School uniform 1

School uniform

School children wearing their uniforms, in Madagascar

A school uniform is an outfit—a set ofstandardized clothes—worn primarily for aneducational institution. They are common inprimary and secondary schools in variouscountries (see list of countries below). Whenused, they form the basis of a school's dresscode. Traditionally school uniforms havebeen largely subdued and professional.Boys' uniforms often consist of dark short orlong trousers and light-colored shirt, oftenwith a tie. Girls' uniforms vary greatlybetween countries and schooling systems,but typically consist of a dress or a blouseworn either with a skirt or culottes or undera pinafore; some countries allow girls towear trousers. The use of a blazer orsuit-like jacket for either gender is alsofairly common, especially in countries with relatively cold weather. While some countries have school uniforms thatare essentially standard in all schools using it, others have each school with an individual uniform, varying in colourand often making use of badges.

By country

Argentina

The white uniform of Argentine school children.

White smocks are the most widely known school uniforms of publicschools in Argentina. This appears to be a reflection of the Italianinfluence since Argentina was one of the major destinations for Italianimmigrants in the late 19th and early 20th century. Several Europeancountries in the late 19th century, especially France and Italy, institutedsmocks as a school uniform. They were seen as a way of covering thedifferences in the clothing of children so that poor children would notbe embarrassed by their poor clothing. The children in state schools donot require formal uniforms and children wear their own clothes undertheir smocks. However, many private schools have formal schooluniforms; most of them have adopted English-style school uniforms.

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Australia

Students of the PresbyterianLadies' College, Sydney in

uniform, 1950.

Photograph of the front of anAustralian Year 12 schooluniform top, taken in 2005.

School uniforms in Australia generally follow the British Model.[1] Almost allPrivate and Government schools and All Catholic Schools, in all Australian states,have a compulsory uniform policy, though the degree of enforcement varies amongschool systems.Uniform and appearance is generally strictly enforced in Private andCatholic schools whilst to a lesser degree in the Public system.[2] For boys, theuniforms generally include a button-up white shirt and/or polo shirt together witheither short trousers (especially for summer wear) or long trousers, usually ingrey.[3] Where short trousers are to be worn, long (knee-length) socks in schoolcolours are often required. A Necktie is also usually compulsory for boys and forgirls in Private schools. Blazers are also common in Catholic and Private schools.Girls' uniforms generally include a checkered or striped dress for summer and inmost secondary schools, girls wear a skirt as well as a button-up/polo shirt in winter.There is often a separate uniform just for physical education and sports. It usuallyconsists of shorts and a shirt, as well as a spray jacket and sometimes netball skirtfor girls. It is common for students in their final year of primary school to have theirown hoodie/jumper to denote their final-year status. It is also becoming increasinglycommon for students in their final year of secondary school to have a distinctiveuniform to the other students.

Kids in school uniform with their lunch; BonaEspero School, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Brazil

Brazil

Private schools require their students to wear uniforms, with someexceptions in high school. Public schools usually do not requirestudents to wear uniforms due to the low income of their population,although they might have one. In general, the uniforms consist of a pairof blue pants and white t-shirt with the school symbol printed orembroiled on it. Some schools require specific colors of shoes, likeblack or white. Some high schools offer their students the option ofwearing jeans instead. Schools try to limit the use of other types ofclothing as an attempt to reduce consumerism among students.

BurmaSchool uniforms are mandatory throughout public schools in Burma, from kindergarten until the 10th standard.[4]

From kindergarten to the 4th standard, the compulsory boy uniform is a white shirt and green pants, which can be short or long. Shoes and Burmese sandals may be worn. The girl uniform is similar, consisting of a white shirt and a skirt or pants. From 5th standard until matriculation, traditional Burmese attire is considered appropriate school uniform. The boy uniform is a white shirt (with a Mandarin collar or uncollared) and a green sarong called a paso, along with Burmese sandals. For girls, a traditional Burmese blouse (either the yinzi, with a front opening, or the

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yin-phon, with a side opening) and a green sarong called a htamein are worn, along with Burmese sandals.

School children wearing their uniforms inBurundi

Burundi

School uniforms are compulsory for school children in Burundi.[5]

Cambodia

School children in their uniforms, in the yard ofan elementary school, in Cambodia

Uniforms are now fashionable in Cambodian schools. Before theschool uniform, students would usually wear a white shirt and a skirt orpair of trousers in blue or black. In both primary and secondaryeducation, both male and female students are allowed to wear any styleof clothes within a set dress code, such as regulation colours, length ofskirts, and so on, rather than requiring specific clothes.

Canada

Most public schools in Canada do not require that students wearuniforms, but most include rules against indecent or offensive clothing.Many regions of Canada have publicly-funded Catholic schools, andmany of these schools have uniforms. Prior to the integration of Newfoundland's public (government-funded) schoolsystem in the late 1990s, those public schools administered by the Catholic Church mandated strict, uniform-likedress codes (shirts and ties for boys, dresses or skirts for girls) at the elementary and junior high school levels, liftingmost restrictions for high school students. In recent years, some schools have eliminated skirts and kilts, in favour ofdress pants for girls, or replaced skirts with culottes or a garment called a skort which is a skirt that has an attachedshort on the inside for modesty. Also, bike shorts are sometimes worn under skirts. The tops are either dress shirts orgolf shirts, and either sweaters or sweatshirts are worn. Grey or khaki dress pants are worn by both boys and girls.

Chile

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Chilean students wearing their uniforms.

In Chile, most schools have a uniform.Until 1930, it was uncommon for students to wear a uniform. Underthe government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, all students becameobliged to wear a school uniform. During the administration ofEduardo Frei Montalva, a unified uniform was introduced for all publicand private schools and other education centers. Today, these uniformshave disappeared in private schools, who have preferred to use acustomized one.

China

School uniforms in Xinjiang

Uniforms are a common part of the schools in China. Almost allsecondary schools as well as some elementary schools require studentsto wear uniforms. Uniforms in mainland China usually consist of twosets, one for summer and the other for winter. Uniforms for boys in thewinter usually consist of a zip up sweater and pants, and a collaredshirt (usually white) with shorts or pants in the summer. The uniformsfor girls in the winter are basically the same as the boys' uniform.

Hong Kong

Cheongsam as School UniformNote uniform is plain - markings are

signatures of owners classmates

Most schools in former British colony Hong Kong have British school uniformsand a few schools, especially girl's schools, retain the heritage of using ChineseCheongsam as uniform.[6]

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Cuba

Cuban school girls in their uniforms.

School uniforms are used in Cuba. All students, regardless of age orsex, wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level.Children also wear scarfs as members of Cuban young pioneersorganization.

Denmark

The majority of public and private schools in Denmark do not haveschool uniforms. Historic school uniforms remain, however, at two ofthe countries most famous boarding schools: Herlufsholm School andSorø Akademi.

Dominican RepublicSchool uniforms are required by law in the Dominican Republic, in order to establish equality in education. This lawalso applies to private schools, which generally have school uniforms consisting of a school polo shirt along with adesignated pant color.

England

London pupils in modern school uniform.

School uniforms were first introduced on a large scale during the reignof King Henry VIII.[7] The uniforms of the time were referred as"bluecoats", as they consisted of long trench-coat-style jackets dyedblue. Blue was the cheapest available dye and showed humilityamongst all children. The first school to introduce this uniform wasChrist's Hospital and it is the oldest uniform of any school.[8]

In 1870 the Elementary Education act introduced free primaryeducation for all children. The popularity of uniforms increased andeventually most schools had a uniform.[7] During this period mostuniforms reflected the trends of the age, with boys wearing shorttrousers and blazers until roughly the age of puberty and then long trousers from about 14 or 15. Girls mainly woreblouse, tunic dress and pinafore later progressing towards the beginning of the 20th century to gymslips.[7] [9]

These uniforms continued until the 1950s when after the Butler reforms secondary education was made free and theschool leaving age was raised to 15. These reforms encouraged schools to implement uniform codes which weresimilar to other schools. Distinct "summer" and "winter" uniforms were sometimes required, particularly for girlswhere dresses were mandated for summer and gymslip for winter.[7]

School uniforms are required to be fair for both genders, provide a reasonably low cost and tolerate religiousfreedoms e.g. allowing Sikhs to wear turbans and Muslims to wear headscarfs.[10]

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Germany

Germany’s school children in 2009.

From the 16th century, students (especially of secondary or grammarschools and similar institutions) were often subject to regulations thatprescribed, for example, modest and not too stylish attire. In manycases these regulations were part of wider laws concerning the clothingof all citizens of certain social classes.A blue coat became a widespread, obligatory status symbol of studentsof secondary schools; it fell out of use during the latter half of the 18thcentury. In newer times, school uniforms in any real sense did not existoutside of convent schools and private boarding schools. At times, certain fashions became so widespread that theyapproached uniform status; this is true in particular for so-called student hats (Schülermützen) that becamewidespread from the 1880s on and remained somewhat popular until they were banned by the Nazis. Their wearingwas advocated by teachers and the students themselves and occasionally made mandatory, but never on a national orstate-wide level. Another instance are the sailor suits that became fashionable around the turn of the 19th century.These, too, were not usually a prescribed uniform.[11]

The Nazis banned student hats – the last remaining, if voluntary, form of unified student clothing – because theyconsidered them an attribute of class society. They did, however, institute mandatory membership in the uniformedHitler Youth (HJ) from 1936 on. HJ uniforms were worn in the HJ training academies and in the Napolas; studentsof other schools sometimes wore them to school at their own discretion.In recent times, the introduction of school uniforms has been discussed, but usually the expression "uniform" (theword is the same in German) is avoided in favour of terms like "school clothing" ("Schulkleidung"). School clothinghas been introduced in a small number of schools, for example in Hamburg-Sinstorf in 2000, and in Friesenheim andHaag (Oberbayern) in 2005. In these cases the clothes are collections of shirts, sweaters, and the like, catering tocontemporary fashion senses. Uniforms in a more traditional sense are almost never proposed in earnest.A number of schools also sell branded clothing that can be worn as a sign of school-pride.

Ghana

Students in Ghana wearing their uniform

All children have to wear school uniforms in Ghana.[12] [13] [14]

Recently, there have been public programs through which poorfamilies are offered financial help to buy uniforms. Over 8,000 schooluniforms have been distributed by the government to needy students inthe communities from the Tarkwa Nsuaem municipality, one of themining districts in Ghana, which is severely affected by poverty. Thispolicy is part of a program which was instituted in 2010 as an effortmade by the government to supply disadvantaged children with schooluniforms.[15]

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India

Children wearing uniforms at a primary school ina village in Madhya Pradesh.

Schools uniforms are almost universal in India, from primary tohigher-secondary level. Boys' uniforms often consist of light-coloredshirt and dark long trousers. Girls' uniforms are most often shirt andskirt. Some schools employ Salwar Kameez for girls. Certain schoolsrequire their students to wear a tie; especially many schools run byChristian missionaries. As a policy decision, Indian government do notban children from sporting religious symbols. Some Muslim girls weara veil and many Sikh boys a turban in addition to the school uniform.Most schools, whether public or private, prohibit the male studentsfrom keeping long hair and/or colouring them.

IndonesiaPrimary schools or Sekolah Dasar (SD) students wear a white short-sleeve shirt with red shorts for male students,and below-knee skirts for females.Lower Secondary schools or SMP: Sekolah Menengah Pertama require navy shorts with a short-sleeve white shirtfor male students. Females wear a below-knee-length navy skirt, and short-sleeve white shirt.

An elementary student wearing thetypical white and red uniform in

Indonesia.

Upper Secondary schools SMA: Sekolah Menengah Atas require blue-greytrousers with a short-sleeve white shirt. Females wear a below-knee-lengthblue-grey skirt, and wear short-sleeve white shirts.[16]

Public schools in Indonesia tolerate religious freedoms. For example, Muslimgirls may opt to wear long-sleeve shirts, longer skirts, and jilbab to cover theirheads. Sikh students may also wear turbans. Most schools in Indonesia also havea batik uniform which are usually worn on Thursday or Friday. This kind ofuniform consists of a batik short-sleeve or long-sleeve shirt, with shorts ortrousers for SMA, and below-knee skirts or longer for females. The motives andcolors of batik depend on the school.

The scouts uniform is also used in many schools in Indonesia at least once aweek. The uniform consists of light-brown short-sleeve or long-sleeve shirts,with dark-brown shorts or trousers, and below-knee skirts or longer for females.

Nowadays, with the increase of the number of private schools in Indonesia, mostprivate schools in the country have their own signature school uniform. Most stillconsist of shirts with shorts or trousers for males, and skirts for females, onlywith differences on the color. But, there are also many schools which have different type of uniforms such as vast,suit-like jackets, sailor style uniforms, pinafores, culottes, t-shirts, tartan skirts, military-style uniforms, and so on.Every school also has their own standard grooming. The males are never allowed to have long hair, and are notallowed to color their hair either. Usage of accessories are prohibited for males, while the females are sometimesallowed to use simple accessories.Some schools also pay attention on the kinds of shoes that can be worn. Black or white sneakers are the mostcommon shoes to wear in school. Higher level educated students, such as in SMA or SMK, are required to wearblack-leather shoes.The school badge is usually put on the right sleeve of a shirt, with the school name and location in the left sleeve. The emblem of OSIS (Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah), or School's Intern Student Organization, is put on the shirt's

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left pocket.

IrelandTraditionally, Irish schools have followed the British style of school uniforms. The current school uniforms used inIreland are similar to those in the United Kingdom, but polo-shirts appear to be less popular than in the U.K.. Suitjackets and ties are also less common. Skirts tend to be longer than in the U.K., the most common length is around atthe knees but some schools may have floor length skirts as part of the uniform. Most schools at second level have aschool jacket and an increasing amount of primary schools have introduced them.Some second level schools change uniform after students finish Third Year.

IsraelAccording to former Education Minister Limor Livnat, about 1,400 Israeli public schools require pupils to wearuniforms.[17]

School uniforms used to be the norm in Israel in the state's early days, but have since fallen out of favour. However,in recent years, the number of schools using school uniforms has been increasing once more. Many teachers, parentsand students are in favour of returning the school uniform to common use to prevent the deepening of the gapbetween affluent children and those less well-off. Nowadays school uniforms are mainly associated with schoolsbelonging to the national religious school system, which is separated from secular Jewish schools.[18] Arab Israelischools also frequently require uniforms: for girls, it is often a pinafore to be worn over trousers and shirt.Today, school uniforms in Israel consist only of a shirt with the school logo. In the summer, the uniform shirt is asimple T-shirt, while in the winter, the shirts worn are warm or hooded sweaters. Although the shirts are uniform,they usually come in various colours, and allow students to customize and express themselves even while wearing auniform. The shirts sell for a very small amount of money, so that even those who do not have a lot of money canacquire them.

ItalyIn Italy, school uniforms are uncommon, partially because child uniforms are associated with the era of BenitoMussolini before World War II when children were placed according to their age into Italian Fascist youthmovements and had to wear uniforms inside and outside school.However, until the early 1970s many high schools required girls to wear black grembiule (resembling a doctorsmock) on top of their clothes: no uniform was required for boys. Perhaps this was because at one time high schoolswere the only public schools to admit both sexes (as opposed to junior schools and elementary), and girls may berequired to "cover up" not to distract their male counterparts. Indeed this policy was highly disputed during thesexual revolution of the 1960s and later abolished.Nowadays, many pre-schools advise parents to dress their children with a grembiulino, i.e., a small grembiule,usually shorter and more colourful, that can be purchased cheaply.Some elementary schools advise some kind of grembiule for the younger pupils. Sometimes girls are required towear a pink or white grembiulino, while boys may be required to wear a short cotton jacket, usually blue or black. Inother cases both boys and girls may be required to wear a more neutral blue grembiule.Some parents send their children to school in a grembiule even if the school does not require it.Poet and children's writer Gianni Rodari has described adult life as "a school without grembiule and school desk".[19]

In 2004 the Italian chapter of WWF warned that synthetic grembiules were harmful to pupils.[20]

In July 2008 Education Minister Mariastella Gelmini proposed the re-introduction of the compulsory smock inpublic schools, provoking a debate in the Italian press.[21]

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JamaicaLike most Caribbean countries, all students are required to wear a school uniforms except in tertiary educationinstitutes. Most Jamaican schools are strict where it concerns uniform, usually specifying sock color, shoe color, themaximum height of shoe heels, and the allowed earrings (usually small sleepers or knobs). No jewellery is acommon rule, and a few schools have restrictions for hairstyles. The most common uniform worn by boys is the fullkhaki uniform, often with a crest or epaulet to differentiate between schools.Many Jamaican schools have a slightly different uniform for the 12th grade students in the school, or a completelydifferent uniform with the same colours used in the regular school uniform.

Japan

A winter sailor outfit on a mannequin – note thelong sleeves.

Japan introduced school uniforms in the late 19th century. Today,school uniforms are almost universal in the public and private schoolsystems. They are also used in some women's colleges. The Japaneseword for uniform is seifuku (制服).

In the majority of elementary schools, students are not required to weara uniform to school. Where uniforms are required, many boys wearwhite shirts, short pants, and caps. Young boys often dress moreformally in their class pictures than they do other days of the schoolyear. Girls' uniforms might include a gray pleated skirt and whiteblouse. Occasionally the sailor outfit is used for girls. The uniformcodes may vary by season to work with the environment and occasion.It is common for both boys and girls to wear brightly colored caps toprevent traffic accidents. Also, it is normal for uniforms to be wornoutside of school areas. This is going out of fashion and many studentsare wearing casual dress.The Japanese junior- and senior-high-school uniform traditionally consists of a military style uniform for boys and asailor outfit for girls. These uniforms are based on Meiji era formal military dress, themselves modeled onEuropean-style naval uniforms. The sailor outfit replace the undivided hakama (andon bakama 行灯袴) designed byUtako Shimoda between 1920–30.[22] While this style of uniform is still in use, many schools have moved to moreWestern-pattern parochial school uniform styles. These uniforms consist of a white shirt, tie, blazer or sweater vestwith school crest, and tailored trousers (often not of the same color as the blazer or sweater vest) for boys and awhite blouse, tie, blazer with school crest, and tartan skirt for girls.

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Japanese high school studentswearing the sailor fuku.

Much like the male uniform, the gakuran, the sailor outfit bears a similarity tovarious military styled naval uniforms. The uniform generally consists of ablouse attached with a sailor-style collar and a pleated skirt. There are seasonalvariations for summer and winter: sleeve length and fabric are adjustedaccordingly. A ribbon is tied in the front and laced through a loop attached to theblouse. Several variations on the ribbon include neckties, bolo ties, neckerchiefs,and bows. Common colors are navy blue, white, grey, light green and black.

Shoes, socks, and other accessories are sometimes included as part of theuniform. These socks are typically navy or white. The shoes are typically brownor black penny loafers. Although not part of the prescribed uniform, alternateforms of legwear (such as loose socks, knee-length stockings, or similar) are alsocommonly matched by more fashionable girls with their sailor outfits.

Regardless of what type of uniform any particular school assigns its students, allschools have a summer version of the uniform (usually consisting of just a whitedress shirt and the uniform slacks for boys and a reduced-weight traditional

uniform or blouse and tartan skirt with tie for girls) and a sports-activity uniform (a polyester track suit foryear-round use and a t-shirt and short pants for summer activities). Depending on the discipline level of anyparticular school, students may often wear different seasonal and activity uniforms within the same classroom duringthe day. Individual students may attempt to subvert the system of uniforms by wearing their uniforms incorrectly orby adding prohibited elements such as large loose socks or badges. Girls may shorten their skirts; boys may weartrousers about the hips, omit ties, or keep their shirts unbuttoned.

Because school uniforms are a popular fetish item, second-hand sailor outfits and other items of school wear arebrokered through underground establishments known as burusera, although changes to Japanese law have made suchpractices difficult. The pop group Onyanko Club had a provocative song called "Don't Strip Off the Sailor Suit!"[23]

Sailor outfits, along with other styles of school uniform, play an undeniably large role in otaku culture as evidencedby the large amount of anime, manga, and dōjinshi featuring characters in uniform, Sailor Moon being one of themost popular examples.

MalaysiaIn Malaysia, school uniforms (Malay: Pakaian Seragam Sekolah) are compulsory for all students who attend publicschools. Western style school uniforms were introduced to present-day Malaysia in the late 19th century during theBritish colonial era, but the present design was standardised beginning 1 January 1970. Today, school uniforms arealmost universal in the public and private school systems.The uniforms at Malaysian public schools are as follows:[24]

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Malaysian primary school girls wearing thepinafore

A Malaysian secondary school class photo. Allbut one lady sitting in the front row are wearingthe baju kurung who is the teacher of the class.

• Primary school

• Boys

• White shirt and• Navy blue short trousers; or• Navy blue long trousers

• Girls

• Navy blue pinafore over white shirt; or• White baju kurung (a long tunic that covers the arms) over

long navy blue skirt• Secondary school

• Boys

• White shirt and• Olive green long trousers; or• Olive green short trousers; or• White trousers (generally only for Form 6 students)

• Girls

• Turquoise pinafore over white shirt (Form 1 to Form 5); or• Turquoise skirt with white blouse (generally only for Form 6

students); or• White baju kurung (a long tunic that covers the arms) over

long turquoise skirt (Form 1 to Form 6)

Students are required to wear white socks and white shoes with the above uniform. For modesty reasons as well,most schools require female students who wear the baju kurung to wear a plain-coloured camisole underneath.[25]

[26] [27] [28]

In addition to these, schools usually have their own school badges which must be sewn or ironed on to the uniform -generally at the left chest. Some schools also require students to sew their name tags in addition to the school badge.For upper forms, students generally have to wear a school-specific tie, except those who are wearing the bajukurung.In Malaysia, Muslim girls tend to wear the baju kurung. Most of them start wearing a white tudung (Malaysianversion of the Muslim headscarf or hijab) upon entering secondary school, for religious reasons. Non-Muslim girlstend to wear the pinafore. Some non-Muslim girls wear the baju kurung.Muslim boys may wear Baju Melayu at school on Fridays, often with a songkok hat, so as to be dressed for going tothe mosque for prayers at lunchtime.Girls who choose to wear the pinafore, especially those attending co-ed schools, also usually wear shorts under theirpinafore to allow for carefree movement as the skirt of the pinafore only covers up to the knee. Those who wear thebaju kurung tend not to wear shorts under their long skirt as their long skirt already covers their legs.Neckties are often worn by prefects, class monitors, librarians, and other students of rank. Some schools haveneckties as standard issue, but even then, the neckties are generally reserved for school events and publicappearances, and are not part of the everyday school uniform, the tropical climate making them uncomfortable.The hairstyle of students is also given attention by schools and the Ministry of Education[29] Schools do not allow students to colour their hair. For boys, there is usually a maximum length of hair allowed, for example, the hair must be a few centimetres above the collar, and no sideburns are allowed. Violation of boys' hair regulations is often

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punished with a caning but some schools offer the alternative of an enforced haircut at the school.[30] The use of hairgel is prohibited in some of the stricter schools, in order to prevent excessive hairdressing. For girls with long hair,their hair must be properly tied up, often into a ponytail. Some schools dictate the colour and type of hair accessoriesthat can be used. Some prohibit even girls from having long hair. Wearing make up in school is prohibited.Schools usually enforce their school uniform code thoroughly, with regular checks by teachers and prefects. Studentswho fail to comply may be warned, given demerit points, publicly punished, sent home from school, or caned.[31]

New ZealandTraditionally, many New Zealand Intermediate and high schools have followed the British system of schooluniforms,[32] although it is common in state schools for the boy's uniform to have a jersey and grey short trousersrather than a blazer with tie and pants (long trousers). This usually consists of a variety of the following apparel: an'official' school jersey, jacket and tie, a grey/white shirt, pants and/or shorts, and, in many girls' schools, kilts.Blazers and jackets are of varied colours according to the school - dark or light blue, grey, crimson, scarlet, green orblack. Some follow the British practice of having contrasting colours edging the lapels and jacket fronts. Caps havegenerally been discarded since the 1970s but in many primary schools there is a compulsory broad brimmed floppyhat, in the school colours, to prevent sunburn. Where short trousers are worn, boys were usually required to wearlong dark socks, which may require garters to hold them up.[33] Since 1990 an increasing number of school includesandals as the standard summer foot wear.Being allowed to wear long trousers as part of the uniform, rather than shorts, often marks the transition from juniorto senior classes. At some schools, seniors are allowed to wear non uniform clothing, known colloquially as "mufti".Other students can wear non-uniform clothing on selected days of the school year in lieu of a donation to charity.During the 1980s and 1990s there was a tendency for the traditional uniform to be replaced by cheaper and more'modern' options: polo shirts,[34] polar fleece tops, or a complete doing away with uniforms in favour of mufti. Thistrend seems to have been reversed in recent years and only a small number of secondary schools now do not haveuniforms at all. Intermediate schools usually provide the option of skirts or culottes for girls and sometimes shortswhile boys will wear shorts. Also bike shorts or tights are sometimes worn under girls' skirts and dresses. At highschool girls will usually wear culottes, skirts or pants and boys will wear shorts or pants. Some girls' schools alsohave navy blue skirts and open necked white blouses long in winter and short in summer, as the skirts are notallowed higher than below the knee; the skirts also have splits up the centre at the back. Particularly in the Aucklandregion, older girls (Year 12 and 13) will often wear an ankle length skirt denoting seniority. Year 13 secondaryschool leavers often purchase special leavers jerseys in the school colour which include the students name and asignificant number or nickname. Most secondary schools operate a second hand uniform shop at the start of eachyear. It is a tradition in many school for pupils to sign a leavers blouse or shirt on the last day at school.

Nigeria

Children in Nigeria in school uniforms

School uniforms are used in Nigeria.[35] There are also programs tohelp financially the most disadvantaged families: for instance, theChairman of Ejigbo Local Council Development Area, LCDA,Kehinde Bamigbetan has distributed 7,200 school uniforms to pupils inthe nine primary schools within the council area, with the aim ofimproving the standard of education in Lagos state.[36]

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Northern IrelandThe Northern Ireland Executive supports poor families with the cost of paying for school uniforms with a £35primary school uniform allowance. This is claimed via local Education and Library Boards for parents in receipt ofincome support. At the end of August 2009, there were 24,135 successful applications for the grant.[37] Schooluniforms were introduced to Northern Ireland in the 18th century.

PakistanDue to Pakistan's colonial history public and private sector schools both have uniforms. Although exact designvaries, boys mostly wear shirts and trousers with a tie, while girls wear a dress or a skirt when young and thetraditional "shalwar Kamiz" after turning 12 or 13. Uniforms differ between winters and summers e.g. the colour ofthe trousers might be different in summers, while in winters students will have to wear a blazer, in the summer theywill usually be permitted to leave the blazer off.

A Pakistani student in School Uniform

Although strictly enforced when young, older school childrenpersonalise their clothing e.g. by wearing low coloured jeans instead ofpants, or girls might wear a hijab. Young kids however can face fines,can be sent back home and can even face verbal and physicalpunishment for not wearing the right clothes. Some school provide aday where boys and girls can wear "coloured clothes" i.e. anything thatthey wear normally while others do away with uniforms altogether bythe time they reach A levels.

Philippines

School uniforms are common in Philippine schools for both elementary and high school, as well as a few colleges.For boys, a school uniform normally consists of a collared white shirt (some similar to the Barong Tagalog) withshort sleeves and slacks of either khaki, black, brown or navy blue. For girls, a uniform would be a white blouse withshort or long sleeves, a ribbon or a necktie, and a pleated skirt.

In the 1970s and 80s, school uniforms were usually white long-sleeved shirts and neckties with black slacks forboys, while short or long sleeved blouses with ribbon and blue pleated skirts for girls. During that time, the skirtswere usually shorter, ranging from about half an inch after the upper knee or shorter, while the longest was 1-inch(25 mm) before the lower knee. Due to the growing cases of abuses, the school uniform code for girls slowly grewstricter until the late 1990s, when skirts were made much longer.Some schools, especially for boys, require wearing a coat and tie alongside the white shirt. But this mostly appliesonly in select colleges and international schools.

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Russia

Girls at the last bell celebration, wearing thetraditional Soviet school uniform.

In Russia, school uniforms were abolished after the 1917 revolution,but were re-introduced in 1948. Initially, the new uniform was verysimilar to that in place before the communist takeover. Wearinguniform was made mandatory and pupils were penalized for notfollowing the rules.

The style of Soviet school uniform was modernized in 1962, and sincethat time was modified each decade. There could be some variationsacross different Soviet Republics. Boys generally wore dark blue pantsand jackets, girls — brown dresses with black aprons and black bows(on special occasions, white aprons and bows were worn). Themembers of the Young Pioneer organization, to which literally everystudent belonged, wore famous red neckties. Special sport uniforms also existed for physical education classes. Inthe early 1980s, a dark blue three-piece suit was introduced for girls and the strict rules on haircuts were loosened.

In 1992, mandatory school uniforms were abolished. Today, there is no unified standard uniform in Russia; however,certain schools may have their own uniform that students are required to wear. Educational institutions without auniform may also have a certain dress code.There is also a modern-day tradition for girls to dress into brown Soviet-style school uniform for their graduationceremony.

ScotlandScottish law is not specific on the question of school uniform. Generally, the school must provide information on itspolicy on clothing and uniform and the Education Authority must provide written information on its general policyon wearing school uniform. Some Education Authorities do not insist on students wearing a uniform as aprecondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities.[38]

Children cannot be disciplined for not wearing a uniform if their parents do not want their child to wear it. However,a child that simply refuses to wear the school uniform can be disciplined by the school if it thinks that academic ordisciplinary problems might be caused by the refusal. Many schools do have a policy covering the wearing of schoolclothing. The policy may state that certain items must be worn and that other items cannot be worn, for example,jeans. Schools must take religious and cultural requirements into account when drawing up a school uniformpolicy.[39]

Although the way that the uniforms are worn are usually not an issue, although some state schools may haveregulation on the subject (e.g. height of ties, whether the shirt is tucked in or not), the selection of clothes worn,whether they follow the policy, can be very strict. For example, in black and white colour uniform schools, wearingcolours such as grey or wearing white shoes is forbidden. However in schools that only use a basic uniform (e.g.jumper and trousers) the policy is often less strict.

School uniform 15

Singapore

Over one thousand students in uniform during anassembly at a secondary school in Singapore.

Uniform is compulsory for all students, not only at primary andsecondary school but also at the pre-university (Junior College)level.[40] Though the colors vary from school to school, the normaluniform for boys is shorts or long pants in the specified colour andmaterial, with a short-sleeved shirt (often white) while girls' uniformsinclude pinafores or skirts, with blouses and shorts underneath.

Uniform requirements are laid down in great detail by each school andthese are rigorously enforced.[41] Colours and styles for shirts orblouses, and for trousers or skirts, are tightly specified, and in somecases the shirt or blouse must have military-style epaulettes, and/or ametal badge on each collar, and so on. Because of the tropical climate,blazers and ties are worn only for special occasions. In some schools, ties are also worn on Mondays. It is thereforethe boy's shirt or girl's blouse, rather than a blazer as in the UK, on to which the school badge must be sewn. Nearlyall schools require white socks and white shoes. Some schools forbid girls to wear coloured bras.[42] [43]

At almost all secondary schools, boys are not permitted to wear long trousers until they start secondary 3 (normallythe year in which a student turns 15, but in certain cases he might be a year or even two years older). In a fewschools, the year of changing from shorts to longs is secondary 4; and in one or two, such as Catholic High School,male students must wear short trousers throughout their time at the school.[44]

South Africa

Typical example of an assembly in a SouthAfrican school. All students are in uniform, with

a sharp difference between the sexes.

As in many other former British colonies, all South African private andpublic schools have a uniform, and it is compulsory in all publicschools and in the vast majority of private schools for children abovepre-school level.[45] Uniform types vary less between public andprivate schools than they do across regions, where schools in morerural areas tend to forgo the daily wearing of ties and/or blazers forboys and girls regardless of their public or private nature. However,many of these same schools will have a "number ones" uniform forspecial occasions which include such items. In cities such as CapeTown, on the other hand, it is more common to see formal apparelrequired in public and private schools on a daily basis. Many schoolsacross South Africa also provide the choice between a summer andwinter uniform, with khaki uniforms and brown shoes being very common in the summer. South African law has notrequired gender neutrality in school dress codes and a distinction between girls' and boys' uniforms remains. Boys ofall ages are normally required to wear grey or khaki long or short trousers with socks, and the socks are usually longwhen worn with shorts, as in the illustration (right). Until recently, the straw boater was a common accessory inaffluent public and private high schools, although these have now become optional in some cases.[46]

South KoreaAlmost all South Korean secondary students wear a uniform called Gyobok(Korean: 교복). The majority of elementary schools except some private elementary schools do not have uniforms; however, the uniform is strictly monitored from the start of middle school and up. Based on Western-style uniforms, the South Korean uniform usually consists of a shirt, blazer and tie, with skirts for girls and long grey trousers for boys. More recently, the uniform is often worn by celebrities who target the younger, teen audience to sell entertainment products. The school

School uniform 16

uniform and school setting is frequently used as a venue for romance. As a result, the uniform has become somethingakin to an expression of fashion amongst students.

Sri LankaAll public and private schools in Sri Lanka require their students to wear uniforms. In public schools, this uniform isstandard for boys with a white short sleeve shirt (long sleeve shirt for ceremonial occasions) and some schools allowlong sleeve shirts with rolled up sleeves for normal schooling. Blue or white (white for ceremonial occasions in someschools) shorts for boys under grade 10 (15 years of age) and white longs for boys of and above grade 10.Girls' uniforms may differ from school to school, however all uniforms are a white single piece frock. Thedifferences may include the dress having short sleeves or no sleeves and having a collar or not. Most girls schoolsrequire their students to wear a tie.For ceremonial occasions both boys and girls may wear the a white or black blazer (depending on the school, with itsbadge and also the blazer may be of a school colour; e.g.:- maroon) with the school's tie.The materials required for uniform is distributed free by the government in public schools regardless of student'sfinancial status, but it's not uncommon to use own funding instead of the distributed material.International schools have their own individual uniforms of different color and styles.

Thailand

Thai school girls in uniform skirt and blouse.

In Thailand students of all ages from pre-school to college wear schooluniforms. The uniforms from each school and age level are different.Generally, boys wear a white dress shirt and a pair of shorts. The colorand length of the shorts varies per school. Male college students wearthe same kind of uniform, but instead of shorts they wear black dresspants. Girls usually wear white blouses and a skirt. Their skirts vary incolor and length depending upon the school and their ages. Generallythe younger students wear long skirts that almost reach their ankles andthe college students wear shorter ones. Skirts are generally blue orblack but may be other colors too depending on the school. Someschools also have alternative uniforms which students of both genderswear every other day. These often consist of a colored shirt and slacks.

Tonga

Royal New Zealand Navy Petty Officer RichardBoyd dances with Tongan school children during

a Pacific Partnership 2009 community serviceproject at Faleloa Primary School.

In Tonga all schools require a uniform. Uniforms are usually in thecolours of their respective churches and Red for Government Schools.Catholic schools are usually light blue, Wesleyan (Royal Blue),Anglican (Navy Blue) and LDS Schools (Green). A Ta'ovala borderedwith school colours and a tupenu are usually worn by boys with awhite button up shirt, Primary school students usually wear shorts anda white button up shirt. Nearly all Tongan secondary schools requiregirls to wear a pinafore dress with a white shirt except for Catholicschools which allow a striped blouse and skirt. Students are usuallyrequired to wear roman sandals in English medium schools and thongsin most other schools.

School uniform 17

TurkeySchool uniforms are used in all public and private institutions. There are several exceptions and most kindergartensdo not require school uniforms. The uniforms vary in their appearance; primary schools use one-piece blue uniformswhile in secondary and highschools boys wear dark grey trousers with white or light blue shirts, jackets and a tie.Girls have skirts and shirts coloured like boys plus a tie. Most private institutions have their own uniforms. Schooluniforms for primary schools were black coloured until 1990s.In summer months, teachers usually allow their students if they do not prefer to wear uniforms. Also during tripsstudents usually do not wear uniforms. None of the universities or higher education institutes have uniforms.School uniforms have a long history in Turkey. They were first introduced because normal clothing would give hintsabout the child's family's economic situation. In order to prevent groupings amongst children from different socialclasses, uniforms were accepted.

United KingdomFor details of school uniform in each country of the United Kingdom, see: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland andWales.

United States

Students in a Houston, Texas public high schoolwearing school uniforms.

In the United States, almost all schools have a dress code of some sort.Most of them regulating student attire specify what colors and types ofclothes can be worn and what types of clothing accessories are allowed(i.e. belts, jewelry, earrings, etc). Uniforms in the United States aretypically informal (along the style of "smart casual"), unlike those inthe Britain and Latin America, whose dress codes are usually stricter.Normally, dress codes consist of items along the following lines:[47]

School uniform 18

A boy wearing the dress code prescribed by hisschool (any solid color polo shirt, tucked in; pants

(no jeans); and solid color belt). This type ofdress code is common in the U.S., even more so

in cities.

Boys' Dress Codes

• Trousers - Mainstream schools require students wear trousers andshorts with a belt (see below).

• Collared shirts - Types usually depend on age of student. Youngerchildren usually wear "dressy" solid-colored polo or golf shirts,while students who are older or in high school typically wearOxfords or blouses. Most public secondary schools require studentsto tuck in shirts, however, dress codes are usually less strict inprimary school. Although many schools have strict dress codes, thedegree of enforcement varies.

• Tie - Required at nearly all private schools, but most public schoolsdo not require them.

• Turtleneck• Sweater• Shorts - Some schools require students wear trousers or shorts with

a belt (see below). In some schools, shorts are not allowed.[47]

• Blazers - Usually in private or prep schools. Very uncommonelsewhere.

• Belt - Usually leather, with studs and rivets not allowed. About halfof all public schools have rules about students wearing belts, withabout 62 - 80% (percentages higher in urban and suburban areas) ofthose schools requiring that all students wear them at all times.[47]

• Flat soled shoes or dress sneakers. Most students wear sneakers ifthey attend a public school, and dress shoes if they attend a private or inner-city school.[47] Mainly, schools tendto leave choice of shoes to parents.

Girls' Dress Codes

• Skirts - Usually plaid or a solid color in private schools, but public schools usually offer more choices. Nearly allschools have a length requirement. Some public schools prohibit girls from wearing skirts.[48]

• Skorts - More common in lower grades. At about 5th grade female students usually start to wear skirts or ajumper dress as part of a dress code or uniform.[47]

• Jumper dresses - Common in private schools, but uncommon most everywhere else.• Culottes• Capri Pants - Usually not allowed in more strict schools. Some of the more informal public schools allow girls to

wear them within certain guidelines.[47]

• Trousers, more commonly referred to as Pants and Slacks - Some schools require female students wear skirts orskorts.[48]

• Collared shirts - Types usually depend on age of student. Younger children usually wear "dressy" solid-coloredpolo or golf shirts, while students who are older or in high school typically wear Oxfords or blouses. About 40 -60% of all public schools (percentages higher in urban and suburban areas) require students to tuck in shirts,although the degree of enforcement varies.[47]

• Turtleneck• Sweater• Shorts - Some public schools prohibit girls from wearing shorts.• Tennis Dress - Uncommon in schools with and without dress codes in urban areas.

School uniform 19

• Tights - Private schools and schools with strict dress codes usually require girls wear these with a skirt or jumper.• Knee Socks - See tights description above.• Leggings• Bike Shorts which are like short leggings or tights. Not allowed in many schools.• Flat soled shoes or dress sneakers. Most students wear sneakers if they attend a public school, and dress shoes if

they attend a private or inner-city school.[47] Mainly, schools tend to leave choice of shoes to parents.

Uniform Studies & Legislation

Adolfo Santos, a political science professor at the University of Houston–Downtown, stated that many Hispaniccommunities in the United States choose uniforms because many immigrants originate from countries with schoolsrequiring uniforms.[49]

Sylvan I. Alleyne, Velma LaPoint, Jennifer Lee and Harold W. Mitchell of The Journal of Negro Education statedthat little empirical research exists regarding how effective school uniforms are in how effectively uniforms enhanceacademic performance and social environments, and also that little research exists regarding teachers' beliefsregarding the nature of issues related to dress codes, and especially so regarding racial and ethnic minorities.[50] Inthe United States, literature regarding public school student clothing and behavior cites anecdotal viewpoints fromteachers, and the literature discussed opinions on faculty, staff, and other employees on how to deal with studentdress issues.[51] A 2003 article of The Journal of Negro Education said that research and reports regarding thebeneficial impact of school uniforms was not conclusive. Also, despite the Federal Government of the United Statesissuing a set of guidelines encouraging school uniform usage in American public schools, as of 2003 politicalsupport for uniforms varies.[52]

In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District, in Southern California, required school uniforms in all elementaryand middle schools. This began a trend for uniforms in American elementary public schools, especially in urbanschool districts. President Clinton mentioned LBUSD's efforts in his 1996 State of the Union Address. The adoptionof school or district-wide uniform policies (or, alternatively, "standardized dress codes" – which are not as rigid asschool uniform requirements, but allow some leeway within set parameters) has been motivated by a need to counter"gang clothing" (or, in the alternative, the pressure for families to purchase upscale-label clothing to avoid theirchildren being ignored by "fashion cliques"), as well as to improve morale and school discipline.By 2010, the percentage of U.S. public schools requiring uniforms had increased from 3% in 1996 to 18%.[53]

In Puerto Rico, the Puerto Rico Department of Education requires all students to wear school uniforms, and onlyallows for medical exemptions.[54]

Venezuela

School uniforms in Venezuela.

School uniforms are used in Venezuela. All school children have towear them.[55] By Venezuelan decree, uniforms are required at allschools in all grades.[56] Students in nursery are often referred to as"yellow shirts", after the color of uniform they must wear according tothe Uniform Law, while students in kindergarten are called "red shirts".

Wales

The Welsh Assembly Government issued detailed guidance togoverning bodies on uniform and appearance policies that begins bymaking explicit, "There is no education legislation specifically

School uniform 20

covering the wearing of school uniform or other aspects of appearance such as hair colour and style, and the wearingof jewellery and makeup. However, as part of its responsibility for the conduct of the school, a governing body canspecify a uniform which pupils are required to wear and other rules relating to appearance."[57]

EfficacyThe efficacy of uniforms, in improving academic performance and student attitudes, is often debated.A study published in The Journal of Educational Research by David L. Brunsma, of the University of Alabama, andKerry A. Rockquemore, of the University of Notre Dame,[58] states:"The findings indicate that student uniforms have no direct effect on substance use, behavioral problems, orattendance. A negative effect of uniforms on student academic achievement was found."In Vivian Gussin Paley's book, White Teacher, she discusses the need to embrace differences, not ignore them.[59]

A randomized study by Evans et al. looked at the effect of school uniforms on Kenyan children's truancy and gradesbetween 2001-2004. The project included giving school uniforms to children who could otherwise not afford one(and consequently may have suffered from various forms of stigma discouraging school attendance). The authorssummarized that "giving a school uniform reduces school absenteeism by 44% for the average student, and 62% forstudents who did not previously own a uniform. The program also raised test scores for recipients by 0.25 standarddeviations in the year after inception."[60]

Laws and rulings against school uniformsIn the Australian state of Queensland, Ombudsman Fred Albietz ruled in 1998 that public schools may not requireuniforms.[61]

In 2006, a new Education Act was passed within Queensland, Australia. This Act gives school staff within the publiceducation system the power to assign punishment for non-compliance with school uniform dress code. According tothe Act, students may not be suspended or expelled for non-compliance with the dress code. Punishment consists ofone only of the following three choices for each non-compliance: 1. Detention. 2. Exclusion from any activity that isa non-essential part of the school's education program. 3. Exclusion from any activity where the student will berepresenting the school.In the Philippines, the Department of Education abolished the requirement of school uniforms in public schools perDepEd Order No. 45, s. 2008. However, a school attire was required under DepEd Order No. 46, s. 2008. Thefollowing were "suggested" as proper school attire in the latter order: Polo shirt or t-shirt with sleeves and pants formales; dresses, skirt and blouse or blouse and pants for females.[62]

In England and Wales, technically a state school may not permanently exclude students for "breaching schooluniform policy", under a policy promulgated by the Department for Children, Schools and Families but students notwearing the correct uniform are asked to go home and change.In Scotland, some local councils (that have responsibility for delivering state education) do not insist on studentswearing a uniform as a precondition to attending and taking part in curricular activities.[38]

Turkey abolished mandatory uniforms in 2010.[63]

In the United States, a few states have regulations declaring that public schools must allow students to drop out ofuniform policies. Although Section 83 of the Massachusetts Legislature appears to prohibit dress codes in publicschools by declaring that schools may not "abridge the rights of students as to personal dress and appearance",[64]

Section 86 states that "The provisions of sections eighty-three to eighty-five, inclusive, shall apply only to cities andtowns which accept the same" [65] and other sections of the law allow schools to impose dress codes, and in factmany public schools in Massachusetts (mostly in the Boston area) have mandatory school uniforms.[66]

School uniform 21

In 1969, the United States Supreme Court ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Districtaffirmed students' rights to free expression in public schools, although this related to the wearing of a black armband(not to uniforms as such). California Education Code 48907 affirms students' rights to "the wearing of buttons,badges, and other insignia" as well freedom of speech in student publications, subject to limited restrictions.

Sources cited• Alleyne, Sylvan I., Velma LaPoint, Jennifer Lee and Harold W. Mitchell. "Black Educators' Views on Middle

School Students' Dress and Uniforms: Addressing Challenges from Commercialism [67]." The Journal of NegroEducation. Vol. 72, No. 4, Commercialism in the Lives of Children and Youth of Color: Education and OtherSocialization Contexts (Autumn, 2003), pp. 418-426.

References[1] The Australian school system (http:/ / www. intedu. com/ australia_australianschoolsystem. php) at International Education.[2] See e.g. Fairhills High School uniform rules. (http:/ / data. fairhillshs. vic. edu. au/ new/ uniform/ )[3] See e.g. school uniform price list (http:/ / www. dobsons. com. au/ static_site/ pdf/ St Kevins College. pdf) making distinction between

summer uniform and winter uniform.[4] Myanmar Times & Business Reviews (http:/ / www. myanmar. gov. mm/ myanmartimes/ no267/ MyanmarTimes14-267/ t008. htm)[5] http:/ / www. betterplace. org/ projects/ 2112-educational-for-street-children-in-burundi[6] Evolution and revolution: Chinese dress 1700s-1990s - Cheungsam (http:/ / www. powerhousemuseum. com/ hsc/ evrev/ cheungsam. htm)[7] "The History of School Uniforms" (http:/ / histclo. com/ schun/ hist/ schun-hist. html). Historical Boys Clothing. Unknown. . Retrieved 28

August 2008.[8] "Bluecoat Schools" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070708213229/ http:/ / www. archivist. f2s. com/ bsu/ Blcoat. htm). Boys School

Uniform. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. archivist. f2s. com/ bsu/ Blcoat. htm) on 8 July 2007. . Retrieved 28 August 2008.[9] I "Victorian Girl's School Uniform" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060427090834/ http:/ / www. objectlessons. org/ ol/ index.

php?mod=PageMod. showComponent& component_id=137). Object lessons. Unknown. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.objectlessons. org/ ol/ index. php?mod=PageMod. showComponent& component_id=137) on 27 April 2006. . Retrieved 28 August 2008.

[10] "School uniform" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ cbbcnews/ hi/ find_out/ guides/ 2003/ school_uniform/ newsid_3181000/ 3181847. stm), CBBCNewsround, retrieved on 28 August 2008.

[11] M. Freyer. "Geschichte der Schulkleidung". In H. Liedtke. Handbuch der Geschichte des Bayerischen Bildungswesens. 4. pp. 273 ff..[12] .http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ cbbcnews/ hi/ newsid_4690000/ newsid_4697700/ 4697717. stm[13] http:/ / allafrica. com/ stories/ 201012210852. html[14] http:/ / www. pbs. org/ newshour/ extra/ globalcafe/ peacecorps/ ghana/ ghana_nicholas5. html[15] http:/ / www. afriquejet. com/ news/ africa-news/

ghana-education:-over-8,000-school-uniforms-distributed-to-pupils-of-tarkwa-nsuaem-201102111143. html[16] [Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Education: School Uniforms http:/ / pendidikan. jogja. go. id/ index. php?pilih=hal& id=9[17] Israel QA File news, Israel diplomatic map (http:/ / www. haaretz. com/ hasen/ pages/ QA. jhtml?qaNo=111)[18] Dr. Zvi Zameret, Fifty Years of Education in the State of Israel (http:/ / www. mfa. gov. il/ MFA/ History/ Modern History/ Israel at 50/

Fifty Years of Education in the State of Israel), Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 14 July 1998.[19] "la scuola dei grandi" (http:/ / tuttomio. splinder. com/ post/ 10825033/ la+ scuola+ dei+ grandi).[20] "WWF: attenti ai tessuti di grembiuli e abitini per bambini" (http:/ / www. vita. it/ articolo/ index. php3?NEWSID=47573), VITA magazine,

13 September 2004.[21] Associated Press, "Students Protest as Italian Senate Passes Reforms" (http:/ / abcnews. go. com/ International/ wireStory?id=6137276),

ABC News, 29 October 2008.[22] 制服でたどる百年 (http:/ / www. hyogo-c. ed. jp/ ~kaibara-hs/ gaiyo/ 100nen/ 33. htm)[23] Grigsby, Mary (1998). "Sailormoon: Manga (Comics) and Anime (Cartoon) Superheroine Meets Barbie: Global Entertainment Commodity

Comes to the United States" The Journal of Popular Culture 32 (1) 59-80 doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1998.3201_59.x[24] Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 1997. Surat Pekeliling lkhtisas Bil. 3/1983 - Pakaian Seragam Murid-murid Sekolah. Retrieved 4 June

2007. Available online at http:/ / www. pibg. net. my/ pekeliling. e. php[25] SMK Perempuan Sandakan. Peraturan Sekolah' (http:/ / www. sabah. edu. my/ smkperempuan_sdk/ peraturan_sekolah. pdf)'. Retrieved 5

June 2007.[26] Aliran Pemikiran Pendidik Malaysia. Peraturan Sekolah' (http:/ / www. mypendidik. net/ portal/ modules. php?name=News& file=article&

sid=313)'. Retrieved 5 June 2007.[27] Tan Ee Loo, "Teachers and students scoff at 'baseless' statement" (http:/ / www. thestar. com. my/ news/ story. asp?file=/ 2008/ 5/ 23/

nation/ 21337967& sec=nation), The Star, Kuala Lumpur, 23 May 2008.

School uniform 22

[28] Tan Ee Loo, "Student with 'too transparent' uniform can be told to wear undergarment" (http:/ / www. thestar. com. my/ news/ story.asp?file=/ 2008/ 5/ 24/ nation/ 21340961& sec=nation), The Star, Kuala Lumpur, 24 May 2008

[29] Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 1997. Surat Pekeliling lkhtisas Bil. 2/1976 - Potongan Rambut Murid-murid' (http:/ / www. pibg. net.my/ pekeliling. e. php)'. Retrieved 5 June 2007.

[30] "Students get a trimming from their peers" (http:/ / www. corpun. com/ mysc9808. htm), The Star, Kuala Lumpur, 12 August 1998.[31] Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 2003. Surat Pekeliling Iktisas Bil:7/2003 - Kuasa Guru Merotan Murid (http:/ / data. ppk. kpm. my/

article. cfm?id=110). Retrieved 4 June 2007.[32] Elaine Webster, "New Zealand School Uniforms in the Era of Democracy: 1965 to 1975" (http:/ / www. ingentaconnect. com/ content/

maney/ cos/ 2008/ 00000042/ 00000001/ art00012) in Costume, Volume 42, Number 1, 2008 , pp. 169-183(15).[33] Pictured at The History of School Uniforms (http:/ / histclo. com/ Schun/ hist/ schun-hist. html).[34] See e.g. Uniform rules (http:/ / www. lphs. school. nz/ files/ Uniform. pdf) at Logan Park High School.[35] http:/ / www. motherlandnigeria. com/ education. html[36] http:/ / www. vanguardngr. com/ 2011/ 03/ ejigbo-lcda-distributes-7-200-school-uniforms-to-pupils/[37] "Ruane welcomes new uniforms for the new school term" (http:/ / www. northernireland. gov. uk/ news/ news-de/ news-de-september-2009/

news-de-150909-ruane-welcomes-new. htm) (Press release). Northern Ireland Executive. 15 September 2009. .[38] "Authority Strategic Statement of Inverclyde Education Service" (http:/ / google. com/ search?q=cache:_2CHzVd1wcUJ:gourockhigh.

inverclyde. sch. uk/ GetAsset. aspx?id=fAAxADYANAB8AHwARgBhAGwAcwBlAHwAfAA0AHwA0& cd=3& hl=en& ct=clnk& gl=us).Gourock High School. . Retrieved 28 September 2009.

[39] "Problems at School" (http:/ / www. adviceguide. org. uk/ scotland/ your_family/ education_scotland/ problems_at_school_scotland.htm#generalappearance). Adviceguide. Citizen Advice. . Retrieved 14 April 2010.

[40] Summary record of the 909th meeting (http:/ / www. unhchr. ch/ tbs/ doc. nsf/ 0/ da228f6850b9feeac1256dbb0026e19c/ $FILE/ G0344196.doc), UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, September 2003, para 24.

[41] See e.g. School rules (http:/ / www. canberrasec. net/ home/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=58& Itemid=111), CanberraSecondary School.

[42] "School Rules and Regulations" (http:/ / www. stmargaretssec. moe. edu. sg/ wbn/ slot/ u1654/ about us/ school rules 2009 . doc). St.Margaret's Secondary School. 2009. . Retrieved 19 February 2010. "Students are not allowed to wear coloured top undergarments. Only whiteand nude colours are allowed."

[43] "Discipline matters" (http:/ / docs. google. com/ Doc?docid=0ARYIJATzZn9NZGR2a3RuNWhfMWdzanczcWN4& hl=en_GB). FairfieldMethodist Secondary School. 21 June 2006. .

[44] "My Shorts Will Go On", Stomp (Straits Times Interactive) (http:/ / www. stomp. com. sg/ stink/ spill_insync_shorts2. html). Retrieved 22August 2006.

[45] "A parent's guide to schooling" (http:/ / www. southafrica. info/ services/ education/ edufacts. htm#21), SouthAfrica.info.[46] Picture of senior high school boys in blazers, short trousers and straw boaters (http:/ / www. corpun. com/ rules2. htm#zaschools).[47] Information on US School Uniforms (http:/ / www. schooluniformstats. com/ US/ public/ uniform_and_dress_code_info. html)[48] " Brainerd High School, Chattanooga TN, Dress Code 2011 (http:/ / www. hcde. org/ Themes/ HCDE/ media/ brainerd-high-dress-code.

pdf)[49] Viren, Sarah. " Demographics may dictate uniformity (http:/ / www. chron. com/ CDA/ archives/ archive. mpl?id=2007_4416999)."

Houston Chronicle. 3 September 2007. A1. Retrieved 13 May 2010.[50] Alleyne et al 418[51] Alleyne et al 418-419[52] Alleyne et al 419[53] " More public schools requiring uniforms (http:/ / www. miamiherald. com/ 2010/ 08/ 31/ 1800094/ more-public-schools-requiring. html)."

Associated Press at the Miami Herald. Tuesday 31 August 2010. Retrieved on 31 August 2010.[54] " VOLANTE SUPLETORIO REGLAMENTO GENERAL DE ESTUDIANTES DEL SISTEMA DE EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA DE

PUERTO RICO QUE DEROGA EL REGLAMENTO NÚMERO 5364 DE 17 DE ENERO DE 1996 (http:/ / www. de. gobierno. pr/ dePortal/Descargas/ REGLAMENTOCONDENSADO20042005. pdf)," Puerto Rico Department of Education

[55] http:/ / www. virtualcampuses. eu/ index. php/ Venezuela[56] http:/ / www. ediplomat. com/ np/ post_reports/ pr_ve. htm[57] Guidance to Governing Bodies on Uniform and Appearance Policies (http:/ / wales. gov. uk/ dcells/ publications/ publications/

guidanceandinformation/ uniformandappearance/ guidanceschooluniforme. pdf?lang=en) wales.gov.uk, 25 February 2008[58] David L. Brunsma; Kerry A. Rockquemore (September/October 1998). "Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems,

Substance Use, and Academic Achievement" (http:/ / sociology. missouri. edu/ New Website WWW/ Faculty and Staff/ Assets/ DavidBrunsma/ Examining the Effects of Students Uniforms on Attendance. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 30 November 2007.

[59] Gutek, Gerald L. "Historical and Philosophical Fondations of Education: A Biographical Introduction."[60] Evans et al.. "The Impact of Distributing School Uniforms on Children's Education in Kenya" (http:/ / www. povertyactionlab. org/

evaluation/ impact-distributing-school-uniforms-childrens-education-kenya). . Retrieved 17 May 2011.[61] "Those disgusting School Uniforms (B)" (http:/ / www. optionality. net/ mag/ oct98a. html). Optionality Magazine. . Retrieved 30

November 2007.

School uniform 23

[62] "Is it legal to impose school uniforms?" (http:/ / eduphil. org/ forum/ showthread. php?tid=1052& pid=5294#pid5294). . Retrieved 17 May2009.

[63] School uniform requirement to be abolished (http:/ / www. todayszaman. com/ tz-web/news-210471-101-school-uniform-requirement-to-be-abolished. html)

[64] General Laws (http:/ / www. mass. gov/ legis/ laws/ mgl/ 71-83. htm)[65] General Laws (http:/ / www. mass. gov/ legis/ laws/ mgl/ 71-86. htm)[66] http:/ / boston. k12. ma. us/ dept/ NEWdocs/ SUP-18. pdf[67] http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 3211193

External links• Should school uniforms be mandated in elementary schools? (http:/ / www. danenet. wicip. org/ ncs/

forumuniformseval. htm)• Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative: A Prevention-Intervention Strategy for Urban Schools,

The (http:/ / www. findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_qa3626/ is_200310/ ai_n9248791)• NAESP : >>Information and Resources: Public School Uniforms (http:/ / www. naesp. org/ ContentLoad.

do?contentId=929:)• What's in a school uniform? (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 4755367. stm) BBC• School Uniform: Japan (http:/ / histclo. com/ schun/ country/ jap/ schunjap. html) at Boys' Historical Clothing• Design & Mystique of the Japanese School Uniform (http:/ / pingmag. jp/ 2008/ 03/ 31/ japanese-school-uniform/

) at yingyang• A Typical United States of America School Dress Code (http:/ / www. polk-fl. net/ parents/ generalinformation/

dresscode. htm)

Article Sources and Contributors 24

Article Sources and ContributorsSchool uniform  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459096826  Contributors: -Stamps95, A man alone, AGWA, ARKdeEREH, Aaron Brenneman, Abdullais4u, Abi79, Abrech,Academic Challenger, Acewolf359, Addshore, Ahoerstemeier, Aiman abmajid, Ajraddatz, Aka042, Aktron, Alan_d, Alansohn, Alarics, Alex.muller, AlexJ, Alexandraew, Altenmann, Alygator,Amandalu862, Anaxial, Anetode, Angie Y., Angr, Anna Frodesiak, Anna Lincoln, Anne, Anticipation of a New Lover's Arrival, The, Antonio Lopez, Arakunem, Arichnad, Arjun024, ArtLaPella, Arthena, Atikinnosliw, AtlantisX, AussieLegend, Autiger, Avoided, Axlq, AzaToth, BIRO, Badwolftv, Baqu11, Bardock24, BaronVonchesto, Before My Ken, Beligaronia,Belovedfreak, Bennity, Bevo74, Bezuidenhout, BigHaz, BlankVerse, Blaze02, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boing! said Zebedee, Bped1985, Bradeo123, BrentG, Brian Crawford, Brucedun, Bulldog73,CJHung, CWY2190, CWii, Calliopejen, Calliopejen1, Caltas, Calvin 1998, Camptown, CapitalR, CatherineMunro, Cavernosa, Ccacsmss, Ccrazymann, Cctoide, CharlieEchoTango, Che yMarijuana, Checkforpulse, Cheezexyz, Chester Markel, Choster, Chris Henniker, Chrislk02, ChristineNV, Cibwins, Cjrs 79, Cleveland Rock, Closedmouth, Codetiger, Colincbn, Colinmorrow,Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, CompuBrains, Coolguyhunksmart, CopperKettle, Courcelles, Crystallina, Curstetter12, D, DAJF, DXRAW, DanMS, DaneDuDe, Daniel, Darshanaads,Davidelit, Dbtfz, Deagle AP, DerHexer, Dicple, Diego Grez, Discospinster, Doc Strange, Doctorhawkes, DoktorDec, Dougofborg, DougsTech, Dr Gangrene, Dragonix, Drappel, Drm310,Dysprosia, EaCalendula, EamonnPKeane, Earlypsychosis, Edwardw818, Eeekster, Egard89, Egy Aldie Poetra, ElKevbo, Emeraude, Emre D., Engsamnang, EoGuy, Epbr123, Eric-Wester,Eriryoutan, Error, Escowles, Espertinha, Esteffect, EvilFred, Excirial, Exxolon, FaerytaleMalice, Falconus, Faradayplank, Fastestdogever, Fg2, Firetrap9254, Fishiehelper2, FlareNUKE, Flarkins,Flubbit, FluffyWhiteCat, Fluri, FlyingPenguins, Footballfan190, Frankbee, Frecklefoot, Frelke, Fsotrain09, Funandtrvl, FunnyFunkyFish, Furby100, GB fan, GCarty, GLaDOS, GT5162,Gangaru, Geniac, Gggh, Ghalhud, Gigglepud, GilbertoSilvaFan, Gilliam, Glacierfairy, Gmailisanemail, Gnome de plume, Gohan2091, GoingBatty, Golbez, Golgofrinchian, Goodnightmush,Gpia7r, Greatgreenwhale, Green caterpillar, Greengiraffe, Greenguy1090, Ground Zero, Grutness, Guydebec, Gwernol, Haikon, Hal Canary, Hamiltoncaretaker, Hammer1980,HammerHeadHuman, Happy75, Haruth, Hdt83, Hennessey, Patrick, Heymid, Hintha, Hmains, Hnc197, Hoising, Hondasin, Hoo man, Hugo999, Hut 8.5, IAmTheUltimate, IFCM, Icarus3,Illyria999, Im not phat im fluffy, Indon, Ingolfson, Iohannes Animosus, Ipso2, Iridescent, Ironschism, J Milburn, J.delanoy, JFreeman, Ja 62, Jacek Kendysz, Jacobvaneyck, Jake Larsen, JakeWartenberg, James086, JamesBWatson, Jclemens, Jeff G., Jeneral28, Jennifer, Jerry june3, Jguy, Jidanni, Jimp, Jiwa Matahari, Jk2q3jrklse, Jmaddux23, John of Reading, JohnCD, Johnbod,Johntinker, JonW999, Jourell, Jsfouche, Juansidious, Julius38, Juras14, JustinHagstrom, KHEnglish, Kabodei94, Kanzler31, Kateshortforbob, Kayau, KazSmurf, Kbh3rd, Keenan Pepper,Kelvinpiggy, Kevin nico, Khairul hazim, Khalid Mahmood, Kierand62, Kimmykun, King of Hearts, Kingal86, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, Klacquement, Klkoh, KnightRider, KnowledgeOfSelf,Kwiki, L Kensington, LPilarski, La goutte de pluie, Laabangel, Lady BlahDeBlah, Laraspal00, Laura hughes, Lauson, Lcmortensen, Lear's Fool, Legion fi, Life of Riley, Lihaas, LilHelpa,Lindsaza, Little Mountain 5, Liyster, Locationx3, Lord Pistachio, Lordpenguin101, Lost tourist, Lucy-marie, Lysdexia, MDfoo, MER-C, MIP, MONGO, Macintosh User, Madhero88,Magioladitis, Mahanga, Mailer diablo, Mandarax, Marthiemoo, Materialscientist, Matticus78, Maxis ftw, Maxtremus, Mbthegreat, MeltBanana, Michael Hardy, Micru, Mike Rosoft, Mike hayes,Milktaku, Miniman09, Mirithing, Misanthrope00, Mlesch, Momo san, Montrealais, Monty845, MrOllie, Mradik12, Mrmuk, Mrpaddyx, Mrpotatohead121, Mungs, Mybirthdayis, Naif, Naniwako,NazismIsntCool, NellieBly, Nesnad, Neverquick, Newkid344, Nick, Nil Einne, Nitraven, NoIdeaNick, Noizyboy, Nothlit, OhanaUnited, Optimist on the run, Orangemango, Oxymoron83,Ozdaren, Park3r, Patrick, Pb30, Peeweebee, Pewwer42, Pfctdayelise, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phil is cool, Philip Trueman, Phyk, Pi, Picapica, Pinethicket, Pointauto234, Portalian, Potterprincess,Preslethe, PrestonH, Prodego, Puchiko, Puffin, Pyon, Qazwsxqaz444, Qazwsxqaz445, Qing Yi G, Qnonsense, Quest for Truth, Quidam65, Quærens, Qxz, R'n'B, R0m, RDT2, RJN, RPH,Radio-x, Radon210, RainbowOfLight, Raiseplus, Random Hippopotamus, Random-5000, Rattlerjr, Redlioness, Redvers, Regani, Reinyday, RexNL, Richard D. LeCour, Rickterp, Riffic,Rifleman 82, Rifrmadns, Rjd0060, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Robert1947, Robertvan1, Robsteadman, Rochelimit, Rockerbaby, Rudykog, RunOrDie, Ryan ley, SE7, SFGiants, SKopp, SU Linguist,Sakiella, Salvio giuliano, Sam.carana, Sanctora1022, Sango123, Sceptre, SchuminWeb, Scimitar, Sciurinæ, Scriberius, Sean D Martin, SeelTheMan, Sengkang, Sennen goroshi, Seraphimblade,Setanta747, Setanta747 (locked), Sfphotocraft, Shengwei95, Sherool, Silverfish, Simply south, Sionus, Slam2dahoop23, Smartins, Smeeandyou, Smjg, Snow cat, Snow storm in Eastern Asia,Social Studiously, Sonia, Sophie, Sparten, Spearsy23, Specter01010, Spock of Vulcan, Spuggie, StaticGull, Stephenb, Stevepaget, SuperFlya, SuperHamster, SuperTycoon, Supernerd 10,Susiban227, Swarm, Sweetaction13, Synthe, Syrthiss, Szabo, T-borg, TAS, TFOWR, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, THF, Tabletop, Taka76, Tanaats, Tashey-Bell, Tboss95, TechHead Tommy,Tern, Tetracube, Tetraedycal, The Thing That Should Not Be, The undertow, TheEditingNinja, Thecheesykid, Thief Lord, Thuresson, Tide rolls, TigerShark, Toddler3, Toddst1, Tokiya97,Tomdobb, Tommy2010, TonyW, Torqued, Tpkunesh, TreasuryTag, Trevor MacInnis, Triforce11, Twistedkombat, Typhoonchaser, Ubergeekguy, Uijung, Ulric1313, Vanished User 1004,Vegaswikian, Velius0, Venemous-Fatal1ty, Versus22, Very Clever Lim Si Xian, Vicenarian, Violetriga, Violindoug, WLU, WODUP, Warlordwolf, Wayne Slam, Wehwalt, Welsh,WhisperToMe, Wiikipedian, Wik, WikiDan61, Wikiacc, Wikiiscrible, WikipedianProlific, Wikitumnus, Wikiuniform, Willworkforicecream, Wimt, Wizardman, Wolfnix, Woohookitty,Wtmitchell, Xaosflux, Xen 1986, Xezbeth, YellowMonkey, Yelyos, Yurei-eggtart, Zachlipton, Zr2d2, Δ, 1933 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Diego Suarez Antsiranana urban public primary school (EPP) Madagascar.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Diego_Suarez_Antsiranana_urban_public_primary_school_(EPP)_Madagascar.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: LemurbabyImage:Delantales blancos 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Delantales_blancos_2.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: ALE!, Allforrous, Ezarate, GeorgHH,Lnjsch, Pathoschild, Roblespepe, 1 anonymous editsFile:Plcuniform1950.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plcuniform1950.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LooplaFile:Year12jumper1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Year12jumper1.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Martial75, Mica, WolfmannFile:Kinder mit Pausenbrot.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kinder_mit_Pausenbrot.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: UNiesertFile:Carolus Magnus Schule-Burundi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Bernd WeisbrodFile:Samraong school.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Samraong_school.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: HeltFile:Exponiendo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Exponiendo.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Escuela BarrealesFile:Pmorgan xinjiang.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pmorgan_xinjiang.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Donut, FlickreviewR,Runningfridgesrule, ThuressonFile:Cheungsamuniform.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cheungsamuniform.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Cheezexyz(talk)File:Cuban schoolchildren.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cuban_schoolchildren.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Eve PolichFile:School uniforms GBR.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:School_uniforms_GBR.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: KENFile:Waldgrundschule Schulkleidung.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Waldgrundschule_Schulkleidung.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: JeHoMiImage:Ghana students.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_students.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Henry Akorsu (USAID)Image:Karadiaschool.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Karadiaschool.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Deeptrivia,Roland zhFile:Anak SD di Ciwidey.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Anak_SD_di_Ciwidey.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Bennylin, Editor atLarge, FlickreviewR, Indon, Mattes, Ranveig, Smial, Wst, 3 anonymous editsFile:Sailor-fuku for winter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sailor-fuku_for_winter.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Masami.H.MImage:Japanese school uniform dsc06051.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japanese_school_uniform_dsc06051.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: User:David.MonniauxFile:Malaysia Primary School Girls.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Malaysia_Primary_School_Girls.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: CavernosaFile:18548000849097l.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:18548000849097l.jpg  License: Copyrighted free use  Contributors: CavernosaFile:Nigeria students.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nigeria_students.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Dolapo Falola fromNew York, NY, USAFile:Primary Student of Pakistan.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Primary_Student_of_Pakistan.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Khalid Mahmood

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 25

File:The last bell at school USSR circa 1970.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_last_bell_at_school_USSR_circa_1970.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Copper KettleFile:Nh-students.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nh-students.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: mailer_diabloFile:Carl Redelinghuis Sentrum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carl_Redelinghuis_Sentrum.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: JaurezFile:Ban Hat Suea Ten School 09.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ban_Hat_Suea_Ten_School_09.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Hdamm, Mattes, Takeaway, Tevaprapas, TmdFile:US Navy 090724-N-9689V-004 Royal New Zealand Navy Petty Officer Richard Boyd dances with school children during a Pacific Partnership 2009 community service project atFaleloa Primary School.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_090724-N-9689V-004_Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_Petty_Officer_Richard_Boyd_dances_with_school_children_during_a_Pacific_Partnership_2009_community_service_project_at_Faleloa_Primary_School.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill, Ingolfson, Skeezix1000File:LamarWE.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LamarWE.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was J90NEPNJMM at en.wikipediaFile:Me dressed up.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Me_dressed_up.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: WikiuniformImage:Recorte.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Recorte.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 7113458ab

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