Chapter 7

Regionally diverse by religion, economics, social organization

Common theme of education to strengthen morality, assist the growing economy, preserve the social order…a rationale far more practical than intellectual

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/british_colonies_1763-76.jpg

I think schooling is most important to

56%

44% 1. Rake the scholars from the rubbish

2. Educate the many, but not too much

I believe Satan is

An o

utdat

ed s

upers

t...

Act

ive

in th

e af

fairs

..

A w

orkin

g met

aphor

16%

38%46%

1. An outdated superstitious idea

2. Active in the affairs of humans

3. A working metaphor

Old Deluder Satan Act of 1647…every town of 50 or more families to have a primary school and 100 or more families to have a Latin Grammar School

http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/historyofedarchitecture/historyofedarchitecture_files/image002.jpg

By 1683 anyone with children under their guidance who had not learned to read and write by age twelve or learned a useful trade, was fined

http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/cp/vol-02/no-03/school/images/primer.gif

Dame schools Primers…reading books to advance

literacy and moral and religious lessons

http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/historians/images/kaestle4.jpg

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania…diversity of churches and languages and schools

Schools of Pennsylvania often taught in German…also many parochial schools run by Quakers

http://www.fwbo-news.org/uploaded_images/mitraloka_school_languages-771511.jpg

Children of the plantation often had tutors, sometimes boarding schools

http://judicial-inc.biz/j_hist1.jpg

Sons of wealthy landowners often schooled in England or Europe

Females often were taught the womanly arts

Poor whites and all African Americans unschooled

Northwest Ordinance of 1785 required the Midwestern territories to set aside a section of land for education purposes…each township had a one-room school

Conscious effort to create a separate, American culture

http://images.virtualology.com/images/4938.jpg

Noah Webster…the Blue Backed Speller and Dictionary

Emphasis on the practical and the moral… “you must seek rather to be good than wise.”

Limited “book learning”http://foolswisdom.com/users/sbett/blue-backed-spellingbook1857.gif

Horace Mann…to create a system of common schools that are available, equal, and with an “educational purpose truly common to all.”

Utopian period of transcendentalists, abolitionists, feminists, reconstructionistshttp://www.mackinac.org/media/images/2005/v2005-17a.jpg

School arguments appealed to “pocketbook” rationales: economic prosperity and social order

“Education beyond all other devices of human origin is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.”

Non-sectarian Christianity…values common to all Christians

Upgraded preparation for teachers, state funded post secondary institutions to train elementary teachers

First normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts in 1839

http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/English/exhibits/education/pics/20881_prctice_tching_520.jpg

Age-based grades Special preparation for principal

teachers The “egg crate” school building The feminization of teaching…nurturing

rather than mastery

Amendment XIII abolishing slavery Amendments XIV and XV granting African

American males the rights and privileges of white males

But not the right to an equal or adequate education

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Images/15th.jpg

Plessy v. Ferguson

http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/images/plessy.jpg?Log=0

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/images/people/washington_bt-lc.jpghttp://www.africanamericanstudies.buffalo.edu/ANNOUNCE/niagaramovement/harpers/duboisportrait.jpg

Abigail Adams to husband John in 1776 For women who did not marry and were financially

independent, with Industrialization came new schools and academies for women

Emma Hart Willard…turn pampered women’s minds to social responsibility and good works

1848, Seneca Falls 1859, reliable condoms

http://www.nwhm.org/images/Education/Emma%20Willard.jpg

1890, National American Women’s Suffrage Association

1920, XIX Amendment, the right to vote 1972, Title IX of ESEA

http://www.virtualstampclub.com/images/19thamend20.jpg

Several hundred treaties with Native American nations…including provisions for schooling

The goal of Christianizing the “savages” Carlisle Indian Industrial School

http://clarke.cmich.edu/indian/inschl.gif

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934…moving toward a “new deal”

1975, Indian Self-Determination and Education act

http://si.unm.edu/bern_2003/milano/milano_tl/1930.jpg