School exam feedback 2008

3.4

International

health issue

General notes

• There are 3 questions. They all need to be answered in order to pass the standard.

• Within each question, there are 2-3 smaller sections. They all need to be answered.

• You were advised to spend 70 minutes on this topic.

Question 1explain factors contributing to the issue

3 parts to this section:

• Describe the health issue

• Explain 2 contributing factors

• Explain how these, and others, inter-relate

To summarise

I saw - • Lots of detail in the explanations• Great understanding of the factors

• No statistics• Some dodgy statistics (made-up?)• Factors (determinants) not named /

incorrectly named

Description of the health issue

• Statistics quiz:

• In 2007, there were _________ million people living with HIV. ________of these people live in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Source: ____________

33.2

68%

UNAIDS report, 2007

Quiz continued…

• There were __________ million new infections in SSA in __________and ____________ million AIDS-related deaths. These deaths were _______of all AIDS deaths globally. Source: ________

The continued high rate of new infections and deaths impact on the health status of individuals, communities and countries.

1.7

20071.6

76%UNAIDS report, 2007

Contributing factorsChoose the most important ones:

What are they?

Poverty (Economics)

Politics

Culture

So, use the correct terms and keep it simple – once you get muddled there is no turning back!

Poverty statistics• In Zimbabwe, ___ in 10 households

dissolve or relocate after an AIDS-related death (compared to 1 in 4 for non-AIDS deaths). Source: UNAIDS report 2007.

• The median expenditure on healthcare, funerals, etc is a ________ of an average annual income. Source: World Vision, 2006.

4

¼

Poverty continued

• Today in Zambia____percent of all children are orphans, ____ percent of them due to AIDS. The burden of caring for ____million orphans falls on the country’s 11 million people. (Source: World Vision 2006 Aids: How many orphans?)

20%

57%

1.2

It is a contributing factor because…

• The deaths are more likely to involve the head of the household (the person who can earn money easily) and creates orphans.

• Once you are transient (moving around) you have less access to social support, healthcare and education.

Politics• SSA has a huge international debt. It is

________________ a year. (Source: World Vision, 2006)

• In particular Africa, which is home to ____of the world’s population, and carries ____ of the global disease burden, has only ___ of global health workers. (www.avert.org 2008)

US $15 billion

14%

25%

1.3%

• A year’s course of drugs for first-line treatment that once cost several thousand dollars can now be bought for a few hundred dollars at most, and in some places for as little as ______ but there is not the infrastructure to deliver these drugs effectively. (www.avert.org 2008)

$92

Culture statistics

• Women are more affected by the pandemic. ____________of people living with HIV are women. (UNAIDS regional summary, 2007)

• Young girls and women are regularly and repeatedly denied information about, and access to, condoms. Often they do not have the power to negotiate the use of condoms. In many social contexts, men are resistant to the use of condoms. (UNAIDS, 2004)

61%

Links = use “because” No money

No work / lack of work

No investment/effort by government to create jobs / maintain an infrastructure

debt repayments to overseas lenders

Implications

• You must provide statistics to support

• You must link to the factors in question 1

• You must refer the effects on self, others and society

Implications means the same as ________.effects

Good answers from Claudia and Sam – please share!

• Individuals – loss of income and ability to provide for others, sickness, death!, lack of social support, social isolation, poor mental health,

• Community – lack of social support, migrant and transient people, high numbers of orphans

• Society – reduced labour supply, unskilled workforce, lack of infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc),

Please!!!!!

Recommendations

• What 2 things could you do to address the political and economic factors that we have explained already?

• How would you also address/influence the current cultural beliefs and values?

Recommendations

1. Address political issues by strengthening the collaboration between agencies and show a commitment to international global approaches

2. Provide direct assistance to households affected by HIV/AIDS

collaboration between agencies & international global approaches

• The “Three Ones” Principle – already launched in 2004 (UNAIDS report 2007)

• 1 agreed AIDS framework

• 1 national AIDS co-coordinating agency

• 1 agreed country level monitoring system

• Total funding has increased from ___ billion in 2002 to _____ billion in 2007.

2.8

10

Provide direct assistance to households affected by

HIV/AIDS

• Domestic spending on AIDS by governments has continued to increase and now about _______ of all money spent is going into global AIDS efforts (UNAIDS report 2007)

1/3rd

Culture

• The Swaziland example

• What were they doing?

• What was the name of the TV programme?

• There are many other good recommendations –

• can you name at least one and find some evidence to support your suggestion?

Can you explain why this is equitable?

Because the countries hardest hit need more assistance to get going again. By addressing these determinants, others are positively influenced as well.

This approach works on empowerment and the Bangkok Charter and so is more likely to address cultural issues as well.