSYRH[LEXMWRIIHIHJSVXLIWYTTSVXSJXLIMVWSGMIXMIWE RYQFIVSJMRHMZMHYEPW EVI WYVI XS EVMWI MR WSQI SJ XLIWI WSGMIXMIW [LS MRWXIEH SJGYPXMZEXMRKXLIIEVXLERHPMZMRKSRMXWTVSHYGITVIJIVXSXEOIXLIMVPMZIWMRXLIMV
LERHWERHVMWOLIEPXLERHJVIIHSQF]JEPPMRKYTSRXLSWI[LSEVIMRTSWWIWWMSRSJ [LEX XLI] LEZI LSRIWXP] IEVRIH ERH F] ETTVSTVMEXMRK XLI JVYMXW SJ XLIMV
PEFSYV8LIWIEVIXLIFIEWXWSJTVI]MRXLILYQERVEGIXLI]EVIXLIGSRUYIVMRK TISTPIW[LSQ[IJMRHIZIV][LIVIMRLMWXSV]JVSQXLIQSWXERGMIRXXSXLIQSWX
VIGIRX XMQIW 8LIMV ZEV]MRK JSVXYRIW EW EX SRI QSQIRX XLI] WYGGIIH ERH EXERSXLIVJEMPQEOIYTXLIKIRIVEPIPIQIRXWSJXLILMWXSV]SJXLI[SVPH,IRGI
:SPXEMVI[EWTIVJIGXP]VMKLX[LIRLIWEMHXLEXXLIEMQSJEPP[EVMWVSFFIV]8LEXXLSWI [LS IRKEKI MR MX EVI EWLEQIH SJ XLIMV HSMRKW MW GPIEV F] XLI JEGX XLEX
KSZIVRQIRXW PSYHP] TVSXIWX XLIMV VIPYGXERGI XS ETTIEP XS EVQW I\GITX JSV TYVTSWIW SJ WIPJHIJIRGI -RWXIEH SJ XV]MRK XS I\GYWI XLIQWIPZIW F] XIPPMRK TYFPMG ERH SJJMGMEP PMIW[LMGL EVI EPQSWX QSVI VIZSPXMRK XLER [EV MXWIPJ XLI]WLSYPHXEOIXLIMVWXERHEWFSPHEWFVEWWSR1EGGLMEZIPPMWHSGXVMRI8LIKMWXSJMXQE]FIWXEXIHXSFIXLMWXLEX[LIVIEWFIX[IIRSRIMRHMZMHYEPERHERSXLIVERHWSJEVEWGSRGIVRWXLIPE[ERHQSVEPMX]SJXLIMVVIPEXMSRWXLITVMRGMTPI (SRXHSXS SXLIVW [LEX ]SY[SYPHRX PMOI HSRI XS ]SYVWIPJ GIVXEMRP] ETTPMIW MX MW XLIGSRZIVWI SJ XLMW TVMRGMTPI [LMGL MW ETTVSTVMEXI MR XLI GEWI SJ REXMSRW ERH MR TSPMXMGW;LEX ]SY[SYPHRX PMOI HSRI XS ]SYVWIPJ HS XS SXLIVW -J ]SY HS RSX[ERX XS FITYXYRHIV E JSVIMKR ]SOI XEOI XMQI F] XLI JSVIPSGO ERH TYX ]SYVRIMKLFSYVYRHIVMXLMQWIPJ[LIRIZIVXLEXMWXSWE]LMW[IEORIWWSJJIVW]SYXLI
STTSVXYRMX] *SV MJ ]SY PIX XLI STTSVXYRMX] TEWW MX [MPP HIWIVX SRI HE] XS XLIIRIQ]W GEQT ERH SJJIV MXWIPJ XLIVI 8LIR ]SYV IRIQ] [MPP TYX ]SY YRHIVLMW]SOI ERH ]SYV JEMPYVI XS KVEWT XLI STTSVXYRMX] QE] FI TEMH JSV RSX F] XLIKIRIVEXMSR[LMGL[EWKYMPX]SJMXFYXF]XLIRI\X8LMW1EGGLMEZIPPMERTVMRGMTPIMWEP[E]WEQYGLQSVIHIGIRXGPSEOJSVXLIPYWXSJVSFFIV]XLERXLIVEKWSJZIV]SFZMSYWPMIWMREWTIIGLJVSQXLILIEHSJXLI7XEXIPMIWXSSSJEHIWGVMTXMSR[LMGLVIGEPPWXLI[IPPORS[RWXSV]SJXLIVEFFMXEXXEGOMRKXLIHSK)ZIV]7XEXIPSSOWYTSRMXWRIMKLFSYVWEWEXFSXXSQELSVHISJVSFFIVW[LS[MPPJEPPYTSRMXEWWSSREWXLI]LEZIXLISTTSVXYRMX]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 23/64
&IX[IIR XLI WIVJ XLI JEVQIV XLI XIRERX ERH XLI QSVXKEKII XLI HMJJIVIRGI MWVEXLIVSRISJJSVQXLERSJWYFWXERGI;LIXLIVXLITIEWERXFIPSRKWXSQISVXLIPERHSR[LMGLLILEWXSKIXEPMZMRK[LIXLIVXLIFMVHMWQMRISVMXWJSSHXLI
XVIISVMXWJVYMXMWEQEXXIVSJPMXXPIQSQIRXJSVEW7LEOIWTIEVIQEOIW7L]PSGO
WE]
=SYXEOIQ]PMJI;LIR]SYHSXEOIXLIQIERW[LIVIF]-PMZI
8LI JVII TIEWERX LEW MRHIIH XLI EHZERXEKI XLEX LI GER KS SJJ ERH WIIO LMWJSVXYRIMRXLI[MHI[SVPH[LIVIEWXLIWIVJ[LSMWEXXEGLIHXSXLIWSMP KPIFEIEHWGVMTXYWLEWEREHZERXEKI[LMGLMWTIVLETWWXMPPKVIEXIVXLEX[LIRJEMPYVISJGVSTWSVMPPRIWWSPHEKISVMRGETEGMX]VIRHIVLMQLIPTPIWWLMWQEWXIVQYWXPSSOEJXIVLMQERHWSLIWPIITW[IPPEX RMKLX [LIVIEWMJXLI GVSTWJEMP LMWQEWXIV
XSWWIWEFSYXSRLMWFIHXV]MRKXSXLMROLS[LIMWXSTVSGYVIFVIEHJSVLMWQIR%WPSRKEKSEW1IRERHIVMX[EWWEMHXLEXMXMWFIXXIVXSFIXLIWPEZISJEKSSHQEWXIVXLERXSPMZIQMWIVEFP]EWEJVIIQER%RSXLIVEHZERXEKITSWWIWWIHF]XLIJVIIMWXLEXMJXLI]LEZIER]XEPIRXWXLI]GERMQTVSZIXLIMVTSWMXMSRFYXXLIWEQI
EHZERXEKIMWRSX[LSPP][MXLLIPHJVSQXLIWPEZI-JLITVSZIWLMQWIPJYWIJYPXSLMW QEWXIV F] XLI I\IVGMWI SJ ER] WOMPP LI MW XVIEXIH EGGSVHMRKP] NYWX EW MR
ERGMIRX6SQIQIGLERMGWJSVIQIRSJ[SVOWLSTWEVGLMXIGXWRE]IZIRHSGXSVW[IVIKIRIVEPP]WPEZIW
7PEZIV] ERH TSZIVX] XLIR EVI SRP] X[S JSVQW - QMKLX EPQSWX WE] SRP] X[S
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
&YXXLIQSVIVIQSXIGEYWISJMXMWPY\YV]-RSVHIVMXQE]FIWEMHXLEXWSQIJI[ TIVWSRW QE] LEZI [LEX MW YRRIGIWWEV] WYTIVJPYSYW ERH XLI TVSHYGX SJVIJMRIQIRXRE]MRSVHIVXLEXXLI]QE]WEXMWJ]EVXMJMGMEPRIIHWEKVIEXTEVXSJXLII\MWXMRKTS[IVWSJQEROMRHLEWXSFIHIZSXIHXSXLMWSFNIGXERHXLIVIJSVI[MXLHVE[RJVSQXLITVSHYGXMSRSJ[LEXMWRIGIWWEV]ERHMRHMWTIRWEFPI-RWXIEHSJFYMPHMRKGSXXEKIWJSVXLIQWIPZIWXLSYWERHWSJQIRFYMPHQERWMSRWJSVEJI[-RWXIEH SJ [IEZMRK GSEVWI QEXIVMEPW JSV XLIQWIPZIW ERH XLIMV JEQMPMIW XLI]QEOIJMRIGPSXLWWMPO SVIZIRPEGIJSVXLIVMGLERHMR KIRIVEP QERYJEGXYVIE
XLSYWERH SFNIGXW SJ PY\YV] JSV XLIMV TPIEWYVI % KVIEX TEVX SJ XLI YVFER TSTYPEXMSRGSRWMWXWSJ[SVOQIR[LSQEOIXLIWIEVXMGPIWSJPY\YV]ERHJSVXLIQ
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 24/64
ERHXLSWI[LSKMZIXLIQ[SVOXLITIEWERXWLEZIXSTPSYKLERHWS[ERHPSSOEJXIV XLI JPSGOW EW [IPP EW JSV XLIQWIPZIW ERH XLYW LEZI QSVI PEFSYV XLER 2EXYVISVMKMREPP]MQTSWIHYTSRXLIQ1SVISZIVXLIYVFERTSTYPEXMSRHIZSXIWE
KVIEXHIEPSJTL]WMGEPWXVIRKXLERHEKVIEXHIEPSJPERHXSWYGLXLMRKWEW[MRI
WMPOXSFEGGSLSTWEWTEVEKYWERHWSSRMRWXIEHSJXSGSVRTSXEXSIWERHGEXXPI FVIIHMRK *YVXLIV E RYQFIV SJ QIR EVI [MXLHVE[R JVSQ EKVMGYPXYVI ERHIQTPS]IH MR WLMTFYMPHMRK ERH WIEJEVMRK MR SVHIV XLEX WYKEV GSJJII XIE ERH
SXLIVKSSHWQE]FIMQTSVXIH-RWLSVXEPEVKITEVXSJXLITS[IVWSJXLILYQERVEGIMW XEOIRE[E]JVSQXLITVSHYGXMSRSJ[LEXMWRIGIWWEV]MR SVHIVXSFVMRK[LEX MW WYTIVJPYSYW ERH YRRIGIWWEV] [MXLMR XLI VIEGL SJ E JI[ %W PSRKXLIVIJSVIEWPY\YV]I\MWXWXLIVIQYWXFIEGSVVIWTSRHMRKEQSYRXSJSZIV[SVOERHQMWIV][LIXLIVMXXEOIWXLIREQISJTSZIVX]SVSJWPEZIV]8LIJYRHEQIRXEPHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRXLIX[SMWXLEXWPEZIV]SVMKMREXIWMRZMSPIRGIERHTSZIVX]MRGVEJX8LI[LSPIYRREXYVEPGSRHMXMSRSJWSGMIX]XLIYRMZIVWEPWXVYKKPIXSIWGETI
JVSQQMWIV]XLIWIEXVEHIEXXIRHIH[MXLWSQYGLPSWWSJPMJIXLIGSQTPMGEXIHMRXIVIWXW SJ GSQQIVGI ERHJMREPP] XLI [EVW XS [LMGL MX EPP KMZIW VMWIMW HYISRP]ERHEPSRIXSPY\YV][LMGLKMZIWRSLETTMRIWWIZIRXSXLSWI[LSIRNS]MXRE] QEOIW XLIQ MPP ERH FEHXIQTIVIH %GGSVHMRKP] MX PSSOW EW MJ XLI QSWXIJJIGXMZI[E]SJEPPIZMEXMRKLYQERQMWIV][SYPHFIXSHMQMRMWLPY\YV]SVIZIREFSPMWLMXEPXSKIXLIV
8LIVIMWYRUYIWXMSREFP]QYGLXVYXLMRXLMWXVEMRSJXLSYKLX&YXXLIGSRGPYWMSR
EX[LMGLMXEVVMZIWMWVIJYXIHF]EREVKYQIRXTSWWIWWMRKXLMWEHZERXEKISZIVMXXLEXMXMWGSRJMVQIHF]XLIXIWXMQSR]SJI\TIVMIRGI%GIVXEMREQSYRXSJ[SVOMWHIZSXIHXSTYVTSWIWSJPY\YV];LEXXLILYQERVEGIPSWIWMRXLMW[E]MRXLIQYWGYPEV TS[IV [LMGL [SYPH SXLIV[MWI FI EZEMPEFPI JSV XLI RIGIWWMXMIW SJI\MWXIRGI MW KVEHYEPP] QEHI YT XS MX E XLSYWERHJSPH F] XLI RIVZSYW TS[IV [LMGLMREGLIQMGEPWIRWIMWXLIVIF]VIPIEWIH%RHWMRGIXLIMRXIPPMKIRGIERHWIRWMFMPMX] [LMGL EVI XLYW TVSQSXIH EVI SR E LMKLIV PIZIP XLER XLI QYWGYPEVMVVMXEFMPMX] [LMGLXLI] WYTTPERXWS XLI EGLMIZIQIRXW SJQMRH I\GIIH XLSWI SJXLIFSH]EXLSYWERHJSPH3RI[MWIGSYRWIPMW[SVXLXLI[SVOSJQER]LERHW
?+VIIO,SWIRWSTLSRFSYPIYQEXEWTSPPSRGLIMVEWRMOEA
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
)HMXSVW2SXI8LMWEWWYQTXMSRSJ7GLSTIRLEYIVWMWWIVMSYWP]STIRXSUYIWXMSR*SVER
EPXIVREXMZIZMI[WII8:IFPIRW8LI-RWXMRGXSJ;SVOQERWLMT
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 25/64
LERHWSJEPPXLI[IPPXSHSIHYGEXIHERHTVSJIWWMSREPGPEWWIWERHGSYPHIZIVLEZIFIIREXXEMRIHMJEPPPY\YV]LEHFIIREFSPMWLIHERHIZIV]SRILEHVIXYVRIHXS XLIPMJI SJ E TIEWERX -X MW F] RS QIERW XLI VMGL EPSRI FYXEPPGPEWWIW [LS
HIVMZI FIRIJMX JVSQ XLIWI MRHYWXVMIW 8LMRKW [LMGL MR JSVQIV HE]W LEVHP] ER]
SRIGSYPHEJJSVHEVIRS[GLIETERHEFYRHERXERHIZIRXLIPS[IWXGPEWWIWEVIQYGLFIXXIVSJJMRTSMRXSJGSQJSVX-RXLI1MHHPI%KIWE/MRKSJ)RKPERHSRGI FSVVS[IHE TEMVSJ WMPOWXSGOMRKWJVSQSRISJLMW PSVHW WSXLEXLIQMKLX [IEV
XLIQ MRKMZMRK ER EYHMIRGIXS XLI *VIRGL EQFEWWEHSV )ZIR 5YIIR )PM̂ EFIXL[EWKVIEXP]TPIEWIHERHEWXSRMWLIHXSVIGIMZIETEMVEWE2I[=IEVWTVIWIRXXSHE] IZIV] WLSTQER LEW XLIQ *MJX] ]IEVW EKS PEHMIW [SVI XLI OMRH SJ GEPMGSKS[RW[LMGLWIVZERXW[IEVRS[-JQIGLERMGEPWGMIRGIGSRXMRYIWXSTVSKVIWWEXXLIWEQIVEXIJSVER]PIRKXLSJXMQIMXQE]IRHF]WEZMRKLYQERPEFSYVEPQSWXIRXMVIP]NYWXEWLSVWIWEVIIZIRRS[FIMRKPEVKIP]WYTIVWIHIHF]QEGLMRIW*SVMXMWTSWWMFPIXSGSRGIMZIXLEXMRXIPPIGXYEPGYPXYVIQMKLXMRWSQIHIKVIIFIGSQI
KIRIVEP MR XLI LYQER VEGI ERH XLMW [SYPH FI MQTSWWMFPI EW PSRK EW FSHMP]PEFSYV[EWMRGYQFIRXSRER]KVIEXTEVXSJMX1YWGYPEVMVVMXEFMPMX]ERHRIVZSYWWIRWMFMPMX] EVI EP[E]W ERH IZIV][LIVI FSXL KIRIVEPP] ERH TEVXMGYPEVP] MRERXEKSRMWQJSVXLIWMQTPIVIEWSRXLEXMXMWSRIERHXLIWEQIZMXEPTS[IV[LMGLYRHIVPMIWFSXL*YVXLIVWMRGIXLIEVXWLEZIEWSJXIRMRKIJJIGXSRGLEVEGXIVMXMW TSWWMFPI XLEX UYEVVIPW KVIEX ERH WQEPP [EVW ERH HYIPW [MPP ZERMWL JVSQ XLI[SVPHNYWXEWFSXLLEZIFIGSQIQYGLVEVIVSGGYVVIRGIW,S[IZIVMXMWRSXQ]SFNIGXLIVIXS[VMXIE9XSTME
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
ZYPKEV RIIH ERH HMWGSQJSVX RE] XLEX MR TVSTSVXMSR XS XLIMV QYGL KVIEXIVEGLMIZIQIRXW XLI] WLSYPH RIGIWWEVMP] S[R ERH IRNS] QSVI XLER XLI GSQQSRQERMWREXYVEPERHVIEWSREFPI+VIEXQIVGLERXWWLSYPHEPWSFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIWEQITVMZMPIKIHGPEWW[LIRIZIVXLI]QEOIJEVWMKLXIHTVITEVEXMSRWJSVREXMSREPRIIHW
8LI UYIWXMSR SJ XLI WSZIVIMKRX] SJ XLI TISTPI MW EX FSXXSQ XLI WEQI EW XLIUYIWXMSR[LIXLIVER]QERGERLEZIERSVMKMREPVMKLXXSVYPIETISTPIEKEMRWXMXW[MPP ,S[ XLEX TVSTSWMXMSR GER FI VIEWSREFP] QEMRXEMRIH - HS RSX WII 8LI TISTPIMXQYWXFIEHQMXXIHMWWSZIVIMKRFYXMXMWEWSZIVIMKR[LSMWEP[E]WE
QMRSV -X QYWX LEZI TIVQERIRX KYEVHMERW ERH MXGER RIZIV I\IVGMWI MXW VMKLXWMXWIPJ[MXLSYXGVIEXMRKHERKIVWSJ[LMGLRSSRIGERJSVIWIIXLIIRHIWTIGMEPP]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 26/64
EWPMOIEPPQMRSVWMXMWZIV]ETXXSFIGSQIXLIWTSVXSJHIWMKRMRKWLEVTIVWMRXLIWLETISJ[LEXEVIGEPPIHHIQEKSKYIW
:SPXEMVIVIQEVOWXLEXXLIJMVWXQERXSFIGSQIEOMRK[EWEWYGGIWWJYPWSPHMIV-XMWGIVXEMRP]XLIGEWIXLEXEPPTVMRGIW[IVISVMKMREPP]ZMGXSVMSYWPIEHIVWSJEVQMIW
ERHJSVEPSRKXMQIMX[EWEWWYGLXLEXXLI]FSVIW[E]3RXLIVMWISJWXERHMRKEVQMIWTVMRGIWFIKERXSVIKEVHXLIMVTISTPIEWEQIERWSJWYWXEMRMRKXLIQWIPZIW
ERHXLIMVWSPHMIVWERHXVIEXIHXLIQEGGSVHMRKP]EWXLSYKLXLI][IVIELIVHSJGEXXPI [LMGL LEH XSFI XIRHIH MR SVHIV XLEX MXQMKLX TVSZMHI [SSPQMPO ERH
QIEX8LI[L]ERH[LIVIJSVISJEPPXLMWEW-WLEPPTVIWIRXP]WLS[MRHIXEMPMWXLIJEGXXLEXSVMKMREPP]MX[EWRSXVMKLXFYXQMKLXXLEXVYPIHMRXLI[SVPH1MKLX
LEW XLI EHZERXEKI SJ LEZMRK FIIR XLI JMVWX MR XLI JMIPH 8LEX MW [L] MX MWMQTSWWMFPIXSHSE[E][MXLMXERHEFSPMWLMXEPXSKIXLIVMXQYWXEP[E]WLEZIMXW TPEGIERHEPPXLEXEQERGER[MWLSVEWOMWXLEXMXWLSYPHFIJSYRHSRXLIWMHISJ
VMKLXERHEWWSGMEXIH[MXLMX%GGSVHMRKP]WE]WXLITVMRGIXSLMWWYFNIGXW-VYPI]SYMRZMVXYISJXLITS[IV[LMGL-TSWWIWW&YXSRXLISXLIVLERHMXI\GPYHIW
XLEXSJER]SRIIPWIERH-WLEPPWYJJIVRSRIFYXQ]S[R[LIXLIVMXGSQIWJVSQ[MXLSYXSVEVMWIW[MXLMRF]SRISJ]SYXV]MRKXS STTVIWWERSXLIV-RXLMW[E]
XLIR]SYEVITVSXIGXIH8LIEVVERKIQIRX[EWGEVVMIHSYXERHNYWXFIGEYWIMX[EWGEVVMIHSYXXLISPHMHIESJOMRKWLMTHIZIPSTIH[MXLXMQIERHTVSKVIWWMRXS
UYMXIEHMJJIVIRXMHIEERHTYXXLISXLIVSRIMRXLIFEGOKVSYRH[LIVIMXQE]WXMPP FIWIIRRS[ERHXLIRJPMXXMRKEFSYXPMOIEWTIGXVI-XWTPEGILEWFIIRXEOIRF]
XLIMHIESJXLIOMRKEWJEXLIVSJLMWTISTPIEWXLIJMVQERHYRWLEOEFPITMPPEV[LMGL EPSRIWYTTSVXW ERHQEMRXEMRW XLI [LSPI SVKERMWEXMSR SJ PE[ ERH SVHIVERHGSRWIUYIRXP]XLIVMKLXWSJIZIV]QER &YXEOMRKGEREGGSQTPMWLXLMWSRP] F] MRFSVR TVIVSKEXMZI [LMGL VIWIVZIW EYXLSVMX] XS LMQ ERH XS LMQ EPSRIEREYXLSVMX] [LMGLMW WYTVIQIMRHYFMXEFPI ERH FI]SRH EPP EXXEGO RE] XS [LMGLIZIV]SRI VIRHIVW MRWXMRGXMZISFIHMIRGI,IRGIXLI OMRKMWVMKLXP]WEMH XSVYPIF]XLIKVEGISJ+SH,IMWEP[E]WXLIQSWXYWIJYPTIVWSRMRXLI7XEXIERHLMWWIVZMGIWEVIRIZIVXSSHIEVP]VITEMHF]ER]'MZMP0MWXLS[IZIVLIEZ]
&YX IZIR EW PEXI E [VMXIV EW 1EGGLMEZIPPM [EW WS HIGMHIHP] MQFYIH [MXL XLIIEVPMIVSVQIHMEIZEPGSRGITXMSRSJXLITSWMXMSRSJETVMRGIXLEXLIXVIEXWMXEWE
QEXXIV [LMGL MW WIPJIZMHIRX LI RIZIV HMWGYWWIW MX FYX XEGMXP] XEOIW MX EW XLI TVIWYTTSWMXMSRERHFEWMWSJLMWEHZMGI-XQE]FIWEMHKIRIVEPP]XLEXLMWFSSOMW
QIVIP]XLIXLISVIXMGEPWXEXIQIRXERHGSRWMWXIRXERHW]WXIQEXMGI\TSWMXMSRSJXLI TVEGXMGI TVIZEMPMRK MR LMW XMQI -X MW XLI RSZIP WXEXIQIRX SJ MX MR E GSQTPIXI
XLISVIXMGEPJSVQXLEXPIRHWMXWYGLETSMKRERXMRXIVIWX8LIWEQIXLMRK-QE]VIQEVO MR TEWWMRK ETTPMIW XS XLI MQQSVXEP PMXXPI [SVO SJ 0E 6SGLIJEYGEYPH[LSLS[IZIVXEOIWTVMZEXIERHRSXTYFPMGPMJIJSVLMWXLIQIERHSJJIVWRSXEHZMGI FYX SFWIVZEXMSRW 8LI XMXPISJXLMW JMRI PMXXPI FSSO MW STIRTIVLETW XSWSQISFNIGXMSRXLIGSRXIRXWEVIRSXEWEVYPIIMXLIVQE\MQWSVVIJPIGXMSRWFYX ;I VIEH MR 7XSFEIYW *PSVMPIKMYQ GL \PMZ SJ E 4IVWMER GYWXSQ F]
[LMGL [LIRIZIV E OMRK HMIH XLIVI [EW E JMZI HE]W EREVGL] MR SVHIV XLEX TISTPIQMKLXTIVGIMZIXLIEHZERXEKISJLEZMRKOMRKWERHPE[W
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 27/64
ETIVGYW ERH XLEX MW [LEX XLI] WLSYPH FI GEPPIH 8LIVI MW QYGL XSS MR1EGGLMEZIPPMXLEX[MPPFIJSYRHEPWSXSETTP]XSTVMZEXIPMJI
6MKLXMRMXWIPJMWTS[IVPIWWMRREXYVIMXMW1MKLXXLEXVYPIW8SIRPMWXQMKLXSRXLI WMHI SJ VMKLX WS XLEX F] QIERW SJ MX VMKLX QE] VYPI MW XLI TVSFPIQ SJ
WXEXIWQERWLMT %RH MX MW MRHIIH E LEVH TVSFPIQ EW [MPP FI SFZMSYW MJ [IVIQIQFIVXLEXEPQSWXIZIV]LYQERFVIEWXMWXLIWIEXSJERIKSMWQ[LMGLLEWRS
PMQMXWERHMWYWYEPP]EWWSGMEXIH[MXLEREGGYQYPEXIHWXSVISJLEXVIHERHQEPMGIWS XLEX EX XLI ZIV] WXEVX JIIPMRKW SJ IRQMX] PEVKIP] TVIZEMP SZIV XLSWI SJ
JVMIRHWLMT;ILEZIEPWSXSFIEVMRQMRHXLEXMXMWQER]QMPPMSRWSJMRHMZMHYEPWWSGSRWXMXYXIH [LS LEZIXS FI OITX MR XLI FSRHW SJ PE[ ERH SVHIV TIEGI ERH
XVERUYMPPMX][LIVIEWSVMKMREPP]IZIV]SRILEHEVMKLXXSWE]XSIZIV]SRIIPWI -EQNYWXEWKSSHEW]SYEVI%GSRWMHIVEXMSRSJEPPXLMWQYWXJMPPYW[MXLWYVTVMWIXLEXSRXLI[LSPIXLI[SVPHTYVWYIWMXW[E]WSTIEGIJYPP]ERHUYMIXP]ERH[MXL
WSQYGL PE[ERHSVHIV EW [I WIIXS I\MWX -X MW XLIQEGLMRIV]SJ 7XEXI[LMGLEPSRIEGGSQTPMWLIWMX*SVMXMWTL]WMGEPTS[IVEPSRI[LMGLLEWER]HMVIGXEGXMSR
SRQIRGSRWXMXYXIHEWXLI]KIRIVEPP]EVIMXMWJSVTL]WMGEPTS[IVEPSRIXLEXXLI]LEZIER]JIIPMRKSVVIWTIGX
-JEQER[SYPHGSRZMRGILMQWIPJF]I\TIVMIRGIXLEXXLMWMWXLIGEWILIRIIHHS
RSXLMRKFYXVIQSZIEPPGSQTYPWMSRJVSQLMWJIPPS[WERHXV]XSKSZIVRXLIQF]GPIEVP] ERH JSVGMFP] VITVIWIRXMRK XS XLIQ [LEX MW VIEWSREFPI VMKLX ERH JEMV
XLSYKL EX XLI WEQI XMQI MX QE] FI GSRXVEV] XS XLIMV MRXIVIWXW ,I [SYPH FIPEYKLIHXSWGSVRERHEWXLMRKWKSXLEXMWXLISRP]ERW[IVLI[SYPHKIX-X[SYPH
WSSRFISFZMSYWXSLMQXLEXQSVEPJSVGIEPSRIMWTS[IVPIWW-XMWXLIRTL]WMGEPJSVGI EPSRI [LMGL MW GETEFPI SJ WIGYVMRK VIWTIGX 2S[ XLMW JSVGI YPXMQEXIP]VIWMHIW MR XLI QEWWIW [LIVI MX MW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL MKRSVERGI WXYTMHMX] ERHMRNYWXMGI %GGSVHMRKP] XLI QEMR EMQ SJ WXEXIWQERWLMT MR XLIWI HMJJMGYPXGMVGYQWXERGIW MW XS TYX TL]WMGEP JSVGI MR WYFNIGXMSR XS QIRXEP JSVGIXS
MRXIPPIGXYEP WYTIVMSVMX] ERH XLYW XSQEOI MXWIVZMGIEFPI&YX MJXLMW EMQ MWRSXMXWIPJEGGSQTERMIHF]NYWXMGIERHKSSHMRXIRXMSRWXLIVIWYPXSJXLIFYWMRIWWMJMX
WYGGIIHWMWXLEXXLI7XEXIWSIVIGXIHGSRWMWXWSJOREZIWERHJSSPWXLIHIGIMZIVWERHXLIHIGIMZIH8LEXXLMWMWXLIGEWIMWQEHIKVEHYEPP]IZMHIRXF]XLITVSKVIWW
SJMRXIPPMKIRGIEQSRKWXXLIQEWWIWLS[IZIVQYGLMXQE]FIVITVIWWIHERHMXPIEHWXSVIZSPYXMSR&YXMJGSRXVEVMP]MRXIPPMKIRGIMWEGGSQTERMIHF]NYWXMGIERH
KSSHMRXIRXMSRWXLIVIEVMWIWE7XEXIEWTIVJIGXEWXLIGLEVEGXIVSJLYQEREJJEMVW[MPPEPPS[-XMWZIV]QYGLXSXLITYVTSWIMJNYWXMGIERHKSSHMRXIRXMSRWRSXSRP]
I\MWX FYX EVI EPWS HIQSRWXVEFPI ERH STIRP] I\LMFMXIH ERH GER FI GEPPIH XSEGGSYRXTYFPMGP] ERH FIWYFNIGXXSGSRXVSP 'EVIQYWXFIXEOIR LS[IZIVPIWXXLI VIWYPXMRK TEVXMGMTEXMSR SJQER]TIVWSRWMRXLI [SVO SJKSZIVRQIRX WLSYPHEJJIGXXLIYRMX]SJXLI7XEXIERHMRJPMGXEPSWWSJWXVIRKXLERHGSRGIRXVEXMSRSRXLITS[IVF][LMGLMXWLSQIERHJSVIMKREJJEMVWLEZIXSFIEHQMRMWXIVIH8LMWMW[LEX EPQSWX EP[E]W LETTIRW MR VITYFPMGW 8S TVSHYGI E GSRWXMXYXMSR [LMGL
WLSYPH WEXMWJ] EPP XLIWI HIQERHW [SYPH EGGSVHMRKP] FI XLI LMKLIWX EMQ SJWXEXIWQERWLMT &YX EW E QEXXIV SJ JEGX WXEXIWQERWLMT LEW XS GSRWMHIV SXLIV
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 28/64
XLMRKWEW[IPP-XLEWXSVIGOSR[MXLXLITISTPIEWXLI]I\MWXERHXLIMVREXMSREP TIGYPMEVMXMIW 8LMW MW XLI VE[ QEXIVMEP SR [LMGL MX LEW XS [SVO ERH XLIMRKVIHMIRXWSJXLEXQEXIVMEP[MPPEP[E]WI\IVGMWIEKVIEXIJJIGXSRXLIGSQTPIXIH
WGLIQI
7XEXIWQERWLMT[MPPLEZIEGLMIZIHEKSSHHIEPMJMXWSJEVEXXEMRWMXWSFNIGXEWXSVIHYGI[VSRKERH MRNYWXMGI MRXLI GSQQYRMX] XSE QMRMQYQ8SFERMWL XLIQ
EPXSKIXLIVERHXSPIEZIRSXVEGISJXLIQMWQIVIP]XLIMHIEPXSFIEMQIHEXERHMX MW SRP] ETTVS\MQEXIP] XLEX MX GER FI VIEGLIH -J XLI] HMWETTIEV MR SRI
HMVIGXMSR XLI] GVIIT MR EKEMR MR ERSXLIV JSV [VSRK ERH MRNYWXMGI PMI HIITP]VSSXIHMRLYQERREXYVI%XXIQTXWLEZIFIIRQEHIXSEXXEMRXLIHIWMVIHEMQF]
EVXMJMGMEPGSRWXMXYXMSRWERHW]WXIQEXMGGSHIWSJPE[FYXXLI]EVIRSXMRGSQTPIXIXSYGL[MXLXLIJEGXWXLI]VIQEMREREW]QTXSXIJSVXLIWMQTPIVIEWSRXLEXLEVHERH JEWXGSRGITXMSRWRIZIVIQFVEGI EPP TSWWMFPI GEWIW ERH GERRSX FIQEHIXS
QIIX MRHMZMHYEP MRWXERGIW 7YGL GSRGITXMSRW VIWIQFPI XLI WXSRIW SJ E QSWEMGVEXLIVXLERXLIHIPMGEXIWLEHMRKMRETMGXYVI2E]QSVIEPPI\TIVMQIRXWMRXLMW
QEXXIVEVIEXXIRHIH[MXLHERKIVFIGEYWIXLIQEXIVMEPMRUYIWXMSRREQIP]XLILYQER VEGI MW XLI QSWX HMJJMGYPX SJ EPP QEXIVMEP XS LERHPI -X MW EPQSWX EW
HERKIVSYWEWERI\TPSWMZI
2SHSYFXMXMWXVYIXLEXMRXLIQEGLMRIV]SJXLI7XEXIXLIJVIIHSQSJXLITVIWW TIVJSVQWXLIWEQIJYRGXMSREWEWEJIX]ZEPZIMRSXLIVQEGLMRIV]JSVMXIREFPIW
EPPHMWGSRXIRXXSJMRHEZSMGIRE]MRHSMRKWSXLIHMWGSRXIRXI\LEYWXWMXWIPJMJMXLEWRSXQYGLWYFWXERGIERHMJMXLEWXLIVIMWEREHZERXEKIMRVIGSKRMWMRKMX
FIXMQIW ERH ETTP]MRK XLI VIQIH] 8LMW MW QYGL FIXXIV XLER XS VITVIWW XLIHMWGSRXIRXERHPIXMXWMQQIVERHJIVQIRXERHKSSRMRGVIEWMRKYRXMPMXIRHWMRERI\TPSWMSR3RXLISXLIVLERHXLIJVIIHSQSJXLITVIWWQE]FIVIKEVHIHEWE TIVQMWWMSRXSWIPPTSMWSRTSMWSRJSVXLILIEVXERHXLIQMRH8LIVIMWRSMHIEWSJSSPMWL FYX XLEX MX GERRSX FITYX MRXS XLI LIEHW SJ XLI MKRSVERX ERH MRGETEFPI
QYPXMXYHI IWTIGMEPP] MJ XLI MHIE LSPHW SYX WSQI TVSWTIGX SJ ER] KEMR SVEHZERXEKI%RH[LIREQERLEWKSXLSPHSJER]WYGLMHIE[LEXMWXLIVIXLEXLI
[MPPRSXHS#-EQXLIVIJSVIZIV]QYGLEJVEMHXLEXXLIHERKIVSJEJVIITVIWWSYX[IMKLW MXW YXMPMX] TEVXMGYPEVP] [LIVI XLI PE[ SJJIVW E [E] SJ VIHVIWWMRK
[VSRKW-RER]GEWILS[IZIVXLIJVIIHSQSJXLITVIWWWLSYPHFIKSZIVRIHF]EZIV]WXVMGXTVSLMFMXMSRSJEPPERHIZIV]ERSR]QMX]
+IRIVEPP]MRHIIHMXQE]FIQEMRXEMRIHXLEXVMKLXMWSJEREXYVIEREPSKSYWXSXLEX SJ GIVXEMR GLIQMGEP WYFWXERGIW [LMGL GERRSX FI I\LMFMXIH MR E TYVI ERHMWSPEXIHGSRHMXMSRFYXEXXLIQSWXSRP][MXLEWQEPPEHQM\XYVISJWSQISXLIVWYFWXERGI [LMGL WIVZIW EW E ZILMGPI JSV XLIQ SV KMZIW XLIQ XLI RIGIWWEV]GSRWMWXIRG] WYGL EW JPYSVMRI SV IZIR EPGSLSP SV TVYWWMG EGMH 4YVWYMRK XLIEREPSK][IQE]WE]XLEXVMKLXMJMXMWXSKEMREJSSXMRKMRXLI[SVPHERHVIEPP] TVIZEMPQYWXSJRIGIWWMX]FIWYTTPIQIRXIHF]EWQEPPEQSYRXSJEVFMXVEV]JSVGI
MRSVHIVXLEXRSX[MXLWXERHMRKMXWQIVIP]MHIEPERHXLIVIJSVIIXLIVIEPREXYVIMXQE] FI EFPI XS [SVO ERH WYFWMWX MR XLI VIEP ERH QEXIVMEP [SVPH ERH RSX
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 29/64
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 30/64
SFZIVWIWMHISJXLITPERIXWE]WZIV]PMXXPIJSVVITYFPMGWMRKIRIVEPFYXWXMPPPIWWJSVXLIMQMXEXMSRWSJMXMR1I\MGS+YEXIQEPE'SPSQFMEERH4IVY
% TIGYPMEV HMWEHZERXEKI EXXEGLMRK XS VITYFPMGWERH SRI XLEX QMKLX RSX FIPSSOIHJSVMWXLEXMRXLMWJSVQSJKSZIVRQIRXMXQYWXFIQSVIHMJJMGYPXJSVQIR
SJEFMPMX] XSEXXEMR LMKL TSWMXMSRERH I\IVGMWIHMVIGX TSPMXMGEP MRJPYIRGI XLERMRXLIGEWISJQSREVGLMIW*SVEP[E]WERHIZIV][LIVIERHYRHIVEPPGMVGYQWXERGIW
XLIVIMWEGSRWTMVEG]SVMRWXMRGXMZIEPPMERGIEKEMRWXWYGLQIRSRXLITEVXSJEPPXLIWXYTMHXLI[IEOERHXLIGSQQSRTPEGI XLI]PSSOYTSRWYGLQIREW XLIMV
REXYVEPIRIQMIW ERHXLI]EVIJMVQP] LIPHXSKIXLIVF]EGSQQSR JIEVSJXLIQ8LIVIMWEP[E]WERYQIVSYWLSWXSJXLIWXYTMHERHXLI[IEOERHMREVITYFPMGER
GSRWXMXYXMSRMXMWIEW]JSVXLIQXSWYTTVIWWERHI\GPYHIXLIQIRSJEFMPMX]WSXLEXXLI]QE]RSXFISYXJPEROIHF]XLIQ8LI]EVIJMJX]XSSRIERHLIVIEPPLEZIIUYEPVMKLXWEXXLIWXEVX
-REQSREVGL]SRXLISXLIVLERHXLMWREXYVEPERHYRMZIVWEPPIEKYISJXLIWXYTMHEKEMRWXXLSWI[LSEVITSWWIWWIHSJMRXIPPIGXYEPEHZERXEKIWMWESRIWMHIHEJJEMVMXI\MWXW SRP] JVSQ FIPS[ JSV MRE QSREVGL]XEPIRX ERH MRXIPPMKIRGI VIGIMZI E
REXYVEPEHZSGEG]ERHWYTTSVXJVSQEFSZI-RXLIJMVWXTPEGIXLITSWMXMSRSJXLIQSREVGLLMQWIPJMWQYGLXSSLMKLERHXSSJMVQJSVLMQXSWXERHMRJIEVSJER]
WSVXSJGSQTIXMXMSR-RXLIRI\XTPEGILIWIVZIWXLI7XEXIQSVIF]LMW[MPPXLER F] LMW MRXIPPMKIRGIJSV RSMRXIPPMKIRGI GSYPHIZIVFIIUYEPXS EPP XLI HIQERHW
XLEX[SYPHMRLMWGEWIFIQEHIYTSRMX,IMWXLIVIJSVIGSQTIPPIHXSFIEP[E]WEZEMPMRK LMQWIPJ SJ SXLIV QIRW MRXIPPMKIRGI 7IIMRK XLEX LMW S[R MRXIVIWXWEVI
WIGYVIP]FSYRHYT[MXLXLSWISJLMWGSYRXV]XLEXXLI]EVIMRWITEVEFPIJVSQXLIQERH SRI [MXL XLIQ LI [MPP REXYVEPP] KMZI XLI TVIJIVIRGI XS XLI FIWX QIR FIGEYWIXLI]EVILMWQSWXWIVZMGIEFPIMRWXVYQIRXWERHLI[MPPFIWXS[LMWJEZSYVYTSR XLIQEW WSSR XLEX MW EW LIGER JMRH XLIQ [LMGL MW RSX WSHMJJMGYPX MJSRP]ERLSRIWXWIEVGLFIQEHI.YWXMRXLIWEQI[E]IZIRQMRMWXIVWSJ7XEXI
LEZI XSS QYGL EHZERXEKI SZIV VMWMRK TSPMXMGMERW XS RIIH XS VIKEVH XLIQ [MXL NIEPSYW] ERH EGGSVHMRKP] JSV EREPSKSYW VIEWSRW XLI] EVI KPEH XS WMRKPI SYX
HMWXMRKYMWLIHQIRERH WIX XLIQXS [SVOMRSVHIVXS QEOIYWI SJXLIMVTS[IVWJSVXLIQWIPZIW-XMWMRXLMW[E]XLEXMRXIPPMKIRGILEWEP[E]WYRHIVEQSREVGLMGEP
KSZIVRQIRXEQYGLFIXXIVGLERGIEKEMRWXMXWMVVIGSRGMPEFPIERHIZIVTVIWIRXJSIWXYTMHMX]ERHXLIEHZERXEKI[LMGLMXKEMRWMWZIV]KVIEX
-RKIRIVEPXLIQSREVGLMGEPJSVQSJKSZIVRQIRXMWXLEX[LMGLMWREXYVEPXSQER NYWXEWMXMWREXYVEPXSFIIWERHERXWXSEJPMKLXSJGVERIWELIVHSJ[ERHIVMRKIPITLERXWETEGOSJ[SPZIWWIIOMRKTVI]MRGSQQSRERHQER]SXLIVERMQEPWEPPSJ[LMGLTPEGISRISJXLIMVRYQFIVEXXLILIEHSJXLIFYWMRIWWMRLERH)ZIV] FYWMRIWWMR [LMGLQIR IRKEKI MJMX MWEXXIRHIH[MXL HERKIVIZIV] GEQTEMKRIZIV] WLMT EX WIEQYWX EPWS FI WYFNIGX XS XLI EYXLSVMX] SJ SRI GSQQERHIVIZIV][LIVI MX MW SRI [MPP XLEX QYWX PIEH )ZIR XLI ERMQEP SVKERMWQ MW
GSRWXVYGXIHSR EQSREVGLMGEPTVMRGMTPIMX MWXLIFVEMREPSRI[LMGL KYMHIW ERHKSZIVRW ERH I\IVGMWIW XLI LIKIQSR] %PXLSYKL LIEVX PYRKW ERH WXSQEGL
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 31/64
GSRXVMFYXI QYGL QSVI XS XLI GSRXMRYIH I\MWXIRGI SJ XLI [LSPI FSH] XLIWI TLMPMWXMRIW GERRSX SR XLEX EGGSYRX FI EPPS[IH XS KYMHI ERH PIEH 8LEX MW E FYWMRIWW[LMGLFIPSRKWWSPIP]XSXLIFVEMRKSZIVRQIRXQYWXTVSGIIHJVSQSRI
GIRXVEP TSMRX )ZIR XLI WSPEV W]WXIQ MW QSREVGLMGEP 3R XLI SXLIV LERH E
VITYFPMGMWEW YRREXYVEPEW MXMW YRJEZSYVEFPI XSXLILMKLIVMRXIPPIGXYEPPMJIERHXLIEVXWERHWGMIRGIW%GGSVHMRKP][IJMRHXLEXIZIV][LIVIMRXLI[SVPHERHEXEPPXMQIWREXMSRW[LIXLIVGMZMPMWIHSVWEZEKISVSGGYT]MRKETSWMXMSRFIX[IIR
XLIX[SEVIEP[E]WYRHIVQSREVGLMGEPKSZIVRQIRX8LIVYPISJQER]EW,SQIVWEMHMWRSXEKSSHXLMRKPIXXLIVIFISRIVYPIVSRIOMRK
?+VIIO3YOEKEXLSRTSP]OSMVERMEIIMWOSMVERSWIWXS
)MWFEWSPIYWA
,S[[SYPHMXFITSWWMFPIXLEXIZIV][LIVIERHEXEPPXMQIW[IWLSYPHWIIQER]
QMPPMSRW SJ TISTPI RE] IZIR LYRHVIHW SJ QMPPMSRW FIGSQI XLI [MPPMRK ERHSFIHMIRXWYFNIGXWSJSRIQERWSQIXMQIWIZIRSRI[SQERERHTVSZMWMSREPP]IZIRSJ EGLMPH YRPIWW XLIVI[IVIE QSREVGLMGEPMRWXMRGX MRQIR[LMGLHVSZIXLIQXSMXEWXLIJSVQSJKSZIVRQIRXFIWXWYMXIHXSXLIQ#8LMWEVVERKIQIRXMW
RSXXLITVSHYGXSJVIJPIGXMSR)ZIV][LIVISRIQERMWOMRKERHJSVXLIQSWXTEVXLMWHMKRMX]MWLIVIHMXEV],IMWEWMX[IVIXLITIVWSRMJMGEXMSRXLIQSRSKVEQSJ
XLI [LSPI TISTPI [LMGL EXXEMRW ER MRHMZMHYEPMX] MR LMQ -R XLMW WIRWI LI GERVMKLXP]WE]PIXEXGIWXQSM-X MWTVIGMWIP]JSVXLMWVIEWSR XLEXMR 7LEOIWTIEVIW
LMWXSVMGEPTPE]WXLIOMRKWSJ)RKPERHERH*VERGIQYXYEPP]EHHVIWWIEGLSXLIVEW *VERGIERH )RKPERH ERHXLI(YOISJ%YWXVMEKSIWF]XLIREQISJLMWGSYRXV]
-X MW EW XLSYKL XLI OMRKW VIKEVHIH XLIQWIPZIW EW XLI MRGEVREXMSR SJ XLIMVREXMSREPMXMIW-XMWEPPMREGGSVHERGI[MXLLYQERREXYVIERHJSVXLMWZIV]VIEWSRXLILIVIHMXEV]QSREVGLGERRSXWITEVEXILMWS[R[IPJEVIERHXLEXSJLMWJEQMP]JVSQXLI[IPJEVISJLMWGSYRXV]EWSRXLISXLIVLERHQSWXP]LETTIRW[LIRXLIQSREVGLMWIPIGXIHEWJSVMRWXERGIMRXLI7XEXIWSJXLI'LYVGL 8LI'LMRIWI
GERGSRGIMZISJEQSREVGLMGEPKSZIVRQIRXSRP][LEXEVITYFPMGMWXLI]YXXIVP]JEMPXSYRHIVWXERH;LIRE(YXGLPIKEXMSR[EWMR'LMREMRXLI]IEVMX[EW
SFPMKIHXSVITVIWIRXXLEXXLI4VMRGISJ3VERKI[EWXLIMVOMRKEWSXLIV[MWIXLI'LMRIWI[SYPHLEZIFIIRMRGPMRIHXSXEOI,SPPERHJSVERIWXSJTMVEXIWPMZMRK
[MXLSYX ER] PSVH SV QEWXIV
7XSFEIYWMREGLETXIVMRLMW *PSVMPIKMYQEXXLILIEHSJ[LMGLLI[VSXI8LEXQSREVGL]MWFIWX GSPPIGXIHXLIFIWXSJXLITEWWEKIW
MR[LMGLXLIERGMIRXWI\TPEMRIHXLIEHZERXEKIWSJXLEXJSVQSJKSZIVRQIRX-RE[SVHVITYFPMGW EVI YRREXYVEP ERH EVXMJMGMEPXLI]EVI XLI TVSHYGX SJVIJPIGXMSR
,IRGIMXMWXLEXXLI]SGGYVSRP]EWVEVII\GITXMSRWMRXLI[LSPILMWXSV]SJXLI[SVPH8LIVI[IVIXLIWQEPP+VIIOVITYFPMGWXLI6SQERERHXLI'EVXLEKMRMER FYX XLI] [IVI EPP VIRHIVIH TSWWMFPI F] XLI JEGX XLEX JMZIWM\XLW TIVLETW IZIR
-PMEH MM8VERWPEXSVW2SXI8LIVIEHIV[MPPVIGSPPIGXXLEX7GLSTIRLEYIV[EW[VMXMRKPSRKFIJSVIXLI
4ETEPXIVVMXSVMIW[IVIEFWSVFIHMRXSXLIOMRKHSQSJ-XEP] 7II .IER 2MIYLSJJ 0%QFEWWEHI HI PE'SQTEKRMI 3VMIRXEPI HIW 4VSZMRGIW 9RMIW ZIVW
0)QTIVIYVHIPE'LMRIXVEHYMXTEV.IERPI'LEVTIRXMIVE0I]HIGL
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 32/64
WIZIRIMKLXLWSJ XLI TSTYPEXMSR GSRWMWXIH SJWPEZIW-R XLI ]IEVIZIRMRXLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW XLIVI [IVI XLVII QMPPMSR WPEZIW XS E TSTYPEXMSR SJ WM\XIIRQMPPMSRW8LIREKEMRXLIHYVEXMSRSJXLIVITYFPMGWSJERXMUYMX]GSQTEVIH[MXL
XLEXSJQSREVGLMIW[EWZIV]WLSVX6ITYFPMGWEVIZIV]IEW]XSJSYRHERHZIV]
HMJJMGYPX XS QEMRXEMR [LMPI [MXL QSREVGLMIW MX MW I\EGXP] XLI VIZIVWI -J MX MW9XSTMERWGLIQIWXLEXEVI[ERXIH-WE]XLMWXLISRP]WSPYXMSRSJXLITVSFPIQ[SYPHFIEHIWTSXMWQSJXLI[MWIERHXLIRSFPISJXLIXVYIEVMWXSGVEG]ERHXLI
KIRYMRI RSFMPMX] FVSYKLX EFSYX F] XLI QIXLSH SJ KIRIVEXMSRXLEX MW F] XLIQEVVMEKI SJ XLI RSFPIWX QIR [MXL XLI GPIZIVIWX ERH QSWX MRXIPPIGXYEP [SQIR8LMWMWQ]9XSTMEQ]6ITYFPMGSJ4PEXS
'SRWXMXYXMSREPOMRKWEVIYRHSYFXIHP]MRQYGLXLIWEQITSWMXMSREWXLIKSHWSJ)TMGYVYW [LS WMX YTSR LMKL MR YRHMWXYVFIH FPMWW ERH XVERUYMPPMX] ERH HS RSXQIHHPI [MXL LYQER EJJEMVW .YWX RS[ XLI] EVI XLI JEWLMSR -R IZIV] +IVQER
HYSHIGMQSTVMRGMTEPMX] E TEVSH] SJ XLI )RKPMWL GSRWXMXYXMSR MW WIX YT UYMXIGSQTPIXIJVSQ9TTIVERH0S[IV,SYWIWHS[RXSXLI,EFIEW'SVTYW%GXERH
XVMEP F] NYV] 8LIWI MRWXMXYXMSRW [LMGL TVSGIIH JVSQ )RKPMWL GLEVEGXIV ERH)RKPMWL GMVGYQWXERGIW ERH TVIWYTTSWI FSXL EVI REXYVEP ERH WYMXEFPI XS XLI
)RKPMWLTISTPI-XMWNYWXEWREXYVEPXSXLI+IVQERTISTPIXSFIWTPMXYTMRXSERYQFIVSJHMJJIVIRXWXSGOWYRHIVEWMQMPEVRYQFIVSJVYPMRK4VMRGIW[MXLER
)QTIVSVSZIVXLIQEPP[LSQEMRXEMRWTIEGIEXLSQIERHVITVIWIRXWXLIYRMX]SJ XLI 7XEXI FSEVH -X MW ER EVVERKIQIRX [LMGL LEW TVSGIIHIH JVSQ +IVQER
GLEVEGXIVERH+IVQERGMVGYQWXERGIW-EQSJSTMRMSRXLEXMJ+IVQER]MWRSXXSQIIX[MXLXLIWEQIJEXIEW-XEP]MXQYWXVIWXSVIXLIMQTIVMEPGVS[R[LMGL[EWHSRIE[E][MXLF]MXWEVGLIRIQ]XLIJMVWX2ETSPISRERHMXQYWXVIWXSVIMXEWIJJIGXMZIP] EW TSWWMFPI *SV +IVQER YRMX] HITIRHW SR MX ERH [MXLSYX XLIMQTIVMEPGVS[R MX[MPP EP[E]W FIQIVIP]RSQMREPSVTVIGEVMSYW &YX EW[I RSPSRKIV PMZI MR XLI HE]W SJ +YIRXLIV SJ 7GL[EV̂ FYVK [LIR XLI GLSMGI SJ)QTIVSV[EWEWIVMSYWFYWMRIWWXLIMQTIVMEPGVS[RSYKLXXSKSEPXIVREXIP]XS4VYWWME ERH XS %YWXVME JSV XLI PMJI SJ XLI [IEVIV -R ER] GEWI XLI EFWSPYXIWSZIVIMKRX]SJXLI WQEPP7XEXIW MWMPPYWSV] 2ETSPISR-HMH JSV +IVQER][LEX3XXSXLI+VIEXHMHJSV-XEP]LIHMZMHIHMXMRXSWQEPPMRHITIRHIRX7XEXIWSRXLI TVMRGMTPIHMZMHIIXMQTIVE
8LI )RKPMWLWLS[ XLIMVKVIEXMRXIPPMKIRGIEQSRKWXSXLIV[E]W F]GPMRKMRK XS
XLIMVERGMIRXMRWXMXYXMSRWGYWXSQWERHYWEKIWERHF]LSPHMRKXLIQWEGVIHIZIREXXLIVMWOSJGEVV]MRKXLMWXIREGMX]XSSJEVERHQEOMRKMXVMHMGYPSYW8LI]LSPH
XLIQWEGVIHJSVXLIWMQTPIVIEWSRXLEXXLSWIMRWXMXYXMSRWERHGYWXSQWEVIRSXXLIMRZIRXMSR SJ ER MHPI LIEH FYX LEZI KVS[R YT KVEHYEPP] F] XLI JSVGI SJGMVGYQWXERGIERHXLI[MWHSQSJPMJIMXWIPJERHEVIXLIVIJSVIWYMXIHXSXLIQEWE
8VERWPEXSVW 2SXI,IVI EKEMR MX MW LEVHP] RIGIWWEV] XS WE] XLEX7GLSTIRLEYIV [LS HMIH MR ERH [VSXI XLMW TEWWEKI EX PIEWX WSQI ]IEVW
TVIZMSYWP]GERRSXFIVIJIVVMRKXSER]SJXLIIZIRXW[LMGLGYPQMREXIHMR8LI[LSPITEWWEKIJSVQWEWXVMOMRKMPPYWXVEXMSRSJLMWTSPMXMGEPWEKEGMX]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 33/64
REXMSR3RXLISXLIVLERHXLI+IVQER1MGLIPEPPS[WLMQWIPJXSFITIVWYEHIH F] LMW WGLSSPQEWXIV XLEX LI QYWX KS EFSYX MR ER )RKPMWL HVIWWGSEX ERH XLEXRSXLMRKIPWI[MPPHS%GGSVHMRKP]LILEWFYPPMIHLMWJEXLIVMRXSKMZMRKMXXSLMQ
ERH[MXLLMWE[O[EVHQERRIVWXLMWYRKEMRP]GVIEXYVITVIWIRXWMRMXEWYJJMGMIRXP]
VMHMGYPSYW JMKYVI &YX XLI HVIWWGSEX [MPP WSQI HE] FI XSS XMKLX JSV LMQ ERHMRGSQQSHILMQ-X[MPPRSXFIZIV]PSRKFIJSVILIJIIPWMXMRXVMEPF]NYV]8LMWMRWXMXYXMSREVSWIMRXLIQSWXFEVFEVSYWTIVMSHSJXLI1MHHPI%KIWXLIXMQIWSJ
%PJVIHXLI+VIEX[LIRXLIEFMPMX]XS VIEHERH[VMXII\IQTXIHEQERJVSQXLI TIREPX]SJHIEXL -X MW XLI [SVWXSJEPP GVMQMREPTVSGIHYVIW -RWXIEH SJNYHKIW[IPP ZIVWIH MR PE[ ERH SJ KVIEX I\TIVMIRGI [LS LEZI KVS[R KVI] MR HEMP]YRVEZIPPMRK XLI XVMGOW ERH [MPIW SJXLMIZIWQYVHIVIVWERHVEWGEPW SJEPP WSVXWERHWSEVI[IPPEFPIXSKIXEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLMRKWMXMWKSWWMTMRKXEMPSVWERHXERRIVW[LSWMXMRNYHKQIRXMXMWXLIMVGSEVWIGVYHIYRTVEGXMWIHERHE[O[EVHMRXIPPMKIRGIMRGETEFPISJER]WYWXEMRIHEXXIRXMSRXLEXMWGEPPIHYTSRXSJMRHSYX
XLI XVYXL JVSQ E XMWWYI SJ PMIW ERH HIGIMX %PP XLI XMQI QSVISZIV XLI] EVIXLMROMRKSJXLIMVGPSXLERHXLIMVPIEXLIVERHPSRKMRKXSFIEXLSQIERHXLI]LEZIEFWSPYXIP]RSGPIEVRSXMSREXEPPSJXLIHMWXMRGXMSRFIX[IIRTVSFEFMPMX]ERHGIVXEMRX]-XMW[MXLXLMWWSVXSJEGEPGYPYWSJTVSFEFMPMXMIWMRXLIMVWXYTMHLIEHWXLEXXLI]GSRJMHIRXP]YRHIVXEOIXSWIEPEQERWHSSQ
8LI WEQI VIQEVO MW ETTPMGEFPI XS XLIQ [LMGL (V .SLRWSR QEHI SJ E GSYVXQEVXMEPMR[LMGLLILEHPMXXPIGSRJMHIRGIWYQQSRIHXSHIGMHIEZIV]MQTSVXERX
GEWI ,I WEMH XLEX TIVLETW XLIVI [EW RSX E QIQFIV SJ MX [LS MR XLI [LSPIGSYVWISJLMWPMJILEHIZIVWTIRXERLSYVF]LMQWIPJMRFEPERGMRKTVSFEFMPMXMIW
'ERER]SRIMQEKMRIXLEXXLIXEMPSVERHXLIXERRIV[SYPHFIMQTEVXMEPNYHKIW#;LEXXLIZMGMSYWQYPXMXYHIMQTEVXMEPEWMJTEVXMEPMX][IVIRSXXIRXMQIWQSVIXS FI JIEVIH JVSQ QIR SJ XLI WEQI GPEWW EW XLI EGGYWIH XLER JVSQ NYHKIW [LSORI[ RSXLMRK SJ LMQ TIVWSREPP] PMZIH MR ERSXLIV WTLIVI EPXSKIXLIV [IVIMVVIQSZEFPIERHGSRWGMSYWSJXLIHMKRMX]SJXLIMVSJJMGI&YXXSPIXENYV]HIGMHISRGVMQIWEKEMRWXXLI7XEXIERHMXWLIEHSVSRQMWHIQIERSYVWSJXLITVIWWMWMREZIV]VIEPWIRWIXSWIXXLIJS\XSOIITXLIKIIWI
)ZIV][LIVIERHEXEPPXMQIWXLIVILEWFIIRQYGLHMWGSRXIRX[MXLKSZIVRQIRXW
PE[WERHTYFPMGVIKYPEXMSRWJSVXLIQSWXTEVXLS[IZIVFIGEYWIQIREVIEP[E]WVIEH]XSQEOI MRWXMXYXMSRW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV XLI QMWIV] MRWITEVEFPI JVSQ LYQER
I\MWXIRGIMXWIPJ[LMGLMWXSWTIEOQ]XLMGEPP]XLIGYVWIXLEX[EWPEMHSR%HEQERHXLVSYKLLMQSRXLI[LSPIVEGI&YXRIZIVLEWXLEXHIPYWMSRFIIRTVSGPEMQIH
MR E QSVI QIRHEGMSYW ERH MQTYHIRX QERRIV XLER F] XLI HIQEKSKYIW SJ XLI .IXWX^IMX SJXLIHE][IPMZIMR%WIRIQMIWSJ'LVMWXMERMX]XLI]EVISJGSYVWI
8VERWPEXSVW 2SXI-X QE] FI [IPP XS I\TPEMR XLEX 1MGLIP MW WSQIXMQIW YWIH F] XLI
+IVQERWEWERMGOREQISJXLIMVREXMSRGSVVIWTSRHMRKXS.SLR&YPPEWERMGOREQISJXLI)RKPMWL *PYIKIP MR LMW +IVQER)RKPMWL (MGXMSREV] HIGPEVIW XLEX HIV HIYXWGLI 1MGLIP
VITVIWIRXW XLI +IVQER REXMSR EW ER LSRIWX FPYRX YRWYWTMGMSYW JIPPS[ [LS IEWMP] EPPS[WLMQWIPJXSFIMQTSWIHYTSRIZIRLIEHHW[MXLEXSYGLSJTEXVMSXMWQF]XLSWI[LSEVIKVIEXP]LMWMRJIVMSVWMRTSMRXSJWXVIRKXLERHVIEP[SVXL&SW[IPPW .SLRWSRWIX
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 34/64
STXMQMWXWXSXLIQXLI[SVPHMWMXWS[RIRHERHSFNIGXERHEGGSVHMRKP]MRMXWIPJXLEXMWXSWE]MRMXWS[RREXYVEPGSRWXMXYXMSRMXMWEVVERKIHSRXLIQSWXI\GIPPIRX TVMRGMTPIW ERH JSVQW E VIKYPEV LEFMXEXMSR SJ FPMWW 8LI IRSVQSYW ERH KPEVMRK
IZMPWSJXLI [SVPHXLI] EXXVMFYXI [LSPP] XSKSZIVRQIRXW MJKSZIVRQIRXW XLI]
XLMRO[IVIXSHSXLIMVHYX]XLIVI[SYPHFIELIEZIRYTSRIEVXLMRSXLIV[SVHWEPPQIRGSYPHIEXHVMROTVSTEKEXIERHHMIJVIIJVSQXVSYFPIERH[ERX8LMWMW[LEXXLI]QIER[LIRXLI]XEPOSJXLI[SVPHFIMRKMXWS[RIRHERHSFNIGXXLMW
MWXLIKSEPSJXLEXTIVTIXYEPTVSKVIWWSJXLILYQERVEGIERHXLISXLIVJMRIXLMRKW[LMGLXLI]EVIRIZIVXMVIHSJTVSGPEMQMRK
*SVQIVP]MX[EW JEMXL[LMGL[EWXLIGLMIJWYTTSVXSJXLIXLVSRIRS[EHE]WMXMW
GVIHMX 8LI4STILMQWIPJMWWGEVGIP]QSVIGSRGIVRIHXSVIXEMRXLIGSRJMHIRGISJXLIJEMXLJYPXLERXSQEOILMWGVIHMXSVWFIPMIZIMRLMWS[RKSSHJEMXL-JMRXMQIW TEWX MX [EW XLI KYMPX] HIFX SJ XLI [SVPH [LMGL [EW PEQIRXIH RS[ MX MW XLI
JMRERGMEPHIFXWSJXLI[SVPH[LMGLEVSYWIHMWQE]*SVQIVP]MX[EWXLI0EWX(E][LMGL[EWTVSTLIWMIHRS[MXMWXLI?+VIIOWIMWEGLXLIMEAXLIKVIEXVITYHMEXMSR
XLI YRMZIVWEP FEROVYTXG] SJXLI REXMSRW[LMGL[MPP SRI HE] LETTIR EPXLSYKLXLITVSTLIXMRXLMWEWMRXLISXLIVGEWIIRXIVXEMRWEJMVQLSTIXLEXLI[MPPRSX
PMZIXSWIIMXLMQWIPJ
*VSQERIXLMGEPERHEVEXMSREPTSMRXSJZMI[XLIVMKLXSJTSWWIWWMSRVIWXWYTSRERMRGSQTEVEFP]FIXXIVJSYRHEXMSRXLERXLIVMKLXSJFMVXLRIZIVXLIPIWWXLIVMKLX
SJTSWWIWWMSRMWEPPMIH[MXLXLIVMKLXSJFMVXLERHLEWGSQIXSFITEVXERHTEVGIPSJ MX WSXLEX MX [SYPH LEVHP] FI TSWWMFPI XS EFSPMWL XLI VMKLX SJ FMVXL [MXLSYX
IRHERKIVMRKXLIVMKLXSJTSWWIWWMSR8LIVIEWSRSJXLMWMWXLEXQSWXSJ[LEXEQERTSWWIWWIWLIMRLIVMXIHERHXLIVIJSVILSPHWF]EOMRHSJVMKLXSJFMVXLNYWXEWXLISPHRSFMPMX]FIEVXLIREQIWSRP]SJXLIMVLIVIHMXEV]IWXEXIWERHF]XLIYWISJXLSWIREQIWHSRSQSVIXLERKMZII\TVIWWMSRXSXLIJEGXXLEXXLI]S[RXLIIWXEXIW %GGSVHMRKP] EPP S[RIVW SJ TVSTIVX] MJ MRWXIEH SJ FIMRK IRZMSYW XLI]
[IVI[MWISYKLXEPWSXSWYTTSVXXLIQEMRXIRERGISJXLIVMKLXWSJFMVXL
8LII\MWXIRGISJERSFMPMX]LEWXLIREHSYFPIEHZERXEKIMXLIPTWXSQEMRXEMRSRXLI SRI LERH XLI VMKLXW SJ TSWWIWWMSR ERH SR XLI SXLIV XLI VMKLX SJ FMVXL FIPSRKMRKXSXLIOMRK*SVXLIOMRKMWXLIJMVWXRSFPIQERMRXLIGSYRXV]ERHEWEKIRIVEP VYPI LI XVIEXW XLI RSFMPMX] EW LMW LYQFPI VIPEXMSRW ERH VIKEVHW XLIQUYMXI SXLIV[MWI XLER XLI GSQQSRIVW LS[IZIV XVYWX] ERH [IPPFIPSZIH -X MWUYMXIREXYVEPXSSXLEXLIWLSYPHLEZIQSVIGSRJMHIRGIMRXLSWI[LSWIERGIWXSVW[IVI QSWXP] XLI JMVWX QMRMWXIVW ERH EP[E]W XLI MQQIHMEXI EWWSGMEXIW SJ LMWS[R%RSFPIQERXLIVIJSVIETTIEPW[MXLVIEWSRXSXLIREQILIFIEVW[LIRSRXLISGGYVVIRGISJER]XLMRKXSVSYWIHMWXVYWXLIVITIEXWLMWEWWYVERGISJJMHIPMX]ERHWIVZMGIXSXLIOMRK%QERWGLEVEGXIVEWQ]VIEHIVWEVIE[EVIEWWYVIHP]GSQIWXSLMQJVSQLMWJEXLIV-XMWEREVVS[QMRHIHERHVMHMGYPSYWXLMRKRSXXSGSRWMHIV[LSWIWSREQERMW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 35/64
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 36/64
SJ QIXIQTW]GLSWMW 8LI &VELQMR TLMPSWSTLIVW EPWS I\TVIWW XLI YREPXIVEFPIJM\MX]SJMRREXIGLEVEGXIVMREQ]WXMGEPJEWLMSR8LI]WE]XLEX&VELQE[LIREQERMWTVSHYGIHIRKVEZIWLMWHSMRKWERHWYJJIVMRKWMR[VMXXIRGLEVEGXIVWSRLMW
WOYPPERHXLEXLMWPMJIQYWXXEOIWLETIMREGGSVHERGI XLIVI[MXL8LI]TSMRX XS
XLINEKKIHIHKIWMRXLIWYXYVIWSJXLIWOYPPFSRIWEWIZMHIRGISJXLMW[VMXMRKERHXLITYVTSVXSJMXXLI]WE]HITIRHWSRLMWTVIZMSYWPMJIERHEGXMSRW8LIWEQI ZMI[ ETTIEVW XSYRHIVPMI XLI 'LVMWXMER SV VEXLIV XLI 4EYPMRIHSKQE SJ
4VIHIWXMREXMSR
&YX XLMW XVYXL [LMGLMWYRMZIVWEPP] GSRJMVQIH F]I\TIVMIRGI MWEXXIRHIH[MXLERSXLIV VIWYPX %PP KIRYMRI QIVMX QSVEP EW [IPP EW MRXIPPIGXYEP MW RSX QIVIP]
TL]WMGEPSVIQTMVMGEPMRMXWSVMKMRFYXQIXETL]WMGEPXLEXMWXSWE]MXMWKMZIRE TVMSVMERHRSXETSWXIVMSVMMRSXLIV[SVHWMXPMIWMRREXIERHMWRSXEGUYMVIHERHXLIVIJSVIMXWWSYVGIMWRSXEQIVITLIRSQIRSRFYXXLIXLMRKMRMXWIPJ,IRGIMXMW
XLEXIZIV]QEREGLMIZIWSRP]XLEX[LMGLMWMVVIZSGEFP]IWXEFPMWLIHMRLMWREXYVISVMWFSVR[MXLLMQ-RXIPPIGXYEPGETEGMX]RIIHWMXMWXVYIXSFIHIZIPSTIHNYWXEW
QER]REXYVEPTVSHYGXWRIIHXSFIGYPXMZEXIHMRSVHIVXLEX[IQE]IRNS]SVYWIXLIQ FYX NYWX EW MR XLI GEWI SJ E REXYVEP TVSHYGX RS GYPXMZEXMSR GER XEOI XLI
TPEGISJSVMKMREPQEXIVMEPRIMXLIVGERMXHSWSMRXLIGEWISJMRXIPPIGX8LEXMWXLIVIEWSR[L]UYEPMXMIW[LMGLEVIQIVIP]EGUYMVIHSVPIEVRIHSVIRJSVGIHXLEXMW
UYEPMXMIWETSWXIVMSVM[LIXLIVQSVEPSVMRXIPPIGXYEPEVIRSXVIEPSVKIRYMRIFYXWYTIVJMGMEP SRP] ERH TSWWIWWIH SJ RS ZEPYI 8LMW MW E GSRGPYWMSR SJ XVYI
QIXETL]WMGWERHI\TIVMIRGIXIEGLIWXLIWEQIPIWWSRXSEPP[LSGERPSSOFIPS[XLI WYVJEGI 2E] MX MW TVSZIH F] XLI KVIEX MQTSVXERGI [LMGL [I EPP EXXEGL XSWYGLMRREXIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWEWTL]WMSKRSQ]ERHI\XIVREPETTIEVERGIMRXLIGEWISJEQER[LSMWEXEPPHMWXMRKYMWLIHERHXLEXMW[L][IEVIWSGYVMSYWXSWIILMQ7YTIVJMGMEPTISTPIXSFIWYVIERHJSVZIV]KSSHVIEWSRWGSQQSRTPEGI TISTPIXSS[MPPFISJXLISTTSWMXISTMRMSRJSVMJER]XLMRKJEMPWXLIQXLI][MPPXLYWFIIREFPIHXSGSRWSPIXLIQWIPZIWF]XLMROMRKXLEXMXMWWXMPPXSGSQI
8LI [SVPH XLIR MW RSX QIVIP] E FEXXPIJMIPH [LIVI ZMGXSV] ERH HIJIEX VIGIMZI
XLIMVHYIVIGSQTIRWIMREJYXYVIWXEXI2SXLI[SVPHMWMXWIPJXLI0EWX.YHKQIRXSRMX)ZIV]QERGEVVMIW[MXLLMQXLIVI[EVHERHXLIHMWKVEGIXLEXLIHIWIVZIW
ERH XLMW MW RS SXLIV XLER XLI HSGXVMRI SJ XLI &VELQMRW ERH &YHHLMWXW EW MX MWXEYKLXMRXLIXLISV]SJQIXIQTW]GLSWMW
8LIUYIWXMSRLEWFIIRVEMWIH;LEXX[SQIR[SYPHHS[LSPMZIHEWSPMXEV]PMJIMR XLI [MPHW ERH QIX IEGL SXLIV JSV XLI JMVWX XMQI ,SFFIW 4YJIRHSVJ ERH6SYWWIEY LEZI KMZIR HMJJIVIRX ERW[IVW 4YJIRHSVJ FIPMIZIH XLEX XLI] [SYPHETTVSEGLIEGLSXLIVEWJVMIRHW,SFFIWSRXLIGSRXVEV]EWIRIQMIW6SYWWIEYXLEX XLI] [SYPH TEWW IEGL SXLIV F] -R WMPIRGI %PP XLVII EVI FSXL VMKLX ERH[VSRK8LMWMWNYWXEGEWIMR[LMGLXLIMRGEPGYPEFPIHMJJIVIRGIXLEXXLIVIMWMRMRREXI QSVEP HMWTSWMXMSR FIX[IIR SRI MRHMZMHYEP ERH ERSXLIV [SYPH QEOI MXW
ETTIEVERGI8LI HMJJIVIRGIMWWS WXVSRK XLEX XLI UYIWXMSRLIVIVEMWIHQMKLX FIVIKEVHIHEWXLIWXERHEVHERHQIEWYVISJMX*SVXLIVIEVIQIRMR[LSQXLIWMKLX
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 37/64
SJ ERSXLIV QER EX SRGI VSYWIW E JIIPMRK SJ IRQMX] WMRGI XLIMV MRQSWX REXYVII\GPEMQWEXSRGI8LEXMWRSXQI8LIVIEVISXLIVWMR[LSQXLIWMKLXE[EOIRWMQQIHMEXIW]QTEXL]XLIMVMRQSWXREXYVIWE]W 8LEXMWQISZIVEKEMR&IX[IIR
XLIX[SXLIVIEVIGSYRXPIWWHIKVIIW8LEXMRXLMWQSWXMQTSVXERXQEXXIV[IEVIWS
XSXEPP]HMJJIVIRXMWEKVIEXTVSFPIQRE]EQ]WXIV]
-R VIKEVH XS XLMWE TVMSVM REXYVI SJ QSVEP GLEVEGXIV XLIVI MW QEXXIV JSV ZEVMIH
VIJPIGXMSR MR E [SVO F] &EWXLSPQ E (ERMWL [VMXIV IRXMXPIH ,MWXSVMGEP'SRXVMFYXMSRWXSXLI/RS[PIHKISJ1ERMRXLI7EZEKI7XEXI,IMWWXVYGOF]XLI
JEGX XLEX MRXIPPIGXYEP GYPXYVI ERH QSVEP I\GIPPIRGI EVI WLS[R XS FI IRXMVIP]MRHITIRHIRX SJIEGL SXLIV MREWQYGL EW SRIMWSJXIR JSYRH [MXLSYX XLI SXLIV
8LIVIEWSRSJXLMWEW[IWLEPPJMRHMWWMQTP]XLEXQSVEPI\GIPPIRGIMRRS[MWIWTVMRKWJVSQVIJPIGXMSR[LMGLMWHIZIPSTIHF]MRXIPPIGXYEPGYPXYVIFYXJVSQXLI[MPPMXWIPJXLIGSRWXMXYXMSRSJ[LMGLMWMRREXIERHRSXWYWGITXMFPIMRMXWIPJSJER]
MQTVSZIQIRXF]QIERWSJIHYGEXMSR&EWXLSPQVITVIWIRXWQSWXREXMSRWEWZIV]ZMGMSYW ERH MQQSVEP ERH SRXLI SXLIV LERH LIVITSVXW XLEX I\GIPPIRX XVEMXW SJ
GLEVEGXIVEVIJSYRHEQSRKWXWSQIWEZEKITISTPIWEWJSVMRWXERGIEQSRKWXXLI3VSXGL]WIW XLI MRLEFMXERXW SJ XLI MWPERH 7EZY XLI 8YRKYWIW ERH XLI 4IPI[
MWPERHIVW,IXLYWEXXIQTXWXSWSPZIXLITVSFPIQ,S[MXMWXLEXWSQIXVMFIWEVIWSVIQEVOEFP]KSSH[LIRXLIMVRIMKLFSYVWEVIEPPFEH
-XWIIQWXSQIXLEXXLIHMJJMGYPX]QE]FII\TPEMRIHEWJSPPS[W1SVEPUYEPMXMIW
EW[IORS[EVILIVMXEFPIERHERMWSPEXIHXVMFIWYGLEWMWHIWGVMFIHQMKLXXEOIMXWVMWIMRWSQISRIJEQMP]ERHYPXMQEXIP]MREWMRKPIERGIWXSV[LSLETTIRIHXS
FIEKSSHQERERHXLIRQEMRXEMRMXWTYVMX]-WMXRSXXLIGEWIJSVMRWXERGIXLEXSRQER]YRTPIEWERXSGGEWMSRWWYGLEWVITYHMEXMSRSJTYFPMGHIFXWJMPMFYWXIVMRKVEMHWERHWSSRXLI)RKPMWLLEZISJXIRVIQMRHIHXLI2SVXL%QIVMGERWSJXLIMVHIWGIRX JVSQ )RKPMWL TIREP GSPSRMWXW# -X MW E VITVSEGL LS[IZIV [LMGL GERETTP]SRP]XSEWQEPPTEVXSJXLITSTYPEXMSR
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
EVKYQIRXE QSVYQ I\ QMRMQMW UYSUYI PMGIX GETIVI -J E QER WLS[W F] LMW )T
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 38/64
EFWSPYXIP]YRWGVYTYPSYWERHWIPJMWLFILEZMSYVMRWQEPPXLMRKWXLEXEWIRXMQIRXSJNYWXMGI MWJSVIMKR XSLMW HMWTSWMXMSR LI WLSYPH RSX FI XVYWXIH [MXL E TIRR]YRPIWWSRHYIWIGYVMX]*SV[LS[MPPFIPMIZIXLEXXLIQER[LSIZIV]HE]WLS[W
XLEX LI MW YRNYWX MR EPP QEXXIVW SXLIV XLER XLSWI [LMGL GSRGIVR TVSTIVX] ERH
[LSWIFSYRHPIWWWIPJMWLRIWWIZIV][LIVITVSXVYHIWXLVSYKLXLIWQEPPEJJEMVWSJSVHMREV]PMJI[LMGLEVIWYFNIGXXSRSWGVYXMR]PMOIEHMVX]WLMVXXLVSYKLXLILSPIWSJEVEKKIHNEGOIX[LS-EWO[MPPFIPMIZIXLEXWYGLEQER[MPPEGXLSRSYVEFP]
MRQEXXIVWSJQIYQERH XYYQ [MXLSYX ER] SXLIVMRGIRXMZI FYX XLEX SJNYWXMGI#8LI QER [LS LEW RS GSRWGMIRGI MR WQEPP XLMRKW [MPP FI E WGSYRHVIP MR FMKXLMRKW-J[IRIKPIGXWQEPPXVEMXWSJGLEVEGXIV[ILEZISRP]SYVWIPZIWXSFPEQIMJ [I EJXIV[EVHW PIEVR XS SYV HMWEHZERXEKI [LEX XLMW GLEVEGXIV MW MR XLI KVIEXEJJEMVWSJPMJI3RXLIWEQITVMRGMTPI[ISYKLXXSFVIEO[MXLWSGEPPIHJVMIRHWIZIRMRQEXXIVWSJXVMJPMRKQSQIRXMJXLI]WLS[EGLEVEGXIVXLEXMWQEPMGMSYWSV FEH SV ZYPKEV WS XLEX [I QE] EZSMH XLI FEH XYVR [LMGL SRP] [EMXW JSV ER
STTSVXYRMX]SJFIMRKHSRIYW8LIWEQIXLMRKETTPMIWXSWIVZERXW0IXMXEP[E]W FISYVQE\MQ&IXXIVEPSRIXLEREQSRKWXXVEMXSVW
3J E XVYXL XLI JMVWX ERH JSVIQSWX WXIT MR EPP ORS[PIHKI SJ QEROMRH MW XLI
GSRZMGXMSR XLEX E QERW GSRHYGX XEOIR EW E [LSPI ERH MR EPP MXW IWWIRXMEP TEVXMGYPEVWMWRSXKSZIVRIHF]LMWVIEWSRSVF]ER]SJXLIVIWSPYXMSRW[LMGLLI
QE] QEOI MR ZMVXYI SJ MX 2S QER FIGSQIW XLMW SV XLEX F] [MWLMRK XS FI MXLS[IZIVIEVRIWXP],MWEGXWTVSGIIHJVSQLMWMRREXIERHYREPXIVEFPIGLEVEGXIV
ERHXLI]EVIQSVIMQQIHMEXIP]ERHTEVXMGYPEVP]HIXIVQMRIHF]QSXMZIW%QERWGSRHYGXXLIVIJSVIMWXLIRIGIWWEV]TVSHYGXSJFSXLGLEVEGXIVERHQSXMZI-XQE] FI MPPYWXVEXIH F] XLI GSYVWI SJ E TPERIX [LMGL MW XLI VIWYPX SJ XLI GSQFMRIHIJJIGX SJ XLI XERKIRXMEP IRIVK] [MXL [LMGL MX MW IRHS[IH ERH XLI GIRXVMTIXEPIRIVK][LMGLSTIVEXIWJVSQXLIWYR-RXLMWWMQMPIXLIJSVQIVIRIVK]VITVIWIRXWGLEVEGXIVERHXLIPEXXIVXLIMRJPYIRGISJQSXMZI-XMWEPQSWXQSVIXLEREQIVIWMQMPI 8LI XERKIRXMEP IRIVK] [LMGL TVSTIVP] WTIEOMRK MW XLI WSYVGI SJ XLI TPERIXW QSXMSR [LMPWX SR XLI SXLIV LERH XLI QSXMSR MW OITX MR GLIGO F]KVEZMXEXMSRMWJVSQEQIXETL]WMGEPTSMRXSJZMI[XLI[MPPQERMJIWXMRKMXWIPJMRXLEXFSH]
8S KVEWT XLMW JEGX MW XS WII XLEX [I VIEPP] RIZIV JSVQ ER]XLMRK QSVI XLER EGSRNIGXYVISJ[LEX[IWLEPPHSYRHIVGMVGYQWXERGIW[LMGL EVI WXMPPXSLETTIR
EPXLSYKL [I SJXIR XEOI SYV GSRNIGXYVI JSV E VIWSPZI ;LIR JSV MRWXERGI MR TYVWYERGISJETVSTSWEPEQER[MXLXLIKVIEXIWXWMRGIVMX]ERHIZIRIEKIVRIWW
EGGITXWERIRKEKIQIRXXSHSXLMWSVXLEXSRXLISGGYVVIRGISJEGIVXEMRJYXYVIIZIRXMXMWF]RSQIERWGIVXEMRXLEXLI[MPPJYPJMPXLIIRKEKIQIRXYRPIWWLIMWWSGSRWXMXYXIHXLEXXLITVSQMWI[LMGLLIKMZIWMRMXWIPJERHEWWYGLMWEP[E]WERH IZIV][LIVI E QSXMZI WYJJMGMIRX JSV LMQ F] EGXMRK YTSR LMQ XLVSYKLGSRWMHIVEXMSRWSJLSRSYVPMOIWSQII\XIVREPGSQTYPWMSR&YXEFSZIERHFI]SRHXLMW[LEXLI[MPPHSSRXLISGGYVVIRGISJXLEXIZIRXQE]FIJSVIXSPHJVSQXVYI
ERHEGGYVEXIORS[PIHKISJLMWGLEVEGXIVERHXLII\XIVREPGMVGYQWXERGIWYRHIVXLI MRJPYIRGI SJ [LMGL LI [MPP JEPP ERH MX QE] [MXL GSQTPIXI GIVXEMRX] FI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 39/64
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 40/64
;IQEOIXLIEGUYEMRXERGISJXLI)EVPSJ2SVXLYQFIVPERHMRXLITPE]SJ 6MGLEVH -- [LIVI LI MW XLI JMVWX XS LEXGL E TPSX EKEMRWX XLI /MRK MR JEZSYV SJ
&SPMRKFVSOI EJXIV[EVHW ,IRV] -: XS [LSQ LI IZIR SJJIVW WSQI TIVWSREPJPEXXIV]%GX--7G-RXLIJSPPS[MRKEGXLIWYJJIVWEVITVMQERHFIGEYWIMR
WTIEOMRK SJ XLI /MRK LI XEPOW SJ LMQ EW 6MGLEVH [MXLSYX QSVI EHS FYX TVSXIWXWXLEXLI HMH MXSRP] JSV FVIZMX]W WEOI% PMXXPI PEXIVLMW MRWMHMSYW [SVHW
MRHYGIXLI/MRKXSWYVVIRHIV-RXLIJSPPS[MRKEGX[LIRXLI/MRKVIRSYRGIWXLIGVS[R2SVXLYQFIVPERHXVIEXW LMQ [MXL WYGL LEVWLRIWWERHGSRXIQTXXLEX XLI
YRPYGO]QSREVGLMWUYMXIFVSOIRERHPSWMRKEPPTEXMIRGISRGIQSVII\GPEMQWXSLMQ *MIRHXLSYXSVQIRXWXQIIVI-GSQIXSLIPP %XXLIGPSWI2SVXLYQFIVPERH
ERRSYRGIW XS XLI RI[ /MRK XLEX LI LEW WIRX XLI LIEHW SJ XLI JSVQIV /MRKWEHLIVIRXWXS0SRHSR
-RXLIJSPPS[MRKXVEKIH] ,IRV]-: LILEXGLIWETPSXEKEMRWXXLIRI[/MRKMR NYWX XLI WEQI [E] -R XLI JSYVXL EGX [I WII XLI VIFIPW YRMXIH QEOMRK TVITEVEXMSRWJSVXLIHIGMWMZIFEXXPISRXLIQSVVS[ERHSRP][EMXMRKMQTEXMIRXP]JSV 2SVXLYQFIVPERH ERH LMW HMZMWMSR %X PEWX XLIVI EVVMZIW E PIXXIV JVSQ LMQ
WE]MRKXLEXLIMWMPPERHXLEXLIGERRSXIRXVYWXLMWJSVGIXSER]SRIIPWIFYXXLEXRIZIVXLIPIWWXLISXLIVWWLSYPHKSJSV[EVH[MXLGSYVEKIERHQEOIEFVEZIJMKLX
8LI]HSWSFYXKVIEXP][IEOIRIHF]LMWEFWIRGIXLI]EVIGSQTPIXIP]HIJIEXIHQSWXSJXLIMVPIEHIVWEVIGETXYVIHERHLMWS[RWSRXLIZEPSVSYW,SXWTYVJEPPW
F]XLILERHSJXLI4VMRGISJ;EPIW
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
7SJEVMWGLEVEGXIVJVSQFIMRKXLI[SVOSJVIEWSRIHGLSMGIERHGSRWMHIVEXMSRXLEXMRER]EGXMSRXLIMRXIPPIGXLEWRSXLMRKXSHSFYXXSTVIWIRXQSXMZIWXSXLI[MPP8LIVIEJXIVMXPSSOWSREWEQIVIWTIGXEXSVERH[MXRIWWEXXLIGSYVWI[LMGLPMJIXEOIWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIMRJPYIRGISJQSXMZISRXLIKMZIRGLEVEGXIV%PPXLI MRGMHIRXW SJ PMJI SGGYV WXVMGXP] WTIEOMRK [MXL XLI WEQI RIGIWWMX] EW XLIQSZIQIRX SJ E GPSGO 3R XLMW TSMRX PIX QI VIJIV XS Q] TVM^IIWWE] SR 8LI *VIIHSQSJXLI;MPP -LEZIXLIVII\TPEMRIHXLIXVYIQIERMRKERHSVMKMRSJXLI TIVWMWXIRXMPPYWMSRXLEXXLI[MPPMWIRXMVIP]JVIIMRIZIV]WMRKPIEGXMSRERH-LEZIMRHMGEXIH XLI GEYWI XS [LMGL MX MW HYI - [MPP SRP] EHH LIVI XLI JSPPS[MRK
XIPISPSKMGEPI\TPEREXMSRSJXLMWREXYVEPMPPYWMSR
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 41/64
7MRGI IZIV] WMRKPI EGXMSR SJ E QERW PMJI WIIQW XS TSWWIWW XLI JVIIHSQ ERHSVMKMREPMX][LMGLMRXVYXLSRP]FIPSRKXSLMWGLEVEGXIVEWLIETTVILIRHWMXERHXLI QIVIETTVILIRWMSRSJ MXF] LMW MRXIPPIGX MW[LEXGSRWXMXYXIWLMW GEVIIV ERH
WMRGI [LEX MW SVMKMREP MR IZIV] WMRKPI EGXMSR WIIQW XS XLI IQTMVMGEP
GSRWGMSYWRIWW XSFI EP[E]W FIMRKTIVJSVQIH ERI[E QER XLYWVIGIMZIWMR XLIGSYVWISJLMWGEVIIVXLIWXVSRKIWXTSWWMFPIQSVEPPIWWSR8LIRERHRSXFIJSVILI FIGSQIW XLSVSYKLP] GSRWGMSYW SJ EPP XLI FEH WMHIW SJ LMW GLEVEGXIV
'SRWGMIRGI EGGSQTERMIW IZIV] EGX [MXL XLI GSQQIRX =SY WLSYPH EGXHMJJIVIRXP]EPXLSYKLMXWXVYIWIRWIMW=SYGSYPHFISXLIVXLER]SYEVI%WXLIVIWYPXSJXLMWMQQYXEFMPMX]SJGLEVEGXIVSRXLISRILERHERHSRXLISXLIVSJXLIWXVMGX RIGIWWMX] [LMGL EXXIRHW EPP XLI GMVGYQWXERGIW MR [LMGL GLEVEGXIV MWWYGGIWWMZIP] TPEGIH IZIV] QERW GSYVWI SJ PMJI MW TVIGMWIP] HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ%PTLEVMKLXXLVSYKLXS3QIKE&YXRIZIVXLIPIWWSRIQERWGSYVWISJPMJIXYVRWSYXMQQIEWYVEFP]LETTMIVRSFPIVERHQSVI[SVXL]XLERERSXLIVW[LIXLIVMXFI
VIKEVHIHJVSQEWYFNIGXMZISVERSFNIGXMZITSMRXSJZMI[ERHYRPIWW[IEVIXSI\GPYHIEPPMHIEWSJNYWXMGI[IEVIPIHXSXLIHSGXVMRI[LMGLMW[IPPEGGITXIHMR&VELQERMWQERH&YHHLMWQXLEXXLIWYFNIGXMZIGSRHMXMSRWMR[LMGLEW[IPPEWXLI SFNIGXMZI GSRHMXMSRW YRHIV [LMGL IZIV] QER MW FSVR EVI XLI QSVEPGSRWIUYIRGIWSJETVIZMSYWI\MWXIRGI
1EGGLMEZIPPM [LS WIIQW XS LEZI XEOIR RS MRXIVIWX [LEXIZIV MR TLMPSWSTLMGEPWTIGYPEXMSRW MW HVE[R F] XLI OIIR WYFXPIX] SJ LMW ZIV] YRMUYI YRHIVWXERHMRK
MRXSXLIJSPPS[MRKSFWIVZEXMSR[LMGLTSWWIWWIWEVIEPP]HIITQIERMRK-XWLS[WXLEXLILEHERMRXYMXMZIORS[PIHKISJXLIIRXMVIRIGIWWMX][MXL[LMGLGLEVEGXIVWERHQSXMZIWFIMRKKMZIREPPEGXMSRWXEOITPEGI,IQEOIWMXEXXLIFIKMRRMRKSJXLITVSPSKYIXSLMWGSQIH]'PMXME -J LIWE]WXLIWEQIQIR[IVIXSVIGYVMRXLI[SVPH MR XLI [E] XLEX XLI WEQI GMVGYQWXERGIW VIGYV E LYRHVIH ]IEVW [SYPHRIZIVIPETWI[MXLSYXSYVJMRHMRKSYVWIPZIWXSKIXLIVSRGIQSVIERHHSMRKXLI WEQIXLMRKWEW[IEVIHSMRKRS[7IRIPQSRHSXSVREWWMRSMQIHIWMQMYSQMRMGSQSXSVRERSMQIHIWMQMGEWMRSRTEWWEVIFFSRSQEMGIRXSERRMGLIRSMRSRGMXVSZEWWMQSYREPXVEZSPXEMRWMIQIEJEVIPIQIHIWMQIGSWIGLILSVE ,IWIIQWLS[IZIV XS LEZI FIIR HVE[R MRXS XLI VIQEVO F] E VIQMRMWGIRGI SJ [LEX%YKYWXMRIWE]WMRLMW (I'MZMXEXI(IMFO\MMGL\MMM
%KEMR *EXI SV XLI ?+VIIO IMQEVQIREIA SJ XLI ERGMIRXW MW RSXLMRK FYX XLI
GSRWGMSYWGIVXEMRX]XLEXEPPXLEXLETTIRWMWJEWXFSYRHF]EGLEMRSJGEYWIWERHXLIVIJSVIXEOIWTPEGI[MXLEWXVMGXRIGIWWMX]XLEXXLIJYXYVIMWEPVIEH]SVHEMRIH
[MXL EFWSPYXI GIVXEMRX] ERH GER YRHIVKS EW PMXXPI EPXIVEXMSR EW XLI TEWX -R XLIJEXEPMWXMG Q]XLW SJ XLI ERGMIRXW EPP XLEX GER FI VIKEVHIH EW JEFYPSYW MW XLI TVIHMGXMSR SJ XLI JYXYVI XLEX MW MJ [I VIJYWI XS GSRWMHIV XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJQEKRIXMGGPEMVZS]ERGIERHWIGSRHWMKLX-RWXIEHSJXV]MRKXSI\TPEMRE[E]XLIJYRHEQIRXEPXVYXLSJ*EXEPMWQF]WYTIVJMGMEPX[EHHPIERHJSSPMWLIZEWMSREQERWLSYPH EXXIQTX XS KIX E GPIEV ORS[PIHKI ERH GSQTVILIRWMSR SJ MX JSV MX MW
HIQSRWXVEFP]XVYIERHMXLIPTWYWMREZIV]MQTSVXERX[E]XSERYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIQ]WXIVMSYWVMHHPISJSYVPMJI4VIHIWXMREXMSRERH*EXEPMWQHSRSXHMJJIVMR
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 42/64
XLIQEMR8LI]HMJJIVSRP]MRXLMWXLEX[MXL4VIHIWXMREXMSRXLIKMZIRGLEVEGXIVERHI\XIVREPHIXIVQMREXMSRSJLYQEREGXMSRTVSGIIHJVSQEVEXMSREP&IMRKERH[MXL*EXEPMWQJVSQ ERMVVEXMSREPSRI&YXMR IMXLIV GEWI XLI VIWYPX MWXLIWEQI
XLEXLETTIRW[LMGLQYWXLETTIR
3RXLISXLIVLERHXLIGSRGITXMSRSJ1SVEP*VIIHSQMWMRWITEVEFPIJVSQXLEXSJ3VMKMREPMX]%QERQE]FIWEMHFYXLIGERRSXFIGSRGIMZIHXSFIXLI[SVOSJ
ERSXLIVERHEXXLIWEQIXMQIFIJVIIMRVIWTIGXSJLMWHIWMVIWERHEGXW,I[LSGEPPIH LMQ MRXS I\MWXIRGI SYX SJ RSXLMRK MR XLI WEQI TVSGIWW GVIEXIH ERH
HIXIVQMRIHLMWREXYVIMRSXLIV[SVHWXLI[LSPISJLMWUYEPMXMIW*SVRSSRIGERGVIEXI [MXLSYX GVIEXMRK E WSQIXLMRK XLEX MW XS WE] E FIMRK HIXIVQMRIH
XLVSYKLSYXERHMREPPMXWUYEPMXMIW&YXEPPXLEXEQERWE]WERHHSIWRIGIWWEVMP] TVSGIIHWJVSQXLIUYEPMXMIWWSHIXIVQMRIHJSVMXMWSRP]XLIUYEPMXMIWXLIQWIPZIWWIX MRQSXMSR-X MWSRP] WSQII\XIVREPMQTYPWIXLEXXLI] VIUYMVI XSQEOIXLIMV
ETTIEVERGI%WEQERMWWSQYWXLIEGXERHTVEMWISVFPEQIEXXEGLIWRSXXSLMWWITEVEXIEGXWFYXXSLMWREXYVIERHFIMRK
8LEX MW XLI VIEWSR [L] 8LIMWQ ERH XLI QSVEP VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SJ QER EVI
MRGSQTEXMFPIFIGEYWIVIWTSRWMFMPMX]EP[E]WVIZIVXWXSXLIGVIEXSVSJQERERHMXMWXLIVIXLEXMXLEWMXWGIRXVI:EMREXXIQTXWLEZIFIIRQEHIXSQEOIEFVMHKI
JVSQ SRI SJ XLIWI MRGSQTEXMFPIW XS XLI SXLIV F] QIERW SJ XLI GSRGITXMSR SJQSVEP JVIIHSQ FYX MX EP[E]W FVIEOW HS[R EKEMR ;LEX MW JVII QYWX EPWS FI
SVMKMREP -JSYV[MPPMW JVIISYV[MPPMWEPWSXLISVMKMREPIPIQIRX ERHGSRZIVWIP]4VI/ERXMERHSKQEXMWQXVMIHXSWITEVEXIXLIWIX[STVIHMGEQIRXW-X[EWXLIVIF]
GSQTIPPIHXSEWWYQIX[SOMRHWSJJVIIHSQSRIGSWQSPSKMGEPSJXLIJMVWXGEYWIERH XLI SXLIV QSVEP ERH XLISPSKMGEP SJ LYQER [MPP 8LIWI EVI VITVIWIRXIH MR/ERXF]XLIXLMVHEW[IPPEWXLIJSYVXLERXMQSR]SJJVIIHSQ
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
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 43/64
;LEXOMRHSJMRJPYIRGIMXMWXLEXQSVEPMRWXVYGXMSRQE]I\IVGMWISRGSRHYGXERH[LEX EVI XLI PMQMXW SJ XLEX MRJPYIRGI EVI UYIWXMSRW [LMGL - LEZI WYJJMGMIRXP]I\EQMRIHMRXLIX[IRXMIXLWIGXMSRSJQ]XVIEXMWISRXLI *SYRHEXMSRSJ1SVEPMX]
-R EPP IWWIRXMEP TEVXMGYPEVW ER EREPSKSYW MRJPYIRGI MW I\IVGMWIH F] I\EQTPI
[LMGL LS[IZIV LEW E QSVI TS[IVJYP IJJIGX XLER HSGXVMRI ERH XLIVIJSVI MXHIWIVZIWEFVMIJEREP]WMW
-RXLIQEMRI\EQTPI[SVOWIMXLIVF]VIWXVEMRMRKEQERSVF]IRGSYVEKMRKLMQ-XLEWXLIJSVQIVIJJIGX[LIRMXHIXIVQMRIWLMQXSPIEZIYRHSRI[LEXLI[ERXIH
XSHS,IWIIW-QIERXLEXSXLIVTISTPIHSRSXHSMXERHJVSQXLMWLINYHKIWMRKIRIVEPXLEXMXMWRSXI\TIHMIRXXLEXMXQE]IRHERKIVLMWTIVWSRSVLMWTVSTIVX]
SVLMWLSRSYV
,I VIWXW GSRXIRX ERH KPEHP] JMRHW LMQWIPJ VIPMIZIH JVSQ I\EQMRMRK MRXS XLI
QEXXIVJSVLMQWIPJ3VLIQE]WIIXLEXERSXLIVQER[LSLEWRSXVIJVEMRIHLEWMRGYVVIHIZMPGSRWIUYIRGIWJVSQHSMRKMXXLMWMWI\EQTPISJXLIHIXIVVIRXOMRH8LI I\EQTPI [LMGL IRGSYVEKIW E QER [SVOW MR E X[SJSPH QERRIV -X IMXLIVMRHYGIWLMQXSHS[LEXLI[SYPHFIKPEHXSPIEZIYRHSRIMJLI[IVIRSXEJVEMH
PIWX XLI SQMWWMSR QMKLX MR WSQI [E] IRHERKIV LMQ SV MRNYVI LMQ MR SXLIVWSTMRMSRSVIPWIMXIRGSYVEKIWLMQXSHS[LEXLIMWKPEHXSHSFYXLEWLMXLIVXS
VIJVEMRIH JVSQ HSMRK JVSQ JIEV SJ HERKIV SV WLEQI XLMW MW I\EQTPI SJ XLIWIHYGXMZIOMRH*MREPP]I\EQTPIQE]FVMRKEQERXSHS[LEXLI[SYPHLEZI
SXLIV[MWIRIZIVXLSYKLXSJHSMRK-XMWSFZMSYWXLEXMRXLMWPEWXGEWII\EQTPI[SVOWMRXLIQEMRSRP]SRXLIMRXIPPIGXMXWIJJIGXSRXLI[MPPMWWIGSRHEV]ERHMJ
MXLEWER]WYGLIJJIGXMXMWF]XLIMRXIVTSWMXMSRSJXLIQERWS[RNYHKQIRXSVF]VIPMERGISRXLITIVWSR[LSTVIWIRXIHXLII\EQTPI
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
&YXXLIOMRHSJIJJIGX[LMGLI\EQTPII\IVGMWIWHITIRHWYTSREQERWGLEVEGXIVERHXLYWMXMWXLEXXLIWEQII\EQTPIQE]TSWWMFP]WIHYGISRIQERERHHIXIVERSXLIV%RIEW]STTSVXYRMX]SJSFWIVZMRKXLMWMWEJJSVHIHMRXLIGEWISJGIVXEMR
WSGMEPMQTIVXMRIRGIW[LMGLGSQIMRXSZSKYIERHKVEHYEPP]WTVIEH8LIJMVWXXMQIXLEXEQERRSXMGIWER]XLMRKSJXLIOMRHLIQE]WE]XSLMQWIPJ *SVWLEQI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 44/64
LS[GERLIHSMXLS[WIPJMWLERHMRGSRWMHIVEXISJLMQVIEPP]-WLEPPXEOIGEVIRIZIVXSHSER]XLMRKPMOIXLEX &YXX[IRX]SXLIVW[MPPXLMRO %LEMJLIHSIWXLEX -QE]HSMXXSS
%W VIKEVHW QSVEPMX] I\EQTPI PMOI HSGXVMRI QE] MX MW XVYI TVSQSXI GMZMP SV
PIKEPEQIPMSVEXMSRFYXRSXXLEXMR[EVHEQIRHQIRX[LMGLMWWXVMGXP]WTIEOMRKXLI SRP]OMRHSJQSVEP EQIPMSVEXMSR*SV I\EQTPIEP[E]W [SVOWEWE TIVWSREP
QSXMZIEPSRIERHEWWYQIWXLIVIJSVIXLEXEQERMWWYWGITXMFPIXSXLMWWSVXSJQSXMZI&YXMXMWNYWXXLITVIHSQMREXMRKWIRWMXMZIRIWWSJEGLEVEGXIVXSXLMWSV
XLEXWSVXSJQSXMZIXLEXHIXIVQMRIW[LIXLIVMXWQSVEPMX]MWXVYIERHVIEPXLSYKLSJ[LEXIZIVOMRHMXMWMXMWEP[E]WMRREXI-RKIRIVEPMXQE]FIWEMHXLEXI\EQTPI
STIVEXIWEWEQIERWSJTVSQSXMRKXLIKSSHERHXLIFEHUYEPMXMIWSJEGLEVEGXIV FYXMXHSIWRSXGVIEXIXLIQERHWSMXMWXLEX7IRIGEWQE\MQ ZIPPIRSRHMWGMXYV
[MPP GERRSX FI PIEVRIH EPWS LSPHW KSSH LIVI &YX XLI MRREXIRIWW SJ EPP XVYP]
QSVEPUYEPMXMIWSJXLIKSSHEWSJXLIFEHMWEHSGXVMRIXLEXGSRWSVXWFIXXIV[MXLXLIQIXIQTW]GLSWMWSJXLI&VELQMRWERH&YHHLMWXWEGGSVHMRKXS[LMGLEQERW
KSSHERHFEHHIIHWJSPPS[LMQJVSQSRII\MWXIRGIXSERSXLIVPMOILMWWLEHS[XLER [MXL .YHEMWQ *SV .YHEMWQ VIUYMVIW E QER XS GSQI MRXS XLI [SVPH EW E
QSVEPFPEROWSXLEXMRZMVXYISJERMRGSRGIMZEFPIJVII[MPPHMVIGXIHXSSFNIGXW[LMGLEVIRIMXLIVXSFIWSYKLXRSVEZSMHIHPMFIVYQEVFMXVMYQMRHMJJIVIRXMEI
ERH GSRWIUYIRXP] EW XLI VIWYPX SJ VIEWSRIH GSRWMHIVEXMSR LI QE] GLSSWI[LIXLIVLIMWXSFIERERKIPSVEHIZMPSVER]XLMRKIPWIXLEXQE]PMIFIX[IIRXLI
X[S8LSYKL-EQ[IPPE[EVI[LEXXLI.I[MWLWGLIQIMW-TE]RSEXXIRXMSRXSMXJSVQ]WXERHEVHMWXVYXL-EQRSTVSJIWWSVSJTLMPSWSTL]ERHXLIVIJSVI-HSRSXJMRHQ]ZSGEXMSRMRIWXEFPMWLMRKXLIJYRHEQIRXEPMHIEWSJ.YHEMWQEXER]GSWXIZIRXLSYKLXLI]JSVIZIVFEVXLI[E]XSEPPERHIZIV]OMRHSJTLMPSWSTLMGEPORS[PIHKI 0MFIVYQEVFMXVMYQMRHMJJIVIRXMEIYRHIVXLIREQISJQSVEPJVIIHSQMWEGLEVQMRKHSPPJSVTVSJIWWSVWSJTLMPSWSTL]XSHERHPIERH[IQYWXPIEZIMXXSXLSWIMRXIPPMKIRXLSRSYVEFPIERHYTVMKLXKIRXPIQIR
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 45/64
'LEVEGXIV
1IR[LSEWTMVIXSE LETT]EFVMPPMERXERHE PSRKPMJI MRWXIEHSJXSEZMVXYSYWSRIEVIPMOIJSSPMWLEGXSVW[LS[ERXXSFIEP[E]WLEZMRKXLIKVIEXTEVXWXLI TEVXW XLEX EVI QEVOIH F] WTPIRHSYV ERH XVMYQTL 8LI] JEMP XS WII XLEX XLIMQTSVXERXXLMRKMWRSX[LEX SVLS[QYGLFYXLS[XLI]EGX
7MRGI EQER HSIW RSX EPXIV ERH LMWQSVEP GLEVEGXIV VIQEMRW EFWSPYXIP] XLIWEQIEPPXLVSYKLLMWPMJIWMRGILIQYWXTPE]SYXXLITEVX[LMGLLILEWVIGIMZIH[MXLSYX XLI PIEWX HIZMEXMSR JVSQ XLI GLEVEGXIV WMRGI RIMXLIV I\TIVMIRGI RSV TLMPSWSTL]RSVVIPMKMSRGERIJJIGXER]MQTVSZIQIRXMRLMQXLIUYIWXMSREVMWIW;LEXMWXLIQIERMRKSJPMJIEXEPP#8S[LEXTYVTSWIMWMXTPE]IHXLMWJEVGIMR[LMGLIZIV]XLMRKXLEXMWIWWIRXMEPMWMVVIZSGEFP]JM\IHERHHIXIVQMRIH#
-XMWTPE]IHXLEXEQERQE]GSQIXSYRHIVWXERHLMQWIPJXLEXLIQE]WII[LEXMXMWXLEXLIWIIOWERHLEWWSYKLXXSFI[LEXLI[ERXWERH[LEXXLIVIJSVILIMW8LMW MW E ORS[PIHKI[LMGLQYWX FI MQTEVXIH XS LMQ JVSQ[MXLSYX 0MJI MW XSQERMRSXLIV[SVHWXS[MPP[LEXGLIQMGEPVIEKIRXWEVIXSXLIFSH]MXMWSRP] F]PMJIXLEXEQERVIZIEPW[LEXLIMWERHMXMWSRP]MRWSJEVEWLIVIZIEPWLMQWIPJXLEXLII\MWXWEXEPP0MJIMWXLIQERMJIWXEXMSRSJGLEVEGXIVSJXLIWSQIXLMRKXLEX[IYRHIVWXERHF]XLEX[SVHERHMX MWRSXMRPMJIFYXSYXWMHISJMXERHSYXWMHI
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
REXYVIHIKSMWX-RSRIGEWILIMWWIIRSJEPPQIRMRXLISXLIVTIVLETWSRP]SJLMQWIPJFYXXLEXLIWLSYPHWIILMQWIPJMW[LEXWMKRMJMIW
8LIVIJSVIMJIKSMWQLEWEJMVQLSPHSJEQERERHQEWXIVWLMQ[LIXLIVMXFIMRXLIJSVQSJ NS]SV XVMYQTLSVPYWXSVLSTISVJVERXMGKVMIJSVERRS]ERGISVERKIVSVJIEVSVWYWTMGMSRSVTEWWMSRSJER]OMRHLIMWMRXLIHIZMPWGPYXGLIWERH LS[ LI KSX MRXS XLIQ HSIW RSX QEXXIV ;LEX MW RIIHJYP MW XLEX LI WLSYPHQEOILEWXIXSKIXSYXSJXLIQERHLIVIEKEMRMXHSIWRSXQEXXIVLS[
-LEZIHIWGVMFIHGLEVEGXIV EWXLISVIXMGEPP]EREGXSJ[MPPP]MRKFI]SRHXMQISJ
[LMGLPMJIMRXMQISV GLEVEGXIV MREGXMSR MW XLI HIZIPSTQIRX *SVQEXXIVW SJ
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 46/64
TVEGXMGEPPMJI[IEPPTSWWIWWXLISRIEW[IPPEWXLISXLIVJSV[IEVIGSRWXMXYXIHSJ XLIQ FSXL 'LEVEGXIV QSHMJMIW SYV PMJI QSVI XLER [I XLMRO ERH MX MW XS EGIVXEMRI\XIRXXVYIXLEXIZIV]QERMWXLIEVGLMXIGXSJLMWS[RJSVXYRI2SHSYFXMX
WIIQW EW MJ SYV PSX [IVI EWWMKRIH XS YW EPQSWX IRXMVIP] JVSQ [MXLSYX ERH
MQTEVXIH XS YW MR WSQIXLMRK SJ XLI WEQI [E] MR [LMGL E QIPSH] SYXWMHI YWVIEGLIWXLIIEV&YXSRPSSOMRKFEGOSZIVSYVTEWX[IWIIEXSRGIXLEXSYVPMJIGSRWMWXWSJQIVIZEVMEXMSRWSRSRIERHXLIWEQIXLIQIREQIP]SYVGLEVEGXIV
ERHXLEXXLIWEQIJYRHEQIRXEPFEWWWSYRHWXLVSYKLMXEPP8LMWMWERI\TIVMIRGI[LMGLEQERGERERHQYWXQEOIMRERHF]LMQWIPJ
2SX SRP] E QERW PMJI FYX LMW MRXIPPIGX XSS QE] FI TSWWIWWIH SJ E GPIEV ERH
HIJMRMXIGLEVEGXIVWSJEVEWLMWMRXIPPIGXMWETTPMIHXSQEXXIVWSJXLISV]-XMWRSXIZIV] QER LS[IZIV [LS LEW ER MRXIPPIGX SJ XLMW OMRH JSV ER] WYGL HIJMRMXIMRHMZMHYEPMX] EW - QIER MW KIRMYWER SVMKMREP ZMI[ SJ XLI [SVPH [LMGL
TVIWYTTSWIW ER EFWSPYXIP] I\GITXMSREP MRHMZMHYEPMX] [LMGL MW XLI IWWIRGI SJKIRMYW%QERWMRXIPPIGXYEPGLEVEGXIVMW XLI XLIQISR [LMGLEPP LMW [SVOWEVI
ZEVMEXMSRW-RERIWWE][LMGL-[VSXIMR;IMQEV-GEPPIHMXXLIOREGOF][LMGLIZIV]KIRMYW TVSHYGIW LMW [SVOW LS[IZIV ZEVMSYW 8LMW MRXIPPIGXYEP GLEVEGXIV
HIXIVQMRIWXLITL]WMSKRSQ]SJQIRSJKIRMYW[LEX-QMKLXGEPPXLIXLISVIXMGEP TL]WMSKRSQ]ERHKMZIWMXXLEXHMWXMRKYMWLIHI\TVIWWMSR[LMGLMWGLMIJP]WIIRMR
XLI I]IW ERH XLI JSVILIEH -R XLI GEWI SJ SVHMREV] QIR XLI TL]WMSKRSQ] TVIWIRXWRSQSVIXLERE[IEOEREPSK][MXLXLITL]WMSKRSQ]SJKIRMYW3RXLI
SXLIV LERH EPP QIR TSWWIWW XLITVEGXMGEP TL]WMSKRSQ] XLI WXEQT SJ [MPP SJ TVEGXMGEP GLEVEGXIV SJ QSVEP HMWTSWMXMSR ERH MX WLS[W MXWIPJ GLMIJP] MR XLIQSYXL
7MRGIGLEVEGXIVWSJEVEW[IYRHIVWXERHMXWREXYVIMWEFSZIERHFI]SRHXMQIMXGERRSX YRHIVKS ER] GLERKI YRHIV XLI MRJPYIRGI SJ PMJI &YX EPXLSYKL MX QYWXRIGIWWEVMP]VIQEMRXLIWEQIEP[E]WMXVIUYMVIWXMQIXSYRJSPHMXWIPJERHWLS[
XLI ZIV] HMZIVWI EWTIGXW [LMGL MX QE] TSWWIWW *SV GLEVEGXIV GSRWMWXW SJ X[SJEGXSVW SRI XLI [MPPXSPMZI MXWIPJ FPMRH MQTYPWI WSGEPPIH MQTIXYSWMX] XLI
SXLIV XLI VIWXVEMRX [LMGL XLI [MPP EGUYMVIW [LIR MX GSQIW XS YRHIVWXERH XLI[SVPHERHXLI[SVPHEKEMRMWMXWIPJ[MPP%QERQE]FIKMRF]JSPPS[MRKXLI
GVEZMRKSJHIWMVIYRXMPLIGSQIW XSWIILS[ LSPPS[ ERHYRVIEPE XLMRKMW PMJILS[HIGIMXJYPEVIMXWTPIEWYVIW[LEXLSVVMFPIEWTIGXWMXTSWWIWWIWERHXLMWMXMW
XLEX QEOIW TISTPI LIVQMXW TIRMXIRXW 1EKHEPIRIW 2IZIVXLIPIWW MX MW XS FISFWIVZIHXLEXRSWYGLGLERKIJVSQEPMJISJKVIEXMRHYPKIRGIMRTPIEWYVIXSSRI
SJVIWMKREXMSRMWTSWWMFPII\GITXXSXLIQER[LSSJLMWS[REGGSVHVIRSYRGIW TPIEWYVI % VIEPP] FEH PMJI GERRSX FI GLERKIH MRXS E ZMVXYSYW SRI 8LI QSWX FIEYXMJYPWSYPFIJSVIMXGSQIWXSORS[PMJIJVSQMXWLSVVMFPIWMHIQE]IEKIVP]HVMROXLIW[IIXWSJPMJIERHVIQEMRMRRSGIRX&YXMXGERRSXGSQQMXEFEHEGXMSRMX GERRSX GEYWI SXLIVW WYJJIVMRK XS HS E TPIEWYVI XS MXWIPJ JSV MR XLEX GEWI MX[SYPH WII GPIEVP] [LEX MX [SYPH FI HSMRK ERH [LEXIZIV FI MXW ]SYXL ERH
MRI\TIVMIRGIMXTIVGIMZIWXLIWYJJIVMRKWSJSXLIVWEWGPIEVP]EWMXWS[RTPIEWYVIW8LEX MW [L] SRI FEH EGXMSR MW E KYEVERXII XLEX RYQFIVPIWW SXLIVW [MPP FI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 47/64
GSQQMXXIH EW WSSR EW GMVGYQWXERGIW KMZI SGGEWMSR JSV XLIQ 7SQIFSH] SRGIVIQEVOIHXSQI[MXLIRXMVINYWXMGIXLEXIZIV]QERLEHWSQIXLMRKZIV]KSSHERHLYQERIMRLMWHMWTSWMXMSRERHEPWSWSQIXLMRKZIV]FEHERHQEPMKRERXERH
XLEXEGGSVHMRKEWLI[EWQSZIHSRISVXLISXLIVSJXLIQQEHIMXWETTIEVERGI
8LIWMKLXSJSXLIVWWYJJIVMRKEVSYWIWRSXSRP]MRHMJJIVIRXQIRFYXMRSRIERHXLI WEQIQEREXSRIQSQIRX ERMRI\LEYWXMFPIW]QTEXL] EXERSXLIVE GIVXEMRWEXMWJEGXMSR ERH XLMW WEXMWJEGXMSR QE] MRGVIEWI YRXMP MX FIGSQIW XLI GVYIPPIWX
HIPMKLX MR TEMR - SFWIVZI MR Q]WIPJ XLEX EX SRI QSQIRX - VIKEVH EPP QEROMRH[MXL LIEVXJIPX TMX]EX ERSXLIV [MXL XLI KVIEXIWX MRHMJJIVIRGI SRSGGEWMSR[MXLLEXVIHRE][MXLETSWMXMZIIRNS]QIRXSJXLIMVTEMR
%PP XLMW WLS[W ZIV] GPIEVP] XLEX [I EVI TSWWIWWIH SJ X[S HMJJIVIRX RE]EFWSPYXIP] GSRXVEHMGXSV] [E]W SJ VIKEVHMRK XLI [SVPH SRI EGGSVHMRK XS XLI TVMRGMTPISJMRHMZMHYEXMSR[LMGLI\LMFMXWEPPGVIEXYVIWEWIRXMVIWXVERKIVWXSYW
EW HIJMRMXIP] RSX SYVWIPZIW ;I GER LEZI RS JIIPMRKW JSV XLIQ FYX XLSWI SJMRHMJJIVIRGI IRZ] LEXVIH ERH HIPMKLX XLEX XLI] WYJJIV 8LI SXLIV [E] SJ
VIKEVHMRKXLI[SVPHMWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL[LEX-QE]GEPPXLI 8EXX[EQEWMXLMWMWXL]WIPJ TVMRGMTPI%PPGVIEXYVIWEVII\LMFMXIHEWMHIRXMGEP[MXLSYVWIPZIW
ERHWSMXMWTMX]ERHPSZI[LMGLXLIWMKLXSJXLIQEVSYWIW
8LISRIQIXLSHWITEVEXIWMRHMZMHYEPWF]MQTEWWEFPIFEVVMIVWXLISXLIVVIQSZIWXLIFEVVMIVERHFVMRKWXLIMRHMZMHYEPWXSKIXLIV8LISRIQEOIWYWJIIPMRVIKEVH
XS IZIV] QER XLEX MW [LEX - EQ XLI SXLIV XLEX MW RSX[LEX - EQ &YX MX MWVIQEVOEFPIXLEX[LMPIXLIWMKLXSJERSXLIVWWYJJIVMRKQEOIWYWJIIPSYVMHIRXMX]
[MXL LMQ ERH EVSYWIW SYV TMX] XLMW MW RSX WS [MXL XLI WMKLX SJ ERSXLIVWLETTMRIWW 8LIR [IEPQSWX EP[E]W JIIP WSQI IRZ] ERH IZIR XLSYKL [IQE]LEZI RS WYGL JIIPMRK MR GIVXEMR GEWIWEW JSV MRWXERGI [LIR SYV JVMIRHW EVILETT]]IX XLI MRXIVIWX [LMGL [I XEOI MR XLIMV LETTMRIWW MW SJ E [IEOHIWGVMTXMSR ERH GERRSX GSQTEVI [MXL XLI W]QTEXL] [LMGL [I JIIP [MXL XLIMV
WYJJIVMRK -W XLMW FIGEYWI [I VIGSKRMWI EPP LETTMRIWW XS FI E HIPYWMSR SV ERMQTIHMQIRX XS XVYI [IPJEVI# 2S - EQ MRGPMRIH XSXLMRO XLEX MX MW FIGEYWI XLI
WMKLXSJXLITPIEWYVISVXLITSWWIWWMSRW[LMGLEVIHIRMIHXSYWEVSYWIWIRZ]XLEX MW XS WE] XLI [MWL XLEX [I ERH RSX XLI SXLIV LEH XLEX TPIEWYVI SV XLSWI
TSWWIWWMSRW
-X MW SRP] XLI JMVWX [E] SJ PSSOMRK EX XLI [SVPH [LMGL MW JSYRHIH SR ER]HIQSRWXVEFPIVIEWSR8LISXLIVMWEWMX[IVIXLIKEXISYXSJXLMW[SVPHMXLEWRS EXXIWXEXMSR FI]SRH MXWIPJ YRPIWW MX FI XLI ZIV] EFWXVEGX ERH HMJJMGYPX TVSSJ[LMGLQ] HSGXVMRIWYTTPMIW;L] XLI JMVWX [E] TVIHSQMREXIW MRSRIQERERHXLI WIGSRHMR ERSXLIVXLSYKL TIVLETW MX HSIW RSX I\GPYWMZIP] TVIHSQMREXI MRER] QER [L] XLI SRI SV XLI SXLIV IQIVKIW EGGSVHMRK EWXLI [MPP MW QSZIHXLIWIEVIHIITTVSFPIQW8LITEXLWSJRMKLXERHHE]EVIGPSWIXSKIXLIV
?+VIIO)RKYWKEVRYOXSWHIOEMEIQEXSWIMWMOIPIYXLSMA
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 48/64
-XMWEJEGXXLEXXLIVIMWEKVIEXERHSVMKMREPHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRSRIIQTMVMGEPGLEVEGXIV ERH ERSXLIV ERH MX MW E HMJJIVIRGI [LMGL EX FSXXSQ VIWXW YTSR XLIVIPEXMSRSJXLIMRHMZMHYEPW[MPPXSLMWMRXIPPIGXYEPJEGYPX]8LMWVIPEXMSRMWJMREPP]
HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIHIKVIISJ[MPPMRLMWJEXLIVERHSJMRXIPPIGXMRLMWQSXLIVERH
XLI YRMSR SJ JEXLIV ERH QSXLIV MW JSV XLI QSWX TEVX ER EJJEMV SJ GLERGI 8LMW[SYPHEPPQIEREVIZSPXMRKMRNYWXMGIMRXLIREXYVISJXLI[SVPHMJMX[IVIRSXXLEXXLIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRTEVIRXWERHWSRMWTLIRSQIREPSRP]ERHEPPGLERGIMWEX
FSXXSQRIGIWWMX]
%WVIKEVHWXLIJVIIHSQSJXLI[MPPMJMX[IVIXLIGEWIXLEXXLI[MPPQERMJIWXIHMXWIPJMREWMRKPIEGXEPSRIMX[SYPHFIEJVIIEGX&YXXLI[MPPQERMJIWXWMXWIPJMR
E GSYVWI SJ PMJI XLEX MW XS WE] MR E WIVMIW SJ EGXW )ZIV] SRI SJ XLIWI EGXWXLIVIJSVI MW HIXIVQMRIH EW E TEVX SJ E GSQTPIXI [LSPI ERH GERRSX LETTIRSXLIV[MWIXLERMXHSIWLETTIR3RXLISXLIVLERHXLI[LSPIWIVMIWMWJVIIMXMW
WMQTP]XLIQERMJIWXEXMSRSJERMRHMZMHYEPMWIH[MPP
-J E QER JIIPW MRGPMRIH XS GSQQMX E FEH EGXMSR ERH VIJVEMRW LI MW OITX FEGOIMXLIV F]JIEV SJTYRMWLQIRX SVZIRKIERGI SVF]WYTIVWXMXMSRMRSXLIV
[SVHWJIEVSJTYRMWLQIRXMREJYXYVIPMJISVF]XLIJIIPMRKSJW]QTEXL]MRGPYHMRKKIRIVEPGLEVMX]SVF]XLIJIIPMRKSJLSRSYVMRSXLIV[SVHWXLI
JIEVSJWLEQISVF]XLIJIIPMRKSJNYWXMGIXLEXMWERSFNIGXMZIEXXEGLQIRXXSJMHIPMX] ERH KSSHJEMXL GSYTPIH [MXL E VIWSPZI XS LSPH XLIQ WEGVIH FIGEYWI
XLI] EVI XLI JSYRHEXMSR SJ EPP JVII MRXIVGSYVWI FIX[IIR QER ERH QER ERHXLIVIJSVISJXIRSJEHZERXEKIXSLMQWIPJEW[IPP8LMWPEWXXLSYKLXRSXMRHIIHEW
EXLSYKLXFYXEWEQIVIJIIPMRKMRJPYIRGIWTISTPIZIV]JVIUYIRXP]-XMWXLMWXLEXSJXIR GSQTIPW E QER SJ LSRSYV [LIR WSQI KVIEX FYX YRNYWX EHZERXEKI MWSJJIVIHLMQXSVINIGXMX[MXLGSRXIQTXERHTVSYHP]I\GPEMQ -EQERLSRSYVEFPIQER*SVSXLIV[MWILS[WLSYPHETSSVQERGSRJVSRXIH[MXLXLITVSTIVX][LMGLGLERGI SV IZIR WSQI [SVWI EKIRG] LEW FIWXS[IH SR XLI VMGL [LSWI ZIV]
I\MWXIRGI MX MW XLEX QEOIW LMQ TSSV JIIP WS QYGL WMRGIVI VIWTIGX JSV XLMW TVSTIVX] XLEX LI VIJYWIW XS XSYGL MX IZIR MR LMW RIIH ERH EPXLSYKL LI LEW E
TVSWTIGX SJ IWGETMRK TYRMWLQIRX [LEX SXLIV XLSYKLX MW MX XLEX GER FI EX XLI FSXXSQSJWYGLEQERWLSRIWX]#,IMWVIWSPZIHRSXXSWITEVEXILMQWIPJJVSQXLI
KVIEXGSQQYRMX]SJLSRSYVEFPITISTPI[LSLEZIXLIIEVXLMRTSWWIWWMSRERH[LSWI PE[W EVI VIGSKRMWIH IZIV][LIVI ,I ORS[W XLEX E WMRKPI HMWLSRIWX EGX
[MPP SWXVEGMWI ERH TVSWGVMFI LMQ JVSQ XLEX WSGMIX] JSV IZIV 2S E QER [MPPWTIRHQSRI]SRER]WSMPXLEX]MIPHWLMQKSSHJVYMXERHLI[MPPQEOIWEGVMJMGIW
JSVMX
;MXL E KSSH EGXMSRXLEX IZIV] EGXMSR MR [LMGL E QERW S[R EHZERXEKI MWSWXIRWMFP]WYFSVHMREXIHXSERSXLIVWXLIQSXMZIMW IMXLIVWIPJMRXIVIWXOITXMRXLIFEGOKVSYRHSVWYTIVWXMXMSRMRSXLIV[SVHWWIPJMRXIVIWXMRXLIJSVQSJVI[EVHMRERSXLIVPMJISVW]QTEXL]SVXLIHIWMVIXSPIRHELIPTMRKLERH
)HMXSVW2SXI8SXLMWSRIGEREHHF]XLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJLMWVEXMSREPWIPJMRXIVIWX
WXYTMHMX]ERHMRWERMX]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 49/64
MRSXLIV[SVHWEXXEGLQIRXXSXLIQE\MQXLEX[IWLSYPHEWWMWXSRIERSXLIVMRRIIH ERH XLI [MWL XS QEMRXEMR XLMW QE\MQ MR ZMI[ SJ XLI TVIWYQTXMSR XLEXWSQIHE][ISYVWIPZIWQE]JMRHMXWIVZISYVXYVR*SV[LEX/ERXGEPPWE KSSH
EGXMSRHSRIJVSQQSXMZIWSJHYX]ERHJSVXLIWEOISJHYX]XLIVIMWEW [MPPFI
WIIRRSVSSQEXEPP/ERXLMQWIPJHIGPEVIWMXXSFIHSYFXJYP[LIXLIVEREGXMSR[EWIZIVHIXIVQMRIHF]TYVIQSXMZIWSJHYX]EPSRI-EJJMVQQSWXGIVXEMRP]XLEXRSEGXMSR[EWIZIVWS HSRIMXMWQIVIFEFFPIXLIVI MWRSXLMRKMRMXXLEXGSYPH
VIEPP]EGXEWEQSXMZIXSER]QER;LIRLIWLIPXIVWLMQWIPJFILMRHZIVFMEKISJXLEX WSVX LI MW EP[E]W EGXYEXIH F] SRI SJ XLI JSYV QSXMZIW [LMGL - LEZIHIWGVMFIH%QSRKXLIWIMXMWSFZMSYWP]W]QTEXL]EPSRI[LMGLMWUYMXIKIRYMRIERHWMRGIVI
+SSH ERHFEH ETTP]XSGLEVEGXIVSRP] ETSXMSVMXLEXMWXSWE][ITVIJIVXLIKSSH XS XLI FEH FYX EFWSPYXIP] XLIVI MW RS WYGL HMWXMRGXMSR 8LI HMJJIVIRGI
EVMWIWEXXLITSMRX[LMGLPMIWFIX[IIRWYFSVHMREXMRKSRIWS[REHZERXEKIXSXLEXSJERSXLIVERHRSXWYFSVHMREXMRKMX-JEQEROIITWXSXLII\EGXQMHHPILIMW
NYWX &YXQSWXQIRKSERMRGLMRXLIMVVIKEVHJSVSXLIVW[IPJEVIXSX[IRX]]EVHWMRVIKEVHJSVXLIMVS[R
8LIWSYVGISJ KSSH ERHSJFEHGLEVEGXIV WSJEVEW[ILEZIER]VIEPORS[PIHKI
SJMXPMIWMRXLMWXLEX[MXLXLIFEHGLEVEGXIVXLIXLSYKLXSJXLII\XIVREP[SVPHERH IWTIGMEPP] SJ XLI PMZMRK GVIEXYVIW MR MX MW EGGSQTERMIHEPP XLI QSVI XLI
KVIEXIV XLI VIWIQFPERGI FIX[IIR XLIQ ERH XLI MRHMZMHYEP WIPJF] E GSRWXERXJIIPMRKSJRSX-RSX-RSX-
'SRXVEVMP] [MXL XLI KSSH GLEVEGXIV FSXL FIMRK EWWYQIH XS I\MWX MR E LMKLHIKVIIXLIWEQIXLSYKLXLEWJSVMXWEGGSQTERMQIRXPMOIEJYRHEQIRXEPFEWWEGSRWXERXJIIPMRKSJ --- *VSQXLMWWTVMRKFIRIZSPIRGIERHEHMWTSWMXMSRXSLIPTEPPQIRERHEXXLIWEQIXMQIEGLIIVJYPGSRJMHIRXERHXVERUYMPJVEQISJQMRHXLISTTSWMXISJXLEX[LMGLEGGSQTERMIWXLIFEHGLEVEGXIV
8LIHMJJIVIRGILS[IZIVMWSRP]TLIRSQIREPEPXLSYKLMXMWEHMJJIVIRGI[LMGLMWVEHMGEP&YXRS[[IGSQIXSXLILEVHIWXSJEPPTVSFPIQW,S[MWMXXLEX[LMPIXLI [MPP EW XLI XLMRKMRMXWIPJ MW MHIRXMGEP ERH JVSQ E QIXETL]WMGEP TSMRX SJZMI[SRIERHXLIWEQIMREPPMXWQERMJIWXEXMSRWXLIVIMWRIZIVXLIPIWWWYGLERIRSVQSYW HMJJIVIRGI FIX[IIR SRI GLEVEGXIV ERH ERSXLIV#XLI QEPMGMSYWHMEFSPMGEP [MGOIHRIWW SJ XLI SRI ERH WIX SJJ EKEMRWX MX XLI KSSHRIWW SJ XLISXLIVWLS[MRKEPPXLIQSVIGSRWTMGYSYWP],S[MWMX XLEX[I KIX E8MFIVMYW E'EPMKYPEE'EVGEPPEE(SQMXMERE2IVSERHSRXLISXLIVLERHXLI%RXSRMRIW8MXYW ,EHVMER 2IVZE# ,S[ MW MX XLEX EQSRK XLI ERMQEPW RE] MR E LMKLIVWTIGMIWMRMRHMZMHYEPERMQEPWXLIVIMWEPMOIHMJJIVIRGI#XLIQEPMKRMX]SJXLIGEXQSWXWXVSRKP]HIZIPSTIHMRXLIXMKIVXLIWTMXISJXLIQSROI]SRXLISXLIVLERHKSSHRIWWJMHIPMX]ERHPSZIMRXLIHSKERHXLIIPITLERX-XMWSFZMSYWXLEX
XLITVMRGMTPISJ[MGOIHRIWWMRXLIFVYXIMWXLIWEQIEWMRQER
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 50/64
;IQE]XSWSQII\XIRXQSHMJ]XLIHMJJMGYPX]SJXLITVSFPIQF]SFWIVZMRKXLEXXLI[LSPIHMJJIVIRGIMWMRXLIIRHSRP]SRISJHIKVII-RIZIV]PMZMRKGVIEXYVIXLI JYRHEQIRXEP TVSTIRWMXMIW ERH MRWXMRGXW EPP I\MWX FYX XLI] I\MWX MR ZIV]
HMJJIVIRXHIKVIIWERHTVSTSVXMSRW8LMWLS[IZIVMWRSXIRSYKLXSI\TPEMRXLI
JEGXW
;IQYWXJEPPFEGOYTSRXLIMRXIPPIGXERHMXWVIPEXMSRXSXLI[MPPMXMWXLISRP]
I\TPEREXMSRXLEXVIQEMRW%QERWMRXIPPIGXLS[IZIVF]RSQIERWWXERHWMRER]HMVIGX ERH SFZMSYWVIPEXMSR [MXL XLI KSSHRIWW SJ LMW GLEVEGXIV ;I QE] MX MW
XVYIHMWGVMQMREXIFIX[IIRX[SOMRHWSJMRXIPPIGXFIX[IIRYRHIVWXERHMRKEWXLIETTVILIRWMSRSJVIPEXMSRMR EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI4VMRGMTPISJ7YJJMGMIRX6IEWSR
ERHGSKRMXMSREJEGYPX]EOMRXSKIRMYW[LMGLEGXWQSVIHMVIGXP]MWMRHITIRHIRXSJXLMWPE[ ERH TEWWIW FI]SRH XLI 4VMRGMTPISJ-RHMZMHYEXMSR 8LI PEXXIV MWXLIJEGYPX] [LMGL ETTVILIRHW -HIEW ERH MX MW XLI JEGYPX] [LMGL LEW XS HS [MXL
QSVEPMX]&YXIZIRXLMWI\TPEREXMSRPIEZIWQYGLXSFIHIWMVIH *MRIQMRHWEVI WIPHSQJMRIWSYPW [EW XLI GSVVIGX SFWIVZEXMSR SJ.IER 4EYPEPXLSYKL XLI] EVI
RIZIVXLIGSRXVEV]0SVH&EGSR[LSXSFIWYVI[EWPIWWEJMRIWSYPXLEREJMRIQMRH[EWEWGSYRHVIP
-LEZIHIGPEVIHWTEGIERHXMQIXSFITEVXSJXLI4VMRGMTPISJ-RHMZMHYEXMSREWMX
MWSRP]WTEGIERHXMQIXLEXQEOIXLIQYPXMTPMGMX]SJWMQMPEVSFNIGXWETSWWMFMPMX]&YXQYPXMTPMGMX]MXWIPJEPWSEHQMXWSJZEVMIX]QYPXMTPMGMX]ERHHMZIVWMX]EVIRSX
SRP]UYERXMXEXMZIFYXEPWSUYEPMXEXMZI,S[MWMXXLEXXLIVIMWWYGLEXLMRKEWUYEPMXEXMZIHMZIVWMX]IWTIGMEPP]MRIXLMGEPQEXXIVW#3VLEZI-JEPPIRMRXSERIVVSV
XLISTTSWMXISJXLEXMR[LMGL0IMFRMX^JIPP[MXLLMWMHIRXMXEWMRHMWGIVRMFMPMYQ#
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
4IVLETWWSQISRI[MPPGSQIEJXIVQI[LS[MPPXLVS[PMKLXMRXSXLMWHEVOEF]WW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 51/64
1SVEP-RWXMRGX
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
3R XLIETVMSVM GLEVEGXIV SJ MRWXMRGX [I QE] GSQTEVI [LEX 4PEXS WE]W MR XLI 4LMPIFYW;MXL4PEXSMRWXMRGXMWEVIQMRMWGIRGI SJWSQIXLMRK[LMGLE QER LEWRIZIVEGXYEPP]I\TIVMIRGIHMRLMWPMJIXMQIMRXLIWEQI[E]EWMRXLI 4LEIHSERHIPWI[LIVIIZIV]XLMRKXLEXEQERPIEVRWMWVIKEVHIHEWEVIQMRMWGIRGI,ILEWRSSXLIV[SVHXSI\TVIWWXLIETVMSVMIPIQIRXMREPPI\TIVMIRGI
8LIVIEVIXLIRXLVIIXLMRKWXLEXEVIETVMSVM
8LISVIXMGEP 6IEWSR MR SXLIV [SVHW XLI GSRHMXMSRW [LMGL QEOI EPPI\TIVMIRGITSWWMFPI
-RWXMRGXSVXLIVYPIF][LMGLERSFNIGXTVSQSXMRKXLIPMJISJXLIWIRWIWQE]XLSYKLYRORS[RFIEXXEMRIH
8LI 1SVEP 0E[ SV XLI VYPI F] [LMGL ER EGXMSR XEOIW TPEGI [MXLSYX ER]SFNIGX
%GGSVHMRKP] VEXMSREP SV MRXIPPMKIRX EGXMSR TVSGIIHW F] E VYPI PEMH HS[R MREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLISFNIGXEWMXMWYRHIVWXSSH-RWXMRGXMZIEGXMSRTVSGIIHWF]EVYPI[MXLSYXERYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLISFNIGXSJMX1SVEPEGXMSRTVSGIIHWF]E
VYPI[MXLSYXER]SFNIGXEXEPP
8LISVIXMGEP6IEWSRMWXLIEKKVIKEXISJVYPIWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL[LMGLEPPQ]
ORS[PIHKIXLEXMWXSWE]XLI[LSPI[SVPHSJI\TIVMIRGIRIGIWWEVMP]TVSGIIHW-RXLIWEQIQERRIV -RWXMRGX MWXLIEKKVIKEXISJVYPIWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL[LMGLEPP Q] EGXMSR RIGIWWEVMP] TVSGIIHW MJ MX QIIXW [MXL RS SFWXVYGXMSR ,IRGI MXWIIQWXSQIXLEX-RWXMRGXQE]QSWXETTVSTVMEXIP]FIGEPPIH TVEGXMGEPVIEWSRJSVPMOIXLISVIXMGEPVIEWSRMXHIXIVQMRIWXLIQYWX SJEPPI\TIVMIRGI
8LI WSGEPPIH QSVEP PE[ SR XLI SXLIV LERH MW SRP] SRI EWTIGX SJ XLIFIXXIV
GSRWGMSYWRIWWXLIEWTIGX[LMGLMXTVIWIRXWJVSQXLITSMRXSJZMI[SJMRWXMRGX8LMW FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW MW WSQIXLMRK P]MRK FI]SRH EPP I\TIVMIRGI XLEX MW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 52/64
FI]SRH EPP VIEWSR [LIXLIV SJ XLI XLISVIXMGEP SV XLI TVEGXMGEP OMRH ERH LEWRSXLMRK XS HS [MXL MX [LMPWX MX MW MR ZMVXYI SJ XLI Q]WXIVMSYW YRMSR SJ MX ERHVIEWSRMRXLIWEQIMRHMZMHYEPXLEXXLIFIXXIVGSRWGMSYWRIWWGSQIWMRXSGSRJPMGX
[MXLVIEWSRPIEZMRKXLIMRHMZMHYEPXSGLSSWIFIX[IIRXLIX[S
-R ER] GSRJPMGXFIX[IIR XLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW ERH VIEWSR MJ XLI MRHMZMHYEPHIGMHIW JSV VIEWSR WLSYPH MX FI XLISVIXMGEP VIEWSR LI FIGSQIW E REVVS[
TIHERXMGTLMPMWXMRIWLSYPHMXFITVEGXMGEPEVEWGEP
-J LI HIGMHIW JSV XLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW [I GER QEOI RS JYVXLIV TSWMXMZIEJJMVQEXMSREFSYXLMQJSVMJ[I[IVIXSHSWS[IWLSYPHJMRHSYVWIPZIWMRXLIVIEPQSJVIEWSRERHEWMXMWSRP][LEXXEOIWTPEGI[MXLMRXLMWVIEPQXLEX[IGERWTIEOSJEXEPPMXJSPPS[WXLEX[IGERRSXWTIEOSJXLIFIXXIVGSRWGMSYWRIWWI\GITXMRRIKEXMZIXIVQW
8LMWWLS[WYWLS[MXMWXLEXVIEWSRMWLMRHIVIHERHSFWXVYGXIHXLEX XLISVIXMGEPVIEWSR MW WYTTVIWWIH MR JEZSYV SJ KIRMYW ERH TVEGXMGEP VIEWSR MR JEZSYV SJ
ZMVXYI 2S[ XLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW MW RIMXLIV XLISVIXMGEP RSV TVEGXMGEP JSVXLIWIEVIHMWXMRGXMSRWXLEXSRP]ETTP]XSVIEWSR&YXMJXLIMRHMZMHYEPMWMRXLIEGXSJ GLSSWMRK XLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW ETTIEVW XS LMQ MR XLI EWTIGX [LMGL MXEWWYQIWMRZERUYMWLMRKERHSZIVGSQMRKXLITVEGXMGEPVIEWSRSVMRWXMRGXXSYWIXLIGSQQSR[SVH-XETTIEVWXSLMQEWERMQTIVEXMZIGSQQERHERSYKLX -XWSETTIEVW XS LMQ - WE] MR SXLIV [SVHW XLEX MW XLI WLETI [LMGL MX XEOIW JSV XLIXLISVIXMGEPVIEWSR[LMGLVIRHIVWEPPXLMRKWMRXSSFNIGXWERHMHIEW&YXMRWSJEV
EW XLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW HIWMVIW XS ZERUYMWL ERH SZIVGSQI XLI XLISVIXMGEPVIEWSRMXXEOIWRSWLETIEXEPPSRXLIWMQTPIKVSYRHXLEXEWMXGSQIWMRXSTPE]XLIXLISVIXMGEPVIEWSRMWWYTTVIWWIHERHFIGSQIWXLIQIVIWIVZERXSJXLIFIXXIVGSRWGMSYWRIWW8LEXMW[L]KIRMYWGERRIZIVKMZIER]EGGSYRXSJMXWS[R[SVOW
-RXLIQSVEPMX]SJEGXMSRXLIPIKEPTVMRGMTPIXLEXFSXLWMHIWEVIXSFILIEVHQYWXRSXFIEPPS[IHXSETTP]MRSXLIV[SVHWXLIGPEMQWSJWIPJERHXLIWIRWIWQYWXRSXFIYVKIH2E]SRXLIGSRXVEV]EWWSSREWXLITYVI[MPPLEWJSYRHI\TVIWWMSRXLIGEWIMWGPSWIHRIGEYHMIRHEEPXIVETEVW
8LIPS[IVERMQEPWEVIRSXIRHS[IH[MXLQSVEPJVIIHSQ4VSFEFP]XLMWMWRSX FIGEYWI XLI] WLS[ RS XVEGI SJ XLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW [LMGL MR YW MWQERMJIWXIHEWQSVEPMX]SVRSXLMRKEREPSKSYWXSMXJSVMJXLEX[IVIWSXLIPS[IVERMQEPW [LMGL EVI MR WS QER] VIWTIGXW PMOI SYVWIPZIWMR SYX[EVH ETTIEVERGIXLEX[IVIKEVHQEREWEWTIGMIWSJERMQEP[SYPHTSWWIWWWSQI VEMWSRHsXVIIRXMVIP] HMJJIVIRX JVSQ SYV S[R ERH EGXYEPP] FI MRXLIMVIWWIRXMEPERH MRQSWXREXYVI WSQIXLMRK UYMXI SXLIV XLER SYVWIPZIW 8LMW MW E GSRXIRXMSR [LMGL MWSFZMSYWP]VIJYXIHF]XLIXLSVSYKLP]QEPMKRERXERHMRLIVIRXP]ZMGMSYWGLEVEGXIV
SJGIVXEMRERMQEPWWYGLEWXLIGVSGSHMPIXLIL]EIREXLIWGSVTMSRXLIWREOI
ERHXLIKIRXPIEJJIGXMSREXIERHGSRXIRXIHGLEVEGXIVSJSXLIVWWYGLEWXLIHSK,IVIEWMRXLIGEWISJQIRXLIGLEVEGXIVEWMXMWQERMJIWXIHQYWXVIWXYTSR
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 53/64
WSQIXLMRKXLEXMWEFSZIERHFI]SRHXMQI*SVEW.EGSF&SILQIWE]WXLIVIMWE TS[IV MR IZIV] ERMQEP [LMGL MW MRHIWXVYGXMFPI ERH XLI WTMVMX SJ XLI[SVPHHVE[WMXMRXSMXWIPJEKEMRWXXLIJMREPWITEVEXMSREXXLI0EWX.YHKQIRX 8LIVIJSVI
[IGERRSXGEPPXLIPS[IVERMQEPWJVIIERHXLIVIEWSR[L][IGERRSXHSWSMW
XLEXXLI]EVI[ERXMRKMREJEGYPX][LMGLMWTVSJSYRHP]WYFSVHMREXIXSXLIFIXXIVGSRWGMSYWRIWW MR MXW LMKLIWX TLEWI - QIER VIEWSR 6IEWSR MW XLI JEGYPX] SJWYTVIQIGSQTVILIRWMSRXLIMHIESJXSXEPMX],S[VIEWSRQERMJIWXWMXWIPJMRXLI
XLISVIXMGEP WTLIVI /ERX LEW WLS[R ERH MX HSIW XLI WEQI MR XLI TVEGXMGEP MXQEOIWYWGETEFPISJSFWIVZMRKERHWYVZI]MRKXLI[LSPISJSYVPMJIXLSYKLXERHEGXMSR MR GSRXMRYEP GSRRIGXMSR ERH XLIVIJSVI SJ EGXMRK EGGSVHMRK XS KIRIVEPQE\MQW [LIXLIV XLSWI QE\MQW SVMKMREXI MR XLI YRHIVWXERHMRK EW TVYHIRXMEPVYPIWSVMRXLIFIXXIVGSRWGMSYWRIWWEWQSVEPPE[W
-JER]HIWMVISVTEWWMSRMWEVSYWIHMRYW[IERHMRXLIWEQI[E]XLIPS[IV
ERMQEPWEVIJSVXLIQSQIRXJMPPIH[MXLXLMWHIWMVI[IEVIEPPERKIVEPPPYWXEPPJIEVERH MRWYGLQSQIRXWRIMXLIVXLI FIXXIV GSRWGMSYWRIWW GER WTIEO RSV XLI
YRHIVWXERHMRKGSRWMHIVXLIGSRWIUYIRGIW&YXMRSYVGEWIVIEWSREPPS[WYWIZIREXXLEXQSQIRXXSWIISYVEGXMSRWERHSYVPMJIEWERYRFVSOIRGLEMREGLEMR
[LMGLGSRRIGXWSYVIEVPMIVVIWSPYXMSRWSVMXQE]FIXLIJYXYVIGSRWIUYIRGIWSJSYV EGXMSR [MXL XLI QSQIRX SJ TEWWMSR [LMGL RS[ JMPPW SYV [LSPI
GSRWGMSYWRIWW-XWLS[WYWXLIMHIRXMX]SJSYVTIVWSRIZIR[LIRXLEXTIVWSRMWI\TSWIHXSMRJPYIRGIWSJXLIQSWXZEVMIHOMRHERHXLIVIF][IEVIIREFPIHXSEGX
EGGSVHMRKXSQE\MQW8LIPS[IVERMQEPMW[ERXMRKMRXLMWJEGYPX]XLITEWWMSR[LMGL WIM^IW MX GSQTPIXIP] HSQMREXIW MX ERH GER FI GLIGOIH SRP] F]ERSXLIV TEWWMSRERKIVJSVMRWXERGISVPYWXF]JIEVIZIRXLSYKLXLIZMWMSRXLEXXIVVMJMIWHSIWRSXETTIEPXSXLIWIRWIWFYXMWTVIWIRXMRXLIERMQEPSRP]EWEHMQQIQSV]ERH MQEKMREXMSR 1IR XLIVIJSVI QE] FI GEPPIH MVVEXMSREP MJ PMOI XLI PS[IVERMQEPWXLI]EPPS[XLIQWIPZIWXSFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIQSQIRX
7SJEVLS[IZIVMWVIEWSRJVSQFIMRKXLIWSYVGISJQSVEPMX]XLEXMXMWVIEWSREPSRI[LMGLQEOIWYWGETEFPISJFIMRKVEWGEPW[LMGLXLIPS[IVERMQEPWGERRSX
FI-XMWVIEWSR[LMGLIREFPIWYWXSJSVQERIZMPVIWSPYXMSRERHXSOIITMX[LIRXLI TVSZSGEXMSR XS IZMP MW VIQSZIH MX IREFPIW YW JSV I\EQTPI XS RYVWI
ZIRKIERGI %PXLSYKL EX XLI QSQIRX XLEX [ILEZI ER STTSVXYRMX]SJJYPJMPPMRKSYVVIWSPYXMSRXLIFIXXIVGSRWGMSYWRIWWQE]QERMJIWXMXWIPJEWPSZISVGLEVMX]MX
MWF]JSVGISJVIEWSRMRTYVWYERGISJWSQIIZMPQE\MQXLEX[IEGXEKEMRWXMX8LYW+SIXLIWE]WXLEXEQERQE]YWILMWVIEWSRSRP]JSVXLITYVTSWISJFIMRK
QSVIFIWXMEPXLERER]FIEWX
)VLEX:IVRYRJXHSGLFVEYGLXIVWMIEPPIMR9QXLIMVMWGLIVEPWNIHIW8LMIV^YWIMR
)TMWXPIW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 54/64
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 55/64
)XLMGEP6IJPIGXMSRW
8LI TLMPSWSTLIVW SJ XLI ERGMIRX [SVPH YRMXIH MR E WMRKPI GSRGITXMSR E KVIEXQER]XLMRKWXLEXLEHRSGSRRIGXMSR[MXLSRIERSXLIV3JXLMWIZIV]HMEPSKYISJ4PEXSW JYVRMWLIWEFYRHERXI\EQTPIW 8LI KVIEXIWXERH [SVWXGSRJYWMSRSJXLMWOMRHMWXLEXFIX[IIRIXLMGWERHTSPMXMGW8LI7XEXIERHXLI/MRKHSQSJ+SHSVXLI1SVEP0E[EVIWSIRXMVIP]HMJJIVIRXMRXLIMVGLEVEGXIVXLEXXLIJSVQIVMWE TEVSH]SJXLIPEXXIVEFMXXIVQSGOIV]EXXLIEFWIRGISJMX'SQTEVIH[MXLXLI1SVEP 0E[ XLI 7XEXI MW E GVYXGL MRWXIEH SJ E PMQF ER EYXSQEXSR MRWXIEH SJ EQER
8LI TVMRGMTPISJLSRSYV WXERHWMRGPSWIGSRRIGXMSR[MXLLYQERJVIIHSQ-XMWEWMX[IVIEREFYWISJXLEXJVIIHSQ -RWXIEHSJ YWMRKLMWJVIIHSQXSJYPJMP XLIQSVEPPE[EQERIQTPS]WLMWTS[IVSJZSPYRXEVMP]YRHIVKSMRKER]JIIPMRKSJ TEMRSJSZIVGSQMRKER]QSQIRXEV]MQTVIWWMSRMRSVHIVXLEXLIQE]EWWIVXLMWWIPJ[MPP [LEXIZIV FI XLI SFNIGX XS [LMGL LI HMVIGXW MX %W LI XLIVIF] WLS[WXLEXYRPMOIXLIPS[IVERMQEPWLILEWXLSYKLXW[LMGLKSFI]SRHXLI[IPJEVISJLMW FSH] ERH [LEXIZIV QEOIW JSV XLEX [IPJEVI MX LEW GSQI EFSYX XLEX XLI TVMRGMTPISJLSRSYVMWSJXIRGSRJYWIH[MXLZMVXYI8LI]EVIVIKEVHIHEWMJXLI]
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
8LIVI MWERSXLIV GMVGYQWXERGI [LMGL LIPTW XSTVSQSXI XLI RSXMSR XLEX LSRSYVERHZMVXYIEVIGSRRIGXIH%QER[LSGERHS[LEXLI[ERXWXSHSWLS[WXLEXLIGEREPWSHSMXMJ[LEXLI[ERXWXSHSMWEZMVXYSYWEGX&YXXLEXXLSWISJSYVEGXMSRW [LMGL [I EVI SYVWIPZIW SFPMKIH XS VIKEVH [MXL GSRXIQTX EVI EPWSVIKEVHIH[MXLGSRXIQTXF]SXLIVTISTPIWIVZIWQSVIXLERER]XLMRKXLEX-LEZILIVI QIRXMSRIH XSIWXEFPMWL XLI GSRRIGXMSR8LYW MXSJXIRLETTIRW XLEX E QER[LSMWRSXEJVEMHSJXLISRIOMRHSJGSRXIQTXMWYR[MPPMRKXSYRHIVKSXLISXLIV&YX [LIR [I EVI GEPPIH YTSR XS GLSSWI FIX[IIR SYV S[R ETTVSZEP ERH XLI[SVPHWGIRWYVIEWQE]SGGYVMRGSQTPMGEXIHERHQMWXEOIRGMVGYQWXERGIW[LEX FIGSQIWSJXLITVMRGMTPISJLSRSYVXLIR#
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 56/64
8[S GLEVEGXIVMWXMG I\EQTPIW SJ XLI TVMRGMTPI SJ LSRSYV EVI XS FI JSYRH MR7LEOIWTIEVIW ,IRV]:- 4EVX--%GX-:7G%TMVEXIMWER\MSYWXSQYVHIVLMWGETXMZIMRWXIEHSJEGGITXMRKPMOISXLIVWEVERWSQJSVLMQFIGEYWIMRXEOMRK
LMWGETXMZILIPSWXERI]IERHLMWS[RLSRSYVERHXLEXSJLMWJSVIJEXLIVW[SYPH
MRLMWSTMRMSRFIWXEMRIHMJLI[IVIXSEPPS[LMWVIZIRKIXSFIFSYKLXSJJEWXLSYKLLI[IVIEQIVIXVEHIV8LITVMWSRIVSRXLISXLIVLERH[LSMWXLI(YOISJ7YJJSPOTVIJIVWXSLEZILMWLIEHKVEGIETSPIXLERXSYRGSZIVMXXSWYGLEPS[
JIPPS[EWETMVEXIF]ETTVSEGLMRKLMQXSEWOJSVQIVG]
.YWXEWGMZMGLSRSYVMRSXLIV[SVHWXLISTMRMSRXLEX[IHIWIVZIXSFIXVYWXIHMWXLITEPPEHMYQSJXLSWI[LSWIIRHIEZSYVMXMWXSQEOIXLIMV[E]MRXLI[SVPH
SR XLI TEXL SJ LSRSYVEFPI FYWMRIWW WS ORMKLXP] LSRSYVMR SXLIV [SVHW XLISTMRMSR XLEX [I EVI QIR XS FI JIEVIHMW XLI TEPPEHMYQ SJ XLSWI [LS EMQ EXKSMRKXLVSYKLPMJISRXLITEXLSJZMSPIRGIERHWSMX[EWXLEXORMKLXP]LSRSYV
EVSWIEQSRKXLIVSFFIVORMKLXWERHSXLIVORMKLXWSJXLI1MHHPI%KIW
%XLISVIXMGEPTLMPSWSTLIVMWSRI[LSGERWYTTP]MRXLIWLETISJMHIEWJSVXLIVIEWSREGST]SJXLITVIWIRXEXMSRWSJI\TIVMIRGINYWXEW[LEXXLITEMRXIVWIIWLIGERVITVSHYGISRGERZEWXLIWGYPTXSVMRQEVFPIXLITSIXMRTMGXYVIWJSVXLIMQEKMREXMSR XLSYKL XLI] EVI TMGXYVIW [LMGL LI WYTTPMIW SRP] MR WS[MRK XLIMHIEWJVSQ[LMGLXLI]WTVERK
% WSGEPPIH TVEGXMGEP TLMPSWSTLIV SR XLI SXLIV LERH MW SRI [LS GSRXVEVMP]HIHYGIWLMWEGXMSRJVSQMHIEW8LIXLISVIXMGEPTLMPSWSTLIVXVERWJSVQWPMJIMRXSMHIEW8LITVEGXMGEPTLMPSWSTLIVXVERWJSVQWMHIEWMRXSPMJILIEGXWXLIVIJSVIMREXLSVSYKLP]VIEWSREFPIQERRIVLIMWGSRWMWXIRXVIKYPEVHIPMFIVEXILIMWRIZIVLEWX]SVTEWWMSREXILIRIZIVEPPS[WLMQWIPJXSFIMRJPYIRGIHF]XLIMQTVIWWMSRSJXLIQSQIRX
%RH MRHIIH [LIR [I JMRH SYVWIPZIW EQSRK XLSWI JYPP TVIWIRXEXMSRW SJI\TIVMIRGISVVIEPSFNIGXWXS[LMGLXLIFSH]FIPSRKWWMRGIXLIFSH]MWSRP]ER
SFNIGXMJMIH [MPP XLI WLETI [LMGL XLI [MPP EWWYQIW MR XLI QEXIVMEP [SVPHMX MW
HMJJMGYPXXSPIXSYVFSHMIWFIKYMHIHRSXF]XLSWITVIWIRXEXMSRWFYXF]EQIVIMQEKISJXLIQF]GSPHGSPSYVPIWWMHIEW[LMGLEVIVIPEXIHXSI\TIVMIRGIEWXLIWLEHS[SJ3VGYWXSPMJIERH]IXXLMWMWXLISRP][E]MR[LMGL[IGEREZSMHHSMRKXLMRKWSJ[LMGL[IQE]LEZIXSVITIRX
8LIXLISVIXMGEPTLMPSWSTLIVIRVMGLIWXLIHSQEMRSJVIEWSRF]EHHMRKXSMXXLI
TVEGXMGEPTLMPSWSTLIVHVE[WYTSRMXERHQEOIWMXWIVZILMQ
%GGSVHMRK XS /ERX XLI XVYXL SJ I\TIVMIRGI MW SRP] E L]TSXLIXMGEP XVYXL -J XLIWYTTSWMXMSRW [LMGL YRHIVPMI EPP XLI MRXMQEXMSRW SJ I\TIVMIRGIWYFNIGX SFNIGX
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 57/64
XMQI WTEGI ERH GEYWEPMX][IVI VIQSZIH RSRI SJ XLSWI MRXMQEXMSRW [SYPHGSRXEMRE[SVHSJXVYXL-RSXLIV[SVHWI\TIVMIRGIMWSRP]ETLIRSQIRSRMXMWRSXORS[PIHKISJXLIXLMRKMRMXWIPJ
-J [I JMRH WSQIXLMRK MR SYV S[R GSRHYGX EX [LMGL [I EVI WIGVIXP] TPIEWIH
EPXLSYKL [I GERRSX VIGSRGMPI MX [MXL I\TIVMIRGI WIIMRK XLEX MJ [I [IVI XSJSPPS[XLIKYMHERGISJI\TIVMIRGI[IWLSYPHLEZIXSHSTVIGMWIP]XLISTTSWMXI
[I QYWX RSX EPPS[ XLMW XS TYX YW SYX SXLIV[MWI [I WLSYPH FI EWGVMFMRK EREYXLSVMX] XS I\TIVMIRGI [LMGL MX HSIW RSX HIWIVZI JSV EPP XLEX MX XIEGLIW VIWXW
YTSREQIVIWYTTSWMXMSR8LMWMWXLIKIRIVEPXIRHIRG]SJXLI/ERXMER)XLMGW
-RRSGIRGIMWMRMXWZIV]REXYVIWXYTMH-XMWWXYTMHFIGEYWIXLIEMQSJPMJI-YWI
XLII\TVIWWMSRSRP]JMKYVEXMZIP]ERH-GSYPHNYWXEW[IPPWTIEOSJXLIIWWIRGISJPMJISVSJXLI[SVPHMWXSKEMREORS[PIHKISJSYVS[RFEH[MPPWSXLEXSYV[MPPQE]FIGSQIERSFNIGXJSVYWERHXLEX[IQE]YRHIVKSERMR[EVHGSRZIVWMSR3YV FSH] MW MXWIPJ SYV [MPP SFNIGXMJMIH MX MW SRI SJ XLI JMVWX ERH JSVIQSWX SJSFNIGXWERHXLIHIIHWXLEX[IEGGSQTPMWLJSVXLIWEOISJXLIFSH]WLS[YWXLIIZMPMRLIVIRXMRSYV[MPP-RXLIWXEXISJMRRSGIRGI[LIVIXLIVIMWRSIZMPFIGEYWIXLIVIMWRSI\TIVMIRGIQERMWEWMX[IVISRP]ERETTEVEXYWJSVPMZMRKERHXLISFNIGXJSV[LMGLXLIETTEVEXYWI\MWXWMWRSX]IXHMWGPSWIH%RIQTX]JSVQSJPMJIPMOIXLMWEWXEKIYRXIRERXIHMWMRMXWIPJPMOIXLIWSGEPPIHVIEP[SVPHRYPPERHZSMHERHEWMXGEREXXEMREQIERMRKSRP]F]EGXMSRF]IVVSVF]ORS[PIHKIF]
XLI GSRZYPWMSRWSJXLI[MPPMX [IEVWEGLEVEGXIVSJ MRWMTMHWXYTMHMX]%KSPHIREKISJMRRSGIRGIEJSSPWTEVEHMWIMWERSXMSRXLEXMWWXYTMHERHYRQIERMRKERHJSV XLEX ZIV] VIEWSR MR RS [E] [SVXL] SJ ER] VIWTIGX 8LI JMVWX GVMQMREP ERHQYVHIVIV'EMR[LSEGUYMVIHEORS[PIHKISJKYMPXERHXLVSYKLKYMPXEGUYMVIHEORS[PIHKISJZMVXYIF]VITIRXERGIERHWSGEQIXSYRHIVWXERHXLIQIERMRKSJPMJIMWEXVEKMGEPJMKYVIQSVIWMKRMJMGERXERHEPQSWXQSVIVIWTIGXEFPIXLEREPPXLIMRRSGIRXJSSPWMRXLI[SVPHTYXXSKIXLIV
-J-LEHXS[VMXIEFSYXQSHIWX] - WLSYPH WE]- ORS[ XLI IWXIIQIH TYFPMG JSV[LMGL-LEZIXLILSRSYVXS[VMXIJEVXSS[IPPXSHEVIXSKMZIYXXIVERGIXSQ]STMRMSR EFSYX XLMW ZMVXYI 4IVWSREPP] - EQ UYMXI GSRXIRX XS FI QSHIWX ERH XSETTP] Q]WIPJ XS XLMW ZMVXYI [MXL XLI YXQSWX TSWWMFPI GMVGYQWTIGXMSR &YX SRIXLMRK-WLEPPRIZIVEHQMXXLEX-LEZIIZIVVIUYMVIHQSHIWX]SJER]QERERHER]WXEXIQIRXXSXLEXIJJIGX-VITIPEWEWPERHIV
8LITEPXV]GLEVEGXIVSJQSWXQIRGSQTIPWXLIJI[[LSLEZIER]QIVMXSVKIRMYW
XSFILEZIEWXLSYKL XLI]HMH RSX ORS[XLIMVS[RZEPYI ERH GSRWIUYIRXP]HMHRSXORS[SXLIVTISTPIW[ERXSJZEPYIJSVMXMWSRP]SR XLMWGSRHMXMSR XLEXXLI
QSFEGUYMIWGIWMRXSPIVEXMRKQIVMX%ZMVXYILEWFIIRQEHISYXSJXLMWRIGIWWMX]
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 58/64
ERHMXMWGEPPIHQSHIWX]-XMWETMIGISJL]TSGVMW]XSFII\GYWIHSRP]FIGEYWISXLIVTISTPIEVIWSTEPXV]XLEXXLI]QYWXFIXVIEXIH[MXLMRHYPKIRGI
,YQER QMWIV] QE] EJJIGX YW MR X[S [E]W ERH [I QE] FI MR SRI SJ X[SSTTSWMXIQSSHWMRVIKEVHXSMX
-RSRISJXLIQXLMWQMWIV]MWMQQIHMEXIP]TVIWIRXXSYW;IJIIPMXMRSYVS[R TIVWSR MR SYV S[R [MPP [LMGL MQFYIH [MXL ZMSPIRX HIWMVIW MW IZIV][LIVI FVSOIRERHXLMWMWXLITVSGIWW[LMGLGSRWXMXYXIWWYJJIVMRK8LIVIWYPXMWXLEXXLI[MPPMRGVIEWIWMRZMSPIRGIEWMWWLS[RMREPPGEWIWSJTEWWMSRERHIQSXMSRERHXLMWMRGVIEWMRKZMSPIRGIGSQIWXSEWXSTSRP][LIRXLI[MPPXYVRWERHKMZIW[E]XSGSQTPIXIVIWMKREXMSRMRSXLIV[SVHWMWVIHIIQIH8LIQER[LSMWIRXMVIP]
HSQMREXIHF]XLMWQSSH[MPPVIKEVHER]TVSWTIVMX][LMGLLIQE]WIIMRSXLIVW[MXLIRZ]ERHER]WYJJIVMRK[MXLRSW]QTEXL]
-RXLISTTSWMXIQSSHLYQERQMWIV]MWTVIWIRXXSYWSRP]EWEJEGXSJORS[PIHKI
XLEXMWXSWE]MRHMVIGXP];IEVIQEMRP]IRKEKIHMRPSSOMRKEXXLIWYJJIVMRKWSJSXLIVWERHSYVEXXIRXMSRMW[MXLHVE[RJVSQSYVS[R-XMWMRXLIMVTIVWSRXLEX[I FIGSQIE[EVISJLYQERQMWIV][IEVIJMPPIH[MXLW]QTEXL]ERHXLIVIWYPXSJXLMWQSSHMWKIRIVEPFIRIZSPIRGITLMPERXLVST]%PPIRZ]ZERMWLIWERHMRWXIEHSJJIIPMRKMX[IEVIVINSMGIH[LIR[IWIISRISJSYVXSVQIRXIHJIPPS[GVIEXYVIWI\TIVMIRGIER]TPIEWYVISVVIPMIJ
%JXIVXLIWEQIJEWLMSR[IQE]FIMRSRISJX[SSTTSWMXIQSSHWMRVIKEVHXSLYQERFEWIRIWWERHHITVEZMX]-RXLISRI[ITIVGIMZIXLMWFEWIRIWWMRHMVIGXP]
MRSXLIVW3YXSJXLMWQSSHEVMWIMRHMKREXMSRLEXVIHERHGSRXIQTXSJQEROMRH-R XLI SXLIV [I TIVGIMZI MX HMVIGXP] MR SYVWIPZIW 3YX SJ MX XLIVI EVMWIW
LYQMPMEXMSRRE]GSRXVMXMSR
-RSVHIVXSNYHKIXLIQSVEPZEPYISJEQERMXMWZIV]MQTSVXERXXSSFWIVZI[LMGLSJ XLIWI JSYV QSSHW TVIHSQMREXI MR LMQ 8LI] KS MR TEMVW SRI SYX SJ IEGLHMZMWMSR -R ZIV] I\GIPPIRX GLEVEGXIVW XLI WIGSRH QSSH SJ IEGL HMZMWMSR [MPP
TVIHSQMREXI
8LI GEXIKSVMGEP MQTIVEXMZI SV EFWSPYXI GSQQERH MW E GSRXVEHMGXMSR )ZIV]GSQQERHMWGSRHMXMSREP;LEXMWYRGSRHMXMSREPERHRIGIWWEV]MWEQYWX WYGLEWMWTVIWIRXIHF]XLIPE[WSJREXYVI
-XMWUYMXIXVYIXLEXXLIQSVEPPE[MWIRXMVIP]GSRHMXMSREP8LIVIMWE[SVPHERHEZMI[ SJ PMJI MR [LMGL MX LEW RIMXLIV ZEPMHMX] RSV WMKRMJMGERGI 8LEX [SVPH MW
)HMXSVW2SXI3RIGSYPHEVKYIXLEXXLIVIMWRSXLMRKI\GIPPIRXEFSYXGSRXVMXMSRERHXLEXMR
XVYP]RSFPIGLEVEGXIVWFIRIZSPIRGIXIRHWXSGSMRGMHI[MXLGSRXIQTXXS[EVHWQEROMRH
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 59/64
TVSTIVP]WTIEOMRK XLI VIEP [SVPHMR [LMGL EW MRHMZMHYEPW [IPMZIJSV IZIV]VIKEVHTEMHXSQSVEPMX]MWEHIRMEPSJXLEX[SVPHERHSJSYVMRHMZMHYEPPMJIMRMX-XMW E ZMI[ SJ XLI [SVPH LS[IZIV [LMGL HSIW RSX KS FI]SRH XLI TVMRGMTPI SJ
WYJJMGMIRXVIEWSRERHXLISTTSWMXIZMI[TVSGIIHWF]XLIMRXYMXMSRSJ-HIEW
-JEQERMWYRHIVXLIMRJPYIRGISJX[SSTTSWMXIFYXZIV]WXVSRKQSXMZIW%ERH&ERH-EQKVIEXP]GSRGIVRIHXLEXLIWLSYPHGLSSWI%FYXWXMPPQSVIXLEXLIWLSYPHRIZIVFIYRXVYIXSLMWGLSMGIERHF]GLERKMRKLMWQMRHFIXVE]QISVXLIPMOIMX[MPPRSXHSJSVQIXSWE]ER]XLMRKXLEXQMKLXLMRHIVXLIQSXMZI&JVSQLEZMRK MXW JYPPIJJIGXYTSRLMQERH SRP]IQTLEWMWI %JSVXLIR- WLSYPHRIZIVFIEFPIXSVIGOSRSRLMWHIGMWMSR;LEX-LEZIXSHSMWVEXLIVXSTYXFSXLQSXMZIWFIJSVILMQEXXLIWEQIXMQIMREWZMZMHERHGPIEVE[E]EWTSWWMFPIWS
XLEXXLI]QE][SVOYTSRLMQ[MXLXLIMV[LSPIJSVGI8LIGLSMGIXLEXLIXLIRQEOIWMWXLIHIGMWMSRSJLMWMRQSWXREXYVIERHWXERHWJMVQXSEPPIXIVRMX]-RWE]MRK -[MPPHSXLMWLILEWWEMH -QYWXHSXLMW-LEZIKSXEXLMW[MPPERH-GERVIP]YTSRMXW[SVOMRKEWWXIEHMP]EWSRISJXLIJSVGIWSJREXYVI-XMWEWGIVXEMREW
JMVIOMRHPIWERH[EXIV[IXWXLEXLI[MPP EGXEGGSVHMRKXSXLIQSXMZI [LMGLLEW TVSZIHXSFIWXVSRKIVJSVLMQ-RWMKLXERHORS[PIHKIQE]FIEXXEMRIHERHPSWX
EKEMR XLI] QE] FI GLERKIH SV MQTVSZIH SV HIWXVS]IH FYX [MPP GERRSX FIGLERKIH8LEXMW[L] -ETTVILIRH-TIVGIMZI-WIIMWWYFNIGXXSEPXIVEXMSRERH
YRGIVXEMRX] -[MPP TVSRSYRGIHSREVMKLXETTVILIRWMSRSJQSXMZIMWEWJMVQEWREXYVIMXWIPJ8LIHMJJMGYPX]LS[IZIVPMIWMRKIXXMRKEXEVMKLXETTVILIRWMSR%
QERWETTVILIRWMSRSJQSXMZIQE]GLERKISVFIGSVVIGXIHSVTIVZIVXIHERHSRXLISXLIVLERHLMWGMVGYQWXERGIWQE]YRHIVKSEREPXIVEXMSR
%QERWLSYPHI\IVGMWIEREPQSWXFSYRHPIWWXSPIVEXMSRERHTPEGEFMPMX]FIGEYWIMJ LI MW GETVMGMSYW IRSYKL XS VIJYWI XS JSVKMZI E WMRKPI MRHMZMHYEP JSV XLIQIERRIWWSVIZMPXLEXPMIWEXLMWHSSVMXMWHSMRKXLIVIWXSJXLI[SVPHEUYMXIYRQIVMXIHLSRSYV
&YXEXXLIWEQIXMQIXLIQER[LSMWIZIV]SRIWJVMIRHMWRSSRIWJVMIRH-XMWUYMXISFZMSYW[LEXWSVXSJJVMIRHWLMTMXMW[LMGL[ILSPHSYXXSXLILYQERVEGIERHXS[LMGLMXMWSTIRXSEPQSWXIZIV]QERXSVIXYVRRSQEXXIV[LEXLIQE]LEZIHSRI
;MXL XLI ERGMIRXW JVMIRHWLMT [EW SRI SJ XLI GLMIJ IPIQIRXW MR QSVEPMX] &YXJVMIRHWLMTMWSRP]PMQMXEXMSRERHTEVXMEPMX]MXMWXLIVIWXVMGXMSRXSSRIMRHMZMHYEPSJ [LEX MW XLI HYI SJ EPP QEROMRH REQIP] XLI VIGSKRMXMSR XLEX E QERW S[R
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 60/64
REXYVIERHXLEXSJQEROMRHEVIMHIRXMGEP%XQSWXMXMWEGSQTVSQMWIFIX[IIRXLMWVIGSKRMXMSRERHWIPJMWLRIWW
%PMIEP[E]WLEWMXWSVMKMRMRXLIHIWMVIXSI\XIRHXLIHSQMRMSRSJSRIWS[R[MPPSZIVSXLIVMRHMZMHYEPWERHXSHIR]XLIMV[MPPMRSVHIVXLIFIXXIVXSEJJMVQSRIWS[R 'SRWIUYIRXP] E PMI MW MR MXW ZIV] REXYVI XLI TVSHYGX SJ MRNYWXMGIQEPIZSPIRGIERHZMPPEMR]8LEXMW[L]XVYXLWMRGIVMX]GERHSYVERHVIGXMXYHIEVIEXSRGIVIGSKRMWIHERHZEPYIHEWTVEMWI[SVXL]ERHRSFPIUYEPMXMIWFIGEYWI[I TVIWYQIXLEXXLIQER[LSI\LMFMXWXLIQIRXIVXEMRWRSWIRXMQIRXWSJMRNYWXMGISVQEPMGIERHXLIVIJSVIWXERHWMRRSRIIHSJGSRGIEPMRKWYGLWIRXMQIRXW,I[LSMWSTIRGLIVMWLIWRSXLMRKXLEXMWFEH
8LIVIMWEGIVXEMROMRHSJGSYVEKI[LMGLWTVMRKWJVSQXLIWEQIWSYVGIEWKSSHREXYVI;LEX-QIERMWXLEXXLIKSSHREXYVIHQERMWEPQSWXEWGPIEVP]GSRWGMSYW
XLEXLII\MWXWMRSXLIVMRHMZMHYEPWEWMRLMQWIPJ-LEZISJXIRWLS[RLS[XLMWJIIPMRK KMZIW VMWI XS KSSHREXYVI -X EPWS KMZIW VMWI XS GSYVEKI JSV XLI WMQTPIVIEWSRXLEXXLIQER[LSTSWWIWWIWXLMWJIIPMRKGEVIWPIWWJSVLMWS[RMRHMZMHYEPI\MWXIRGIEW LIPMZIW EPQSWX EWQYGLMR XLI KIRIVEP I\MWXIRGI SJEPPGVIEXYVIW%GGSVHMRKP]LIMWPMXXPIGSRGIVRIHJSVLMWS[RPMJIERHMXWFIPSRKMRKW8LMWMWF]RS QIERW XLI WSPI WSYVGI SJ GSYVEKI JSV MX MW E TLIRSQIRSR HYI XS ZEVMSYW
GEYWIW&YXMXMWXLIRSFPIWXOMRHSJGSYVEKIEWMWWLS[RF]XLIJEGXXLEXMRMXWSVMKMRMXMWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLKVIEXKIRXPIRIWWERHTEXMIRGI1IRSJXLMWOMRHEVIYWYEPP]MVVIWMWXMFPIXS[SQIR
%PP KIRIVEP VYPIW ERH TVIGITXW JEMP FIGEYWI XLI] TVSGIIH JVSQ XLI JEPWIEWWYQTXMSR XLEX QIR EVI GSRWXMXYXIH [LSPP] SV EPQSWX [LSPP] EPMOI EREWWYQTXMSR [LMGL XLI TLMPSWSTL] SJ ,IPZIXMYW I\TVIWWP] QEOIW ;LIVIEW XLIXVYXLMWXLEXXLISVMKMREPHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRMRHMZMHYEPWMRMRXIPPIGXERHQSVEPMX]
MWMQQIEWYVEFPI
8LIUYIWXMSREWXS[LIXLIVQSVEPMX]MWWSQIXLMRKVIEPMWXLIUYIWXMSR[LIXLIVE[IPPKVSYRHIHGSYRXIVTVMRGMTPIXSIKSMWQEGXYEPP]I\MWXW
%W IKSMWQ VIWXVMGXW GSRGIVR JSV [IPJEVI XS E WMRKPI MRHMZMHYEPZM^ XLI QERW
S[RWIPJXLIGSYRXIVTVMRGMTPI[SYPHLEZIXSI\XIRHMXXSEPPSXLIVMRHMZMHYEPW
)HMXSVW2SXI7YGLWXEXIQIRXWVIQMRHYWXLEX7GLSTIRLEYIV[EWEKIRMYW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 61/64
-X MW SRP] FIGEYWI XLI [MPP MW EFSZI ERH FI]SRH XMQI XLEX XLI WXMRKW SJGSRWGMIRGIEVIMRIVEHMGEFPIERHHSRSXPMOISXLIVTEMRWKVEHYEPP][IEVE[E]
2SERIZMPHIIH[IMKLWSRXLIGSRWGMIRGI]IEVWEJXIV[EVHW EWLIEZMP]EWMJMXLEHFIIRJVIWLP]GSQQMXXIH
'LEVEGXIV MW MRREXI ERH GSRHYGX MW QIVIP] MXW QERMJIWXEXMSR XLI SGGEWMSR JSVKVIEX QMWHIIHW GSQIW WIPHSQ WXVSRK GSYRXIVQSXMZIW OIIT YW FEGO SYVHMWTSWMXMSRMWVIZIEPIHXSSYVWIPZIWF]SYVHIWMVIWXLSYKLXWIQSXMSRW[LIRMXVIQEMRWYRORS[RXSSXLIVW6IJPIGXMRKSREPPXLMW[IQMKLXWYTTSWIMXTSWWMFPIJSV E QER XS TSWWIWW MR WSQI WSVX ER MRREXI IZMP GSRWGMIRGI [MXLSYX IZIVLEZMRKHSRIER]XLMRKZIV]FEH
(SRXHSXSSXLIVW[LEX]SY[SYPHRXPMOIHSRIXS]SYVWIPJ 8LMWMWTIVLETWSRISJ XLSWI EVKYQIRXW XLEX TVSZI SV VEXLIV EWO XSS QYGL *SV E TVMWSRIV QMKLXEHHVIWWMXXSENYHKI
7XYTMHTISTPIEVIKIRIVEPP]QEPMGMSYWJSVXLIZIV]WEQIVIEWSREWXLIYKP]ERHXLIHIJSVQIH
7MQMPEVP]KIRMYWERHWERGXMX]EVIEOMR,S[IZIVWMQTPIQMRHIHEWEMRXQE]FI
LI[MPPRIZIVXLIPIWWLEZIEHEWLSJKIRMYWMRLMQERHLS[IZIVQER]IVVSVWSJXIQTIVEQIRXSVSJEGXYEPGLEVEGXIVEKIRMYWQE]TSWWIWWLI[MPPWXMPPI\LMFMXEGIVXEMRRSFMPMX]SJHMWTSWMXMSRF][LMGLLIWLS[WLMWOMRWLMT[MXLXLIWEMRX
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
%WERI\EQTPISJXLIHMWXMRGXMSRPIXQIXEOIXLIGEWISJEHIFXSVERHEGVIHMXSVHMWTYXMRK EFSYX E HIFX [LMGL XLI JSVQIV HIRMIW % PE[]IV ERH E QSVEPMWX EVI
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 62/64
TVIWIRX ERH WLS[ E PMZIP] MRXIVIWX MR XLI QEXXIV &SXL HIWMVI XLEX XLI HMWTYXIWLSYPHIRHMRXLIWEQI[E]EPXLSYKL[LEXXLI][ERXMWF]RSQIERWXLIWEQI8LI PE[]IV WE]W - [ERX XLMW QER XS KIX FEGO [LEX FIPSRKW XS LMQ ERH XLI
QSVEPMWX -[ERXXLEXQERXSHSLMWHYX]
-X MW [MXL XLI [MPP EPSRI XLEX QSVEPMX] MW GSRGIVRIH ;LIXLIV I\XIVREP JSVGILMRHIVWSVJEMPWXSLMRHIVXLI[MPPJVSQ[SVOMRKHSIWRSXMRXLIPIEWXQEXXIV*SV
QSVEPMX]XLII\XIVREP[SVPHMWVIEPSRP]MRWSJEVEW MXMWEFPISVYREFPIXSPIEHERHMRJPYIRGIXLI[MPP%WWSSREWXLI[MPPMWHIXIVQMRIHXLEXMWEWWSSREWE
VIWSPZIMWXEOIRXLII\XIVREP[SVPHERHMXWIZIRXWEVISJRSJYVXLIVQSQIRXERH TVEGXMGEPHSRSXI\MWX*SVMJXLIIZIRXWSJXLI[SVPHLEHER]WYGLVIEPMX]XLEXMW
XS WE] MJ XLI] TSWWIWWIH E WMKRMJMGERGI MR XLIQWIPZIW SV ER] SXLIV XLER XLEXHIVMZIHJVSQXLI[MPP[LMGLMWEJJIGXIHF]XLIQ[LEXEKVMIZERGIMX[SYPHFIXLEXEPPXLIWIIZIRXWPMIMRXLIVIEPQSJGLERGIERHIVVSV-XMWLS[IZIVNYWXXLMW
[LMGLTVSZIWXLEXXLIMQTSVXERXXLMRKMWRSX[LEXLETTIRWFYX[LEXMW[MPPIH%GGSVHMRKP]PIXXLIMRGMHIRXWSJPMJIFIPIJXXSXLITPE]SJGLERGIERHIVVSVXS
HIQSRWXVEXIXSQERXLEXLIMWEWGLEJJFIJSVIXLI[MRH
8LI 7XEXIGSRGIVRW MXWIPJ SRP] [MXL XLI MRGMHIRXW[MXL [LEX LETTIRW RSXLMRKIPWILEWER]VIEPMX]JSVMX-QE]H[IPPYTSRXLSYKLXWSJQYVHIVERHTSMWSREW
QYGL EW - TPIEWI XLI 7XEXI HSIW RSX JSVFMH QI WS PSRK EW XLI E\I ERH VSTIGSRXVSPQ][MPPERHTVIZIRXMXJVSQFIGSQMRKEGXMSR
)XLMGWEWOW;LEXEVIXLIHYXMIWXS[EVHWSXLIVW[LMGLNYWXMGIMQTSWIWYTSRYW#
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
-XLEWFIIRWEMHXLEXXLILMWXSVMERMWERMRZIVXIHTVSTLIX-RXLIWEQI[E]MXQE] FIWEMHXLEXEXIEGLIVSJPE[MWERMRZIVXIHQSVEPMWXZM^ EXIEGLIVSJXLIHYXMIWSJ NYWXMGI SV XLEX TSPMXMGW EVI MRZIVXIH IXLMGW MJ [I I\GPYHI XLI XLSYKLX XLEXIXLMGWEPWSXIEGLIWXLIHYX]SJFIRIZSPIRGIQEKRERMQMX]PSZIERHWSSR8LI7XEXIMWXLI+SVHMERORSXXLEXMWGYXMRWXIEHSJFIMRKYRXMIHMXMW'SPYQFYWIKK[LMGL MW QEHI XS WXERH F] FIMRK FVSOIR MRWXIEH SJ FEPERGIH EW XLSYKL XLI FYWMRIWW MR UYIWXMSR [IVI XS QEOI MX WXERH VEXLIV XLER XS FEPERGI MX -R XLMWVIWTIGXXLI7XEXIMWPMOIXLIQER[LSXLMROWXLEXLIGERTVSHYGIJMRI[IEXLIVF]QEOMRKXLIFEVSQIXIVKSYT
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 63/64
8LITWIYHSTLMPSWSTLIVWSJSYVEKIXIPPYWXLEXMXMWXLISFNIGXSJXLI7XEXIXS TVSQSXIXLIQSVEPEMQWSJQEROMRH8LMWMWRSXXVYIMXMWVEXLIVXLIGSRXVEV]
[LMGLMWXVYI8LIEMQJSV[LMGLQEROMRHI\MWXWXLII\TVIWWMSRMWTEVEFSPMGMWRSX XLEX E QER WLSYPH EGX MR WYGL ERH WYGL E QERRIV JSV EPPSTIVE STIVEXE
XLMRKWXLEXLEZIEGXYEPP]FIIRHSRIEVIMRXLIQWIPZIWQEXXIVWSJMRHMJJIVIRGI 2SXLIEMQMWXLEXXLI;MPPSJ[LMGLIZIV]QERMWEGSQTPIXIWTIGMQIRRE]MW
XLIZIV];MPPMXWIPJWLSYPHXYVR[LMXLIVMXRIIHWXSXYVRXLEXXLIQERLMQWIPJXLI YRMSR SJ 8LSYKLX ERH ;MPP WLSYPH TIVGIMZI [LEX XLMW [MPP MW ERH [LEX
LSVVSVW MX GSRXEMRW XLEX LI WLSYPH WLS[ XLI VIJPIGXMSR SJ LMQWIPJ MR LMW S[RHIIHWMRXLIEFSQMREXMSRSJXLIQ8LI7XEXI[LMGLMW[LSPP]GSRGIVRIH[MXL
XLI KIRIVEP [IPJEVI GLIGOW XLI QERMJIWXEXMSR SJ XLI FEH [MPP FYX MR RS [MWIGLIGOWXLI[MPP MXWIPJXLI EXXIQTX[SYPHFI MQTSWWMFPI-X MWFIGEYWIXLI7XEXIGLIGOW XLI QERMJIWXEXMSR SJ LMW [MPP XLEX E QER ZIV] WIPHSQ WIIW XLI [LSPI
EFSQMREXMSRSJLMWREXYVIMRXLIQMVVSVSJLMWHIIHW3VHSIWXLIVIEHIVEGXYEPP]WYTTSWIXLIVIEVIRSTISTPIMRXLI[SVPHEWFEHEW6SFIWTMIVVI2ETSPISRSV
SXLIV QYVHIVIVW# (SIW LI JEMP XS WII XLEX XLIVI EVI QER] [LS [SYPH EGX PMOIXLIQMJSRP]XLI]GSYPH#
1ER]EGVMQMREPHMIWQSVIUYMIXP]SRXLIWGEJJSPHXLERQER]ERSRGVMQMREPMR
XLIEVQWSJLMWJEQMP]8LISRILEWTIVGIMZIH[LEXLMW[MPPMWERHLEWHMWGEVHIHMX8LISXLIVLEWRSXFIIREFPIXSHMWGEVHMXFIGEYWILILEWRIZIVFIIREFPIXS
TIVGIMZI[LEXMXMW8LIEMQSJXLI7XEXIMWXSTVSHYGIEJSSPWTEVEHMWIERHXLMWMWMRHMVIGXGSRJPMGX[MXL XLI XVYIEMQSJPMJIREQIP] XSEXXEMRE ORS[PIHKISJ
[LEXXLI[MPPMRMXWLSVVMFPIREXYVIVIEPP]MW
2ETSPISR [EW RSX VIEPP] [SVWI XLER QER] RSX XS WE] QSWX QIR ,I [EW TSWWIWWIHSJXLI ZIV] SVHMREV]IKSMWQ XLEXWIIOWMXW[IPJEVIEXXLII\TIRWISJSXLIVW ;LEX HMWXMRKYMWLIH LMQ [EW QIVIP] XLI KVIEXIV TS[IV LI LEH SJWEXMWJ]MRKLMW[MPPERHKVIEXIVMRXIPPMKIRGIVIEWSRERHGSYVEKIEHHIHXS[LMGLGLERGIKEZILMQEJEZSYVEFPIWGSTIJSVLMWSTIVEXMSRW&]QIERWSJEPPXLMWLIHMHJSVLMWIKSMWQ[LEXEXLSYWERHSXLIVQIR[SYPHPMOIXSHSJSVXLIMVWFYXGERRSX)ZIV]JIIFPIPEH[LSF]PMXXPIEGXWSJZMPPEMR]KEMRWEWQEPPEHZERXEKIJSVLMQWIPJF]TYXXMRKSXLIVWXSWSQIHMWEHZERXEKIEPXLSYKLMXQE]FIIUYEPP]WQEPPMWNYWXEWFEHEW2ETSPISR
8LSWI [LS JERG] XLEX VIXVMFYXMSR GSQIW EJXIV HIEXL [SYPH HIQERH XLEX 2ETSPISRWLSYPHF]YRYXXIVEFPIXSVQIRXWTE]XLITIREPX]JSVEPPXLIRYQFIVPIWWGEPEQMXMIWXLEXLIGEYWIH&YXLIMWRSQSVIGYPTEFPIXLEREPPXLSWI[LSTSWWIWWXLIWEQI[MPPYREGGSQTERMIHF]XLIWEQITS[IV
8LIGMVGYQWXERGIXLEXMRLMWGEWIXLMWI\XVESVHMREV]TS[IV[EWEHHIHEPPS[IH
LMQXSVIZIEPXLI[LSPI[MGOIHRIWWSJXLILYQER[MPPERHXLIWYJJIVMRKWSJLMW
8/9/2019 SchopenhauerOn Human Nature
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/schopenhaueron-human-nature 64/64
EKI EW XLI RIGIWWEV] SFZIVWI SJ XLI QIHEP VIZIEP XLI QMWIV] [LMGL MWMRI\XVMGEFP]FSYRHYT[MXLXLMWFEH[MPP-XMWXLIKIRIVEPQERMTYPEXMSRSJXLMW[MPP XLEXGSRWXMXYXIWXLI [SVPH &YX MXMW TVIGMWIP] XLEX MXWLSYPH FIYRHIVWXSSH
LS[ MRI\XVMGEFP] XLI [MPP XS PMZI MW FSYRH YT [MXL ERH MW VIEPP] SRI ERH XLI
WEQIEWXLMWYRWTIEOEFPIQMWIV]XLEXMWXLI[SVPHWEMQERHTYVTSWIERHMXMWEREMQERHTYVTSWI[LMGLXLIETTIEVERGISJ2ETSPISRHMHQYGLXSEWWMWX2SXXS FI ER YRQIERMRK JSSPW TEVEHMWI FYX E XVEKIH] MR [LMGL XLI [MPP XS PMZI
YRHIVWXERHW MXWIPJ ERH ]MIPHWXLEX MW XLI SFNIGX JSV [LMGL XLI [SVPH I\MWXW 2ETSPISRMWSRP]ERIRSVQSYWQMVVSVSJXLI[MPPXSPMZI
8LIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRXLIQER[LSGEYWIWWYJJIVMRKERHXLIQER[LSWYJJIVW
MXMWSRP]TLIRSQIREP-XMWEPPE[MPPXSPMZIMHIRXMGEP[MXLKVIEXWYJJIVMRKERHMXMWSRP]F]YRHIVWXERHMRKXLMWXLEXXLI[MPPGERQIRHERHIRH
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
EJJMVQIH,IRGIMXMWXLEX[IWIILEPJQIEWYVIWERHJEPWILSSHIZIV][LIVIERHXLEXMW[L]QSHIVRXMQIWPSSOWSWQEPPFIWMHIERXMUYMX]
8LI WXVYGXYVI SJ LYQER WSGMIX] MW PMOI E TIRHYPYQ W[MRKMRK FIX[IIR X[SMQTYPWIWX[SIZMPWMRTSPEVSTTSWMXMSR HIWTSXMWQERHEREVGL]8LIJYVXLIVMX
KIXWJVSQXLISRIXLIRIEVIVMXETTVSEGLIWXLISXLIV*VSQXLMWXLIVIEHIVQMKLXLMXSRXLIXLSYKLXXLEXMJMX[IVII\EGXP]QMH[E]FIX[IIRXLIX[SMX[SYPHFI
VMKLX *EV JVSQ MX *SV XLIWI X[S IZMPW EVI F] RS QIERW IUYEPP] FEH ERH
HERKIVSYW 8LI JSVQIV MW MRGSQTEVEFP] PIWW XS FI JIEVIH MXW MPPW I\MWX MR XLIQEMRSRP]EWTSWWMFMPMXMIWERHMJXLI]GSQIEXEPPMXMWSRP]SRIEQSRKQMPPMSRWXLEXXLI]XSYGL&YX[MXLEREVGL]TSWWMFMPMX]ERHEGXYEPMX]EVIMRWITEVEFPIMXW FPS[W JEPP SR IZIV] QER IZIV] HE] 8LIVIJSVI IZIV] GSRWXMXYXMSR WLSYPH FI ERIEVIVETTVSEGL XS E HIWTSXMWQ XLER XS EREVGL]RE] MX QYWX GSRXEMR E WQEPPTSWWMFMPMX] SJ HIWTSXMWQ