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Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A) School1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso School funded by:
Partners:
Book of Programme and Abstracts
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Organising Committee
-Prof. Dr. Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe, ANSOLE and BALEWARE Coordinator, Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria (Initiator and Director of SEA-Schools)
-Dr. Matthias Höher, Managing Director, Center for International Development and Environmental Research, Julius Liebig University Giessen (Financial Director)
-Dr. Daniel Yamegueu, Head of Laboratory of Solar Energy and Energy savings, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Host and Local Organiser)
- Prof. Dr. Michael Düren, Professor of Experimental Physics & Coordinator of SEPA (Solar Energy Partnership with Africa), Julius Liebig University Giessen, Germany
-Prof. Dr. Dieter Meissner, Professor of Sustainable Energetics, University of Tallin, Estonia
-Prof. Dr. Angeles Lopez Agüera, CLRLA-UNESCO Chair for Sustainable Communities Development, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
-Prof. Dr. Reinhold Lang, Director of IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
-Prof. Dr. Veronika Wittmann, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austris
-Prof. Dr. Yezouma Coulibaly, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
-Dr. Edem N´Tsoukpoe, 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
-Dr. Christoph Ulbricht, IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
-Dr. Ferdinand Ndum, Universitätsklinikum Jena and ANSOLE e.V. Jena, Germany
-Ms Jana Bauer, Julius Liebig University Giessen, Germany
-Ms Gudrun Haider, IPMT, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria
-Ms Leonie Schoelen, University Paris Descartes, France/Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Programme
-Travel to Ouagadougou and check in Pacific Hotel by participants: 25-26 February 2017
Monday, 27th February 2017
08:30 – 09:30
Registration & Networking + Assembly of Solar Cookers
09:30 – 09:45
Welcome by organisers & organizational issues (Daniel Yamegueu, Daniel Egbe)
09:45 – 10:15
Opening address by the Prof. Alfa Oumar Dissa, Burkinabé Minister of Energy
10:15 – 11:00
VW-Stiftung and its activities in sub-Saharan Africa+ ANSOLE+JKU + SEPA+ UNIPID (D. A. M. Egbe)
2iE (Daniel. Yamegueu)
USC and its solar energy research (Angeles Lopez)
11.00-11.30 Solar Cookers ( D. A. M. Egbe) + Coffee break
11:30-12:30 African Energy Potentials and Energy Policies (Daniel Yamegueu)
12:30 - 14:00 Lunch break + Visit of Demonstration sites
14:00 – 15:30
Fundamentals on Energy and Teaching Sustainable Energetics (Dieter Meissner)
15:30– 17:00 Sustainable Development in Context - The Nexus to Technologies & Materials. Part 1: Introduction, Scope and Aims (Reinhold Lang)
17:30 – 17:00
Coffee break
17:00 -18:30 Raising awareness on sustainable energies through performing arts ( Emelda Samba)
20:00-21.00 Dinner
21.00-22.00 working on energy scenario 2050 and theater projects
Tuesday, 28th February 2017
08:30 – 10:00
Sustainable Development in Context - The Nexus to Technologies & Materials. Part 2: Sustainable Development and the Nexus to Technologies & (Engineering) Education (Reinhold Lang)
10:00-11:00 Biomass and Bioenergy: issues and prospects for Africa (Marie SAWADOGO)
11:00 - 11:30 Coffee break
11:30 - 12:30 Which Solar PV Technology is Appropriate for West Africa? (Moussa SORO)
12:30 – 14:00
Lunch Break and visit of demonstration sites
14:00 – 15:30
Integral Development in the frame of the Sustainable Communities Project (Angeles López Agüera),
15:30 – 16:30
Thermal comfort in tropical regions (Yezouma COULIBALY)
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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16:30 – 17:30
Potable water for all: The role of renewable energy (Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA
19:00- 20.30 Dinner
Wednesday, 1st March 2017
Sustainable Energy Technologies
08:30 - 10:00 Renewable Energy Systems for Rural Electrification: Case Studies from Cameroon (Emmanuel Tanyi)
10:00 – 11:30
Interests of energy efficiency in African countries (Anne Riahle)
11:30 – 12:30
Concentrated solar power for Africa (Kokouvi Edem N TSOUKPOE)
12:30-14.00 Lunch
14:00- 15:30 World Risk Society. Environmental Risks: a driving force for cosmopolitanism (Veronika Wittmann)
15:30-16:30 Energy Efficient Buildings+ Building Integrated Photovoltaics (Nolween HUREL)
16:30-18:00 From Past to Present: An Overview on Organic Photovoltaics (Harald Hoppe)
19:00-20:00 Dinner
20:00- 22:00 Energy scenario and theater projects continue…
Thursday, 2nd March 2017
08:30 - 10:00 Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Solutions for Global Problems (Veronika Wittmann)
10:00 - 12:00 Fondamentals of Project Cycle Management and Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning: how to shape up ex ante successful proposal in the field of sustainable energy (Emanuela Colombo)
12.30 – 14.00
Lunch
14:00 – 16:00
Performance and Impact Evaluation Framework: how to measure in-itinere and ex-post a project in the field of sustainable energy (Emanuela Colombo)
16:00-16:30 Coffee Break
16:30- 18:00 Problem-based learning approach for teaching photovoltaic technologies from device technology to system design ( Arouna Darga)
20:00-21:00 Dinner
Friday, 3rd March 2017
08:30 – 10:00
ELearning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa (Erick Tambo)
10:00-11:30 Materials Design in Organic Electronics (Daniel A. M. Egbe)
11:30-13:00 Coffee break + Poster presentations (3 minutes presentation each): selection of best 3 posters by a jury of 4 lecturers (2 males and 2 females)
13:00-14:30 Lunch break
14:30-19:00 Free time/rehearsals of TfD
19:00 – 23:00
Summer school dinner: closing remarks by the organisers, award of the certificates of participation, award of poster prizes and performance of theater, dancing, etc.
Departure as from Saturday 4th of November 2017
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Abstract and Biography of Lecturers
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Solar Cookers Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE
Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria & African Network for Solar Energy e.V. (ANSOLE e.V.), Ebertstr. 14, 07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected] Abstract Solar cooking is a means to alleviate energy poverty and deforestation caused by wood burning for cooking, especially in developing countries in Africa and Asia. It can also eradicate the several million of premature deaths every year caused by inhalation of smoke.1
Based on the lectures held during CONSOLFOOD 2016 in Faro, Portugal,1 this presentation depicts the various types of solar cookers and show the advantages and disadvantages of using them in the African context. Reference
1) Neumann, A. L. et al, Proceedings of CONSOLFOOD 2016 − International Conference on Advances in Solar Thermal Food Processing Faro-Portugal, 22-23 January, 2016
Materials Design in Organic Electronics Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE
Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing (IPMT), Johannes Kepler University Linz,
Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]
Abstract Since the discovery of electrical conductivity in doped polyacetylene by Shirakawa et al.,1 enormous progress has been achieved in the design, synthesis and detailed studies of the
properties and applications of -conjugated polymers. 2
In the first part of the lecture, the materials design principles will be presented with main focus on how to tune the bandgap of conjugated materials and adjust their HOMO and LUMO energy levels for different applications.2
The second part of the lecture will look into the type of polymeric materials called poly(arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(arylene-vinylene)s (PAE–PAVs) which constitute a class of conjugated compounds combining the intrinsic properties of both poly(arylene-ethynylene) (PAE) and poly(arylene-vinylene) (PAV) into a single polymeric backbone with additional structure-specific properties. New insights gained from this class of materials since 2000 through systematic study of the effect of alkoxy side chains will be presented.4 This is based on so-called conservative research approach. Acknowledgement: FWF is acknowledged for financial support through grant N° I 1703-N20 References
1. Shirakawa, H et al. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1977, 578-580
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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2. a) Cheng Y.-J et al. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5868. b) H. Zhou et al. Macromolecules 2012, 45, 607-632, c) Chochos, C. L. et al. Prog. Polym Sci. 2011, 36, 1326-1414.
3. a) Egbe, D. A. M. et al. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 1023-1067. b) Egbe, D. A. M et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 1338 – 1349.
4. a) Bouguerra, N. et al. Macromolecules 2016, 49, 455-464. b) Boudiba, S et al.
Journal Polym. Sci: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 129–143.
Biography: Daniel Ayuk Mbi Egbe
Prof. Daniel A. M. Egbe was born in Mambanda Cameroon on May 20, 1966. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physics and Chemistry in 1991 from the University of Yaoundé, Cameroon. In 1992, he moved to Germany where he obtained a Master of Science degree and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry in 1995 and 1999, respectively, from the Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena. He completed his Habilitation in organic chemistry at the same institution in 2006. From 2006 to 2008, he spent postdoctoral stays at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, the Technical University of Eindhoven in Holland, and at the Technical University of Chemnitz, Germany. Since 2009, he researches and lectures at the Johannes Kepler University Linz. Egbe’s main research interest is the design of semiconducting materials for
optoelectronic applications. He is a member of the German Chemical Society (GDCh), Organic Electronics Association (OE-A), and a board member of the World University Service (WUS). Egbe is the initiator of the German-Cameroonian Coordination Office, initiator and international coordinator of the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE), initiator and chairperson of ANSOLE e.V., an institution legally representing ANSOLE, and initiator of the Cameroon Renewable Energy Network (CAMREN). In May 2015, he initiated the research platform BALEWARE (Bridging Africa, Latin America and Europe on Water and Renewable Energies Applications), which was officially launched on the 12th of December 2016 at the Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania. . In 2015 he was an independent evaluator for the World Bank Group in higher education issues and was appointed member of the scientific council of the newly created “Ecole Supérieure des Métiers des Energies Renouvelables (ESMER), in Benin. He is part of the team developing research programs at the Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences and Climate Change (PAUWES) in Tlemcen, Algeria. He also acted as an independent evaluator of the Association of African Universities in 2016. In the same year, he was appointed the first Distinguished Brian O´Connell Visiting Fellow of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. He is the initiator and director of the VolkswagenStiftung-sponsored “Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)” schools. He has published more than 110 peer-reviewed articles and coauthored a book on renewable energy in Sub-Saharan Africa. He speaks more than 5 languages, is married, and is father of 4 children. Email: [email protected]/ [email protected], sykpe: danielegbe1
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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African Potential and Policies in Renewable Energy
Daniel YAMEGUEU
Assistant professor in Energy Engineering, Head of the Laboratory for Solar Energy and
Energy Savings (LESEE), International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering
(2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [email protected]
Abstract
Promoting Renewable Energies is a key pillar for achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals SDG), especially in the domain of energy. In fact, renewable
energy solutions can expand electricity access, increase productivity, create jobs,
improve water security and bolster poverty alleviation efforts, in particular in Africa
where the energy access rate remains the lowest in the world. However, setting
renewable energy targets and formulating dedicated policies to implement them is
not yet a reality in many African countries.
The African Renewable Energy potential and Renewable Energy Policies are
assessed in this presentation. First a review on the renewable energy potentials in
the different regions of Africa is exposed with a focus on the main technologies that
could be implemented in each region. Then, a review on the renewable policies
adopted in some regions of the Africa is presented with their impacts on the installed
renewable-based power capacities. Finally, some suggestions for accelerating
renewable energy development in Africa are made.
Biography: Dr. Daniel Yamegueu
Dr. Daniel YAMEGUEU has a MSc and a Ph.D in energy Engineering. He is Assistant Professor in Energy Engineering at the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso. He has been the adjunct director of Education in charge of the Bachelor Degree and is actually the head of Laboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings (LESEE) at 2iE. Dr. YAMEGUEU is also the national representative of the African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) in Burkina Faso and is member of many scientific networks in the energy area.
Dr. YAMEGUEU's research is actually focused on solar PV and hybrid energy systems. Contact: [email protected] / [email protected]
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Fundamentals on Energy and Teaching Sustainable Energetics
Dieter MEISSNER
Faculty of Chemical and Materials Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia. [email protected]
Abstract Whereas it took decades to even establish some principles of sustainability in Western economics there is not enough time to follow this path for developing countries. Here industrialization has to happen already in a sustainable way. Therefore engineers, playing a central role in this process, have to be educated on the most advanced level possible. Since until 2050 power supply based on fossil energy carriers has to be replaced by CO2-free means, which means basically by solar energy. So, energetics, the "the study of energy under transformation" (Wikipedia), plays a key role. However, a profound understanding of energy and its sustainable use is still rudimentary in science and engineering. Whereas individual energy conversion devices such as solar cells, wind energy converters or pumps are highly efficient, energy utilization systems such as hydraulic systems installed in industry allow reduction of energy input by 80 to 90 % when optimized [1]. But the problem starts even earlier when trying to define "energy" itself or to explain, why electricity production from thermal energy reaches far less than 50 % efficiency while electricity generation in hydro power plants is at least twice as efficient. A profound understanding of the theoretical basics of energetics as well as system thinking and analysis are needed to really understand and handle energy in an optimized way. Additionally, environmental, social and institutional knowledge is needed to design "sustainable" energy systems. Here a new "breed" of engineers is needed, generalists rather than specialists, but at the same time understanding the fundamentals of engineering to really talk to the specialists and use their knowledge to optimize systems. In order to further develop these ideas a new curriculum fit for a University of Applied Sciences in Austria was developed and then it was designed a University curriculum specializing on materials science for energetics for both Estonian Universities, Tartu University and Tallinn University of Technology [2]. After a few year of experience, an analysis of our achievements is given together with ideas how to implement corresponding curricula in developing countries in order to create the knowledge base for a sustainable development of industry and society worldwide. Key words: Sustainability, Energy, Energetics, Education References
1. P. Hawken, A. B. Lovins, L. H. Lovins: "Natural capitalism", Little, Brown & Company, 1999
2. Dieter Meissner, Enn Mellikov, Andres Öpik, Ilmar Koppel, E. Lust; J. Mat. Education 2009, 31,23-32
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Biography: Prof. Dieter Meissner
Prof. Dieter Meissner obtained his PhD at the University of Hamburg in Germany. He is a Professor of Sustainable Energetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. He is also a FH-Professor of eco-energy technology at the University of Applied Sciences in Wels, Austria; Chief Scientist at Crystalsol GmbH, Austria and Crystalsol OÜ, Estonia. Meissner's main research interests are photoelectrochemistry, photovoltaics, and materials research and development. Meissner published more than 170 papers in top refereed scientific journals, and 150 papers in proceedings volumes. He has more than 150 patents. He edited and co-edited two
books. During his academic career, Meissner developed two universities curricula: the eco-energy engineering curricula at the University of Applied Sciences, Austria, and the sustainable energetics curricula of the international master course of both Estonian universities, Tartu University, and Tallinn University of Technology. He taught at many universities, including: the University of Hamburg, Germany, Osaka University, Japan, University Buenos Aires, Argentina, Technion Haifa, Israel, Linz University, Austria, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia. Meissner is the initiator, founder and co-founder of five universities spin-out companies, namely AQR consulting, Wels, Austria, ALPPS Fuel Cell Systems GmbH (fuel cells), Graz, Austria, Solar Surface (Selective Absorbers), Linz, Austria, crystalsol OÜ (PV solar cell powders), Tallinn, Estonia, crystalsol GmbH (PV modules), Vienna, Austria.
Sustainable Development in Context – The Nexus to Technologies & Materials
Part 1: Introduction, Scope and Aims Part 2: The Key Role of Technologies & (Engineering) Education
Reinhold W. LANG
University Professor and Director of the Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing,
Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria. [email protected]
Abstract
To identify some of the key technological challenges from a global perspective, reference is
made to the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs), adopted by the UN General
Assembly in September 2015. Thus, it is generally accepted that eradicating the global
disparity in welfare and meeting the desire of the growing global population for prosperity,
adequate technologies along with proper choices of materials are needed as key element of
any Sustainable Development scenario. Indeed, among the total of 17 SDGs, numerous may
be linked directly to technologies and materials (e.g., SDGs 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13), others perhaps
more indirectly (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 11, 14, 15). As technologies and materials pervade all aspects of
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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human life, in a broader sense, they may be considered to also pervade and touch upon all
SDGs, at least to some extent. The present lecture series, consisting of two lecture units (Part
1 and Part 2), aims at highlighting the important role of technologies and materials along with
needed innovations in achieving the SDGs 2030. Special attention will be given also to
aspects related to engineering education.
Part 1 (lecture 1) will cover the overall scope of this lecture series in an interactive teaching
mode, simultaneously pursuing the following aims:
To enhance and deepen the knowledge and awareness towards the grand global
challenges, crucial to the near-future development of human society (next 40-50 years).
based on an evolutionary and historic perspective along with recent scientific findings.
To foster a better understanding for the potential role of technologies and materials (in
particular polymeric materials based technologies) in helping to resolve some of these
grand global challenges of human society.
Considering the overall topical scheme of the Summer School, in Part 2 (lecture 2) a special
focus will be given to the key role of the transformation of the energy system. As to the case of
energy, it is now increasingly acknowledged that the transformation of the current fossil fuel
and nuclear based energy system to an energy system substantially-to-fully based on
renewable resources within the next decades is at the core of any future Sustainable
Development path. Here it is quite obvious that the selection of adequate materials is of prime
importance for the entire energy transformation chain in general, and for the primary
conversion of solar energy into electricity or heat in particular. Following the trends in other
fields of technology and application (i.e., packaging, buildings and construction, automotive,
electrical and electronics industry), there are strong indications that polymeric materials
(plastics, elastomers, composites, hybrid materials) will also be the key motor for
technological advances and innovations in future solar energy technologies.
Biography: o.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.mont. Reinhold W. Lang
Professor Lang graduated in 1978 at the University of
Leoben (A) with a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Polymer
Engineering and Science, and he obtained a PhD degree
in 1984 at Lehigh University (USA). He then joined BASF
AG (D) from 1984 to 1991, holding a research and group
leader position in the field of advanced composites. In
1991 he became Full Professor at the University of
Leoben (A). Acting also as Director of the Polymer
Competence Center Leoben (PCCL) from 2002 to 2008,
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he had a leading role in establishing and developing the PCCL to about 100 employees.
Since September 2009 he holds the Chair of Polymeric Materials and Testing at the
Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz (A), also heading the institute with the same name.
The research focus of Professor Lang is in the fields of “Mechanics , Fracture and Fatigue of
Plastics and Polymer Composites” and “Polymeric Materials & Sustainable Development”.
He is author and co-author, respectively, of more than 230 papers. In his role as initiator and
coordinator of large, multi-partner collaborative research projects (science and industry), he
has successfully applied for and directed a publically funded research budget of about EURO
65 Mio. over the past 15 years. Thus he currently acts as Project Director of the Austrian
research project platform SolPol, focusing on polymer related innovations for solar
technologies. Contact: [email protected]. Websites: www.jku.at/ipmt, www.solpol.at
Theatre for Development
Emelda Ngufor SAMBAa & Mercy Mafor Ngekwih NEBAb
aDepartment of Arts and Archaeology, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon bWomen of Tomorrow Association (W.O.T.A) in Limbe, Cameroon
Theatre for development, variously known as theatre for social change, theatre for
conscientisation, and theatre for awareness-creation, etc. is a form of theatre that emanates
from community participation. As opposed to mainstream theatre where a theatre troupe
rehearses a play and performs it to a passive audience, it lends itself to Paulo Freire’s
progressive education that sees both the student and the teacher as learners. Also known as
process theatre, Theatre for Development creates opportunities for communities to reflect on
some pressing challenges and to seek alternative ways of doing things. Community
members cease to be passive executors of decisions taken in high offices and become
decision makers in the re-writing of their history. The revolution is rehearsed in the theatre
creation process and the real revolution is carried out when faced with the same or similar
situation in real life.
The workshop/lecture on Theatre for development will provide an alternative perspective of
communication. Moving away from the traditional lectures in the classroom, the course will
take student participants into a world of dialogue, reflection, and action, what Paolo Freire, in
his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed has termed praxis. Students will have the opportunity
to reflect on the various concepts and theories that have so far guided this flexible theatre
form
The lecture/workshop shall be divided into two main phases. In Phase I students shall be
introduced to concepts and theories on which theatre for development, especially in Africa,
are founded. These include applied theatre, pedagogy of the oppressed and hope,
appreciative inquiry, and theatre of the oppressed. Part two shall focus on practical work
where students will have hands-on experience on the use of theatre for development as a
tool to create awareness on the benefits and challenges of renewable energy. The play
created (of an open-ended nature) shall be presented to an audience, who, following Agusto
Sustainable Energetics for Africa (SE4A)“ School 1, 27.02.-03.03.2017, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Boal’s precept of forum theatre shall be able to invade the stage and determine the outcome
of the story. Finally, there shall be room for discussions between performers and spec-actors
for more reflections and a better understanding of renewable energy.
Biography: Dr. Emelda Ngufor SAMBA
Emelda Ngufor Samba is senior Lecturer and Head of the
Performing Arts and Cinematography Section of the
University of Yaounde I, Cameroon where she offers
courses in Performing Arts. She has facilitated and co-
facilitated several workshops in and out of Cameroon.
Her interest and participation in Theatre for development
as a tool for bringing about transformational change in
society dates back to 1997 when she first assisted in
running a TFD workshop on early pregnancies, forced
marriages, and the education of the girl child. Since then
this interest has taken her to rural communities, centres
for the disabled, rehabilitation centres for juveniles,
prisons, secondary schools and universities where she
has challenged workshop participants and later on
audiences to rethink their present situations and dare
alternative approaches to resolve existing problems. She has written numerous research
papers on Theatre for development and her book, Women in Theatre for Development in
Cameroon, Participation, Contributions and Limitations, highlights her interest in
different societal issues and how she has used TFD to address them. Presently she is
researching on David Cooperrider’s Appreciative Inquiry as an alternative approach to
Theatre/cinema for Development as opposed to the problem-posing approach that TFD
practitioners have adapted from Paulo Freire. No Bills with the Sun a play on solar energy
was the outcome of her first TFD workshop on renewable energy, a workshop that took place
at the University of Yaounde I during ANSOLE DAYS, 2010. Her interest has also extended
in developing a concept for Cinema for Development practice in Cameroon. Contact: Tel:
(+237) 677975249), Email: [email protected]
Biography: Mercy Mafor Ngekwik Neba
Mercy Mafor Ngekwih NEBA is a holder of a Post
Graduate Diploma in Education from the National
Teachers’ Institute Kaduna, Nigeria after completing her
Bachelor’s degree in Performing Arts and Cinematography
from the University of Yaoundé 1. Her Passion in
transforming the lives of vulnerable people dates as far
back as 2003 when she founded the Women of Tomorrow
Association (W.O.T.A) in Limbe, Cameroon, for the
empowerment and emancipation of the girl child. Mercy
has co-facilitated and facilitated a number of T.F.D
workshops on HIV/AIDS and Adolescent Girl Crisis in 2004
and 2005 and is in the process of sharpening her skills as
a Theatre for Development facilitator. Her interest in these
workshops has encouraged and taken her to rural
communities where she is currently working with minors
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who are prostitutes, teenage mothers and victims of domestic violence to name but these
few. She is a peer support provider to victims of gender based violence trained by LUKMEF
under U.N Women Project of “Ending Violence against Women in Anglophone Cameroon”.
Her Commitment in Community Development Activities earned her the position of
coordinator of a Community Mediation Association known as Community Initiative
Development Association “C.O.M.I.N.D.A” in 2016. She is one of the pioneer recently trained
Community Mediators under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Civic Education. Contact:
Email address: [email protected], Tel : (+237) 671542682
Biomass and Bioenergy: issues and prospects for Africa
Marie SAWADOGO
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina
Faso. [email protected]
Abstract
Biomass is one the feedstock available for energy production in Africa. The energy situation
in Africa is characterized by low rates of access to energy and a high dependence on
traditional biomass for cooking. The region's energy balance shows that almost 78% of total
energy demand comes from traditional biomass, i.e. wood and charcoal, which are used by
more than 90% of the population for domestic cooking. Furthermore, there is a large amount
of industrial wastes as well agricultural residues that can be converted to energy. Moreover,
since recent years, African countries are developing policies for biofuel production from
jatropha, balanites aegyptiaca, sweet sorghum…
One of the issues of biomass to energy in Africa is to collect this biomass, to transform it and
make it accessible for people when ensuring a sustainable development. Each country has
its particularity in term of biomass availability and policy for bioenergy development.
The goal of the present contribution is to present the different sources of biomass available
for energy production in Africa. Biomass conversion to energy by combustion, gasification,
transesterification, pyrolysis, and briquetting…will be presented.
Then, challenges of bioenergy development in Africa in terms of sustainability, cost
efficiency, food security, and land occupancy will also be addressed.
Biography: Dr Marie Sawadogo
Dr. Marie SAWADOGO is an assistant professor in Industrial
Engineering at 2iE (International Institute for Water and
Environmental Engineering). She has a Ph.D. in process
control obtained at “Université de Lorraine” in France. After a
post-doctoral position at “Ecole des Mines de Nantes”, she
joined the Biomass Energy & Biofuel Laboratory (LBEB) of 2iE
since 2012.
Her research field is biomass and bioenergy sector
development, industrial integration of waste as energy,
biomass supply chain assessment and optimization,
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sustainability of bioenergy sectors regarding the context of Africa. Contact:
Which Solar PV Technology is Appropriate for West Africa?
Moussa SORO, Alain TOSSA, Daniel YAMEGUEU
LESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International
d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina
Abstract
The performances of photovoltaic modules strongly depend on the environmental
conditions where the modules are installed. For example, the electrical power is
reduced when the temperature of the PV cells is high. Furthermore, a high level of
solar radiation enhances the energy yield, but the aging of the modules can be
unfortunately accelerated depending on the semiconductor material. However, the
manufacturers provide in their datasheets PV performances measured in lab under
optimum conditions (STC conditions: AM 1.5; Solar radiation of 1000 W/m² and cell
temperature equal to 25 °C) that cannot be met in real operation conditions of
photovoltaic systems. When one need to obtain the real performance of a given PV
technology installed in a certain climatic zone, three approaches can be used. First,
the module can be characterized on-site under the real conditions through an outdoor
measurement facilities. Secondly, the module can be characterized by creating the
climatic conditions of the site in a climate simulation chamber. Thirdly, the behavior of
the module can be numerically modeled from the solar irradiance and climatic
parameters (temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity). In the present lecture
session we propose an approach that combine the first and third methods for three
PV silicon technologies (monocrystalline, polycrystalline and micromorph thin films).
Indeed, an I-V bench facility is installed at 2iE in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) for the
outdoor characterization of PV modules. The performance ratio (PR) is calculated
form I-V data measured under real operating climate conditions. The real
performance obtain can then, be used to validate the numerical models we proposed
for the calculation of the performance ratio in a climate areas where outdoor
characterization facilities are not available. Two simulation methods based on PV cell
equivalent electrical circuits and artificial neural networks respectively have been
analyzed. As the last method gives the most accurate results we use it to determine
the performance ratio of the modules in the other regions of West Africa when
weather data are available. Thus, for each PV technology considered, performance
ratio mapping can be built by means of modeling for West Africa region.
Biography: Dr. Y. Moussa Soro
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Dr. Y. Moussa Soro is a specialist in solar photovoltaic
energy, renewable energy and energy policy. He is
now associate professor at 2iE where he is also the
Head of the department of electrical, energy and
industrial engineering. He studied physics, electrical
and electronic systems before taking his PhD diploma
on photovoltaic solar cells characterization at
University of Paris Sud XI. Before join 2iE he has
worked at IRDEP, a joined lab of EDF (Electricité de
France) in Paris area as junior researcher. His
research issues were focused on chalcopyrite solar
cells (CIS and CIGS) deposition and characterization
for the enhancement of their performance by reducing the recombination in the buffer layer.
Now, his research activities at 2iE address the impacts of the weather and environmental
parameters on the photovoltaic generators performance in hot countries. The purpose is to
achieve accurate results on different photovoltaic technologies in order to determine the most
suitable photovoltaic technologies to hot and harsh climates. Moreover, in so far as the
electrification rate is very low in African countries, especially in rural areas, his research
combine technical and political aspects in order to offer low cost energy services to African
rural and peri-urban populations. Contact: [email protected]
Integral Development in the frame of the Sustainable Communities Project
Angeles López AGÜERA
Physics Faculty. Campus Vida.University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela. Spain. [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of the Sustainable Communities Project (SCP) is take the lead in the achieving of
UN´s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by contributing to design future sustainable
development. SCP is being carried out since 2014 by the Special Committee for Local and
Regional Leaders Appointment (CLRLA) sponsored by UNESCO.
During last years, initiatives as the Climate, Land, Energy and Water systems (CLEWs)
approach which integrate the resource assessments into one framework demonstrates how
are a positive factor on the eradication of poverty but clearly insufficient. The people suffering
poverty, in a multidimensional sense, continue to rise, the global electricity access levels
remain low, water access is sometime rudimentary and land and malnourishment issues
persist.
In this context, a more ambitious approach born: the Sustainable Communities Project
(SCP). As a distinctive feature to any previous initiative, the SCP handles the concept of
integral development in their actions, establishing seven interdependent intervention areas,
ranging from socio economic development to education, the access to safe food, health
services and, of course, access to clean water and energy .
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The sustainable communities Project (SCP) focuses on the assessment of the effects of Low
External Dependence Distributed Model (LEDD) implementation by Development
Cooperation in isolated communities, independently on their idiosyncrasies (ethnic,
geographic, economic and otters).The global objective is ensure the fulfilment of the needs
and expectations through responsible and self managed value of their own resources,
ensuring their sustainable development, increasing their resilience and stimulating
reproducibility in adjacent communities.
SCP is mostly about the design and development of a widely applicable LEDD that will be
validated experimentally in a total of 200 SCP carried out in six different regions of the globe
(Central America and Caribbean, South America, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa, Southern
Africa and Palestine). Each initiative will be implemented in communities smaller than 20000
inhabitants constituted by a set of residential structures (villages, nomadic populations, etc.)
independently of their cultural, climatic and socio-economic context.
Biography: Professor Angeles López Agüera
Actual professional situation:
Doctor in Physics 1986, Full Professor at the University of Santiago de
Compostela (Spain), Chairman of the CLRLA-Unesco for Sustainable
Communities Development. Member of the International Panel for
Climate Changes, Coordinator of the Sustainable Energy Application
Group (SEAG) at the Santiago de Compostela University (Spain).
Previous Experience
Dean of the Physics Faculty at USC, Associated Research at CERN
(European Centre for Nuclear Research, Geneva), Coordinator of
Master on Renewable Energies and Sustainability USC, Associated
Professor at the Padova University (Italy).
Research main results
More than 290 international publications, 32 international financed projects, 12 Doctoral
Thesis, 45 graduated-thesis. Actually is leading the Sustainable Energy Application Group
(SEAG) at USC a multidisciplinary team formed now by 16 members coming from 8 different
nationalities developing work on 3 research lines:
•Photovoltaic Solar Energy, in particular in the field of characterization of both solar panels
and batteries. The main activity is centred on the development of algorithms focused on the
control of ageing effects. The SEAG, in the figure of the IP is responsible for the monitoring
and Control of the Photovoltaic Power System of the Pierre Auger Observatory, an
International Collaboration dedicated to basic research in the field of Astroparticle Physics.
Moreover, from 2012, the SEAG has a Characterization Laboratory (LACEM) which offers
service to the University and the Industry.
•Development of Adequate Technologies in the field of solar energy. In particular, solar
dryer, thermal solar panels, water disinfection systems and others.
•Design and implementation of Sustainable Community Project (SCP). This lines is
being developed in the framework of a Mundial UNESCO initiative. The IP of the SEAG
group, take the responsibility of the SCP as Chairman on 2015. At this moment, the SEAG
leads 43 SCP in Latin America, financed by UNESCO. In the same frame, the group has
participated in a European Project financed by the European Social Fund (Symbios Project).
Contact: [email protected], [email protected],
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Thermal Comfort in Tropical Regions
Yezouma COULIBALY
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina
Faso. [email protected]
Abstract
Thermal comfort is the situation in which an individual feels neither hot nor cold. It depends on subjective parameters such as age, health status, geographical origin, and clothing. It also depends on objective parameters such as air temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In Africa and tropical areas in general the objective parameters are such that individuals require air conditioning to be comfortable. Air conditioning can be achieved by passive air conditioning and/or active air conditioning. This leads to a more or less high energy consumption depending on cases. This course describes thermal comfort and different methods to achieve it, with minimum energy consumed. It consists of the following parts: Thermal comfort, comfort zones, assessment and comfort index, building materials and thermal comfort, habitat response to external climate stress, and design of bioclimatic habitat.
Biography: Professor Yezouma Coulibaly
Prof Yezouma Coulibaly: Scientific advisor to the
General Director of 2ie, and co-director of the joint
centre 2iE/Penn State, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Prof Yezouma Coulibaly devoted his professional career
to training and research at the International Institute for
Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE) where he
started as a lecturer and researcher since 1985. Since
then he has been successively appointed: “Study
Inspector”, Head of the department of Energy for Rural
Development, Head of the department Infrastructure of
Energy and Sanitation Engineering, head of the Training and Research Thematic Unit
“Energy and Industrial Engineering” at 2iE. Currently he is the scientific advisor to the
General Director of 2ie since June 2014. Contact: [email protected]
Potable Water for All: The role of Renewable Energy
Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA
Department of Water and Sanitary Engineering - Laboratory of Water, Depollution,
Ecosystem and Health, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [email protected]
Abstract
The course entitled “(Potable) Water for All: The role of Renewable Energy” will first
introduce the processing of potable water from the source to the consumer. Because,
potable water is always linked with the wastewater after use, the second part will introduce
the wastewater processing, from the household to the disposal or reuse after transport and
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treatment. Then, the energy need through these processes will be discussed before ending
the presentation with the possible role of renewable energy.
Biography: Dr Harínaivo Anderson Andrianisa
Dr Harinaivo Anderson ANDRIANISA is an Assistant-
Professor of Water and Environmental Engineering at
2iE since April 2012. He is Responsible of the
Sanitation course of study at the Department of Water
and Sanitation and Lecturer of several water supply
and sanitation systems-related courses. He is actively
involved in the supervision of MSc researches on the
design of water supply, pumping stations, sewer and
drainage systems for urban African municipalities. His
other research interests are focused on low-cost
wastewater treatment systems, cyanide pollution in artisanal gold mining affected areas and
in the role of the informal sector in solid waste management in sub-Saharan Africa.
Prior to being at 2iE, Dr ANDRIANISA was in Madagascar to managing a consulting firm
specialised in water and environmental engineering for 4 years and Project Manager of
Environmental Education for an environmental training center for 2 years.
Dr ANDRIANISA his owner of a PhD a Master of Engineering from Japan and a Hydraulic
Engineer Degree from Madagascar.
Dr ANDRIANISA’s presentation entitled “(Potable) Water for All: The role of Renewable
Energy” will first introduce the processing of potable water from the source to the consumer.
Because, potable water is always linked with the wastewater after use, the second part will
introduce the wastewater processing, from the household to the disposal or reuse after
transport and treatment. Then, the energy need through these processes will be discussed
before ending the presentation with the possible role of renewable energy.
Renewable Energy for Rural Electrification: Case Studies from Cameroon
Emmanuel TANYI
Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, Cameroon
Abstract :
Rural electrification is the most urgent developmental problem in Cameroon. The national electricity grid is limited to the urban centers, to the almost total exclusion of the rural areas. The rural areas, which cover 70% of the surface area of the country and account for over 60% of the population, have no access to electricity. This is a decelerator of rural development and an impediment to the attainment of the millennium development goals.
Renewable energy, especially Solar Energy, has a huge potential to accelerate the rural electrification of Cameroon. The translation of this potential into tangible and sustainable rural electrification systems requires a multi-stakeholder approach combining the efforts of universities, industries, governments and organizations like ANSOLE.
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This paper highlights the author’s experiences as a major stakeholder in the deployment of renewable energy systems in Cameroon. Four experiences are reported in the paper:
The development of a Renewable Energy Map for Cameroon. Establishment of a partnership for Renewable Energy between the University of Buea
and thirty-one Local Authorities in Cameroon. Experimentation with alternative micro-grids for stand-alone solar systems. Case Studies of Renewable Energy Systems, designed and built by the author.
The Renewable Energy Map identifies the various Renewable Energy resources in different parts of the country. These include Waterfalls, for mini-hydro stations, Wind Energy on highland areas; sustainable biomass in the equatorial rainforest regions of the country and Solar Energy-everywhere!
The partnership for renewable energy between the university of Buea and thirty-one Local Authorities is a typical example of the multi-stakeholder approach needed to accelerate rural electrification.
Micro-grids based on Direct Current (DC) transmission have been developed as an alternative to AC transmission to get round the cos(phi) problem and to reduce systems cost through the elimination of inverters or a significant reduction in the number of inverters used.
The case studies show some of the practical Renewable Energy Systems already designed and deployed.
Biography: Professor Emmanuel Tanyi
Professor Emmanuel Tanyi is the Dean of The Faculty of
Engineering Technology at the University of Buea, in Cameroon.
He has been active in technological education in Cameroon for
thirty years during which time he has occupied several
administrative positions, including Head of Department of
Electrical Engineering at the National Advanced School of
Engineering (Polytechnic), in Yaounde, Deputy Director of the
College of Technology in Bandjoun, University of Dschang and
Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology at the
University of Buea.
He carried out his university studies in Britain: Bachelor of
Engineering at the University of Liverpool; Master of Engineering at the University of
Sheffield; PHD at the University of Sheffield.
His current research interests include Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Micro-Grid
Design. Contact: [email protected]
Interests of Energy Efficiency in African Countries
Anne RIAHLE
Alternatives pour l’énergie, les énergies renouvelables et l’environnement (AERE), 3
impasse de la Retourde - 73100 Aix les Bains, France. [email protected]
Abstract
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Introduction will insist on the role of energy efficiency, as energy efficiency is one of the key
sofar renewable energy sources development, of climate change mitigation. Energy
efficiency has numerous positive impacts, for the countries, for the electricity utilities, for the
inhabitants, for the companies. Energy efficiency is also a support for adaptation to climate
change, as one of its consequences is a broader access to energy, for all users.
Projects and experiments in several countries demonstrate that public effort, put together to
promote energy savings, success to offer better services using less energy. Measures with a
return on investment of less than 3 years are saving on average up to 30% of the energy
consumption. The Conseil Mondial de l’Energie and ADEME, the French energy for energy
savings and RES, estimate that global savings in West Africa can even be higher, up to 40%
of the current consumption of the energy.
Examples of different actions in different energy usages will be described. We will first
present state of the art on West Africa on this topic. Then we will present different actions,
already implemented, or on going, actions for energy savings for buildings, appliances,
cooking, etc.
Then the question of implementation and follow up of actions will be questioned and a
method will be suggested, the aea®, African energy award®, to be discussed with students.
The lecture will include a discussion on how to push energy efficiency, considering that
despite its huge benefits, it is not yet really implemented. Barriers and solutions will be
discussed.
Biography: Dr Anne Riahle
Dr. A. RIALHE has a PhD in Energy (Ecole des Mines de Paris,
France, 1991) and an engineer diploma at the Ecole Supérieure de
l'Energie et des Matériaux (Orléans, France, 1988). In 2001, she
has created the company AERE, “Alternatives pour l’énergie, les
énergies renouvelables et l’environnement”.
She has more than 25 years experience on sustainable
development, rational use of energy (RUE) and renewable energy
sources (RES) development in Europe (Western and Eastern), in
China and Northern, West and East Africa. The projects realised
are analysing the technical and institutional aspects (the resources
and the technologies available in a specific context) as well as the economic, behavioural
and cultural aspects, in order to develop the promotion and dissemination of RUE and RES
projects.
She has executed and coordinated studies in the field of energy efficiency, in the housing
sector, services, and transports, as well as in the field of energy production based on the use
of renewable energy sources in the perspective of environmental sustainability. These
projects are research projects (simulation exercises for consumption and energy production,
for an electrical equipment, or for a country), infield applications, like the co-ordination and
the funding of thermal rehabilitation of dwellings in Ostrava, in the Czech Republic. She has
worked on implementation plan for RUE and RES based projects, on local and national
(French, Tunisian, Baltic countries) level. For these projects, she proposed strategies and
action plans to promote RUE and RES to specific actors (institutional, industrial, etc.) and
general public.
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She has been a partner in the Seea-WA project, with ECREEE (ECOWAS countries), for the
Facility Energy of the European Union. The SEEA-WA project is contributing to access to
energy services in West Africa, through a regional programme to improve energy efficiency.
The project aims to overcome the technical, financial, legal, institutional, social, gender and
capacity related barriers that hinder the implementation of cost effective energy efficiency
(EE) measures and systems. SEEA-WA is developing initiatives for Standards and Labeling,
Lighting. Contact: [email protected]
Concentrated Solar Power for Africa
Kokouvi Edem N’TSOUKPOE
Assistant Professor, Laboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings (LESEE)
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina
Faso, [email protected] / [email protected]
Abstract
Concentrating solar power technology is one of the emerging sustainable technologies
for electricity generation. The first part of this lecture introduces the participants to the
fundamentals of concentrating solar power (CSP) and provides an overview of the four
majors corresponding technologies, which are parabolic through, power tower, linear Fresnel
and parabolic dish systems. Because thermal energy storage is one of the most significant
advantages of CSP technologies compared to photovoltaic, the topic of thermal energy
storage integration to CSP is briefly covered with the presentation of the three main options:
sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage.
Many African countries, especially in the Sahelian region, which currently exhibits a very
low electricity access rate, show high potential for CSP plants because of high direct solar
irradiation: Africa is located in the heart of the solar belt. The currently installed plants
worldwide have capacities in the order of hundreds of megawatts and are not suitable to
small communities’ electrification, where the required capacities are in the range of a few
hundred or even a few tens of kilowatts. The initial capital cost, combined to the technology
is considered as the two main barriers to CSP development in developing countries. The
second part of this lecture focuses on through the presentation of the challenges faced and
lessons learned in the framework of the CSP4Africa project. The objective of the CSPAfrica
project is the development of a cost effective micro-CSP plant for mini-grid electricity
generation by designing and experimenting their components using local low cost materials.
The project is specifically designed to address energy access challenges in rural areas in the
Sub-Saharan region. A solar tower technology has been retained in order to use locally
available mirrors for the heliostats and gain experience with small scale solar tower
technology. The solar field is made of 20 small scale multifaceted heliostats. We have
designed and built “human scale heliostats”, which are easy to be handled and do not
necessitate work at high, as it is the case with common heliostats. The power block is an
ORC generating 8.6 kWe, coupled with a dry-cooler. Jatropha curcas vegetable oil, a locally
produced oil, has been demonstrated as a promising heat transfer fluid and storage medium.
It offers significant environmental benefits, biodegradability, and economy and has excellent
thermal storage properties, compared to the current most cost-effective and practical
commonly used organic oils in CSP plants. The solar receiver is a coil heat exchanger, made
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of galvanised steel. These design simplifications have made possible the manufacturing of
most of the components by local mankind using locally available materials and, therefore,
have increased local contents.
A field visit of the CSP4Africa plant at 2iE-Kamboinsé will conclude the presentation.
Reference
K.E. N’Tsoukpoe, K.Y. Azoumah, E. Ramde, A.K.Y. Fiagbe, P. Neveu, X. Py, M. Gaye, A.
Jourdan. Integrated design and construction of a micro central tower power plant. Energy for
Sustainable Development 20
Short Biography: Dr.-Ing. N’TSOUKPOE Kokouvi Edem
N’TSOUKPOE Kokouvi Edem is an Assistant Professor in Thermal Engineering at the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE). He is the Training Manager for Energy Engineering Sciences and Techniques, which is coordination of training matters including curricula, examination and marks at the Department of Electrical, Industrial and Energy Engineering of 2iE.
Dr. N’TSOUKPOE, who is a member of the African Network of Solar Energy, earned his Diploma of High-level Technician and a Master of
Engineering in Water Sanitation, Energy and Civil Engineering at two undergraduate and graduate schools which were amalgamated to form 2iE. After completing his PhD in Energy and Process Engineering at Université de Grenoble (France), he has spent two years in Germany as a Research Associate at the Innovations Incubator of Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, prior to returning to 2iE in 2013.
His lectures include Thermodynamics, Refrigeration, Solar Thermal Energy, Thermal Storage and Materials for Thermal Energy Engineering, some of which have been developed by him.
His primary research interests are in the field of Solar Thermal Engineering and Thermal sorption processes. Specifically, he is interested in Thermochemical energy storage, Solar cooling and Concentrated solar power.
Edem lives with his wife and three children in Ouagadougou. Although he has neither smartphone nor TV at home, he manages to regularly watch movies in German. Furthermore, he has to live with two alternative surnames because no judge makes difference between N’TSOUKPOE and N'TSOUKPOE.
World Risk Society. Environmental Risks: A Driving Force for
Cosmopolitanism?
Veronika WITTMANN
Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]
Abstract
Risk society today means world risk society. Its essential features are man-made risks, which have no social, space or time limits. World risk society identifies three main global risks: transnational terrorism, financial hazards and environmental risks Environmental issues in that framework cannot be seen as problems in the environment of society, but they have to be considered as inner world problems of society itself.
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The interpretational framework of a world risk society can be subdivided in three levels: First, global threats cause global commonalities; the contours of a (virtual) world public are emerging. Secondly, the perception of the global self-hazards releases a politically tailored impulse for the revitalization of national policy as well as for the training and design of cooperative international institutions. Thirdly, the delimitation of the political has to be researched: the perceived needs of the world risk society give way to a world civil society.
Henceforth, in a world risk society environmental risks can be interpreted as a driving force for cosmopolitanism, global environmental risks and their practical and discursive treatment create transnational communities.
Sustainable Development Goals: Sustainable Solutions for Global Problems?
Veronika WITTMANN
Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]
Abstract
At the turn of the millennium all representatives of the UN member states signed the Millennium Development Goals. They were a sign of commitment that all states put an effort to reduce world poverty by half by 2015, among other objectives. Environmental issues and aspects of sustainability were only mentioned in one of the eight goals: in MDG 7. In 2015, all countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the new Development Agenda titled »Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development«. The post 2015 development process formulated the Sustainable Development Goals, a set of seventeen aspirational global goals with 169 targets.
As the name of this international agenda already indicates: sustainability gained a lot more attention than it had in the Millennium Development Goals. Another difference between these and the Sustainable Development Goals, besides the strengthening of environmental issues, is that the latter are ment to create a global partnership, where all UN member states will be rated according to their performance of achieving the targets. Whereas the Millennium Development Goals were aimed to the so-called developing regions of the world, now the industrialized parts of the globe are also addressed.
The Sustainable Development Goals can be seen as a strong rhetoric agenda of the international community, but at the end of the day: we all know that paper is patient. The environment is not. The difficulty is the implementation of the goals. And this is eventually a question of political will. States are the main political players in the process of implementation. So far the Sustainable Development Goals are at the level of political rhetoric extraordinary and ambitious; time will tell, if they will be implemented with far-reaching results on a worldwide scale. Only then, they also can be labelled as sustainable solutions for global problems.
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Biography: Associate Professor Veronika Wittmann
Veronika Wittmann works as an Associate Professor for
Global Studies at the Department of Modern and
Contemporary History at Johannes Kepler University Linz,
Austria.
She was enrolled in the PhD Programme of the Austrian
Academy of Science 2000-2001 and was a Junior Visiting
Fellow at the Institut for Human Sciences in Vienna 2000-
2001. She also worked at the United Nations (UNDP) in
Ecuador in 2002. She has undertaken several field
research works in Sub-Saharan Africa, e.g. Zimbabwe
1997 and South Africa 1999-2000. She received her venia
legendi for Sociology at Johannes Kepler University Linz in
2013.
Her research areas include World Society and
Globalization, Gender and Development Studies (focus on
Sub-Saharan Africa). Contact: [email protected]
Reducing buildings’ environmental impact through energy efficiency and
building-integrated photovoltaics
Nolwenn HUREL
University of Grenoble Alpes (France). [email protected]
Abstract
In the context of a scarcity of resources, we are facing a major challenge to rethink our
relationship with energy, to rely more on renewable resources but also to decrease our
global energy consumption.
The energy demand in the building field is steadily increasing with the world population, the
level of desired indoor comfort and the time spent inside buildings, reaching between 20%
and 50% of energy consumption depending on the country. This sector has therefore an
active role to play in the efforts towards a reduction of the global energy demand and carbon
dioxide emissions. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) are emerging around the world with an
energy production meeting the needs over the course of a year.
We will see which strategies can be implemented to minimize energy requirements (for
space heating, cooling, ventilation, water heating, cooking, etc.) with a special focus on the
experimental methods for the airtightness characterization.
We will also discuss the possibility of integrating renewable energy production into the
buildings’ design process with the use of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) modules
which are replacing conventional building materials in the building envelope.
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Biography: Dr. Nolwenn HUREL
Nolwenn Hurel has a Master of Engineering in Energy and Propulsion
from INSA Rouen (French National Institute of Applied Sciences) with a
specialization in Renewable Energies from the Lulea University of
Technology (Sweden).
She also has a PhD in Buildings Physics from the University of
Grenoble Alpes (France) where she studied the impact of air infiltration
on buildings’ performance with a focus on the experimental study within
timber-frame walls. Poor airtightness in buildings can indeed lead to an
over-consumption of energy and to many issues such as moisture
damage and poor indoor climate.
She has built-up experimental set-ups in the LOCIE laboratory (Optimization Laboratory of
Design and Environmental Engineering) for wall scale-studies, developed a new
experimental method for the air path study within wall assemblies based on fluorescein
micro-particles, and a model for numerical applications. She has also worked at the
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) to develop simplified models for the inclusion
of natural infiltration in buildings’ total ventilation rate calculation.
She is now going to join the Kya-Energy group to develop electricity production systems with
photovoltaic panels in Lomé (Togo), and will occasionally give lectures at the ESMER (High
school of renewable energy professions) in Abomey-Calavi (Bénin).
From Past to Present: Overview of Organic Photovoltaics
Harald HOPPE
Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-
Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this lecture is provide a general overview about the historical development of
organic photovoltaics and the major step stones causing its progress over the years. Thereby
we will look into basic working principles and the limiting factors for solar cell performance.[1,
2].
Fundamentals of structure-property-relationships will be reviewed briefly in order to develop
an understanding about the impact of bulk heterojunction morphology and how it can be
tuned or even controlled.[3]
Furthermore, latest developments pushing the efficiency targets, specifically those with
respect to the introduction of novel electron acceptors, will be reported. Finally some light will
be shed on OPV products and principle requirements for a successful commercialization.
Reference
[1] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Organic solar cells: An overview. Journal of Materials Research 19(7), p. 1924-1945, (2004). [2] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Polymer Solar Cells, in Photoresponsive Polymers II, S.R. Marder and K.S. Lee, Editors. 2008. p. 1-86.
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[3] H. Hoppe and N.S. Sariciftci, Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry 16(1), p. 45-61, (2006). Biography: Associate Professor Harald Hoppe Harald Hoppe obtained a diploma degree in Physics at the University of Konstanz (Germany) in 2000. He conducted his first scientific studies in Polymer Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Materials and Interfaces (Rehovot, Israel) under the supervision of Prof. Jacob Klein and Prof. Günter Schatz (University of Konstanz). He completed his PhD in Physical Chemistry by revealing the nanoscale morphology present within polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells and its implications on device properties in 2004 under the supervision of Prof. N. Serdar Sariciftci at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz at the Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (Linz, Austria). He returned to Germany in 2005, by starting a research group on Polymer Solar Cells at the Technische
Universität Ilmenau and completed his habilitation (Technical Physics – Physical Chemistry) in early 2015. Harald Hoppe recently joined the “Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena” (CEEC Jena) under the chairman Prof. Dr. Ulrich S. Schubert at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, thereby merging competences in organic photovoltaics and organic batteries, where he is currently leading a research group as a research associate.
During the last years he has conducted fundamental and applied research in the field of Organic Semiconductors and Photovoltaics. His expertise covers fundamental structure-
property-relations with respect to solution processed organic semiconductors, upscaling of polymer solar cells to modules, modelling of solar cells and modules in device simulations as well as their investigation concerning degradation phenomena and their constructive stabilization for improved operational lifetimes. Another major focus is on the application of imaging-based advanced qualitative and quantitative characterization of photovoltaic devices, thus fostering efforts for commercialization of Organic Solar Cells. He has supervised ~15 undergraduate, and about 10 PhD-students. Harald Hoppe has published over 100 peer reviewed papers and more than 5 book chapters. Contact: [email protected]
Performance and Impact Evaluation Framework: how to measure in-itinere and ex-post a project in the field of sustainable
energy
Emanuela COLOMBO Politecnico di Milano, Italy [email protected]
Over the last decades, the interest of the international community for sustainable development
and the multiple interconnections among energy, environment and society has widely
increased. This holistic approach of sustainable development has been clearly remarked in the
2030 Agenda. The centrality of energy within sustainable development (with special reference
to GOAL7) is definitely marked: energy has started to be considered as a key means for
unleashing development, supporting local enterprises and creating new jobs, improving health
and education, in addition to assure sustainable and equitable access to basic needs. Despite
the relevance of energy in the development framework, 1.3 billion people today still do not
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have access to electricity, 2.7 billion depend on traditional biomass for their own domestic use
and around a billion do not have access to a reliable electricity grid. These numbers are not
likely to change significantly in the near future, even under the most optimistic scenarios.
Given this framework, a proper evaluation metric able to assess the effects of energy
projects on the changes of community livelihoods and the positive effects on social,
economic and environmental levels is strongly needed to assess future strategies and
policies
Relying on the most recognized and utilized evaluation frameworks, as the DAC-OECD
criteria (Relevance, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Sustainability and Impact), the Results Chain,
this study proposes a Performance and Impact Assessment Model (PIA). This model
provides information and quantitative results for comparative analyses among projects and
feedback for decision making, in order to orient policies and strategies. It is structured in
two phases:
1. an internal, project-based step, which assesses projects in terms of performance,.
In the first phase, four DAC-OECD criteria are calculated with a common metric, adopting
exergy-based technique and recent Life Cycle extensions. In this way, exergy becomes a
‘proxy’ of the primary resources total consumption undertaken during the project.
This homogeneous unit measures the different input flows, all expressed in terms of resource
consumption, leading to a quantification of four criteria through dimensionless indexes. The
application of this analysis to several projects allows the creation of a benchmark useful for
comparing the results from different projects – especially in terms of resources consumption –
and identifying the most effective strategies.
2) an external one, people-based, which assesses the project impact on the beneficiary
communities shifting the attention from the project itself to the local context
The second phase is dedicated to the fifth criterion, the impact, which aims at measuring the
effects that the project has on the local livelihoods, assessed in terms of target community’s
five capitals: natural, physical, human, social and financial. The model is an original re-
elaboration of the "Sustainable Livelihoods Framework”. A schematization of the proposed
methodology for the impact assessment requires: (i) an application procedure structured into
three steps, customization, development and results analysis, (ii) an evaluation hierarchy,
made of five capitals, representing community livelihoods, and dimensions where dimensions
and indicators are provided.
This PIA Model takes its rationale from the literature, results obtained are suitable for
comparisons among projects and its framework may divulgate results to donors or
stakeholders and indications to address future interventions and strategies.
Application has been conducted on real case studies by private players, public institution and
NGOs in Malawi, Ethiopia and Chile. Currently POLIMI is working with ESMAP (World
Bank) and Enel Foundation to evaluate synergies between PIA and the Multitier framework
Fundamentals of Project Cycle Management and Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning: how to shape up ex ante successful proposal in the field of
sustainable energy
Emanuela COLOMBO, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. [email protected]
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To achieve benefits over time, energy development projects should take into account social aspects that influence their long term sustainability and success. This element need to be considered since the early stage of project planning. Moreover, to evaluate this success, project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) should not only assess the achievement of expected objectives, but also monitor recipients’ roles within the various steps of the project. With regard to this issue, the lesson will focus on two crucial tools that need to be considered in project planning. Project cycle management The project cycle management and the logical framework approach as an analytical process developed to assist international development agencies in improving their project planning, management, and evaluation systems. The European Commission has adopted the LFA as part of its Project Cycle Management (PCM) system. Within the PCM, a set of interlocking concepts have been proposed as part of an overall process which helps structured and systematic analysis of a project idea, so that relevant issues can be considered, criticalities identified, and the objectives reached. Within the analytical process proposed by the LFA, the key operational tool is the logical framework matrix (LFM), which summarizes the key elements of the project plan: • The project’s hierarchy of objectives and results (project description); • How the project’s achievements are monitored and evaluated (indicators and sources of verification); and • The key external factors critical to the project’s success (assumptions). The project description has to be presented according to the overall objective(s), the specific goal(s), the results, and the activities. Objectively verifiable indicators (OVIs) have to be developed for the M&E of the project’s achievement and have to be coupled with related sources of verification. Such indicators have also to be SMART, i.e., specific, measurable, available, relevant, and time-bound. Lastly, external assumptions are also considered, i.e., those specific conditions and factors outside of the project management’s control. The LFA provides logical links between the four levels of the so-called project results chain—i.e., activities, output(s), outcome(s), and impact(s)—which help in the development of the SMART M&E indicators. In this way, the LFA places the project within a broader development context through the distinction between specific goal(s) and overall objective(s) (closer to the long-term impact concept). Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning. International organizations and institutions have set clear objectives for ensuring sustainable access to energy for all by the next fifteen years. According to the World Bank, 2.6 billion people should be electrified within 2030 (WB, 2015. SE4All - Global Tracking Framework). In this context, the need to develop sustainable energy planning approaches emerge as a priority to tackle this challenge. The Comprehensive Energy Solution Planning is a multistage planning methodologies to address the phases and issues related to the energising remote areas of the world through off-grid technological solutions. The CESP consists of phases among which: setting priorities and needs; performing diagnosis; analysing the potential strategies; identifying and optimising the technical solution; provide business models; evaluating the Impact are the most crucial. The students will deepening the understating and the relevance of using such methodologies.
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Biography: Professor Emmanuel Colombo
Emanuela Colombo was born on 6 May 1970 in
Legnano, Italy. She has achieved both a PhD in
Energetic and a Nuclear Engineering MSc at
Politecnico di Milano in Italy where she is currently
Associate Professor in “Engineering for
Cooperation and Development” and “Advanced
Thermodinamics and Thermoeconomics” and
serve at the Department of Energy . She has also
been covering the role of Rector’s Delegate to
Cooperation and Development at Politecnico di
Milano since 2005
She gained a considerable working experience in
different industrial energy sectors:
In 1995 was project engineer for “Ansaldo Energia” and “ABB Research”
In 1997 jointed Fluent France in Paris, a branch of Fluent Inc. (now ANSYS-FLUENT), working
in the field of computational fluid dynamic and contributed to the opening of the Italian office
In 1998 named technical team manager of the new born Fluent Italy In 2001 she has moved to an academic career where her interest were originally focused
on heat transfer devices and processes for power generation, turbulence phenomenology
and modelling.
Over the last decade she has been developing a strong interest in the interrelations
between Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, access to energy in
developing countries and advanced exergy methodologies for performance and impact
evaluation of energy systems are other topics of high interest.
She is currently the scientific coordinator of four European projects and one international
tender on Green Innovation (Egypt), Sustainable Energy Engineering (Kenya, Tanzania
and Ethiopia), Water Energy and Food nexus (Egypt), Modern Energy services in refugee
camps (Lebanon, Somalia, RCA and Colombia) and Capacity Building in Engineering
(Tanzania). She is also working on consultancy and advocacy projects on access to energy
for different Italian private players and NGOs active in Mozambique, Malawi, Congo,
Angola. She is author of more than 120 scientific papers (53 of them are in Scopus)
presented in national and international conferences and published in international journals
and co-author of the book “Renewable Energy for Unleashing Sustainable Development” by
Springer
In line with this interest in 2004 she was one of the founders of Engineers Without Border
in Milan a volunteers organization which aims at promoting sustainable development and
cooperation among countries. For her personal and professional interest, in 2005 she was
named Rector’s Delegate to Cooperation and Development at Politecnico di Milano
where she is still working for promoting the role of the academic education and research in
coping the complex challenges of global development and human promotion.
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Since 2007 she is coordinator of a Network of Universities focus on Cooperation and
Development (CUCS) which includes 29 Universities. In 2009 she has been awarded by the
Club Mille Miglia Foundation in Italy as “courageous intelligence” for her research interest
and social commitment in developing country.
For her experience on energy for sustainable development, she worked as international
expert for the United Nation Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and for the Africa
Europe energy Partnership (AEEP). In 2011 She introduced a new path in the MSd in
Energy Engineering focus on “Energy for Development” at Politecnico di Milano and she
promoted an honours programme for the Schools of Engineering focus on “Engineering for
Sustainable development” to promote global dimensions within engineering education
which will be launched in 2015. In 2012 she has been named Chair holder of the UNESCO
CHAIR on Energy for Sustainable Development assigned to the Department of Energy. In
2014 within the new platform of dialogue established by the Direction General for
Cooperation and Development of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International
Cooperation and the Italian Conference of the Rector (CRUI) she is also covering the role of
co-coordinator of the working group on impact evaluation. She was member of the
Sustainable Development panel of Electricité De France (EDF) until the closure of the
panel in 2016 and she is adjunct professor at the Nelson Mandela African Institute of
Science and Technology in Arusha. In 2016 She has been appointed by the Italian
Conference of the Rector (CRUI) as representative of the academic system within the
“National Council for Cooperation and Development”.
Problem-based learning approach for teaching photovoltaic technologies from device technology to system design
Arouna DARGA
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8507, Laboratoire Génie Electronique et Electrique de Paris, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France. [email protected] In this lecture, we will show how to use a problem-based learning approach combined with free and open source tools to promote deep learning and to increase students’ interest in photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Example of scenario and problem: With a growing demand for electricity, especially in rural areas, plans to improve access to electricity across the African continent abound. Due to the exceptional solar resource in Africa, solar energy is the best source of energy generation. With a continually decreasing cost and improvement of technology, solar photovoltaics (PV) technologies, are actually allowing the strengthening of the energy security and the support of the rapid economic growth in a sustainable manner in Africa. Thus, Africa continent is actually very attractive for photovoltaic business players. However, there are still some few technical challenges to overcome in order to produce a safety and reliable electricity from photovoltaic technology. Temperature impacts on PV power output is the one of the most important for hot climate countries. The temperature effects depend on: PV cell technology (thin film, crystalline Silicon) and conversion efficiency, PV plant design (mounting structure of the module), PV module architecture and material… After a call of interest for the electrification with off-grid photovoltaic systems, of the Goupana village, the energy department of Burkina have been
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contacted by many national and international companies. Each company offers photovoltaic technology and boasts it as the most suitable for the village.
In this context, the minister of energy of Burkina Faso submit us an urgent request: what is/are the most appropriate PV technology for this village?”
With this scenario, different topics will be presented: (i) modelling of photovoltaic from device level to system, (ii) study of different technologies of solar cell including crystalline silicon (mono-junction and heterojunction) solar cells, and thin film (amorphous silicon, CIGSe, CdTe) Biography: Dr Arouna Darga
Arouna DARGA was born in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, where he studies until the Master's degree. He received the master of sciences in fundamental physics from the University Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in 2002, and has been awarded with a scholarship from the general Council of Vienne (France) for studying thermal and fluid mechanic at University of Poitiers (France). He received Master’s degree in thermal and fluid mechanic from the University of Poitiers, France, and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris,
France, in 2004 and 2007, respectively. Since 2008, he is an associate professor of the University of Pierre and Marie Curie. His current research is focused on characterization and modelling semiconductor materials and devices electronic and optical properties for photovoltaic applications. This allow him to deeply characterize electrically several different technologies of solar cell including crystalline silicon (mono-junction and heterojunction) solar cells, and thin film (amorphous silicon, CIGSe, CdTe, organic, perovskites, Sb2S3…) solar cells. Since 2015, He is ANSOLE national representative in France. At Polytech-Paris-UPMC (UPMC engineering school), he gives courses and lectures in: PV system applications, embedded systems design and power management. He passionate on renewable energies and their application in Africa, information and communication technologies, and new pedagogies and learning methods.
E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa: Challenges, Potential and Outlook
Erick Gankam TAMBO Associate Academic Officer United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) eMail: [email protected] | Tel: ++49-228-815-0259 Abstract Renewable energy markets in Africa are still in their early stages. In order to enter the job market, for example as renewable energy entrepreneurs or policy makers, graduates of renewable energy higher education programmes have to be highly flexible and innovative. Therefore, renewable energy programmes need to offer a broad curriculum, straining the universities’ human and financial resources. At the same time, distance education has gained significant relevance in Africa, due to decreasing costs of mobile devices, increasing connectivity and a fast developing ICT market. In this light, distance education approaches promise to be low cost, and high impact opportunities for university education. By complementing university programmes with eLearning, human and financial resources can
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be used more efficiently, while students are provided with modern teaching methods and up-to-date knowledge to successfully enter the job market. The contribution will present results of an assessment study on “E-Learning for Renewable Energy Higher Education in Africa: Challenges, Potential and Outlook” conducted within the context of the Africa-EU Renewable Energy Cooperation Programme (RECP). The study focuses on the role of educational technology and its potential to enhance and strengthen higher education in the field of renewable energy in Africa. The study target education lecturers and managers who seek to use eLearning technologies to enhance educational programmes and courses, and to address managers who aim to implement eLearning supported renewable energy programmes and curricula in their institutions with a focus on Africa. The contribution will:
provide an overview of eLearning and distance education in Africa, as well as of main actors and initiatives with regards to renewable energy Higher education in Africa ;
sketch eLearning programmes and educational technologies related to renewable energy higher education in Europe and lessons learned;
Discuss potentials of renewable energy and distance learning in Africa and present recommendations respectively short term and long term activities to enhance and strengthen renewable energy higher education and induce a way forward.
Biographical Statement: Dr Erick Tambo
Dr. Erick Gankam Tambo graduated in computer science
at the Technical University of Dortmund –Germany and
holds a PhD. in computer science from the FernUniversität
in Hagen-Germany (Distance Learning Open University –
Germany). He is an Associate Academic Officer at UNU-
EHS, where he is in charge of the conceptualization,
organization and management of e-learning activities
notably eLearning modules related to the core competency
of UNU-EHS. He further contributes to the development
of up to date knowledge management, dissemination
systems, curricula and syllabi. Dr. Gankam Tambo leads and coordinates UNU-EHS
contributions for the implementation of the Higher Education Cooperation with the Pan
African University Institute for Water and Energy (incl. Climate Change) of the African
Union. Dr. Gankam Tambo is also developing IT based solutions to support the contribution
of the scientific and academic Diaspora (particularly African) to the development of their
country of origin respectively continent at UNU-EHS. He trains lecturers in African
Universities in the design of eCourses and advises universities manager on eLearning
strategies.
Dr. Gankam Tambo is a Lecturer at the WASCAL (West African Science Service Center on
Climate Change and Adapted Land Use) Graduate School on climate change and Education at
the University of Gambia and a Guest Lecturer at the Department for Mathematics and
Computer Science at the FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany.
Prior to joining UNU-EHS, he was a Researcher at the FernUniversität in Hagen and led the
working group on Information and Communication Technologies for development (ICT4D) at
the chair of cooperative systems. The working group designed and developed socio-technical
systems to support the development processes of southern countries. He has a broad expertise
in educational technologies and computer supported teaching/learning systems for developing
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countries, socio-technical systems to support the North-South knowledge transfer,
endogenous/appropriated technologies and local innovation, migration and development
(braindrain-braingain), Diaspora and ICT (Diaspora Computer Supported Collaborative
Working and Learning); knowledge and innovation management in distributed organization
and social software, Open Content and Open Educational Resources, e-Participation and e-
Inclusion.
During his PhD thesis, Dr. Gankam Tambo developed a framework to support the transfer of
knowhow from experts in the Diaspora to students in African Universities. As researcher at
the FernUniversität Hagen, he designs and develops digital learning environment to improve
the access and quality of education in Afghanistan in collaboration with IBM, designs and
develops payment components for e-Government applications in collaboration with SAP.
Contact: eMail: [email protected] | Tel: ++49-228-815-0259
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Abstracts for Posters
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No1
Side Chain Engineering of Anthracene-Based Polymers: Applications in Photovoltaics
Suru V. John,a,b Patrick Denk,b Christoph Ulbricht,b,c Emmanuel Iwuoha,a Daniel A.M.
Egbe*,b,c aSensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road,
P. Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa. bLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040
Linz, Austria. c Institute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69,
4040 Linz, Austria. [email protected]; [email protected]
Anthracene is very appealing as building unit leading to high thermal and device stability.1 The rigid structure can be easily functionalized at its 9 and 10 positions. The resulting polymers possess high fluorescence quantum yield and their emission can be tuned during polymerization by the incorporation of other arylene-building blocks.2 The good photoconductive behavior, high fluorescence quantum yields in thin films and high absorption coefficients around 100 000 M-1 cm-1 of anthracene based polymers make them ideal for design of organic electronic devices.3 We have synthesized a series of anthracene-containing polymers with steady increase in side chain length (figure below) to investigate the effect of this variation on the semi-crystalline nature of the polymers and on resulting photovoltaic cells. The preliminary photovoltaic result shows a trend with a steady increase in efficiency to a maximum in SV3 and then a downward slope from SV4 to SV6. This same trend is observed in the Jsc, and the efficiency of the polymers was largely dependent on the Jsc as all polymers in the series show a relatively high Voc above 0.9 V. The result shows that light absorption and flow of charges in polymers with longer side chain is possibly hindered thereby lowering the efficiency.
Acknowledgements: S.V. John acknowledges the financial support from UWC and from ICTP-ANSOLE ANEX fellowship. D. A: M. Egbe is grateful to FWF for grant No: I 1703-N20. References: [1] Park, J.-W.; Kang, P.; Park, H.; Oh, H.-Y.; Yang, J.-H.; Kim, Y.-H.; Kwon, S.-K. Dyes Pigment 2010, 85, 93. [2] Sun, J.; Chen, J.; Zou, J.; Ren, S.; Zhong, H.; Zeng, D.; Du, J.; Xu, E.; Fang, Q. Polymer 2008, 49, 2282. [3] Egbe, D. A. M.; Bader, C.; Nowotny, J.; Gunther, W.; Klemm, E. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5459.
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No2
Sustainability of Solar Mini-Grids in Nigeria
Adedoyin Adeleke,a* Chuks Diji,b Debora Ley,c
aCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. bUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
cCentral America Regional Clean Energy Initiative, Guatemala City, Guatemala. [email protected]
Threat of climate change and the imbalance between energy demand and supply are two major drivers of the uptake of renewable energy globally. While most developed countries harness renewable energy as a climate change mitigation strategy, developing countries deploy the technologies primarily to improve energy access (FOP, 2015) especially in the off-grid rural communities. One of such developing countries is Nigeria.
Despite the abundant clean energy resources in Nigeria vis-a-vis its high deficiency energy, the uptake of renewable energy in Nigeria is abysmally low. With an estimated 28MW total
installed capacity (ODI et al.,2016), photovoltaic (PV) technology is the most adopted
renewable energy technology in the country. However, while the average lifespan expected of solar photovoltaic project is 20-25years, many PV systems in Nigeria fail within 2-3years of operation. This has been identified with solar mini-grids alongside other applications for which solar PV technology has been deployed in the country.
To identify the factors responsible for the success and failure of mini-grids in Nigeria, the study assessed the sustainability of solar mini-grids from five perspectives of sustainability, namely; technical, economic, social, institutional and environmental. Facility assessment, focus group discussions and interviews with key informants were the methodologies of data collection employed in the two case studies selected from the northern and southern Nigeria. As such, the study covered the two major climate zones in the country.
Findings from the study reveal that the sustainability of solar mini-grid projects is multi-dimensional. A project could fail due to a failure in one or a combination of the multi-dimensional factors. The study shows that the sustainability of a solar mini-grid project does not only depend on its technical viability but also on its sustainability based on the economic,
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social, institutional and environmental dimensions of the project. Furthermore, technical failure could result from the failure in other dimension(s) of the project.
Based on the multidimensional factors identified to be responsible for the failure of solar mini-grids in Nigeria, the study recommends the adoption of standards for PV system components imported into the country, and development of a national curriculum for training of installers. High level of stakeholder engagement and community participation, operation of mini-grids with business models, strategic planning for productive use of energy and adequate institutional framework for monitoring and maintenance, among others, were also recommended for sustainable planning and implementation of solar mini-grid projects in Nigeria.
Keywords: solar, photovoltaic, mini-grid, sustainability, failure References: [1] Andrew Scott, Johanna Diecker, Kat Harrison, Charlie Miller, R. H. and S. W. (2016). Accelerating access to electricity in Africa with off - grid solar Off - grid solar country briefing : Nigeria. London. Retrieved from http://www.odi.org/publications/10200-accelerating-access-electricity-off-grid-solar [2] FOP. (2015). National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (1st ed.). Abuja: Federal Ministry of Power (FOP).
No3
Potential Assessment for Concentrating Solar Power in the Sahel, case of Mauritania
Sidi BOUHAMADI*,a, El bah MENNYb
a,bFaculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritanie. [email protected]; [email protected]
Access to electricity in Mauritania is low (37.5%). Yet Mauritania has significant solar potential. The present work evaluates the potential of solar technology CSP in Mauritania, shows also favorable areas for the implementation of micro-CSP plants. The assessment of the normal solar resource shows that 34% (348545.89 km2) of this area has an average annual DNI ranging from 1500 to 1800 kWh.m-2.year-1 and 20%, (206637.93 km2) has an annual average DNI ranging from 1800 - 2000 kWh.m-2.year-1 and 46% (475516.18 km2) has an average DNI ranging from 2000 to 2642 kWh.m-2.year-1. The study also found a slope lower than 1% over the entire area except for belts whose slopes vary between 2 to 3%.
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Water resources are presented as a factor limiting the development of CSP technology. It notes that only 3% of the area of Mauritania satisfies all the criteria. The concentrating solar power (CSP) offers better opportunities to enhance such access and especially in northern Mauritania where the potential of this technology is important and electricity demand is very high.
Fig.1. Map of annual average DNI Mauritania Fig.2. Regions benefiting to DNI> 1800 kWh.m2.year-1
Fig.4.Map of the hydrographic network Mauritania
Fig5. Land slope map for Mauritania Fig.6. Extreme wind speeds map
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No4
Exergetic optimization of absorption chiller single stage H2O-NH3 by experiments design method
Mohamed ADJIBADE* a, Kokouvi Edem N’TSOUKPOEb, Ababacar THIAMa, Christophe
AWANTOb, Dorothé AZILINON*a aLaboratory of Applied Energetics, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
bLaboratory for Solar Energy and Energy Savings, International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering, Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso
cLaboratory of Applied Mechanics and Energetics, Abomey-Calavi University, Benin [email protected]
Single stage absorption chillers using H2O-NH3 (fig.1) have received increasing research interest in recent years, in order to make them competitive with conventional refrigeration machines [1-3]. This work presents a study on the performance of such tri-thermal machines, used for negative temperature refrigeration. The objective is to determine the values of significant parameters of the system that minimize the irreversible losses in the various heat exchangers. To do this, the overall exergy efficiency of the system has been expressed as a function of the various operating temperatures. This objective function is to be maximized with experimental design method. The results show that the cycle is more thermodynamically efficient when the absorption cooling system is operated at a low evaporation temperature (lower than 0 °C). The normal probability plot of the residual indicates that the random errors for the process are drawn from approximately normal distributions. Thus, with Exergy efficiency greater than 0.4 two operating modes are presented which can be with condensation temperatures below 32 °C and above 38 °C. In order to delineate optimal areas operating, Fig. 2 shows a three-dimensional plot of the relationship between the three internal temperatures of the system. The analyze shows that the internal temperatures of the system have a strong interaction on the Exergy efficiency. So, the choice of these temperatures depends on the application to be realized.
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Heat supply
Condenser
Evaporator Absorber
Desorber
Temperature
Pressure
Solution
heat exchanger
1
2
6
5
4
9
10
11
12
3
Rectifier
7
8
Fig.1. Absorption chiller single-stage
Condensation temparature
Heat source temperature
Ev
ap
ora
tio
n t
em
pe
ratu
re
Exergetic efficiency0,010,060,110,160,210,260,31
0,360,410,460,51
Contours of Estimated Response Surfacetemp_évaporation=0,0
30 32 34 36 38 40 90110
130150
170190
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
Fig.2. Estimated response surface of exergetic efficiency
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the ICTP (The International Centre for Theoretical Physics) and ANSOLE (African Network for Solar Energy) for financial support in the frame of the ANSOLE SUR-PLACE Fellowship Program (ANSUP). References: Aman, J.; Ting, D. S. K.; Henshaw, P., Applied Thermal Engineering 2014, 62, 424. Gomri, R., Energy Conversion and Management 2010, 51, 1629. N’Tsoukpoe, K. E.; Yamegueu, D.; Bassole, J., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014, 35, 318.
No5
Natural thermal energy storage material from laterite stone for concentrated solar thermal power plan in West Africa
Eric S. Kendaa,b,*, X. Pyb, N. Sadikib, Kokouvi E. N’Tsoukpoea, Y. Coulibalya
aLaboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d'Energie (LESEE), Institut International
d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso bPROMES-CNRS, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are under extensive development in Africa but
still suffer of lack of adapted thermal energy storage materials (TESM). According to today
constraints, the storage approaches developed during the eighties do not mach all the
current environmental, technical and regulation standards. In this context, only natural or
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recycled materials could be really considered as a long term sustainable solution without
conflict of use for African countries [1]. Under those constrains, local natural material as
laterite stone, which is widely available in Burkina Faso and in half of the continent have
been identify and select as potential TESM for CSP application in the WAC. In the present
paper, the potential of laterite to be used as a thermal storage material in concentrating solar
power plants is investigated and experimental results are presented. Changes in phase
composition and morphology caused by heat treatment were exanimated using X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) associated of energy dispersion
spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. Thermal behaviours were also study by using coupled
thermo-gravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The minerals
phases detected by XRD in the originals ores include kaolinite, goethite, hematite and quartz.
Fe-spinel (MgAl.79
Fe1.21
O4) with inclusion of repetitive structure of dendrites of magnetite
(Fe3O
4) was observed with EDS for the melt samples (LADA1 and LADA2) after heat
treatment at 1100 °C. Mullite (3Al2O3, 2SiO2) and hematite (Fe2O
3) were found in all the
samples (LADA1, LADA2, LADA3, LADA4) sintering at 1200 °C contains. The TG/DSC
analysis shows that the materials are very stable under heat treatment up to 900 °C.
Transformation of all goethite (FeOOH) to Hematite could help to enhances thermal
conductivity the elaborated materials. Mullite and spinel phases have demonstrated
elsewhere to lead to refractory ceramics relevant for high temperature thermal energy
system applications [2]. A new way for manufacturing a low cost dense ceramic which can
compete with industrial ceramic (cost between 4500 and 8000 euro per ton) is performed at
small scale. The obtained material can be used as sensible TESM for many kinds of the CSP
processes (from low up to high temperature) with properties in the same range than other
available materials nevertheless with lower cost and without conflict of use.
References: [1] Py X, Azoumah Y, Olives R. Concentrated solar power: Current technologies, major innovative issues and applicability to West African countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;18:306–15. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.030. [2] Calvet N, Dejean G, Unamunzaga L, PY X. Waste from metallurgic industry: a sustainable high-temperature thermal energy storage material for concentrated solar power. Proceed. ASME 2013 7th Int Conf Energy Sust July 14-19.
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No6
SGBF KOUDOUGOU SYSTEM’S
DICKO Fatoumata Université Ouaga I Pr. JOSEPH KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
Human beings are in a permanent search of technologies adapted to our needs. Indeed, they are more and more demanding regarding energy sources that we need for our own use and industrial or commercial performance. Regarding technologies, we want it be reliable, long term use, economically beneficial and at the same time respectful of the environment. In regarding to this important challenge, my thesis is on solar energy systems through an analysis of a photovoltaic system of 10 kWc connected to the network of the SGBF Bank located in Koudougou (Burkina). As a result of this study, I noted that the injection of the energy of this mini-power solar station on the network allows them to reduce efficiently their costs for electricity. Also the environmental aspect of this study shows that this system will have an important impact on the reduction of CO2 gas emissions. As a conclusion point, I noticed that the promotion of this type of system will allow to significantly improve the easy access to energy by population.
No7
Development of a new doping method for silicon solar cells
N. C. Y Fall a*, D Kobora, M. Tinea, M. Touréa & R. Ndioukanea. aUniversity Assane Seck of Ziguinchor, Senegal;
[email protected] This work aims are the improvement of a p-type to n-type silicon doping new method for the realization of a PN junction to manufacture solar cells. For this, it is necessary to diffuse phosphorus on the monocrystalline silicon substrate using a fabricated gel precursor composed basically by Phosphorous Oxide (P2O5): the method was used in an initial work and is based on the combination of thin film deposition by sol-gel method and a thermal annealing for phosphorus diffusion throughout the substrate and in an entirety homogeneous manner on the silicon surface. The results obtained from SIMS analysis, SEM images and the minority carriers lifetime, respectively, showed that phosphorus was diffused on a maximum depth of 350 nm with an
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initial concentration of about 1020 at/cm3, a surface morphology with craters indicating a possible injection of the dopant and values ranging from 7 µs for the p-type silicon to 97 µs for the n-type doped one. These results are in agreement to those found in the literature (depth from 50 to 500 nm) and confirm the phosphorus throughout the silicon. Keywords: PN Junction, Phosphorus oxide, SIMS, SEM, sol-gel method, monocrystalline.
No8
Investigation on the Utilization of Slaughter Waste Potential towards Energy Self-Sufficiency at Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited in Ghana
Safiatou NANAa, Dr. Elias AKLAKU*b
aPan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences-PAUWES, Tlemcen, Algeria; bKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology- KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
[email protected]; [email protected] Biogas, a sustainable renewable energy form, is at a starting point of market development in Ghana. Due to its economic growth and development of the regulatory environment, the Ghanaian renewable energy sector is attractive for foreign companies from the sector interested in investing in Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result of the present day energy situation, characterized by grid instabilities and increasing power prices, commercial and industrial producers from the agricultural industries look for alternative solutions to secure constant energy supply to avoid production loss and to reduce energy costs. The installation of biogas plants on production sites is one of the most attractive solutions. It enables producers to dispose off agricultural waste, generate electricity for self- consumption, use residues as fertilizer and feed-in energy surpluses to the grid at the same time. Currently, large volumes of Ghanaian slaughterhouse solid and liquid waste are disposed off improperly, causing serious environmental pollution problems, as well as energy and fertilizer losses. Using advanced and recent technologies it is feasible to use anaerobic digestion technology to produce methane and valuable agricultural soil nutrients in addition to treatment of waste generated by slaughter houses. This study assesses the energy recovery potential towards energy self-sufficiency, from anaerobic digestion of the organic industrial by-products of livestock slaughtering located at the Kumasi Abattoir Company Limited in Ghana.
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The investigative approach to data collection was adopted in combination with desk research and other strategies. Waste material generated was estimated based on calculations by Ulrike et al. (2014). The Kumasi abattoir slaughters about 241 cattle, 134 sheep/goats and 26 pigs per day. This leads to a daily consumption of 1,305 kWh of electricity and 386 kg of LPG respectively. The results show that on the average, the quantity of waste produced daily (7.6 ton/day) represents a potential of 200.41 m3 of Methane (CH4) per day, covering the daily demand of 57% of electricity, or 47% of Liquefied Petroleum Gas respectively.
Keywords: Abattoir; Slaughterhouse waste; Biogas; Energy sufficiency.
References: [1] Aidan, W., & Niamh, P. 2016, “Biogas from Cattle Slaughterhouse Waste: Energy Recovery towards an Energyself-sufficient Industry in Ireland”. Renewable Energy (97), 541 - 549. [2] Deublein, D., & Steunhauser, A. 2011, “Biogas from waste and renewable resources: second revised and expanded edition”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. [3] ECREEE. 2012, “Renewable energy in West Africa: Status, Experiences and Trends”, CASA ÁFRICA [4] International Gas Union; UNIDO. 2013, “Access to Sustainable Energy for All with Gas. Gas Training Seminar”, IGU,UNIDO; SEE4ALL; ECOWAS; PETROCI, Abidjan. [5] Rockson, G. N. 2014, “Composting of Abattoir Waste and River Reed: Effect of Feedstock and Aeration Mechanism on Process Efficiency”, PhD Thesis, KNUST, Faculty of Mechanical and Agricultural Engineering; College of Engineering, Kumasi [6] Ulrike, D. et al. 2014, “Biogas in Ghana: Sub-Sector Analysis of Potential and Framework Conditions”, GIZ, German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). Berlin, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. [7] Walter, R., Shermah, R., & Downing, D. 1974, “Reduction in Oxygen demand of abattoir effluent by Precipitation with metal” J. Agric. Fd Chem., 22, 1097-1099.
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No9
Study of a law power off-grid solar parabolic trough concentrator with Ericsson engine
Awa MAR,*,a Serigne Thiao,a Cheikh MBOW, b Issakha YOUM a
a Center of Studies and Research on Renewable Energies (CERER) BP 476, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal
b Laboratory of Fluid mechanical and Hydraulic, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal
[email protected] In developing countries like Senegal, the low power off-grid electricity generation is a very important issue. Currently the only technological responses to this requirement are the use of generators consuming fossil fuels very expensive and often inaccessible or photovoltaic cells associated with batteries. The objective for this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of a mini solar power system for generating electrical energy based on the coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator with Ericsson engine, which is an external heat supply engine working according to a Joule thermodynamic cycle with recuperator and on the other hand to investigate its relevance for off-grid use [1]. The proposed approach to this work is planned in several phases. The primary objective is to better understand the solar concentration technology in order to know its strengths, limitations and also give the relevant application areas in order to convince it is a reliable and environmentally friendly solution for electricity autonomous production. This less popular technology that solar photovoltaic worth studying. It adds to it a presentation of the solar resource of Senegal and other parameters necessary for the study of thermodynamic solar plants [2]. The key of this study presents the modeling of thermo-solar electric conversion including parametric study and the influence of the Senegal weather. Finally, a thermodynamic mini-plant is sized and compared to the PV system and the generator. [1] Alaphilippe, M.; Bonnet, S.; Stouffs, P.; Low power thermodynamic solar energy conversion: coupling of a parabolic trough concentrator and an Ericsson engine. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 2007, 10, 37-45. [2] Mar, A.; Mbow, C.; Thiao, S.; Youm, I.; Theoretical study of a Parabolic Trough solar collector: Influences of atmospheric parameters. International Journal of Energy, Environment, and Economics, 2014, 22(5), 461-473.
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No10
Rural Electrification Study of the villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and cold room installation
Donald Déla Komlan AOUKOU
University of Lomé, Togo [email protected]
The Rural Electrification project study of the Villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and cold room installation associated the Project "Marine area Protected" of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar, were entrusted to the Madéole Company specialized in the rural electrification in the north of Madagascar. Indeed, this company carried out several projects of rural electrification in north of Madagascar and works with the international organizations, the ONG, the State and especially the JIRAMA which is the only official electric company of electricity supply. This study required by the International Organization of "Marine area Protected" for bay of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar whose realization is envisaged at the beginning of year 2017, also registers within the framework of the drafting of a Report of MASTER-II in Energy Genius, Renewable Energy option of the Polytechnic Higher School of Antsiranana. The study of Rural Electrification of the Villages of Amprondrahazo and Ambavarano and the cold room installation associated the Project "Marine area Protected" of Ambodivahibe in the Diana area of Madagascar are almost finished. The population is happy to have electricity and very favorable for the installation of a cold room. The realization of this project will improve considerably the standard of living and the incomes of the population. It will allow the observation and will support an effective protection of bay of Ambodivahibe.
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No11
Mohamed Lemine B’Leile/Mauritania/not available
Gaston Berger University, Senegal; [email protected]
No12
Assessment of a Slow Biomass Pyrolysis Technology using the Artificial Neural Network Model
Alex Dubem Tagboa, Alba Dieguez Alonso*,a
aInstitut für Energietechnik (EVUR), TU Berlin, Germany [email protected]; *[email protected]
Motivation: This project describes the application of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in a technical-scale fixed-bed reactor to analyse the behavioural activities of the combustible effects of temperature and other selected parameters, gas yield and the formation of biochar. Several studies related to this research and other process parameters lead to the conclusion that the complexity of these interactions makes it impossible to predict the final product characteristics. However, the reactor is faced with a highly complex thermochemical process in the thermal decomposition of wood for the conversion of energy. The end results will establish a decision-making process through the ANN model development.
Aim: The objective of the ANN is to predict the behaviour of the system by measuring (a) the mass and energy fractions of pyrolysis products controlled by temperature and (b) the percentage retention of fuel (pyrolysis gas) as well as the char formation. The scientific aim is to find out whether the application of ANN can contribute technically in creating a balanced architecture, equations and algorithms to improve data quality in slow biomass pyrolysis.
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Methods: The experiment is carried out on the pilot plant as shown above to study the pyrolysis technology and obtain data for evaluation [1]. The ANN analysis involves the training of the network (input-hidden-output layers), optimization of the parameters and error backpropagation [2].
References: [1] Dieguez-Alonso, A.; Anca-Couce, A.; Zobel, N. “On-line tar characterization from pyrolysis of wood particles in a technical-scale fixed-bed reactor by applying Laser-Induced Fluorescence”, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2013, 33-46, 102. [2] Bishop, M. C. “Pattern recognition and machine learning”, Journal of Information Science and Statistics 2006, 225-284, 735.
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No13
Investigation on the use of the cement mortar containing banana fibers as thermal insulator in building
Sibiath O. G. Osséni*,a Clément Ahouannoua, Emile A. Sanyaa, Yves Jannotb
aUniversity of Abomey Calavi (LEMA), Bénin; bUniversity of Lorraine (LEMTA), France [email protected]
Introduction
The use of local materials in construction of buildings is one of the potential ways to support sustainable development in developing countries (Mostafa et al., 2015). World energy consumption is increasing and this growth affects all sectors. This situation is not without environmental impacts due to significant emissions of the greenhouse gas effects. Thus, the new composite materials are developed to serve as natural or not thermal insulators, while maintaining an acceptable mechanical strength [(Meukam et al., 2004), (Belkarchouche et al., 2013), (Toledo, 1999), (Wang et al., 2007)]. This study will allow accessing to the effect of banana trunk fibers incorporation in the mortar from the thermal view. Materials and methods
Fig. 1: a- banana trunk fibers; b- samples (10 × 10 × 3 cm3; W/C = 0.7); c- hot plate device.
The cement CPJ35 is dosed at 250 kg m-3 of mixture and the fibers are in the proportions of
1, 2 and 3% by substitution to the equivalent percentages in mass of cement and sand.
Density : ; Water absorption ( ) : ; the thermal properties,
are determined by the hot plate method with two temperature measurements.
Results
The density, the thermal conductivity and effusivity thermal decreased when the percentage
of fibers increased, giving respective deviations of 25.54%, 56.09% and 65.68% between the
thermal conductivity of the reference sample, which was equal to 1.14 W m-1 K-1. Abs was
substantially linear and increased respectively of about 1.5, 2 and 2.5 times for composites in
relation to the reference.
Conclusion
It was shown a strong relationship between the fibers proportion and the thermal properties
for new composite materials. These results were interesting because in tropical climate, low
heat conductivity and specific heat materials were searched for thermal insulation in building.
These materials could be used, for example, to fill a carrier structure.
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[1] Marwan, M; Nasim U., Build. 2015, 5, 282-296. [2] Meukam, P.; Jannot, Y.; Noumowe, A; Kofane, T. C., Constr. Build. Mater. 2004, 18, 437-443. [3] Belkarchouche, D.; Chaker, A., Caractérisation thermophysique et mécanique de matériaux de construction: béton de fibre naturelle, paper presented at JITH, Marrakech, Maroc. 2013. [4] Romildo Dias Tolêdo Filho, Kuruvilla Joseph, Khosrow Ghavami, George Leslie England, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agr. Amb. 1999, 3, 245-256. [5] Li Zhijian, Wang Lijing and Wang Xungai, J. Comp. Mater. 2007, 41, 1445-1457.
No14
Yusif Seidu/Ghanaian in Germany/not available
Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; [email protected]
N15
The prediction of PV module performance ratio with artificial neural networks
Alain K. Tossa,*a Y. M. Soroa
, L. Thiawb, D. Yamegueua, Y. Coulibalya, Esidor Ntsoenzokc aLESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International
d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. bEcole Supérieur Polytechnique de Dakar, Sénégal; cCEMHTI-CNRS, 3A, rue de la
Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France [email protected]
Among the normalized and scaled performance metrics, the module performance ratio (PR), is the best indicator to compare different PV module technologies [1]. In this study, the artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used to model the PR of four photovoltaic modules including one monocrystalline, two polycrystallines and one micromorph (a-Si/µc-Si) module. The ANN architecture adopted, is the multilayer perceptron (MLP). The inputs of the MLP models are the solar irradiance and air ambient temperature while the output is the PR. As shown on the figure (a), the optimum number of neurons in the hidden layer of the MLP of each module, is determined by monitoring the root mean-squared error (RMSE) in both the
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training and validation phases of the MLP design. The optimum number of hidden neurons is obtained at the onset of the increase of RMSE in validation phase.
2 4 6 8 100.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
Module : VIC006 (pc-Si_2)
Number of hidden layer neuron
RM
SE
(M
LP
des
ign
)
Training
Validation
PMC optimal
RMSE = 0.009
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2Module : SHA017 (micromorphe)
Number of sun
Mo
du
le p
erfo
rman
ce r
atio
Measured
MLP
L5P
(a) (b)
Figure: (a) Selection of optimum MLP for pc-Si module (b) Comparison of MLP and L5P
models for micromorph module.
The study shows that only one hidden layer with at most five neurons, accurately models the
PR regardless of PV technology. The results obtained from the MLP model are compared
with those of the five parameters electrical model (L5P). As shown on figure (b), the PR
estimation is better done by the MLP based models. The values of the RMSE are less than
0.02 for MLP models regardless PV technology. This is about three to nine times lower than
the RMSE obtained from L5P. The study also shown that the poor fit of the L5P model is due
to a bad estimation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules.
References: [1] A. Carr and T. Pryor, “A comparison of the performance of different PV module types in temperate climates” Solar Energy 2004, 76, 285–294.
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No16
The synergetic effect of graphene on Cu2O nanowire arrays as highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocathode in water splitting
Amare Aregahegn Dubale1, Wei-Nien Su2 and Bing-Joe Hwang1,3,*
1Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dilla University, Dilla 419, Ethiopia. 2NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology,
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan. 3National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]; Presenting author: [email protected] A one dimensional (1D) Cu2O straddled with graphene is proposed as a highly promising and stable photocathode for solar hydrogen production. The Cu2O nanowire arrays modified with optimized concentration of graphene provide much higher improved photocurrent density 4.8 mA cm–2, which is two times that of bare 1D Cu2O (2.3 mA cm–2), at 0 V vs RHE under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm–2) and solar conversion efficiency reaching 3.3% at an applied potential of 0.55 V vs Pt counter electrode. Surprisingly, 1D Cu2O with optimum graphene concentration exhibit inspiring photocurrent density of 2.1 to 1.1 mA cm–2 at a higher positive potential range of 0.20.4 V vs RHE, which is higher compared with bare 1D Cu2O. This is the highest value ever reported for a Cu2O-based photocathode at such positive potential. After 20 minute of standard solar irradiation, 83% of the initial photocurrent density retained for the nanocomposite which is more than five times compared to the bare Cu2O (14.5%). Faradic efficiency of 74% was obtained for the evolved H2 gas. To get evidence for the photostability of graphene modified photocathode, a detailed characterization was carried out. The high PEC performance of graphene/Cu2O nanocomposite is attributed to the improved crystallinity and the synergetic effect of graphene in absorbing the visible light, suppressing the charge recombination and suppressing photocorrosion of the photoelectrode by preventing direct contact with the electrolyte. This inexpensive photocathode prepared free of noble metals, showed enhanced high photocurrent density with good stability and is a highly promising photocathode for solar hydrogen production. PEC, Cu2O, nanowire arrays, graphene, photocathode, hydrogen production, water spitting [1.] M. Grätzel, Nature, 2001, 414, 338-344. [2.] U. Eberle, B. Muller, R. von Helmolt, Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5, 8780-8798. [3.] J. A. Turner, Science, 1999, 285, 687-689. [4.] A. Paracchino, J. C. Brauer, J.-E. Moser, E. Thimsen, M. Grätzel, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 7341-7350.
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No17
A Comparative Study of MPPT Approaches based on ANN and fuzzy controllers
Fatou NDIAYE*a, Moustapha SENEb, Marie Emillienne FAYEc, Saliou DIOUFd, Amadou
Seidou Maigae a,b,c Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal; d Polytechnic School, University Cheikh
Anta Diop, Daka, Sénégal.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] The performances of a photovoltaic module connected to a load through a conversion stage (chopper, inverter) are linked to the average electricity output including the delivered power. Nevertheless, the efficiency depends on atmospheric parameters as temperature, irradiance, and wind speed [1]. To make available electrical power, Maximum Power Point Trackers (MPPT) algorithms are developed to keep up the PV module at optimal operating point with regard to climatic variations. This paper proposes an assessment of Artificial Neural Networks model based on MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) (e.g. Figure 1(a)). A comparative study with an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System [2]
and a hybrid neural network RBF/MLP is done using measured data to optimize the maximum power point of a photovoltaic generator (e.g. Figure 1(b)) for a sunny and cloudy days (e.g. Table 1). (a) (b)
09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:000
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time(HH:MM:SS)
Pow
er(
W)
Popthy
Poptanf
Poptpv
Figure 1:Architecture of the hybrid model (a), Maximum power issued adaptive neuro-fuzzy controller
for a cloudy (b).
RBF/MLP mse (mW) mae (mW) corr. coef. ANFIS MSE (mW) MAE (mW) corr. coef.
Sunny day 0,54 13,30 0,990 sunny day 0,49 6,20 0,99
Cloudy day 0,17 00,40 0,999 cloudy day 436 372 0,997
Table 1: Error performances of adaptive RBF/MLP and of adaptive neuro-fuzzy controllers.
[1] F. Ndiaye, M. Sene, A .S .H. Maiga, M. Beye, Effects of climatic conditions on a polycrystalline photovoltaic module in Niger, International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 55, 2015, 60-66. [2] Jang J. S. R., Anfis: Adaptive-Network-based Fuzzy Inference System, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 23, 1993, 665-685.
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No18
Fanta Balde/Sénégal/not available
University of Ziguinchor, Sénégal; [email protected]
N19
Design of a solar cavity receiver for a central receiver system Yao M. SESHIE*a, b, Edem K. N’TSOUKPOEa, Pierre NEVEUb, Yézouma COULIBALYa, Yao
K. AZOUMAHc aSolar Energy and Energy Saving Laboratory, Foundation 2iE, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
bProcesses, Material and Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
cSirea Afrique, Kamboinsé, Burkina Faso E-mail: [email protected]
CSP4Africa is a project that aims at developing a central receiver system plant in 2iE in Burkina Faso. The plant, which must be suited to mini grids, is supposed to have a solar field
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of 100 kWth and will be a basis to study the profitability of such kinds of plants, as solutions to provide power to the remote areas in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This paper deals with the design and manufacturing of the solar receiver of the project. According to the studies on solar receivers, the latter can be classified in three groups [1]: volumetric [2], tubular [3] and particle [4] receivers. The first ones are used for high temperatures CSP (>900°C) and did not demonstrated sustainability in various tests whereas the last ones still in the research phase. Most of the solar receivers used in the world are tubular and can be classified in two groups [3]: external [5] and cavity receivers [6]. For the CSP4Africa solar receiver, a cavity tubular receiver is chosen and a cylindrical geometry is set as shape. The absorbing surface of the receiver is an helical coil, which represents the lateral part. The modelling method used in this study is based on radiative exchange with the use of view factors. An energy balance is written on every coil, which is supposed to receive radiative energy from the incident flux, the ambient atmosphere and the inner surfaces of the cavity and at the same time, emits towards these inner surfaces and the atmosphere. An energy balance is also written in every volume of the heat transfer fluid of each coil. The receiver is considered operating in stationary mode. The optimization process takes into account the operation temperatures as constraints. Optimization variables considered were the number of the coils (height of the cavity), the inner diameter of the coil, the nature and mass flow of the heat transfer fluid. The exergy analysis leads to a cylindrical receiver with a height of 1 m and an aperture of 0.7 m; diameter of coils was set at 0.025 m. Thereafter, the component was manufactured by a local enterprise. Laboratory tests were conducted in a closed room (off-wind conditions) to determine the global convective heat losses coefficient, with is later used to extend the design model. A non-stationary model, which integrates the variation of the solar irradiation, is derived from the previous stationary model. Simulation showed the trend of the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the receiver’s outlet according to incident flux.
Keywords: Solar receiver, receiver modelling, cavity receiver, helical coil, CSP4Africa
References: [1] O. Behar, A. Khellaf, K. Mohammedi, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 23 (2013) 12–39. [2] A.L. Ávila-Marín, Sol. Energy 85 (2011) 891–910. [3] C. Singer, S. Giuliano, R. Buck, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 1553–1562. [4] T. Tan, Y. Chen, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14 (2010) 265–276. [5] M.R. Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. Sánchez-González, C. Marugán-Cruz, D. Santana, Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 504–513. [6] W.G. Le Roux, T. Bello-Ochende, J.P. Meyer, Energy Convers. Manag. 84 (2014) 457–470.
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No20
Isolation and Characterization of Natural Dyes for Possible Application in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
aBright N. Jaato, aBoniface Y. Antwi, aRichard B. Owoare, and aRobert Kingsford-Adaboh
aUniversity of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] and
[email protected] The sun delivers more energy to the earth in one hour than we currently use from fossil fuels,
nuclear power and all renewable energy sources combined in a year.[1] Harnessing the sun’s
energy has led to the development of Photovoltaic (PV) devices like organic, inorganic and
hybrid cells. PV cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity by absorbing photons and
releasing electrons.[2]
Enhancing the performance of Dye sensitized solar cells has been an area of very extensive
research for the past 20 years. One area of deep interest and potential development value is
the improvement of the light absorption wavelength range of the dyes. Panchromatic
Engineering and Tandem structures are amongst techniques being explored to broaden the
absorption range of DSSCs.[3] Therefore, this work will explore natural Ghanaian dyes or
cocktails of Ghanaian natural dyes with broader absorption bands for possible application in
dye sensitized solar cells.
References: [1] Bhogaita, M.; Shukla, A. D.; Nalini, R. P. Solar Energy, 2016, 137, 212-224. [2] Green, M. A. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2001, 9, 123-135. [3] Suhaimi, S.; Shahimin, M. M.; Alahmed, Z. A.; Chyský, J.; Reshak, A. H. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 2015, 10, 28-59.
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No21
Optimal operation of hybrid Photovoltaic/Diesel system for cost effective rural electrification: Case of Bilgo located in Burkina Faso
G. Koucoia, D.Yamegueu*,a, Q.T. Tran*,b, Y. Coulibaly*,a
aLESEE-2iE, Laboratoire Energie Solaire et Economie d’Energie, Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso;
bINES CEA/LITEN- Laboratoire des systèmes électriques intélligents (LSEI), Le Bourget-du-lac, France.
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa are regions where only 14 % of the population
have access to electricity. Despite many efforts to extend the existing grids to rural areas, most remote areas will not be reached within a foreseeable future. Hybrid PV/Diesel without battery system can be a clean and cost-effective solution for the electrification in those areas[1,2]. However an optimal and smart energy management strategy (EMS) is one of the main key that could guarantee reliability to the whole hybrid energy system with the lowest cost of energy.
This paper presents an optimization and experimental analysis for energy management in hybrid photovoltaic/Diesel without battery system using dynamic programming (DP). This approach applied to a rural sub-Saharan Africa village called ‘’Bilgo’’ located at Burkina Faso with 135 kW peak load It aims to minimize the operation cost of the system which could lead to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) produced over the system’s lifetime (20 years). The results obtained with energy management with DP proposed have been compared to Diesel generator (DG) in standalone. It highlights a reduction in the operation cost, the fuel consumption, the carbon emission and the cost of energy as shown in Table 1. Table 2 : Comparative results
Characteristics of the energy systems
Diesel generators
standalone :
DG: 150 kW
Hybrid PV/Diesel system with DP :
PV array : 67.5 kWp DG1 : 100 kW and DG2 : 50 kW
Operation Cost (k€) 3186 2120
LCOE (€/kWh) 0.43 0.29
Fuel consumption (L/year)
414,655 158,775
Carbon emission (kg/year)
8778.25 6803.6
Solar coverage (%) 0 23
References [1] D. Tsuanyo, Y. Azoumah, D. Aussel, and P. Neveu, “Modeling and optimization of batteryless hybrid PV (photovoltaic)/Diesel systems for off-grid applications”, Energy 2015, 1–12. [2] B. I. Ouedraogo, S. Kouame, Y. Azoumah, and D. Yamegueu, “Incentives for rural off grid electrification in Burkina Faso using LCOE”, Renew. Energy 2015, 78, 573–582.
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No22
Elaboration and characterization of thin films dye for photovoltaic application
J.K.DATTEa*,S.A.YAPIb
a,bLaboratory of Physics, condensed matter (LPMCT), University of Felix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan-cocody, Côte d’ivoire; [email protected]
In the last decade, the enthusiasm of developing countries for renewable energies and especially for the photovoltaic (PV) energy has been strongly increased because of energy crisis. hence ,Organic solar cells have attracted much attention for their potential, such as low cost, flexibility and renewable energy conversion devices. Our study, will focus on natural dyes, such as: indigofera tinctoria, justicia secunda, and Alchornea cordifolia leaves. These plants grow abundantly in west Africa. In the first step , we will have to extract dye from leaves using a convenient solvent. Then, chemical and physical properties of the moleculars responsible for the dye will be established. At last the extracted dye will be tested in the active layers of DSCCS or BHJ organic solar cell . Keywords: organic cell, renewable energy, BHJ, DSCCS. References: [1] Brian O'Regan, Michael Grätzel, Nature 353, 6346.
[2] Xuemai Ma, Jianli Hua, Tetrahedron 2008, 64.
[3] M. C. Scharber, N. S. Sariciftci, Progress in Polymer Science 2013, 38, 1929-1940.
[4] Valery N. Bliznyuk, Jacek Gasiorowski, Applied Surface Science 2016, 389.
[5] N. J. George, I. B. Obot, A. N. Ikot, J. Chem. 2010, 7.
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No23
Characterization and modelling of hybrid based-perovskite organic-inorganic solar cells
Alle Dioum*,a, Abdoulaye Ndiaye Dionea, Sosse Ndiayea, Aboubaker Chedikh Beyea
aGroupe de Physique du Solide et Sciences des Matériaux, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
[email protected] / [email protected] Thin films of Methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite are deposited on flat substrates under open-air conditions and high relative humidity for realizing hybrid organic-inorganic based perovskite solar cells using a two-step procedures consisting of spin coating and dipping. Under AM 1.5 g illumination, devices without Hole Transport Material (HTM) have been characterized by measuring the current–voltage I(V) characteristics and an efficiency of about 12%. New theoretical model has been developed to give insight the dependence of the charge carrier recombination at the actives interfaces of the perovskite absorber layer on the charge carrier density and the photocurrent density. Moreover, our model allows evidencing the influence of the paramount physical parameters such as the perovskite layer thickness, the monochromatic wavelength of the incoming irradiation of the spectrum of the visible on the performance of the cell. Keywords: characterization - modeling - hybrid solar cell - perovskite - planar heterojunction
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FIB Images of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film deposited on compact TiO2/FTO at 4000 rpm spinning rate
Absorption of 350nm thickness of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite deposited on glass+UV treatment
Electrons density photogenerated within the bulk of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA, Portici Research Center, for its financial postdoctoral support fellowship of Dr Dioum Reference: [1] Green, M. A.; Ho-Baillie, A.; Snaith, H. J., Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 506–514.
[2] De Angelis, F., Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47, 3349–3360.
[3] Snaith, H. J., Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4: 3623-3630
[4] La Ferrara, V; De Maria, A; Mercaldo, L. V.; Bobeico, E.; Dioum, A.; Di Luccio, T.;
Lancellotti, L.; Delli Veneri, P., E-MRS Spring Meeting 2015 Symposium, Energy Procedia.
No24
Contribution of the CBOs in promoting renewable energy in Senegal
Abibatou Banda Fall Laboratory Leidi of Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal
For thirty years now, The Sahelian energy context has been characterized, by a strong energy demand with a growth of 1.6 to 2%. At the same time, the effects of global warming on Sahel countries such as Senegal are undeniable. This has led to more deforestation (Biomass energy consumption is about 80%.), thus impacting negatively on the climate. However, the area has considerable potential for renewable energy, especially
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bioenergy (Waste used for bioenergy is minimum 1,810,000 tons per year.) and solar energy (The average of solar radiation is 6 kWh/(m² day), 3000 hours of sunshine a year.), which are alternative energies sources to traditional fuels reducing the environmental, economic and social costs of these environmental problems that limit the development capabilities of Senegal.
Given this situation, it is urgent to raise awareness of the positive effects of using renewable energy in order to focus on its benefits, but also to better understand its limitations. To this end, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), which are groups of socially-conscious young men and women, have played a significant role in helping their communities to shift their behavior and responses to socio-economic and environmental problems in Senegal by providing sustainable solutions that are both practical and innovative.
This study proposes a business model that is cost-effective and environmentally and community- focused based on research in the form of needs analyses conducted with the CBOs. This model will rely on several scenarios with a socio-environmental and financial focus based on the anticipation of use of bioenergy and solar products and its results over five years. Those products represent a way of meeting the needs of all communities in Senegal. Further, this model will guarantee greater access to energy, stable jobs, as well as provide funds to undertake sustainable activities through a "Teek" system. It will thus be possible to cover 50% of the national market and respond to needs in all of Africa and the world, which will pave the way for greater use of renewable energy. Keywords: Climate change, Renewable energy, Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), Eco-development, Senegal. References: [1] DURANT, Berbard. Energie et Environnement: les risques et les enjeux d’une crise annoncée. France: EDP Sciences, 2007. [2] DIRECTION DE L’ENERGIE DU SÉNÉGAL. Rapport coopéré (ECONOTEC, gTz, PERACOD, Intelligent Système d’information énergétique du Sénégal : un outil d’aide à la prise de décision Energie, UEMOA, la Francophonie), 2007. [3] ENDA/Energie. Rôle des énergies renouvelables sur le développement des activités productives en milieu rural ouest Africain : le cas du Sénégal, Rapport final, 2006. [4] N DONG J-B. L’évolution du climat du Sénégal et les conséquences de la sécheresse récente sur l’environnement. Th. Doct. Univ. Lyon III, 1996.
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No25
Claude Boris Amougou/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]
No26
Boly Amidou Singho/Burkina Faso
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]
No27
Hadiza Issaka Nomao/Nigerien in Burkina Faso
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]
No28
Bismark Appiah/Senegalese in Germany/not available
Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; [email protected]
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No29
Study of Czochralski silicon (CZ-Si) wafer optoelectronic behavior under light exposure.
Nwadiaru Ogechi Vivian*a, Yacine Kouhlaneb, Bouhafs Djoudib, Zerga Abdellatifa, Tonny
Kukeeraa
aDepartment of Energy Engineering, Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Science (Including Climate Change) –Tlemcen, Algeria.
bDivision for Development of Semiconductors to Conversion Devices, Research Center of Semiconductor Technology for Energy (CRTSE) – Algiers, Algeria.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Semiconductor devices are critical components of solar panels and play a vital role in the energy conversion process. The performance of semiconductor devices maybe limited by electrically active defect centers even if they are present in concentrations below the detection limit of conventional techniques. The development of strategies to reduce or avoid such harmful defects must start with their identification, which becomes increasingly difficult as the electronic quality of the semiconductor material improves. In this study, Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) p-type wafer was exposed to illumination for 4h using a halogen lamp with an intensity of 0.5 suns. The effective carrier lifetime (τeff) was measured using the quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC) technique. The carrier lifetime degradation is much slower than the degradation observed during a light induced degradation (LID) process of Cz-Si wafers related to a B-O complex. Moreover, Using a theoretical model the rate of degradation and annihilation of the metastable defect was calculated. In addition, the simulation of lifetime as a function of carrier density was also performed to determine the defect concentration evolution with time of illumination. The results confirm the presence of a second mechanism separate from the B-O complex and was associated with the metallic impurity present in the wafers. Finally, the wafer illumination steps can be a suitable method to confirm the electrical quality of Cz-Si wafer and also contributes to attaining higher efficiencies in solar cells.
Keywords: c-Si, Czochralski, QSSPC, light induced degradation.
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No30
Comparison of economic criteria for the optimal design of a PV / Diesel hybrid system
David Tsuanyoab*, Didier Ausselb, Yezouma Coulibalya, Yao Azoumahc, Pierre Neveub
aInternational Institute of Water and Environment Engineering, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, bUniversity of Perpignan Via Domitia / PROMES-CNRS lab, Perpignan, France
[email protected] Electricity generation systems based on renewable energy remain a preferred solution to increase the electrification rate in rural and sub-urban areas. Despite the drastic drop in the cost of photovoltaic module during the last decades (less than 1.5 €/Wp), the necessary capital for the installation of an off grid photovoltaic system is still high in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the average living cost (less than 1 €/day). The batteries, sometimes included in this system have not only negative environmental impact, but can also absorb around 40% of the total installation cost. However, with higher solar irradiation (more than 5.5kWh/m²/day), solutions to integrate massively photovoltaic systems have to be explored. PV/Diesel hybrid system could be a good solution provided they are reliable, cost effective and economically attractive to investors (private sector). This presentation carried out how technical requirements, operating management, size are taking into account in the same objective function to optimally design a cost effective PV/Diesel hybrid system for a certain rural area. Objective function being economic criteria generally used to ensure the profitability of energy projects. The aim of this study is to compare the profitability criteria (Life cycle Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy, Net present value, Internal Rate of Return and Discounted payback period) applied to optimally design of a PV / Diesel hybrid system. An application to 2iE-K1 campus (Ouagadougou) has been done and the results show that DPB and IRR give optimal solutions that limit the investment cost and the maximum debt amount while NPV/LCC/LCOE maximizes the benefit. The methodology applied can be extended to other renewable energy systems in order to facilitate their deployment in rural poor regions in Sub-Saharan Africa.
[1] D. Tsuanyo, Y. Azoumah, D. Aussel, P. Neveu, Energy 2015, 86, 152–163. [2] M. Muselli, G. Notton, A. Louche, Sol. Energy 1999, 65, 143–157. [3] D. Yamegueu, Y. Azoumah, X. Py, N. Zongo, Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 1780–1787.
[4] W. Short, D. J. Packey, T. Holt, Press of the Pacific 2005. [5] C.-Y. Chang, Int. J. Proj. Manag. 2013, 31, 1057–1067.
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No31
Design of a Linear Fresnel collector in Sub-Saharan region of Africa
Gaëlle K. KO,a K. Edem N’Tsoukpoe,*,a Yezouma Coulibaly a Pierre Neveub
aLaboratoire Énergie Solaire et Économie d'Énergie (LESEE), Département Génie Électrique, Énergétique et Industriel, Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de
l'Environnement (2iE), 01 BP 594 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. bLaboratoire Procédés Matériaux et Énergie Solaire (PROMES) / Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Rambla de la thermodynamique tecnosud, 66100 Perpignan France.
[email protected] /[email protected]; [email protected] / [email protected]
The oil crisis, the environmental preservation and the increase in power demand,
electricity and heat, contribute to the promotion of renewable energy. Abundance of solar resource in some region of Africa makes it one of the most attractive renewable energy source. Rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa have a low rate of access to electricity less than 17% [1] but the regions have an important solar potential. Can solar energy be an answer to electricity need in rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa?
There are two ways to convert solar energy to electricity: photovoltaïque, which use sunlight, and concentrated solar power (CSP), which used sun’s heat. Among the four common concentrated solar power technologies, Parabolic Trough, Solar Power Tower, Parabolic Dish, Linear Fresnel, the linear Fresnel technology is one of the least used. However, this technology is a good candidate for the implementation of a low cost power plant station due to its simplicity and its adaptability.
Due to the low density of population in rural areas of Sub-Saharan region of Africa a decentralized micro-grid with micro-CSP power plants is a relevant energy system alternative [2]. We work on the manufacturing of a small Linear Fresnel plant that can provide more than 8 . A CSP plant has two parts: the collector which converts sun radiation to heat and
system used to convert this thermal power to electricity [3]. Our research work focuses on the first part of the plant. Our main goal is the manufacturing of a low cost linear Fresnel collector using local mankind and local materials. We describe one the characterization of a prototype of 2 design in Burkina Faso. The collector has been built using material
available in Burkina Faso and local making.
References: [1] International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2015 Electricity
Database: electricity access in 2013 — regional aggregates. International Energy Agency (IEA); 2015. [2] N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem, Ketowoglo Yao Azoumah, Emmanuel Ramde, A. K. Yesuenyeagbe Fiagbe, Pierre Neveu, Xavier Py, Madieumbe Gaye, and Arnaud Jourdan. 2016. “Integrated Design and Construction of a Micro-Central Tower Power Plant.” Energy for Sustainable Development 31 (April): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2015.11.004. [3] Lovegrove, K., and J. Pye. 2012. “2 - Fundamental Principles of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems.” In Concentrating Solar Power Technology, edited by Keith Lovegrove and Wes Stein, 16–67. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Woodhead Publishing. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697693500029
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No32
Aboubakar Gomna/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]
No33
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, RENEWABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Okuwobi Wuraola Ayomide,a Pat-NAtson Antony Tomib abEconomics Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
[email protected], [email protected] In the world today, various forms of energy have been discovered some being renewable and others non-renewable. However, the development levels of these energy forms are more sustainable in other continents than Africa- which is largely under-developed. The absence of energy that is sustainable however is not the only developmental issue being faced as there is a problem of renewability of energy resources. A large sect of Africa still depends on fossil fuels thus reflecting her high dependence on non-renewable sources. Energy renewability
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and sustainability may not have been an issue in pre-industrialized times, but contemporary times require a whole lot of energy that should be, firstly; available, then renewable and sustainable. This paper considers the effects of renewable energy sources that are sustainable, and also, non-renewable sources that are more harmful than beneficial to current environmental states given the current trend of global warming. It also goes on to expose that the energy forms in other developed continents of the world are more sustainable- reasons for the immensely slow rate of economic and socio-economic development in Nigeria, and Africa at large. The paper is constructed using trend analysis of energy availability levels and their corresponding effects on economic growth and development. The paper is based on immense qualitative data analysis with secondary data from the African Development Bank, Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (among other sources). This study reveals the existence of a strong relationship between sustainable energy, renewable energy and the growth of Africa’s economy. It also proposes that the growth of any nation is critically dependent on the sufficiency of its energy sector, creating a necessary dependence on sustainable, renewable and reliable energy. It is recommended that Africa should engage the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources which promote economic growth. Reference: Adeoye, O. S. and Titiloye, S. O. “Erratic Power Supply and Socio-Economic Development in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria”, The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) 2014, 3(6), 2-3.
No34
Pingdwende Inès Ernestine Nana/Burkina Faso/
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso;
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No35
Lae Titia Marelle Ndjientcheu Yossa/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso/
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]
No36
Esther Grâce Mvomo Nke/Cameroonian in Burkina Faso/
International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Burkina Faso; [email protected]
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No37
Integrating Anaerobic Digestion (Bio-energy) into our Culture: Is it a Panacea for Sustainable Energy Supply in Ghana?
Nunoo, Edward Kweku a, Twum Eric b, Mattah, Memuna a
a Central University, Department of Environment and Development Studies. Tema, Ghana. b Institute of Green Growth Solutions. Accra, Ghana.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Energy is the engine of growth in every Nation. Therefore its role in the development of emerging economies where biomass is the main energy source for millions of people becomes crucial. To develop, in terms of energy requirements, supply of energy must be readily available, affordable and supplied from renewable sources (Achempong & Ankrah, 2014). Harnessing low cost renewable energy technologies as an efficient energy mix to augment unsustainable energy demand in Ghana has long been conceptualized. However the success of its implementation has been hindered by a combination of, not only human induced factors, but also, inarticulate co-ordination and integration of renewable energy influx programmes into mainstream national energy policy and the political will to implement sustainable energy policies (Lerner, 2015). In response to the country’s energy vision, it has been established, against the backdrop of heavy natural resource depletion in the country that redeployment of anaerobic digestion (bioenergy power generation technologies) into the Ghanaian culture could be the panacea to sustainable power supply (dumsor-dumsor) challenge, mitigate climate change, utilise locally available resources (waste) and provide employment opportunities for indigenes of local communities.
This paper examines the redevelopment and role of bio-energy integration that will allow local communities to produce their own source of energy and electricity (Thomsen, Kadar & Schmidt, 2013), first on pilot basis, and if successful, integrate them into the districts, regional and then the national grid (Ulrike et al, 2014). Experiences in the dissemination of biofuel energy technologies in successful regions are reviewed and factors affecting the dissemination of renewable energy technologies are briefly analyzed.
References: [1] Achempong, T., Ankrah, Ghana Energy Situation Report Q1, 2014. Pricing and deregulation of the energy Sector in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects. Accra. IMANI. 2014. [2] Lerner, M., Severe power crisis in Ghana causing economic pain. Blouin News, 2015. Accra. [3]. Thomsen, S. T.; Kadar, Z. and Schmidt, J. E.; Estimating bioenergy potentials of common African agricultural residues; 2013. [4]. Ulrike, D et al. (2014). Biogas in Ghana. Subsector Analysis of Potential and Framework Conditions. Berlin. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Online at www.export-erneuerbare.de/www.renewables
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No38
Upgrading of carbon-based reductants from biomass pyrolysis under pressurized laboratory kiln
Eric S. Noumi,*,a Patrick Rousset,b Joel Blinc
aInternational Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering (2iE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
bAdvanced Fuel Processing Laboratory (AFPL), The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
cFrench Agriculture Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), 73 rue J. F. Breton, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
The main problems of substitution of top charged coke by charcoal in blast furnace are the missing compressive strength and the too high reactivity of charcoal, which means replacement is only possible in mini blast furnace. Although these furnace permit to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas, their production remain marginal and more research are necessary to upgrade charcoal properties for conventional blast furnace. Recent studies have shown that using pressure can increase gravimetric yields, fixed carbon content and considerably reduce carbonization time. The purpose of this study is to determine in a statistical manner how carbonizations parameters and especially pyrolysis pressure impact the charcoal quality in term of reactivity and mechanical parameter (such as crushing strength and friability). The experiments were based on multivariate statistical concepts, with the application of fractional factorial design techniques to identify the variables that are important synthesis of charcoal. The experimental study was carried out using Eucalyptus Urophylla and Eucalyptus Camadulensis wood and involved two carbonization temperature (350 and 600 °C), two relative working pressure (2 and 6 bars) and two heating rates (1 and 5 °C/min). Six response variables were analyzed and discussed following a random factorial design: the charcoal yield (Ychar), the fixed carbon content (Cf), the bulk density (D), the crushing strength (Rm), friability (F) and the reactivity (R) of charcoal. Except for the friability of charcoal, all other properties are well correlate with carbonization parameter. Given the demand of the steelmaking sector, the best charcoal would appear to be obtained at high temperature above 536 °C, moderate pressure above 5 bars and moderate heating rate around 1.02 °C/min.
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No39
A study on the Energy Consumption and Performance of a Temperature and Humidity Test Chamber
Kwesi Mensah,a Jong Min Choi*,b
aGraduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Country.
*,bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea; Country
[email protected], *,[email protected]
It was demonstrated that, the energy consumption and fluctuation of a constant temperature and humidity test chamber can be reduce significantly by adopting a variable speed compressor to the refrigerating unit. 1.0 Introduction: Temperature and Humidity test chambers are used to perform thermal-environmental simulations on manufactured specimens. These test chambers consume lots of energy during the testing operations. This work focused on minimizing the energy consumption and fluctuation of these chambers 2.0 Experimental Setup and Schematic diagram: Figure 1 shows the picture of the experimental setup and the schematic diagram.
Electric Heater
Humidifer
Evaporator
Test Chamber
Circulating Fans
Refrigeration unit
Supply Air
Return Air
Figure 1: (a) Picture of Exp. Setup (b) Schematic diagram of Exp. setup
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3.0 Experimental Results: Figure 2 shows the results obtained from the experimental investigations.
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
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Relative humidity : 40%RHDry bulb temperature (oC)
25DB
45DB
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tio
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kW
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ir T
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(oC
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Relative humidity = 40%
Compressor Speed (Hz)
Dry bulb temperature (oC)
25
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Figure 2: (a) Power consumption with speed; (b) Air temperature difference with speed (Hz). 4.0 Conclusion: In the aspects of energy savings and fluctuation reduction of temperature and humidity test chambers, it is highly recommended to adopt a refrigerator with a variable speed compressor 5.0 Reference: [1] Mensah, K; Choi, J. M.; You, B. M., Yoon, S.B., Proceedings of KSME Winter conference 2016, 351-352.
No40
African Network for Solar Energy: Achievements in Figures
Manuela ATTOUH, Daniel Ayuk Mbi EGBE
African Network for Solar Energy e.V. (ANSOLE e.V), Ebertstr. 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany. [email protected]; [email protected]
The African Network for Solar Energy (ANSOLE) is a network of more than 1000 learners, experts and institutions that seek to address Africa’s energy problems using environmental-friendly energy sources, including the continent’s abundant solar resources. Initiated on 4 November, 2010 in Sousse, Tunisia, and launched on February 4th, 2011 in Linz, Austria, it is headquartered in Jena, Germany, and boasts branches in 44 African countries and 30 non-African countries. The main focus of ANSOLE is CAPACITY BUILDING as reflected by its 3
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main goals: (1) Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) at various skill levels, (2) Research activities among African and non-African scientists involved in the training of African students and experts, and (3) Promotion of renewable energies in Africa through public education and awareness raising. The following are the organization’s major achievements in figures since its inception. 14 African students have carried out their Master’s and PhD studies thanks to ICTP (International Centre for Theoretical Physics)/ANSOLE-sponsored fellowship programs. 16 African and non-African students with own funds were mediated to African and non-African institutions. Through the funding of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), 5 students from the´Pan African University Institute of Water and Energy Sciences (including Climate Change) (PAUWES) visited relevant renewable energy infrastructure in Germany in May 2016. Over 90 renewable energy related-workshops, meetings, conferences and symposiums have been organized, co-organized and facilitated by ANSOLE throughout the world. At least 30 research works completed by beneficiaries of ICTP/ANSOLE-sponsored fellowship programs have been published in the form of articles in international respected scientific journals. Besides, ANSOLE has published 6 e-Magazines + 1 supplement so far. ANSOLE is supported by 4 partners and has 6 active institutional members. ANSOLE and partners initiated a platform called Bridging Africa, Latin America and Europe on Water and Renewable Energies Applications (BALEWARE). It was officíally launched on December 12th, 2016 at NM-AIST, Arusha, Tanzania. The African Network for Solar Energy is a dynamic and fast-growing organization thanks to its members. So, more ANSOLERs will mean more achievements. Key words: ANSOLE, capacity building, ICTP, fellowship programs, BALEWARE. References: All 6 issues of ANSOLE e-Magazine published between 2014 and 2016.
Manuela Attouh is a translator and conference interpreter by profession. She specializes in the translation of texts in the field of environment from English into French and vice versa. Contact: [email protected].
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No41
The Impact of Various Molecular Distributions of an Anthracene-Containing PPE-PPV on Solid State Properties and Photovoltaic Performance
Christoph Ulbricht,a,b Francesca Tinti,c Vera Cimrova,d Nadia Camaionic and Daniel A. M.
Egbe*,a,b aLinz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, 4040
Linz, Austria. bInstitute of Polymeric Materials and Testing, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69,
4040 Linz, Austria. cInstituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P.
Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. dInstitute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic [email protected]
Conjugated polymers can be pepared with various molecular mass distributions, which can have a distinct impact at the solid state properties and the performance in organic electronic applications such as bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Herein we present the investigation of three poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) batches, which were formed from identical building blocks but exhibit slight variations regarding their molar mass characteristics (Scheme 1).[1]
Scheme 1: Synthesis, molar mass distributions and polymer characteristics of the polymer batches PAnE-PVstat-a,b,c.
Analysis in solid state, e.g. XRD measurements, indicate, that the presence of small molecular mass species lead to a better ordering in the AnE-PVstat films, which seems to facilitate a better performance in bulk-heterojunction solar cell assemblies (Figure 1).
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Figure 1: XRD results of annealed films (left) and solar cell characteristics (right) of the polymer
batches AnE-PVstat-a,b,c.
Acknowledgement: C. Ulbricht and D. A. M. Egbe acknowledge the financial support by FWF through project No: I 1703-N20. Reference: [1] Tinti, F.; Fedlu, K. S.; Gazzano, M.; Righi, S.; Ulbricht, C.; Usluer, Ö.; Pokorna, V.; Cimrova, V.; Yohannes, T.; Egbe, D. A. M; Camaioni, N.; RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 6972.