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Scholarship 2.0
Gideon BurtonAsst. Prof. of English
Assoc. Editor, BYU Studies
Presentation to HBLL Faculty CouncilMarch 23, 2007
A Need for Change
“As with individuals, universities also quickly face obsolescence when they fail to continue to change, grow, and adapt to their new and often rapidly different environments.”
–Pres. Cecil Samuelson
(“A More Excellent Way: A Changing BYU in a Changing World” 8/24/04)
Key Changes to Scholarship
• Research Methods• How Scholarship is Created• How Scholarship is Reviewed • How Scholarship is Communicated• How Scholarship is Preserved
Scholarly Research: Labs, Libraries, ArchivesScholarly Output: Books and ArticlesPeer Review: Part of Academic
PublishingScholarly
Communication: Journals and ConferencesPreservation
of Scholarship: Libraries and Archives
Scholarship 1.0
• Wordprocessing• Stand alone Databases• Electronic Library Catalogue• Design software for publishers
Scholarship 1.1(late 1980s)
• Digitization of print scholarship More access to secondary materials
• Commercial / Online Scholarly Databases More access to primary and secondary materials
• Email and Email Lists Delivery medium for exchanging
ideas/manuscripts Online scholarly communities
Scholarship 1.5(1990s)
• Websites and Hypertext Research (Internet becomes primary research
tool) Library catalogues accessible through web browser Databases worldwide available online Finding Aids & Subject Portals through web links
Scholarly Communication Online presence for scholarly societies Calls for Papers and Conferences Conference Programs or Proceedings online Self-publishing of traditional and hypertext scholarship
Scholarship 1.5(1990s)
• Digital Tools Blend Scholarship 1.0 Roles Libraries put archival material online
Archiving becomes publishing Academic publishers archive back issues, create
databases, subject portals Publishing becomes archiving
Scholars create websites Academic publishing bypasses academic publishers
Parascholarship by the Public
Scholarship 1.5(1990s)
Toward Scholarship 2.0
• Scholarship 1.0 (books & articles)• Scholarship 1.1: .wpd .doc• Scholarship 1.5: .html .pdf• Scholarship 2.0: .xml .rss
Emerging Digital Genres
• E-book Collections • Digital Scholarly Editions• Subject Gateways / Thematic Research
Collections• Databases• “Born Digital” and “Social Media” genres:
Wiki Weblog Podcast
WikisA website that allows anyone visiting the site to add, remove, or otherwise edit content, quickly and easily. Wiki software catalogs all prior versions, and are sometimes moderated. Wikis are tools for pooling knowledge and for collaborative writing.
New Roles for Academic Libraries
• Brokers of digital knowledge, not just curators of the printed scholarly record
• Archiving as publishing• Digital collaboration with faculty, consortia• Keepers of the “Institutional Repository”• Metadata and markup, not just cataloging
Digital Conventions
• PDF (Portable Document Format)• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
• XML (Extensible Markup Language)• RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
Digital Conventions
Web 1.0• PDF (Portable Document Format)• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)Web 2.0• XML (Extensible Markup Language)• RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
Web 1.0 / Web 2.0
Web 1.0• Static and passive• Web as delivery
medium • Monologue• Limited feedback
(email comments passively allowed)
• Searching
Web 2.0• Dynamic and active• Web builds and
sustains communities
• Dialogue• Content co-
developed with online community
• Syndicating
Web 1.0 / Web 2.0
Web 1.0• Taxonomy /
Set categories• Websites and
databases as “information silos” (isolated, restricted to original presentation form and location)
Web 2.0• Folksonomy (“tagging”)
• Websites and databases marked with metadata and structured with XML (available for intelligent repurposing, reformatting, or combining with other digital resources)
Web 2.0
• Dynamic web resources Push/broadcast content via RSS feeds Readers as authors, reviewers,
collaborators Social software enabled
Wikis Blogs and Comments Shared Feeds
Scholarly Research: Labs, Libraries, Archives Online primary and secondary texts,
Scholarly Output: Books and ArticlesWebsites, databases, new “born-digital” genres
Peer Review: Via Academic Publishing, but also via scholarly societies, reputation systems
ScholarlyCommunication: Journals and Conferencesvia email, websites, blogs, podcasts, wikis
Preservation of Scholarship: Libraries and Archivesblended with publishing, not just library activity
Toward Scholarship 2.0
What Should We Do?
• Evaluate how familiar our colleges and departments are with evolving scholarly forms and practices
• Educate ourselves on emerging scholarly media and changes to peer review, etc.
• Promote discussion about digital scholarship issues
• Propose changes within the university and colleges so BYU becomes current with Scholarship and Web 2.0