Schools of Psychology

Beliefs and Treatments

Great Thinkers in Psychology

MEDIEVAL MEDICAL PRACTICES

TREPHININGFLAGELLANTSBLOODLETTING

THE CRIB

THE STRAITJACKET

THE MENTALLY ILL WERE JAILEDDEPLORABLE CONDITIONSNO SEPARATION OF MENTAL PATIENTS

FROM CRIMINALS

REFORMS ARE NEEDED

PSYCHOANALYTIC THINKERS

SIGMUND FREUD

ANNA FREUDCARL JUNGERIK ERIKSONALFRED ADLER

CHILDHOOD INNOCENCEFREUD’S IDEAS

SHOCKED THE VICTORIAN SENSIBILITIES

HIS CONCEPTS CONTRADICTED THE VICTORIAN NOTION OF CHILDREN AS “INNOCENT”

THE SECOND MINDHUMANS ARE

ENDOWED WITH AN UNCONSCIOUS

IN THE UNCONSCIOUS DWELLS POTENT SEXUAL & AGGRESSIVE DRIVES

THE EFFECTS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS

REPRESSION: TO PUSH OR BANISH PAINFUL THOUGHTS FROM OUR CONSCIOUS MIND

THESE THOUGHTS CAN AFFECT EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR

DREAM ANALYSISMANIFEST (FACE

VALUE)LATENT (HIDDEN

MEANING)SYMBOLIC

DREAM INTERPRETATIONS

THE TALKING CURETALK THERAPYTHE SCIENCE OF

PSYCHOANALYSIS AND NEUROSIS

FREE ASSOCIATION

THE ID IS THE FIRST TO FORM

THE ID OPERATES ON THE “PLEASURE PRINCIPLE”

THE ID DEMANDS IMMEDIATE SATISFACTION

THE ID DOES NOT CARE WHAT SOCIETY THINKS

MORE ABOUT THE IDTHE ID IS

AGGRESSIVETHE ID IS

PLAYFULTHE ID

REPRESENTS THE CHILD IN ALL OF US

DIAGRAM OF THE ID

DIAGRAM OF THE SUPEREGO

GAINING EXPERIENCE WITH RULES AND VALUES

THE SUPEREGO IS NOT ALWAYS CONSCIOUS

TOO MUCH SUPEREGO LEADS TO INFLEXIBILITY

THE EGOTHE EGO IS

LOGICALTHE EGO IS THE

DECISION MAKER

THE EGO COMPROMISES BETWEEN THE ID AND THE SUPEREGO

THE ORAL STAGE AGES BIRTH

THROUGH TWO YEARS

THE INFANT’S FOCUS IS ON THE MOUTH

THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

THE ANAL STAGE

THE INFANT’S PLEASURE SEEKING IS CENTERED AROUND THE FUNCTIONS OF ELIMINATION

AGES 18 MONTHS–3 YEARS

TOILET TRAINING

THE PHALLIC STAGETHE CHILD’S

PLEASURE SEEKING IS FOCUSED ON THE GENITALS

AGES 3–6AWARENESS OF

PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOYS & GIRLS

THE LATENT STAGESEXUAL

THOUGHTS REPRESSED

SOCIAL & INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OUTWEIGHS SEXUAL INTEREST

AGE 6–PUBERTYSUBLIMATION

THE GENITAL STAGESEXUAL

DESIRES ARE REKINDLED

THERE IS A DESIRE FOR RELATIONSHIPS

AGES: PUBERTY THROUGHOUT ADULTHOOD

FIXATIONSTHE FAILURE TO

MOVE FORWARD FROM ONE STAGE TO ANOTHER

FIXATIONS AFFECT PERSONALITY

ORAL/GULLIBLE, ANAL/CONTROLLING, PHALLIC/IMMATURE

ANNA FREUDDAUGHTER OF

SIGMUND FREUD

THE HAMPSTEAD CHILD THERAPY CLINIC

ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

CARL JUNG’S ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

BACKGROUND & EARLY YEARS

HE BEGAN TO WRITE TO FREUD

HE EMPHASIZED THE UNCONSCIOUS DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

THE PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS HOUSES MATERIAL THAT IS NOT WITHIN ONE’S CONSCIOUS AWARENESS BECAUSE IT HAS BEENREPRESSED

THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS IS A STOREHOUSE OF LATENT MEMORIES INHERITED FROM OUR ANCESTRAL PAST

UNCONSCIOUS LAYERS

JUNG’S ARCHETYPESARCHETYPES

ARE EMOTIONALLY CHARGED IMAGES THAT HAVE UNIVERSAL MEANING

THEY APPEAR IN ART, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION

INTROVERT VS. EXTROVERT

INTROVERT=INNER-DIRECTED, PREOCCUPIED WITH THE WORLD OF THEIR OWN THOUGHTS

EXTROVERT= INTERESTED IN OTHER PEOPLE & THINGS

ERIK ERIKSONA NEO-

FREUDIANHE BELIEVED

THERE IS A STRONG NEED FOR SOCIAL APPROVAL

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

CRISES

STAGE ONEEARLY

INFANCY/MEETING BASIC NEEDS

TRUST VS. MISTRUST

FOR EVEN DEVELOPMENT, EACH CRISIS MUST BE MET ON TIME

STAGE TWOAUTONOMY VS.

SHAME AND DOUBT

AGES 1–3SELF-RELIANCE

OR RELIANCE ON OTHERS

STAGE THREEINITIATIVE VS.

GUILT: AGES 3–6

SELF-ESTEEM: “AM I GOOD OR AM I BAD ?”

STAGE FOURINDUSTRY VS.

INFERIORITYAGES 6–12THE CHILD

ASKS, “AM I SUCCESSFUL OR NO GOOD?”

STAGE FIVEIDENTITY VS.

ROLE CONFUSION

EARLY TEENS/PEER PRESSURE

QUESTION: “WHO AM I?”

STAGE SIXINTIMACY VS.

ISOLATIONCHOOSING TO

SHARE YOUR LIFE WITH ANOTHER OR LIVE ALONE

STAGE SEVENGENERATIVITY

VS. STAGNATIONMIDDLE

AGE/MID -LIFE CRISIS

QUESTION: “AM I SUCCESFUL IN MY LIFE?”

STAGE EIGHTINTEGRITY VS.

DESPAIROLDER ADULTSQUESTION:

“HAVE I LIVED A FULL AND COMPLETE LIFE?”

ALFRED ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

EARLY YEARS IN VIENNA

OPHTHALMOLOGYTHE VIENNA

PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY

DEVELOPED HIS OWN THEORIES AFTER A BREAK WITH FREUD

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGYADLER FELT

FREUD HAD GONE OVERBOARD IN CENTERING HIS THEORIES ON SEXUAL CONFLICTS

MORE IMPORTANT IS A STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY

BEHAVIORAL THEORISTSIVAN PAVLOVB.F. SKINNERA MAJOR PREMISE

AND ORIENTATION BEHIND BEHAVIORISM IS THAT PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY ONLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR

IVAN PAVLOVRUSSIAN

PHYSIOLOGISTHE STUDIED

THE IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS OF DOGS

PSYCHIC REFLEXESDOGS

RESTRAINED IN HARNESS

COLLECTED SALIVA

HE PAIRED MEAT POWDER WITH DIFFERENT STIMULI

IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOV’S WORK

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING EMOTIONAL RESPONSES LIKE FEAR, ANXIETY, AND PHOBIAS

USED IN ADVERTISING

B.F. SKINNERA STRICT

BEHAVIORISTHE DID NOT

BELIEVE IN INTERNAL MENTAL STATES

THE SKINNER BOX & OPERANT CONDITIONING

SKINNER’S THEORYBEHAVIOR IS

INFLUENCED BY REWARDS AND PUNSHMENTS

HE TRAINED RATS TO RESPOND TO LIGHTS AND SOUNDS

REINFORCEMENT

APPLICATION OF SKINNER’S WORK

USED IN PRISONS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS

REINFORCERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE POSITIVE BEHAVIORS

TOKEN ECONOMIES SHAPE BEHAVIOR

THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH

MASLOW & ROGERS

ABRAHAM MASLOWHUMANISTS

BELIEVED THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR-ISM ARE “DEHUMANIZING”

EMPHASIS ON UNIQUENESS

POSITIVE, OPTIMISTIC

PEOPLE HAVE MANY NEEDS THAT COMPETE

BIOLOGICAL MOTIVESSOCIAL MOTIVESHUMAN NEEDS ARE ORGANIZED IN A

HIERARCHY

HUMANS HAVE MANY NEEDS

MASLOW’S HIERARCHYTHE NEEDS AT

THE BOTTOM ARE THE MOST BASIC (HUNGER)

THE NEXT LEVEL=SAFETY NEEDS

NEXT= BELONGING AND LOVE

PYRAMID CONTINUEDESTEEM NEEDSCOGNITIVE

NEEDSAESTHETIC

NEEDSSELF-

ACTUALIZED

IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESSIN THE ARTS AND HUMANITIESCRITICISMS

APPLICATIONS OF MASLOW’S WORK

CARL ROGERSCLIENT-CENTERED

THERAPY CCT PROVIDES A

SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT

IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE & DIRECTION OF THERAPY

WHAT CAUSES ANXIETY?ANXIETY IS

CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN A PERSON’S SELF-CONCEPT AND REALITY.

HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF

DO WE NEED CONSTANT APPROVAL FROM OTHERS?

ROGERS BELIEVED THIS WAS THE ROOT CAUSE OF CLIENTS' PROBLEMS

THE CLIENT NEEDS TO DEVELOP INSIGHT

YOU CAN’T ALWAYS PLEASE OTHERS

THE COGNITIVE APPROACH

HUMAN BEHAVIOR CANNOT BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT EXAMINING HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRE, STORE, AND PROCESS INFORMATION ELLIS & PIAGET WERE INFLUENTIAL COGNITIVE THINKERS

JEAN PIAGETCHILD

PSYCHOLOGISTHE FOUND

ANSWERS TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY STUDYING CHILDREN

INFLUENTIAL IN SCHOOL REFORM

HIS VIEW OF CHILDRENCHILDREN ARE

NOT “BLANK SLATES” OR “EMPTY VESSELS”

CHILDREN INVENT THEIR OWN LOGIC

OBSERVATION OF CHILDREN’S MINDS

LESSONS PIAGET LEARNED FROM CHILDREN

CHILDREN TAKING IQ TESTS MADE SIMILAR ERRORS

KNOWLEDGE IS DISCOVERED BY OBSERVING A CHILD’S MIND

KNOWLEDGE BUILDS AS KIDS GROW

AN EXPERIMENTTHE PRINCIPLE

OF CONSERVATION (AGES 5–7)

CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 ARE EGOCENTRIC

BY AGE 7 OBJECT PERMANENCE IS RECOGNIZED

STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTORSIMPLE MOTOR

RESPONSES TO SENSORY STIMULI; NO CONCEPTION OF OBJECT PERMANENCE

USE OF SCHEMAS

STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL

AGES 1 ½–7EXHIBITS

EGOCENTRIC THINKING

LACKS CONCEPT OF CONSERVA-TION

USES SYMBOLS, WORDS, MENTAL IMAGES

STAGE 3: CONCRETE OPERATIONS

AGES 7–11BEGINS TO

UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION

STILL HAS SOME TROUBLE WITH ABSTRACT IDEAS

CLASSIFICATION

STAGE 4: FORMAL OPERATIONS

AGES 11–ADULTUNDERSTANDS

ABSTRACT IDEAS AND HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS

CAPABLE OF LOGICAL THINKING

NERVOUS SYSTEM

ALBERT ELLISRATIONAL-

EMOTIVE THERAPY (RET)

ANXIETY,GUILT, AND DEPRESSION ARE CAUSED BY IRRATIONAL OR SELF-DEFEATING THOUGHTS

BEING LOVED

HOW THE THERAPIST WORKS

USE OF MODELING,ENCOUR-AGEMENT, LOGIC

REPLACE OLD, UNREALISTIC THOUGHTS WITH MORE BENEFICIAL THOUGHTS

COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING

BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR HUMAN BEHAVIOR

AN ORGANISM’S FUNCTIONING CAN BE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF THE BODILY STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES THAT UNDERLIE BEHAVIOR

ROGER SPERRY 1913–1994BECAME

FAMOUS IN THE AREA OF NEUROBIOLOGY

A PIONEER IN SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH

WON THE NOBEL PRIZE IN 1981

TWO BRAINSTHE BRAIN IS

DIVIDED INTO TWO HEMISPHERES

EACH HEMISPHERE HAS DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

THE HEMISPHERES ARE CONNECTED BY THE CORPUS CALLOSUM

SOCIOCULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

SOCIOCULTURAL PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY HOW ETHNICITY, GENDER, CULTURE, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIOR

SOCIOCULTURAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

THE NEWEST APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR

MIXTURE OF SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

SOME SOCIOCULTURAL THINKERS

JEAN PIAGETHARRY HARLOWALBERT

BANDURASOLOMAN ASCHG. STANLEY

HALLSTANLEY

MILGRAM