SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND COURSES OF STUDY …

1

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

AND

COURSES OF STUDY

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.)

BOTANY

First Semester – Fourth Semester

(2-year programme)

I Semester Examination November 2009

II Semester Examination April 2010

III Semester Examination November 2010

IV Semester Examination April 2011

Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to M.Sc. Botany

in the academic year 2009-10

2

M.Sc. (Botany)

Syllabus based on Semester system

(Theory and Practical)

Semester I

BOT 121: Cell and Molecular Biology

BOT 122: Cytology, Genetics and Cytogenetics

BOT 123: Hierarchy of Lower Plants

BOT 124: Microbiology, Fungi & Plant Pathology

BOT 125: Practicals based on BOT 121- 124

BOT 126: Seminar

Semester II

BOT 221: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany

BOT 222: Environmental Science

BOT 223: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry I

BOT 224: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry II

BOT 225: Practicals based on BOT 221- 224

BOT 226: Seminar

Semester III

BOT 321: Plant Systematics

BOT 322: Developmental and Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms

BOT 323: Tools and Techniques of Modern Research

BOT 324: Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

BOT 325: Practicals based on BOT 321 - 324

BOT 326: Seminar

Semester IV

BOT 421: Elective 1a: Advanced Biotechnology I

BOT 422: Elective 1b: Advanced Biotechnology II

BOT 423: Practicals related to BOT 421 and BOT 422

BOT 424: Elective 2a: Ethnobotany I

BOT 425: Elective 2b: Ethnobotany II

BOT 426: Practicals based on BOT 424 and BOT425

BOT 427: Dissertation / Project

3

Semester I Contact Hrs. Paper

Code

Title

Paper

Per

semester

Per week

Credit Max.

marks

Min.

marks

BOT 121 Cell & Molecular Biology Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 122 Cytology and Cytogenetics Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 123 Hierarchy of Plants Kingdom Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 124 Fungi, Microbiology and Plant

Pathology

Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 125 Practicals based on BOT 121-124 Practical 270 18 9 100 36

BOT 126 Seminar 30 2 2 100 36

Total Credits for I Semester 27

Semester II Contact Hrs. Paper

Code

Title Paper

Per

semester

Per week

Credit Max.

marks

Min.

marks

BOT 221 Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms &

Paleobotany

Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 222 Environment Science Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 223 Plant Physiology and Metabolism Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 224 Plant Biochemistry Theory 60 4 4 100 36


BOT 226 Seminar 30 2 2 100 36

Total Credits for II Semester 27

4

Semester III Contact Hrs. Paper

Code

Title Paper

Per

semester

Per week

Credit Max.

marks

Min.

marks

BOT 321 Plant Systematics Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 322 Developmental and Reproductive

Biology of Angiosperms

Theory

60 4 4 100 36

BOT 323 Modern research Methodology and

Instrumentation

Theory

60 4 4 100 36

BOT 324 Plant Biotechnology and

Bioinformatics

Theory 60 4 4 100 36


BOT 326 Seminar 30 2 2 100 36

Total Credits for III Semester 27

Semester IV Contact Hrs. Paper

Code

Title Paper

Per

semester

Per week

Credit Max.

marks

Min.

marks

BOT 421 Elective1* Advance Biotechnology Paper I Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 422 Elective1* Advance Biotechnology Paper I Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 423 Practicals* related to BOT 421 and 422 Theory 270 18 9 100 36

BOT 424 Elective 2* Ethanobotany Paper I Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 425 Elective 2* Ethanobotany Paper I Theory 60 4 4 100 36

BOT 426 Practicals* related to BOT 424 and 425 Practical 270 18 9 100 36

BOT 427 Research Project/ Dissertation 120 8 8 100 36

Total Credits for IV Semester 25

Total Credits 106

5

M.Sc. Botany

Scheme of Examination

Semester Paper code Credits

Contact

Hrs/

week

Maximum

Marks

Minimum

Marks

Continuous

Assessment

30 %

Semester End

Exam (70 %)

I BOT– 121

BOT– 122

BOT– 123

BOT– 124

BOT– 125

BOT –126

(Seminar)

3

3

3

3

9

2

4

4

4

4

18

2

100

100

100

100

100

100

36

36

36

36

36

36

30

30

30

30

70

70

70

70

II BOT– 221

BOT– 222

BOT– 223

BOT– 224

BOT– 225

BOT – 226

(Seminar)

3

3

3

3

9

2

4

4

4

4

18

2

100

100

100

100

100

100

36

36

36

36

36

36

30

30

30

30

70

70

70

70

III BOT– 321

BOT– 322

BOT– 323

BOT– 324

BOT- 325

BOT–326

(Seminar)

3

3

3

3

9

2

4

4

4

4

18

2

100

100

100

100

100

100

36

36

36

36

36

36

30

30

30

30

70

70

70

70

IV BOT– 421

BOT– 422

BOT– 423

BOT– 424

BOT–425

BOT–426

BOT–427

(Disser/

Project)

3

3

9

3

3

9

8

4

4

18

4

4

18

8

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

30

30

30

30

30

30

70

70

70

70

70

70

100

6

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT C.A.

Test III comp. Total

15

mks

Class Room Interaction

(5mks)

Quiz

(5

mks)

Attendance

(5 mks )

30

mks

Scheme of Evaluation for Continuous Assessment

(Practical)

Tes

t Practical Record III comp. Total

10

mks 10 mks

Viva Voce

(5 mks)

Attendance

(5 mks ) 30 mks

Note : • Time duration of Internal tests will be 45 minutes

• Time duration of SEE will be three hours

Passing percentage in continuous assessment and semester end exam is 36 %.

7

M.Sc. Semester I

PAPER I

BOT 121: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objectives: To provide knowledge about the intricacies of life processes at

the molecular and cellular level.

Credits 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)

Contact Hours /Semester: 45

Contact Hours /Week: 3

UNIT I

Fundamentals of Cell: Structural organization of cell, difference between plant and

animal cell; prokaryote and eukaryote cell, types of bonds and specialized plant cell

types.

Cell wall: Basic architecture of cell wall and biogenesis.

Plasma membrane: Structure, models, functions; ion carriers, channels and pumps.

(10 hours)

UNIT II

Chloroplast: Structure, biogenesis, genome organization and nucleochloroplastic

interactions

Mitochondria: Structure, genome organization and biogenesis.

Plasmodesmata: Structure, functions, comparision with gap junctions.

Plant vacuole: Tonoplast membrane, vacuoles as multifunctional compartments,

vacuoles as storage organelle.

Ribosomes: Structure, functions and biosynthesis.

(8 hours)

UNIT III

Nucleus: Structure, nuclear pore complex, nucleolus, packaging of DNA (nucleosome

organization, solenoid model).

DNA: Structure, types (A, B and Z forms), replication, damage and repair mechanisms.

RNA: Structure and types of RNA, transcription, RNA splicing, RNA editing.

(10 hours)

8

UNIT IV

Other cellular organelles: Structure and functions of Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,

endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies

The cytoskeleton: organization of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate

filaments, cytoskeletal accessory proteins.

Protein sorting: Targeting of proteins into endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast.

(10 hours)

UNIT V

.

Cell cycle: Regulation of cell cycle, role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases.

Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death: Cytokinesis and cell plate formation and

Programmed Cell Death.

(7 hours)

9

Suggested Books:

• Alberts, B; Bray, D; Lewis, J; Raff, M; Roberts,K and Watson, JD. 1999.

Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York.

• Buchanan, BB; Gruissem, W and Jones, RL. 2000. Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists.

Maryland, USA.

• De Robertis. Cell and Molecular Biology. Waverly International.

• De, DN. 2000. Plant Cell Vacuoles: An Introduction. CSIRO Publication.

Collingwood, Australia.

• Karp and Gerald. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (3rd

edition). John Wiley & Sons.

• Kleinsmith, LJ and Kish, VM. 1995. Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology

(2nd

edition). Harper Collins College Publishers. New York, USA.

• Krishnamurthy, KV. 2000. Methods in Cell Wall Cytochemistry. CRC

Press,Boca Raton; Florida.

• Lewin, B 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University Press, New York.

• Lodish, H; Berk, A; Zipursky, SL; Matsudiara, P; Baltimore, D and Darnell, J.

2000. Molecular Cell Biology (4th

edition). WH Freeman & Co., New York.

• Nath, P. Molecular Insight in Plant Biology.

• Rost, T et al. 1998. Plant Biology. Wordsworth Publishing Co. California,

USA. Wolfe, SL. 1993. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wordsworth

Publishing Co. California, USA.

• Weil, JH. 2003. Molecular Insight in Plant Biology. Oxford & IBH Publishing

Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Suggested Laboratory Readings

• Khasim, SM. 2002. Botanical Microtechnique: Principles and Practice. Capital

• Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Protein Expression: A Practical Approach. Ed. Higgins, SJ and Hames, BD.

• Oxford University Press

• Malacinski, GM and Freifelder, D. Essentials of Molecular Biology III Ed.

o Jones & Barlett Publishers.

10

M. Sc. Semester I

Paper II

BOT 122: Cytology, Genetics and Cytogenetics

Objectives: To study the Mendelian as well as modern aspects of genetics

with Cytogenetics.

Credits 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Chromatin organization : Chromosome structure, molecular organization of centromere

and telomere, SMC proteins-Cohesin and Condensin proteins, cot curve, Repetitive

DNA, DNA methylation, specialized types of chromosomes: polytene and lampbrush, B-

chromosomes, molecular mechanism of recombination: role of RecA and Rec BCD

enzymes

(9 Hours)

UNIT II

Genome anatomies : Eukaryotic nuclear genomes, Genomes of Prokaryotes and

Eukaryotic organisms, virus genomes and mobile genetic elements, Mapping the

bacteriophage genome, genetic transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria,

genetics of mitochondria and chloroplast, cytoplasmic male sterility, Structural and

numerical alternations in chromosomes , Robertsonian translocations, B-A translocations,

Alien gene transfer-examples from Triticum, Arachis and Brassica

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Gene structure and expression : Fine structure of gene, translation, Regulation of gene

expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, significance of introns, Panoply of operon,

catabolic repression , attenuation and antitermination , Gene silencing : RNAi, Antisense

RNA.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens,

molecular basis of gene mutations, transposons, site-directed mutagenesis ,

protooncogenes and oncogenes , Sex determination, Sex linked inheritence, Sex limited

characters

11

(9 Hours)

UNIT V

Molecular Cytogenetics: genetic and physical mapping, genetic markers-RFLP,

SNPs.,in situ hybridization, and computer assisted chromosome analysis, chromosome

microdissection and microcloning (9 Hours)

12

Suggested Books:

• Atherlt, AG; Girton, JR and McDonald, JF. 1999. The Science of Genetics.

Saunders College Publishing. Fort Worth, USA

• Chaudhary, HK. 1998. Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford &

IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Chopra, VL. 2003. Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Devi and Pratibha. 2003. Principles and Methods of Plant Molecular Biology,

Biochemistry and Genetics. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

• Gupta, PK. 1993. Plant Breeding. Rastogo Publications, Meerut.

• Hartt, DL and Jones, EW. 1998. Genetics: Principles and Analysis (4th

edition). Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Massachusetts, USA.

• Hawkins. Gene Structure and Expression. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK

• Kaushik, P. 2006. Cytology, Genetics & Evolution. Faculty of Distance

Education, Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar.

• Russel, PJ. 1998. Genetics. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Co.

Inc.,USA.

• Sharma. 1997. Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Singh, BD. 2003. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers.

• Sinha. 1995. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Snustad, DP and Simmons, MJ. 2000. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley &

Sons Inc., USA.

• Srivastava and Tyagi. 1997. Selected Problems in Genetics Vol.III. Anmol

Publications, New Delhi.

• Stent, GS 1986. Molecular Genetics. CBS Publications, New Delhi.

• Tyagi. 1996. Fundamentals of Cytogenetics, plant Breeding and Evolution.

Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur.

Suggested Laboratory Readings • Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PC. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10

th edition). Vikas Publishing

House.

• Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, PC. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.

• Pandey, BP and Chadha. 1997. Botany Vol. III. Vikas Publishing House

13

M. Sc. Semester I

Paper III

BOT 123: Hierarchy of Lower Plants

Objectives: To understand the evolution of different groups of plants and

their economic importance.

Credits: 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Bacteria, Virus, Mycoplasma, Lichens, Algae and Bryophytes: A general account

along with classification, structure, function, reproduction, economic importance and

evolutionary history.

Palaeobotany: Indian contributors in the field of Algal and Bryophytic palaeobotany.

(9 hours)

UNIT II

Applications of Bacteria, Virus, Mycoplasma and Lichens:

Applications of microbes in industry and medicine, Bt cotton, edible vaccines, role in

improving soil fertility.

Microbial ecology of soil, air, water, food and industry.

Bacteria and viruses in genetic engineering.

Role of lichens in succession, anti-microbial properties of lichens, lichens as bio

indicators of air pollution, economic importance of lichens.

.

(9 hours)

UNIT III

Algae : general characters, classification, life history and economic importance of

Prochlorophyta : Prochloron

Chlorophyta : Chlorella, Coleochaete

Xanthophyta : Vaucheria

Phaeophyta : Laminaria

Rhodophyta : Ceramium

(9 hours)

14

UNIT IV

Bryophytes: general characters,classification, life history and economic importance of

Hepaticopsida : Plagiochasma, Takakia

Anthocerotopsida : Notothylus

Bryopsida : Polytrichum

(9 hours)

UNIT V

Recent treds in Phycology and Bryology:- Algae as a rich source of protein (SCP),

algae in space, algae as biofertilizers, algal blooms, algae in food and industry, algae in

pharmaceuticals and parasitic algae. Benthic macroalgae and factors affecting their

environment

Economic Importance of Bryophytes with special reference to Ecology, as pollution

indicators and in monitoring pollution, anti microbial properties of bryophytes,

geobotanical prospects. (9 Hours)

15

Suggested Books

• Chattopadhyay, SB. Principles and Procedures of Plant Protection (3

rd

edition). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Clifton, A. 1958. Introduction to the Bacteria, McGraw Hill & Co.,New York

• Jayaraman, Jaishree. Fundamentals of Plant Bacteriology. Kalyani Publishers.

• Kumar, HD. 1958. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press Ltd.,

New Delhi.

• Mandahar, CL. 1978. Introduction to Plant Virus. Chand and Co. Ltd., Delhi

• Morris, I. 1986. An Introduction to Algae. Cambridge University Press.

Cambridge, UK.

• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PC. 1998. A Text Book of Algae. Vikas Publishing

House.

• Parihar, NS. 1991. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

• Puri, P. 1980. Bryophyta. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.

• Round, FE. 1986. The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

• Sarabhai and Arora. 1998. Textbook of Algae.Anmol Publications, New

Delhi.

• Smith, GM. 1971. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. I. Algae and Fungi. Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Smith, GM. 1971. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. Bryophytes and

Pteridophytes. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi

• Sharma, OP. 1992. Text Book of Thallophytes. McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,

New Delhi.

• Trivedi, PC; Sharma, N; Dhankher, RS and Gupta, S. 2003. Diversity of

Microbes and Cryptogams. Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur.

• Vasishtha, PC. Algae Rev. 9th

. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.

• Verma, HN. 2003. Basics of Plant Virology. Oxford & IBH Publishing House

Laboratory Readings

• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10th

edition). Vikas Publishing

House.

• Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.

• Pandey, BP and Chadha. 1997. Botany Vol. III. Vikas Publishing House.

• Santra, SC and Chatterjee. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. I. New Central

Book Agency (P) Ltd.

• Kumar, S and Kashyap. 2003. Manual of Practical Algae. Campus Books

International, New Delhi

16

M.Sc Semester I

Paper IV

BOT 124: Microbiology, Fungi and Plant Pathology

Objective: The objective of the course is to provide an insight into the basic

life processes of fungi and their disease causing ability along with their

economic implications.

Credits 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Microbiology: Important landmarks in the history of microbiology, general account,

growth, ultrastructure, reproduction and nutrition of Cyanobacteria, Archaebacteria,

Eubacteria and Virus and their economic importance, isolation of micro organisms.

Phytoplasma: General characters and role in plant diseases.

Contributors: Eminent scientists with their contribution in the field of microbiology,

mycology and plant pathology.

(8 Hours)

UNIT II

Fungi I: General characters of Fungi, substrate relationship in Fungi, cell ultra structure,

unicellular and multicellular organization, cell wall composition, nutrition (saprotrophic,

biotrophic, symbiotic), reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual), heterothallism,

heterokaryosis, parasexuality, recent trends in classification, fungi in industry, medicine

and food, fungi as biocontrol agents.

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Fungi II: General characters, classification, economic importance and life history of-

Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina

with special reference to Sclerospora, Pilobolus, , Morchella, Peziza, Ustilago, Puccinia

and Cercospora.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Plant Pathology I: History and scope of plant pathology, general account of diseases

caused by plant pathogens, pathogen attack and defense mechanisms: physical,

physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects, plant disease management: chemical

and biological, IPM systems.

17

Symptomatology, identification, causal organism, disease cycle and control of following

plant diseases-

Viral diseases: Tobacco mosaic.

Phytoplasma diseases: Little leaf of brinjal

Nematode diseases: Root knot of vegetables

(9 Hours)

UNIT V

Plant Pathology II: Symptomatology, identification, causal organism, disease cycle and

control of following plant diseases-

Fungal diseases: Wheat (Rust, Smut, Bunt), Bajra (Green ear, Ergot); Paddy (Paddy

blast), Cotton (Wilt), Grapes (Downy and Powdery mildew)

Bacterial diseases: Wheat (Tundu), Sesamum phyllode

(10 Hours)

18

Suggested Books : • Agrios, GN. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, London.

• Albajes, R; Gullino, ML; Van Lanteren, JC and Elad, Y. 2000. Integrated Pest

and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

• Alexopoulous, CJ; Mims,CW and Blackwel, M. 1996. Introductory

Mycology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

• Bilgrami, Physiology of Fungi.

• Bridge, P; Moore, DR and Scott, PR. 1998. Information Technology, Plant

Pathology and Biodiversity. CAB International, U.K.

• Chupp,. Manual of Vegetable Plant Diseases. Discovery: Delhi.

• Deacon, Jim. Fungal Biology.

• Dube, HC. 1990. An Introduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,

Delhi.

• Duggar. Fungal Diseases of Plants

• Gupta, GP.Textbook of Plant Diseases..

• Horsfall, JCand Diamond, AE. Plant Pathology Vol. 1, 2&3. Academic Press,

New York; London.

• Kaushik,Pand Dhiman, AK. 2000. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India.

Bishan Singh Mohinder Pal, New Connaught Place, Dehra Dun

• Kaushik, P. 1988. Indigenous Medicinal PlantsIncluding Microbes and

Fungi.Today and Tommorow’s, New Delhi

• Kaushik,P. 2004. Introductory Microbiology. Emkay Publication, Delhi.

• Kaushik, P. 2007. Microbiology: Questions and Answers. S. Chand & Co.,

New Delhi

• Mehrotra, RS. Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw Hill

• Narayanswamy, P. Micribial Plant Pathogens and Crop Disease Management.

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Pathak, VN.Fundamentals of Plant Pathology.

• Rangaswamy, G and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of crop plants in India

(4th

edition). Prentice Hall of India Pvt., New Delhi.

• Roberts. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology.

• Sharma, PD. 1991. The Fungi. Rastogi & Co., Meerut.

• Singh, RS. An Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology.

• Singh, RS. Diseases of Fruit Crops.

• Trivedi, PC. 1998. Nematode diseases in Plants. CBS Publisher and

Distributor, New Delhi.

• Vasishtha, PC. Fungi.

• Webster, J. 1985. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.

Suggested Laboratory Readings • Santra, SC and Chatterjee. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. I. New Central

Book Agency (P) Ltd.,Calcutta.

• Santra, SC. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. II. New Central Book Agency

(P) Ltd.

19

BOT 125: Practical Exercises based on BOT 121- 124

BOT 121: Cell & Molecular Biology • Isolation of RNA from Yeast

• Restriction Digestion

• Agarose – Gel Electrophoresis

• SDS- PAGE

• Isolation of DNA from plant material

BOT 122: Cytology & Cytogenetics • Study of general cytological techniques

• Study of various stages of mitosis in Onion root tips

• Study of various stages of meiosis in Onion flower bud

• Calculation of mitotic index

• To study B chromosomes in plants

• Study of pollen viability

• To measure different types of plant cells using Stage micrometer and Ocular

micrometer

• Induction of polyploidy in plants by treating shoot apical meristem with

colchicines solution

BOT 123: Hierarchy of Plant Kingdom • Preparation of report on Indian contributors in the field of algal, fungal,

bryophytic, gymnospermic and angiospermic paleobotany

• Microscopic examination of stained cell preparation of bacteria by various

staining methods

• Study of role of bacteria in transformation of milk to milk products and in

carbohydrate fermentation

• Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand in pure water and water with

algal growth to various degrees

• Estimation of protein content in Spirulina, the Single Cell Protein

• Study of mushroom cultivation

• Study of moisture retaining capacity of peat moss

• Study of economic importance of Gymnosperms

• Study of different types of lichen thalli and their role in succession

BOT 124: Microbiology, Fungi & Plant Pathology • Cleaning of glassware

• To study different methods of sterilization and disinfection by physical agents.

• Instrumentation

• To study various types of culture media

• To determine the growth curve in bacteria (E, coli)

• To study the bacteria by Gram staining

20

• To become acquainted with Kirby-Baur procedure

• Wine production by fermentative activities of Yeast cells

• Isolation of micro organisms from the mixed culture by spread plate methods

• Isolation of micro organism by pour plate method

• To study ecological relationship between micro organisms of soil by Wino

Gradsky Column

• To study the presence of faecal contamination in the given water sample

• Survey of dermatological diseases caused by Fungi

• Inventry preparations of antibiotics procured from Fungi

• Morphological study of representative members of Fungi- Pilobolus,

Chaetomium, Morchella, Melampsora, Poly[porus, Dreschlera, Phoma,

Peziza, Puccinia

• Symptomatology, identification, causal organism of the following diseases:

White rust, bunt, smut, green ear, smut and ergot of Bajra, rust and smut of

wheat, paddy blast, cotton wilt, downy mildew and powdery mildew of

grapes, , tundu, tobacco mosaic virus, little leaf of brinjal, root knot of

vegetables

• Report on eminent contributors in Mycology, Plant pathology and important

related institutes

21

Practical Scheme for Semester I

1 (a). Major exercise on Cell and Molecular Biology 12

(b). Minor exercise on Cytology and Cytogenetics 08

2. Major exercise on any one group of plants (lichens, algae, fungi,

Bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms). 10

3. Major exercise on Fungi, Microbiology and plant pathology. 10

4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

22

M.Sc. Semester II

PAPER I

BOT 221: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

Objectives: This course aims at providing relevant information about

Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms along with their evolutionary history, their

phylogenetic relationships and fossil wealth of the world.

Credits 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

PteridophytesI: General characters, classification, telome theory, stelar system and

evolution of stele, apogamy, apospory, origin of seed habit and heterospory.

(10 Hours)

UNIT II

PteridophytesII: General characters, classification, structure, economic importance and

life history of-

Psilopsida: Tmesipteris

Lycopsida: Lycopodium, Isoetes

Sphenopsida: Equisetum

Pteropsida: Ophioglossum, Dryopteris

(10 Hours)

UNIT III

Gymnosperm I: Introduction, general characters, classification, evolution of

gymnosperms, distribution of gymnosperms in India, affinities of gymnosperms with

angiosperms, pteridophytes and pteridosperms.

(8 Hours)

UNIT IV

Gymnosperm II: Important characters, classification, structure, economic importance

and life history of: Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and

Gnetales.

(8 Hours)

23

UNIT V

Palaeobotany: Types of fossils, geological time scale. Brief account of Rhynia and

Psilophyton. Pteridospermales (Glossopteridaceae) Cycadeoidales, Cordaitales and

Pentoxylales. Contribution of Birbal Sahani in Palaeobotany.

(9 Hours)

24

Suggested Readings

• Bhatnagar, SP and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms. New Age International Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

• Moitra, A. 2003. Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd.

• Parihar, NS. 1996. [Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad.

• Purohit and Vyas. 1997. A Text Book of Gymnosperms. Ramesh Book Depot,

Jaipur.

• Sharma, OP. 1990. Text Book of Pteridophyta. McMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

• Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of Gymnosperms. Encyclopaedia of Plant Anatomy

X. Gebruder Bortraeger, Berlin.

• Smith, GM. 1971. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. II Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Sporne, KR. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson and Co. Ltd.,

London.

• Sporne, KK. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. BI Publishing Pvt. Ltd.,

Bombay.

• Stewart, WN and Rathwell, GW. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of plants.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

• Trivedi, PC; Sharma, N; Dhanker, RS and Gupta, S. 2003. Diversity of Microbes

and Cryptogams. Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur.

• Vasishtha, PC. 2004. Gymnosperms Vol.V. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.

Laboratory Readings

• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10

th edition). Vikas Publishing

House.

• Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.


• Santra, SC and Chatterjee. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. I. New Central

Book Agency (P) Ltd

25

M.Sc. Semester II

PAPER II


Objective: The objective of the course is to provide an insight into the basic

knowledge of biodiversity of various plant species found in India and in

different parts of the world. This course also aims at providing an idea of

endangered and extinct plant species and emphasize on the role of

environment in plant life.

Credits: 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Ecology and Environment: Basic concepts and scope of Ecology. Ecology and its

relation with other branches of Science. Environmental complex: climatic, edaphic and

biotic factors. Ecological niche. Microclimate. Ecology in Biodiversity. Threats to

Biodiversity. IUCN categories of endangered species. Red Data Book.

(9 Hours)

UNIT II

Community and Population Ecology: Characteristics of population and community,

Autecological and synecological levels, analytical and synthetic characters used in study

of a community, Physiognomic and phytosociological classification, community

dyanamics, Clementsian’s categories, concept of continuum, ordination, development of

vegetation

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Ecosystem: Structure of ecosystem, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids,

functional aspects of an ecosystem, ecological energetics, biogeochemical cycles: carbon,

nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, oxygen.Productivity of different ecosyetems: primary

and secondary productivity.

(9 hours)

UNIT IV

Environmental Pollution: Environmental pollutants, costs and kinds of pollution.

26

Air pollution: air quality, sources and pollutants, measurement of air quality, green house

effect, acid rains, ozone layer depletion, threat to ozone protection, global efforts towards

ozone layer protection

Water pollution: kinds and sources, measurement of water quality.

Noise pollution: Sources and properties, pollution control through law.

Soil pollution: effects of heavy metals on green canopy, bioremediation.

(9 Hours)

UNIT V

Ecosystem stability: Concept of resistance and resilience, ecological perturbations

(natural and anthropogenic), and their impact on plants and ecosystems, ecology of plant

invasions, environmental impact assessments and ecosystem restoration.

Ecological management: Concept, sustainable development and sustainability indicators.

(9 Hours)

27

Suggested Books:

• Anonymous . 1997. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic

Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New York.

• Arora, RK and Nayar,, ER. 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India.

NBPGR Science Monograph No. 7.

• Baker, HG. 1978. Plants and Civilization (3rd

edition).. CA Wadsworth,

Belmont.

• Bole, PV and Vaghani, Y. 1986. Field Guide to Common Indian Trees.

Oxford University Press, Mumbai.

• Barbour, MG; Burk, JH and Pitts, WD. 1987. Terrestrial Plant Ecology.

Benjamin/ Cummings Publication Co., New York.

• Begon, M; Harper, JL and Townsend, CR. 1996. Ecology. Blackwell Science.

Cambridge, USA.

• Brady, NC. 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils. McMillan.

• Chandel, KPS; Shukla, G and Sharma, N. 1996. Biodiversity in Medical and

Aromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. NBPGR, New Delhi.

• Chapman, JL and Reiss, MJ. 1988. Ecology: Principles and Applications.

Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

• Conway, G. 1999. The Doubly green Revelution: Food for All in 21st Century.

Penguin Books.

• Conway, G and Barbier, E. 1990. After the Green Revelution. Earthscan

Press, London.

• Frankel, OH; Brown, AHD and Burdon, JJ. 1995. The Conservation of Plant

Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

• Gadgil, M and Guha, R. 1996. Ecology and Equity: Use and Abuse of Nature

in Contemporary India.Penguin, New Delhi.

• Heywood, VH and Watson, RT. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessmeny.

Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK

• Hill, MK. 1997. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge

University Press. Cambridge, UK

• Kaushik, P. 1983. Ecological and Anatomical Marvel of the Himalayan

Orchid. Today and Tommorow, New Delhi.

• Kothari, A. 1997. Understanding Biodiversity: Life Sustainability and Equity.

Orient Longman.

• Kormondy, EJ 1996. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt., New

Delhi

• Ludwig, J and Reynolds, JF. 1988. Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons,

New York.

• Mackenzie, A .et al, 1999. Instant notes in Ecology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi.

• Mason, CF. 1991. Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Longman .

• Moldan, B and Billharz, S. 1997. Sustainability Indicators. John Wiley &

Sons, New York.

28

• Muller-Dombois, D and Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation

Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Odum, EP. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia .New

York.

• Treshow, M. 1985. Air Pollution and Plant Life. Wiley Interscience.

Suggested Laboratory Readings

• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PC. 1997. Botany Vol. I (10th

edition). Vikas Publishing

House.



29

M.Sc. Semester II

PAPER III

BOT 223: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry I

Objectives: To study the vital activites in plant and study of various

metabolic activities in plants

Credits 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Plant-Water relations and Membrane transport: Water potential and its relations, Soil

Plant Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC), transpiration.

Mineral Nutrition: Role of micro and macro elements, chelating reagents, mechanism of

phloem transport, factors affecting translocation.

(9 hours)

UNIT II

Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments , absorption and action spectrum, photo-

oxidation, non-cyclic and cyclic transportation of electrons, proton gradient and

photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle, structure of RUBISCO and regulation of its activity,

control of Calvin cycle , C4 pathway and its significance, CAM pathway, differences

between C3 and C4 plants, glycolate pathway and photorespiration.

(9 hours)

UNIT III

Respiration: Anaerobic and aerobic respiration, fermentation, Respiratory Quotients,

glycolysis, regulation of glycolysis, regulation of TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation,

glyoxylate pathway, gluconeogenesis.

Nitrogen Metabolism : Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen fixation, importance of nitrate

reductase and its regulation , Nod factor, nif and nod genes, glutamate D dehydrogenase

reaction. (9 hours)

UNIT IV

Signal transduction: Receptors and G-proteins, calcium-calmodulin cascade, diversity

of protein kinases and phosphatases, signal transduction mechanisms with special

reference to plant growth regulators.

Stress physiology: Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant defense

mechanisms against water stress, salinity stress, metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress

30

(9 hours)

UNIT V

Growth and Development : Plant growth regulators- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,

Abscisic acid, Ethylene, – chemistry, biosynthesis, bioassay, mechanism of action and

their physiological roles.

Photobiology: Phytochromes and Cryptochromes – their discovery,physiological roles

and mechanism of action, Physiology of flowering : Photoperiodism and Vernalization,

Circadian rhythms in plants. (9 hours)

31

Suggested Books : • Dennis, DT; Turpin, DH; Lefebvre, DD and Layzell (eds.). 1997. Plant.

• Devlin. 1997. Plant Physiology. East-West Press Pvy. Ltd.

• Metabolism (2nd

edition). Longman, Essex, England.

• Galston, AW. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library.

• Gosh, AK. 2005. Plant Physiology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.,

Calcutta.

• Hopkins, WG. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons

Inc., New York, USA.

• Lawlor and David, W. 2001. Photosynthesis. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

• Lea, PJ and Leegood, RC. 1999. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Mohr, H and Schopfer, P. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer- Verlag, Berlin,

Germany.

• Pandey, BP. 1998. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House.

• Salisbury, FB and Ross, CW. 1992. Plant Physiology (4th

edition). Wadsworth

Publishing Co., California, USA.

• Sands. 1995. Problems in Plant Physiology. John Murray, London.

• Srivastava, HN. 2006. Pradeep’s Botany Vol. V. Pradeep Publications,

Jalandhar.

• Taiz and Lincoln. 2003. Plant Physiology. Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Taiz, L and Zieger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology (2nd

edition). Sinauer

Associates, Inc. Publishers Massachusetts, USA.

• Verma, SK. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. S. Chand & Sons, New

Delhi.

Laboratory Readings • Bajracharya, D. 2003. Experiments in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual.

• Bendre. 1995. A Text Book of Practical Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

• Santra, SC. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol.II. New Central Book Agency (P)

Ltd., Calcutta.


32

M.Sc. SEMESTER II

PAPER IV

BOT 224: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry II

Objectives: To study the various biochemical pathways in plants and to

study the structure of various biomolecules.

Credits 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Carbohydrates: Classification, catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, Chemistry,

conformation and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oleigosaccharides,

polysaccharides and glycoproteins including starch, cellulose and pectins.

( 8 Hours)

UNIT II

Proteins: Structure of protein: primary , secondary ,tertiary, quaternary, Ramachandran

plot, techniques of protein purification, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion

chromatography, protein folding, chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of protein to

peptides, composition, sequence and conformational analysis of proteins: N and C

terminal analysis.

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Fat metabolism: Introduction, classes of lipids, lipid structure, metabolism of lipids, and

function of derived lipids: phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, plasmalogens and

glycerolipids.

Vitamins: Biochemistry and function of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic

acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid, vitaminB12, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and vitamin D,

clinical aspect of vitamin deficiency.

(10 Hours)

UNIT IV

Enzymes: Introduction to enzyme, classification, regulation of enzyme activity,

mechanism of action, enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten equation, coenzymes,

isozymes, ribozymes and abzymes.

(9 Hours)

33

UNIT V Secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis and functions of secondary metabolites with

special reference to tannins, lignins, sapogenins, coumarins.

(9 Hours)

34

Suggested Books : • Buchanan, BB; Gruissem, W and Jones, RL. 2000. Biochemistry and

Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists.

Maryland, USA

• Bugg, TDH. 2004. Introduction of Enzyme and Co-enzyme chemistry (2nd

edition). Blackwell Publishing Ltd., UK.

• Gurr, MI; Harwood, JL and Frayn, KN. Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction

(5th

edition). Blackwell Science.

• Hames, BD and Hooper, NM. 2003. Biochemistry: Instant Notes (2nd

edition).

Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.

• Lea, PJ and Leegood, RC. 1999. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

John

• Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Lesk, AM. 2001. Introduction to Protein Architechture. Oxford University

Press, UK

• Lydyard, PM; Whelan, A and Fanger, MW. 2003. Instant Notes in

Immunology. Hames, BD (ed.). Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• Mathews, CK; van Holde, KE and Ahern, KG. 2003. Biochemistry. Pearson

Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Mohr, H and Schopfer, P. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer- Verlag, Berlin,

Germany.

• Montgomery, R; Conway, TW and Spector, AA. 1990. Biochemistry: A Case

Oriented Approach (5th

edition). The CV Mosby Co., Torento.

• Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (6th

edition). Wilson, K and Walker, J (eds.). Cambridge University Press

• Rawn, DJ. Biochemistry. Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Sands. 1995. Problems in Plant Physiology. John Murray, London.

• Srivastava, HN. 2006. Pradeep’s Botany Vol. V. Pradeep Publications,

Jalandhar

• Thimmaiah, SR. 2004. Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis. Kalyani

Publishers.

• Trehan, K. 1990. Biochemistry (2 nd edition.). New Age International (P)

Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi.

• Voet, D and Voet, J. 1995. Biochemistry (2nd

edition). John Wiley & Sons

Inc.. New York.

• West, ES; Todd, WR; Mason, HS and Bruggen, JTV. 1974. Textbook of

Biochemistry (4th

edition). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

• Zubay, GL; Parson, WW and Vance, DE. Principles of Biochemistry.

Laboratory Readings

35

• Ramakrishnan, S; Prasannan, KG and Rajan, R. Textbook of Medical

Biochemistry (2nd

edition). Orient Longman.

• Plummer. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry.

• Singh, S. Practical Manual of Biochemistry.

36

M.Sc. Semester II

PAPER V

BOT 225: Practical Exercises based on BOT 221-224

BOT 221: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

• Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following genera :

Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella , Isoetes , Equisetum ,Ophioglossum ,

Marsilea, Pteris

• Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following genera:

Cycas, Ginkgo , Abies, Pinus, Picea , Taxus, Cryptomeria, Araucaria ,

Cephalotaxus, Cupressus, Podocarpus, Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum

• Study of the following genera : Rhynia, Horneophyton, Lyginopteris,

Medullosa, Neuropteris, Glossopteris.


• To determine minimum number of quadrats required for reliable estimate of

biomass in grasslands.

• To study the frequency of hrrbacious species in grassland and to compare the

frequency distribution with Raunkairs standard frequency diagram/

• To estimate importance value index for grassland species on the basis of

relative frequency, relative density and relative biomass in protected and

grazed grassland.

• To measure the vegetation cover of grassland through point frame method.

• To measure the above ground plant biomass in a grassland.

• To determine Kemps constant for dicot and monocot leaves and to estimate

the leaf area index of a grassland community.

• To determine diversity indices (richness, simpson, Shannon weinner) in

grazed and protected grassland.

• To estimate bulk density and particle density of grassland and woodland soils.

• To determine moisture content and water holding capacity of grassland and

woodland soil.

• To study the vegetation structure through profile diagram.

• To estimate transparency, pH, and temperature of different water bodies.

• To measure dissolved oxygen content in polluted and unpolluted water

samples.

• To estimate salinity of different water samples.

• To determine the percent leaf area injury of different leaf samples collected

around polluted sites.

• To estimate dust holding capacity of the leaves of different plant species

37

BOT 223: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry-I • Demonstration of phenomenon of osmosis by using potato osmometer.

• Demonstration of phenomenon of imbibition.

• Demonstration of the stomatal transpiration by four leaves method.

• To demonstrate that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis by inverted

funnel method.

• To demonstrate that CO2 , water, light and chlorophyll are essential for

photosynthesis by ‘Moll’s half leaf’ experiment.

• To determine the chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b ratio in C3 and C4 plants.

• Isolation of intact chloroplasts and estimation of chloroplast proteins by spot

protein assay.

• Extraction of chloroplast pigments from leaves and preparation of the

absorption spectrum of chlorophylls and carotenoids.

• To demonstrate photophosphorylation in intact chloroplasts, resolve the

phosphoproteins by SDS-PAGE and perform autoradiography.

• To determine the value of RQ of different respiratory substrates using

Ganong’s respirometer.

• Demonstration of respiratory enzymes in plant tissues.

• Demonstration of the substrate inducibility of the enzyme nitrate reductase.

• Measurement of growth using auxanometer.

To study the effect of plant growth regulators on plant growth.

BOT 224: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry - II

• To separate the given mixture of dyes using paper chromatography.

• To separate the given mixture of amino acids using thin - layer

chromatography.

• To separate the given mixture of pigments using thin – layer chromatography.

• Principles of colorimetry and spectrophotometry.

• To estimate the conc. of protein using Folin’s reagent.

• To estimate the conc. of protein using Biuret reagent.

• Desalting of proteins by gel filtration chromatography , employing

SephadexG-25.

• Preparation of the standard curve of protein (BSA) and estimation of the

protein content in extracts of plant material by Lowry’s or Bradford’s method.

• Effect of time and enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction of enzyme

(e.g. acid phosphatase ).

• Effect of substrate concentration on activity of any enzyme and determination

of its Km value.

• Microchemical tests for the following – Cellulose, Cutin, Suberin, Lignin,

Latex, Glucose, Sucrose, Proteins, Fats, Starch.

• Phytochemical tests for – Alkaloids, Terpenes, Tannins and Anthocyanins

38

Practical Scheme for Semester II

1 (a). Major exercise: Comment on the given physiological experiment 12

(b). Minor exercise: Biochemical test of the given chemical substance. 08

2. Major exercise on any one group of plants (Pteridophytes,

Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany). 10

3.Major exercise: Comment on the anatomical features of the given

plant material. 10

4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

39

M.Sc. Semester III

PAPER I BOT 321: Plant Systematics

Objective: The objective of this course is to identify thrust areas of modern

taxonomy without shifting focus from the traditional ones.

Credits: 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Systematics: Goal and essence of taxonomy; systems of classification – artificial,

natural and phylogenetic; Current systems of classification – Takhatajan, Hutchinson,

Cronquist, Dahlgren and Thorne. (10 Hours)

UNIT II

Botanical nomenclature: The international code of Botanical nomenclature –

Principles, rules and recommendations. Principle of priority; typification; rule of valid

and effective publication; author citation; retention of names; change of rank;

nomenclature of fossils, lichens, fungi and hybrid & cultivated plants.

Taxonomic hierarchy: Concept of genus and family, primitive vs Advanced

characters,homology, analogy, parallelism, convergence, horizontal and vertical

classification, monophylly and polyphylly. (8 Hours)

UNIT III

Taxonomic literature: Floras, Monographs, Manuals, Bibliographies, Catalogues,

Taxonomic index, Keys for identification.

Introduction to flora of India, endemic & endangered species, Red data Book, role of

botanical survey of India. Herbaria, botanical garden.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Diagnostic features, systematics, phylogeny and economic importance of Ranunculaceae,

Magnoliaceae, Fabaceae (Papillionaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae), Rosaceae,

Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Apocyanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae,Solanaceae,

Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidiaceae, Liliaceae,

Araceae and Poaceae.

(10 Hours)

40

UNIT V

Modern trends in Taxonomy:

Chemotaxonomy: application of phytochemistry to taxonomy.

Numerical taxonomy: Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU’s), selection of characters,

data processing, clusters analysis.

Biosystematics: Concept and categories, methods in experimental taxonomy.

Computerised systematics: GIS, Data banking and use of computers in taxonomy.

Molecular approaches to Plant Taxonomy: Applications of DNA markers in plant

taxonomy.

(8 Hours)

41

Suggested Books : • Bendre and Kumar, A. 1998. Economic Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

• Davis, PH and Heywood, VH. 1973. Principles of Angiosperms Taxonomy.

Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York.

• Grant, V. 1971. Plant Speciation. Columbia University Press, New York.

• Grant, WF. 1984. Plant Biosystematics. Academic Press, London.

• Harrison, HJ. 1971. New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Hieman &

Co.Educational Book Ltd., London.

• Heywood, VH and Moore, DM. 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy.

Academic Press, London.

• Jones, AD and Wilbins, AD. 1971. Variations and Adaaptations in Plant

Species. Hieman & Co. Educational Books Ltd., London.

• Jones, SB Jr. and Luchsinger, AE. 1986. Plant Systematics (2nd

edition).

McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

• Kocchar, SL. 1998. Economic Botany in Tropics, 2nd

edition. McMillan India

Ltd., New Delhi.

• Kumar and Suresh. 2002. Economic Botany. Campus books International,

New Delhi.

• Pandey. 1993. Economic Botany. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

• Rendel. 1979. The Classification of Flowering Plants Vol. I & II. Vikas

Publishing House.

• Sambhamurthy, AVSS and Subramanayam, NS. 1989. A Text Book of

Economic Botany. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

• Sharma, OP. 1996. Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. AF Hill, adopted by OP

Sharma). Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Simpson, BB and Conner- Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic Botany- Plants in

Our World. McGraw Hill, New York.

• Sivrajan, VV. 1999. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy (2nd

edition). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Stace, TA. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd

edition). Edward

Arnold Ltd., London.

• Takhtajan, AL. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants.

Columbia University Press.

• Tyagi. 1996. An Intriduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Himalaya

Publishing House.

•

Laboratory Readings • Bendre. 1995. A Text Book of Practical Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

42



43

M.Sc Semester III

PAPER II BOT 322: Developmental and Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms

Objective: The course aims at studying not only morphology, structure and

development of flowering plants but at their practical and experimental

aspects they are most sought after the areas of modern research.

Credits 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Root: Organisation of root apical meristem; development and differentiation of tissues;

origin of lateral roots; root hair; associations between microbes & roots.

Shoot: Histological organisation of shoot apical meristem; root-stem transition,

rhytidome; branching and it’s patterns, development of wood in relation to environmental

factors, nodal anatomy.

(10 Hours)

UNIT II

Leaf: Origin and development of leaf, leaf buttress, plastochron and plastochron index;

monocot and dicot leaf; abscission of leaf, development of flower and its structure; floral

organ differentiation; homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum etc. origin and

development of stomata.

Seed: Structure of monocot and dicot seed and seed development.

(8 Hours)

UNIT III

Flower: A modified reproductive shoot; microsporangium, morphology and development

of male gametocyte; megasporangium, megasporogenesis and formation of female

gametocyte; pollination; fertilization (in vivo & in vitro).

(8 Hours)

UNIT IV

Self incompatibility: Structural, genetic and biochemical aspects; biological significance

of incompatibility; development and types of endosperm; ruminate endosperm;

nutritional behavior of endosperm; monocot & dicot embryo; types of embryogenesis.

(9 Hours)

44

UNIT V

Parthenocarpy, Polyembryony and Apomixis: Types and practical applications;

haploid production; embryo culture, culture of differentiated and mature embryos;

nucellus, ovule, endosperm and seed culture.

(8 Hours)

45

Suggested Readings

• Bhatnagar. 2002. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House.

• Bhojwani, SS and Bhatnagar, SP 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms, 4th

revised and enlarged edition, Vikas Publication House, New Delhi.

• Cutter, EG 1969, Part I Cells and Tissues, Edward Arnold, London

• Cutter, EG 1971, Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interpretation PartII, Organs,

Edward Arnold, London

• Eames. 1997. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy (2nd

edition). Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Esau, K 1977, Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd

edition, John Wiley & Sons, New

York.

• Fahn, A. 1982. Plant Anatomy (3rd

edition). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

• Grewal, RC. 2000. Plant Anatomy. Campus Books International, New Delhi.

• Hartmann, HT and Kestler, DE 1976. Plant propagation: Principles and Practices,

3rd

edition Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

• Leins, P; Tucker, SC and Endress, PK. 1988. Aspects of Floral Development. J.

Cramer, Germany.

• Maheshwari. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Pandey, BP. 2002. Plant Anatomy 6th

Rev. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.

• Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering plants. Cambridge

University press. Cambridge, UK.

• Proctor, M and Yeo, P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers. Witham Collins Sons,

London.

• Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge

University Press.

• Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer-

Verlag, New York.

• Raven, PH; Evrt, RF and Eichhom, S. 1992. Biology of Plants(5th

edition). Worth,

New York.

• Sdgely, M and Griffin, AR. 1989. Sexual Reproduction to Tree Crops. Academic

Press, London.

• Shivnna, KR and John, BM. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen: Structure and

Function. Wiley Eastern Ltd. , New York.

• Vasishtha, BR. 1997. Plant Anatomy. S. Nagin & Co.




46

M.Sc. Semester III

PAPER III


Objectives: To develop an understanding of tools and techniques related to

the field of plant sciences in the modern era. To increase the awareness of

young learners about the various equipments and their uses to the fullest.

Credits: 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNITI Biostatistics: Scope of Biostastistics, exploring and presenting data: scales of

measurement (nominal and ordinal), tables and graphs for nominal, ordinal and numerical

data, summarizing data: measure of central tendency and dispersion

(8 Hours)

UNIT II

Microscopy: Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes, confocal

and wide field deconvolution microscopy, microscopic measurements, phase contrast,

fluorescence microscopy, epi illumination technique.

(10 Hours)

UNIT III

Histology of Tissues: Selection of material, chemical fixation – types of fixatives,

mechanism of fixation, tissue dehydration – general protocol, rapid dehydration and

dehydration using a graded solvent series of ethanol or acetone, infiltrating and

embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy

(cryotome, cryostat and vibratome).

(8 hours)

UNIT IV

Recombinant DNA technology and PCR: Restriction digestion, gel electro-phoresis,

plasmid isolation and purification isolation of genomic DNA, DNA purification from gel,

ligation of foreign gene into vector (cloning), SDS page, HPLC. (10 hours)

47

UNIT V

Microbiological and Immunotechniques: Sterilization and disinfection: Preparation of

media, sterilization, culture and transfer instruments, cultivation chambers, culture

transfer techniques, pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate

method, media preparation-solid and liquid media, simple and complex media, nutrient

agar stabs, slants and plates, staining techniques, simple and differential staining,

enumeration using haemocytometer, bio chemical characterization – TSI test, IMViC

test, ELISA, Radio Immunoassay (RIA), Ouchterlony latex agglutination test,

monoclonal and polyclonal antibody production

(9 hours)

48

Suggested Books:

• A Biology Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. Wilson,

K & Goulding, KH. ELBS edition.

• Introduction to Instrumental Analysis. Robert Brown. Mc Graw Hill

Internatiuonal Edition.

• Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology. Dabre, PG. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

• Kuby Immunology (fourth edition). Golds, RA. Thomas J. Kintz, Barbara, A.

Osborne, Freeman & Co., New York.

• Microbiological Applications: A Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology.

Benson, HJ. WCG; WnC Brown Publishers.

• Microbiology, A Laboratory Manual. Cappuccino, JG and Sherman, N. Addison

Wesley.

• Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology & Medicine. 1995. Win, K, Kim &

Cseke. CRC Press, Florida

• Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Sambrook,J Fritsch, EF & Maniatis, T.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.

49

M.Sc. Semester III

PAPER IV


Objectives: To study the various tools and techniques used to improve the

plant productivity and to make aware the various aspects of bioinformatics.

Credits: 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Basic concepts, principles and scope of Biotechnology

Plant tissue culture: General introduction, history and scope of plant tissue culture,

comparision of different plant tissue culture media, concept of totipotency,

organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis (direct & indirect), callus culture and suspension

culture, somaclonal variation, hardening and acclimatization of plants.

Protoplast culture: Isolation and culture of protoplast, somatic hybridization, hybrid

selection and regeneration, concept of hybrid and cybrid, achievements and limitations of

protoplast culture. (10 Hours)

UNIT II

Transgenic plants: Concept and history of transgenesis in plants, principles and

techniques of gene cloning: direct DNA transfer to plant cells, Agrobacterium mediated

transformation: Ti plasmid, process of T- DNA transfer and integration, vectors,

promoter, terminator, marker and reporter genes, ethical and ecological issues of

transgenesis, terminator technology (GURT)

(8 Hours)

UNIT III

Intellectual Property Rights: History and evolution of IPR, forms of IPR: patent, design

and copyright, distinction among various forms of IPR, rights/ protection, infringement or

violation remedies against infringement (civil and criminal), Indian Patent Act 1970.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Genetic engineering: Molecular tools and their applications: Restriction enzymes,

c DNA and genomic library, DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, DNA

fingerprinting, genetic markers-RFLP analysis, isolation and purification of DNA.

(9 hours)

50

UNIT V

Bioinformatics: Gene bank sequence database, structure database, sequence analysis,

information retrieval from biological database, NCBI data model, sequence alignment

and database searching and practical aspects of multiple sequence alignment.

(9 Hours)

51

Suggested Books:

• Bhojwani, SS. 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations.

• Bhojwani, SS and Razdan, MK. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and

Practice (a revised edition). Elsevier Science Publishers. New York, USA.

• Brown, TA.1999.Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asis) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.

• Callow, JA; Ford-Lloyd, BV and Newbury, HJ. 1997. Biotechnology and

Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and Use. CAB International, Oxon,

UK.

• Chawla, HS. 2002. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Chrispeels, MJ and Sadava, DE. 1994. Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones

and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA.

• Collins, HA and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific

Publishers. Oxford, UK.

• Gustafson, JP. 2000.Genomes. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers. New

York.

• Jolles, O and Jomvall, H.(eds.) .2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics.

Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.

• Kartha, KK. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs.

• Primrose, SB. 1995. Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell ScienceLtd.

Oxford, UK.

• Edwards and Sue. 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publishers,

London.

• Kumar, U. 2001. Methods in Plant Tissue Culture. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

• Ignacimuthu, S. 2001. Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Pvt. Ltd.

• Murphy and Terence, M. 1998. Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co.,

California.

• Narayanswamy. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Tata McGraw Hill ,

New Delhi.

• Shantharam, S and Montgomery, JF. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety and

Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• Singh and Rita. 2004. Plant Biotechnology. Global Vision Publishing House.



• Sharma, K. Manual of Microbiology: Tools and Techniques. 2005. Ane Books.

• Henry, RJ. 1997. Practical Application of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman &

Hall, London

• Philips, GC. 1995. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods.

Narosa Publishing House.

52

325: Practical Exercises based on BOT 321-324

Credits: 3

BOT 321: Plant Systematics

• Field visit to identify various life forms & species constituting the local flora.

• Study of representative / available members of the families mentioned in the

syllabus.

• Collection and drying of specimen to prepare herbaria.

• To study problems in numerical taxonomy.

To retrieve literature using GIS

BOT 322: Developmental and Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms

• L-S root and shoot tip to study cytohistological zonation.

• Anatomy of primary and secondary growth in monocot and dicot root & stem.

• Study of growth rings in wood. Microscopic study of wood in T.S, T.L.S and

R.L.S.

• Anatomy of monocot and dicot leaf.

• Study of various types of stomata in leaf epidermal peels.

• Study of different pollination mechanism in flowers.

• Test of self incompatibility using field pollinations.

• Emasculation and bagging technique to prevent self fertilization.

• Structure of anther and pollen grains with special reference to

microsporangium wall features.

• Pollen viability using in vitro pollen germination.

• Structure of different types of ovules and embryo sacs.

• Study of endosperm and embryo.

• To study germination of seeds, both dormant and non-dormant.


• Demonstration of simple and compound microscope

• Demonstration of methods of histology of tissue- dehydration, sectioning,

mounting

• Demonstration of following immunotechniques- ELISA, RIA, Ouchterlony.

• Demonstration of SDS-PAGE, HPLC

• Demonstration of following Microbiological techniques- Sterilization, Pure

culture techniques, Haemocytometer, Staining Techniques.

• Demonstration of gel electrophoresis.

53


• Media preparation, sterilization and inoculation of given material.

• Growth characteristics of E.coli using plating and turbidimetric methods.

• Isolation of plasmid from E.coli by alkaline lyses method and its quantization

spectrophotometrically.

• Restriction digestion of the plasmid and estimation of the size of various DNA

fragments.

• Cloning of a DNA fragment in plasmid vector, transformation of the given

bacterial population and selection recombinants.

• Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using appropriate explants and

preparation of artificial seeds.

• Isolation of protoplast from various plant tissues and testing their viability.

• Effect of physical and chemical factors protoplast yield.

• Demonstration of protoplast fusion employing PEG.

• Demonstration of DNA sequencing using Sanger’s dideoxy method.

• Demonstration of micro techniques for plant cultures.

• Co-cultivation of the plant material with Agrobacterium and study GUS

activity histochemically.

54

Practical Scheme for Semester III

1 (a). Major exercise: 12

(b). Minor exercise: 08

2. Major exercise 10

3. Major exercise: 10

4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

55

M.Sc. Semester IV

BOT 421: Advanced Biotechnology I

Objectives: The objectives of this paper are to study and develop an

understanding of latest trends and various tools and techniques of plant

Biotechnology for human welfare.

Credits: 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Plant Tissue Culture: PTC lab, media preparation & handling, cell and plant culture,

sterile technique and totipotency, culture environment, various plant tissue culture media

and their composition.

Micropropagation: Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis; developmental pathway of

somatic embryogenesis in Daucus and Picea, synthetic seeds and their utility.

(9 Hours)

UNIT II

Culture types: Protoplast isolation, culture and somatic hybridization, anther culture,

mature and immature zygotic embryo culture, ovary culture, somaclonal and

gametoclonal variation, triploid production, apical and axillary meristem culture, root &

shoot tip culture and their uses.

Micro techniques for plant cultures: Fixation, infiltration and embedding in paraffin,

equipment and histological procedures.

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Structural Genomics : Introduction to structural genomics, genome of eukaryotes and

prokaryotes.

Mapping genomes : Genetic mapping –RFLP, SSLP and SNPs.

Physical Mapping – Restriction mapping and Fluorescent in situ

hybridization (FISH)

(9 Hours)

56

UNIT IV

Functional genomics: Introduction, DNA chips/ microarrays ( oligonucleotide based

chips, cDNA based chips),their applications, nucleic acid repair, insertional mutagenesis

and gene therapy

(9 Hours)

UNITV

Recombinant DNA technology: Cutting and joining DNA molecules, cloning vectors:

plasmids, cosmids, bacteriophage vectors, phagemids, YAC, shuttle vectors, expression

vectors, cloning strategies: cloning c DNA and genomic DNA, screening strategies, direct

DNA transfer and Agrobacterium mediated transformation of plants, applications of

recombinant DNA technology

(9 Hours)

57

M.Sc. Semester IV

BOT 422: Advanced Biotechnology II

Credits: 3

Marks: 100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)

Contact Hours/ Semester: 45

Contact Hours/ Week: 3

UNIT I

Agriculture Biotechnology: Bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, role of biotechnology in

food and agriculture, ecological impacts of agricultural biotechnology, scientific facts on

GM crops, ethical issues related to GM crops.

.

(9 hours)

UNIT II

Medical Biotechnology: Gene therapy: Introduction, genetic diagnosis- prenatal

diagnosis, embryonic diagnosis and adult diagnosis, treatment of genetic diseases by gene

therapy. Gene therapy: types of gene therapy, sites of gene therapy, gene therapy against

cancer, future prospects of gene therapy.

Ethical issues: Human cloning, in vitro fertilization and interference with nature.

(9 hours)

UNIT III

Environmental Biotechnology:

Biotechnology and biodegradation: Biodegradation of herbicides and pesticides.

Biotechnology and Pollution Detection: Biosensors in Environmental Analysis

Biotechnology and Pollution Abatement: Biotechnology in reduction of CO2 emission,

algal photosynthesis in waste water treatement, metal pollution and its bioabatement,

biological phosphorus removal, cell immobilization as a tool in waste treatment.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Microbial Biotechnology: Biotransformation, genetic improvement of industrial

microbes and nitrogen fixers, microbes in fermentation technologies, microbes in

pharmaceutical industry for the production of antibiotics.

(9 hours)

UNIT V

Vaccine Biotechnology: Living organisms as vaccines with attenuated virulence,

genetically engineered viruses as vaccines, bacterial vaccines, toxoid preparation, and

edible vaccines. (9 Hours)

58

Suggested Books:

• Altman, A. Agricultural Biotechnology. CRC Press.

• Chakrabarty, AM; Anderson, WA and Moo-Young. 1996. Environmental

Biotechnology – Principles & Applications.

• Chatterjee, AK. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. Prentice- Hall of

India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• Chawla, HS. 2002. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Science Publishers

• Cheremisinoff, NP. 1996. Biotechnology for Waste and Waste water Treatment.

CABI Publishing.

• Davis, AR. Biotechnology: Fundamentals, Applications and Recent

Developments. Mangal Deep Publications, Jaipur.

• Edwards and Sue. 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publishers, London.

• Glazer, AN and Nikaido, H. Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology. Cambridge

Univ. Press.

• Greshoff, P. Plant Biotechnology & Development. CRC Press.

• Gupta, PK. Elements of Plant Biotechnology. Rastogi Publications.,Meerut.

• Ignacimuthu, S. 2001. Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd

• Jane, B. Agricultural Biotechnology. Diane Publishing Co.Kumar, U. 2001.

Methods in Plant Tissue Culture. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

• Martin, FMartin, Fussenegger and Al-Rubeai, M. 2007. Systems Biology.

Springer Publications.

• Old & Primrose. Principles of Gene Manupilations.

• Pathade, GR. Environmental Pollution & Management of Waste Water by

Microbial Techniques.Primrose, SB. 1995.

• Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell ScienceLtd. Oxford, UK.

• Scheper, T. Metabolic Engineering. Springer Publications.

• Thakur and Shekar, I. Environmental Biotechnology: Basic concepts and

Applications.

• Maina Keru.Ethical Biotechnology. Global Vision Publishing House, Delhi

Laboratory Readings

• Smith and Roberta H. Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques & experiments.

• Chawla, HS. Plant Biotechnology: Laboratory Manual for Plant Biotechnology.

• Philips, GC. 1995. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods.

Narosa Publishing House

59

See the Following Journals

• Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture

• Plant Cell Reports

• In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology- Plant

• Journal of Experimental Biology

• Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biotechnology

• Phytomorphology

• Annals of Botany

• Current Science

• Sciencia Horticulturae

• Hortscience

• Fitoterapia

• Indian Journal of Biotechnology

60

BOT423: Practical Exercises based on BOT 421& BOT 422

Credits: 3

• Media preparation, sterilization and inoculation of given material.

• Growth characteristics of E.coli using plating and turbidimetric methods.

• Isolation of plasmid from E.coli by alkaline lysis method and its

quantitation spectrophotometrically.

• Restriction digestion of the plasmid and estimation of the size of various

DNA fragments.

• Cloning of a DNA fragment in a plasmid vector, transformation of the

given bacterial population and selection recombinants.

• Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using appropriate

explantsand preparation of artificial seeds.

• Isolation of protoplast from various plant tissues and testing their

viability.

• Effect of physical and chemical factors protoplat yield.

• Demonstration of protoplast fusion employing PEG.

• Demonstration of DNA sequencing using Sanger,s dideoxy method.

• Demonstration of microtechniqures for plant cultures.

• Co-cultivation of the plant material with Agrobacterium and study GUS

activity histochemically.

61

M.Sc. SEMESTER-IV EXAMINATION-2009

BOTANY

BOT- 421

(Advanced Biotechnology I)

Time Allowed : 3 Hours

Maximum marks: 70 Question paper consists of three sections.

SECTION A- Consists of 10 compulsory one word questions carrying one mark each.

SECTION B- Consists of 6 short answers type questions. Attempt any five. Each question carries (word

limit 50-75 words)five marks each.

SECTION C- Consists of five questions. Attempt any 3 long essay type questions carrying ten marks

each (Word limit 250-300 words).

SECTION A

1x10=10 Marks

Q.1 Fill in the blanks.

(i).The two pathways of morphogenesis are _____________ and _________.

(ii)MS medium has ____________the level of thiamine than Gamborg’s Medium.

(iii)The enzymatic method of protoplast isolation was given by __________.

(iv)The thickness of a section to be studied under electron microscope is

__________________.

(v) The proteins used for genome packaging are ____________________.

(vi)Transposons were discovered by____________________ .

(vii)Agrobacterium is a gram ____________bacteria.

(viii)The two species of Agrobacterium used in transformation are_________&______

(ix)The term Systems Biology was coined by ___________.

(x) Full form of TRIPS is ___________.

SECTION B 6X5=30 Marks

Q.2 Define different stages somatic embryogenesis..

Q.3 Differentiate between somatic hybridization and cybridization..

Q.4 Give the difference between structural and functional genomics of an organism.

Q.6 What is gene therapy. Give one example in support of it.

Q.7 Write short note on DNA chips.

Q 8. Give the various methods of direct DNA transfer.

62

SECTION C 10x3=30 Marks

Q.8 Give a detailed account of in vitro morphogenesis. (10)

Q.9 Describe Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy

(5+5)

Q.10 What is DNA sequencing? Explain different methods used in DNA sequencing.

(10)

Q.11 Describe in detail the structure of Ti plasmid and Agrobacterium mediated transfer.

. (10)

Q.12 Write notes on :

a.) insertional mutagenesis

b.) c DNA cloning

(5+5)

63

The candidate should ensure that this question paper contains ____ printed pages.

M.Sc.

M.Sc. SEMESTER – II EXAMINATION, - 2009 BOTANY BOT - 422

(Advanced Biotechnology-II)

TIME ALLOWED: THREE HOURS

Maximum Marks - 70 Question paper consists of three sections

SECTION A – Consists of 10 compulsory one word questions carrying one mark each.

SECTION B- Consists of 6 short answers type questions. Attempt any five. Each question carries (word

limit 50-75 words)five marks each.

SECTION C – Consists of five questions. Attempt any 3 long essay type questions carrying ten marks

each (Word limit 250-300 words).

SECTION A

Fill in the blanks 1X10=10

1. First Indian test tube baby was born in _____________.

2 Microorganisms used for dehalogenation of chlorinated xenobiotics

are___________and_____________.

3. Ames test is done to assess ______________.

4. Gene therapy began with the first human trial under _________________.

5. Microbes that help to control insects and weeds belong to the category______________ .

6) Edible plant vaccine against diarrhea expressed in____________ plant by Tacket et al

1998.

7) Bt corn pollen were found to be fatal for larvae of ____________ butterfly.

8) An artificial gene is inserted into the DNA of ‘Flavr Savr’ tomatoes by __________

technology.

9) Mugeneic acid family phytosiderophores for accumulation of intact chelate Fe into roots are

secreted by members of family ____________ .

64

10) Microbial biosensors used for detecting methane and carbon di oxide gas utilizes-

___________ bacteria.

SECTION B (6x5)

2. Discuss any two methods of cytogenetic assay.

3.What are your views about human cloning? Do you regard it as human interference with

nature. Give reasons to support your answer.

4. What is gene therapy? Discuss its role in treating cancer.

5. What are ecological implications of biotechnological practices in crop improvement.

6. Name five genetically engineered bacterial and viral vaccines . How according to you ,

at times ,the vaccines themselves become the disease causing agents .

7. Explain the functioning of biosensors.

SECTION –C

8 Write notes on:

a. algal photosynthesis

b. biotechnology in reducing CO2 emission.

9. What do you understand by genetic diagnosis? Explain various types of the same.

10. Discuss merits and demerits of genetically modified crops.

11. Write notes on:

a. Edible vaccines

b. Use of microbes in pharmaceuticals.

12. Explain in brief :

a. Biofertilizers

b. Biopesticides

c. Role of microbes in fermentation technology.

65

M.Sc. Semester IV

BOT 424: Ethnobotany I

Objectives: To acquaint the student about traditional knowledge of plants

and their use, role in curing various human diseases.

Credits 3

Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)



UNIT I

Ethnobotany and Ethnic Groups: Aims, Objectives and scope, methods of study of

Ethnobotany.Ethnobotany of Rajasthan and India. Fairs and Festivals of Rajasthan.

Ethnic groups of Rajasthan. Major tribes – Meena, Bhil, Garasia, Saharia, Dhanka,

Kalbelia, Nut, Banjara, Koli, Naika and their life style.

(8 Hours)

UNIT II

Economicethnobotany: Jhoom and shifting cultivation, consequential damage to forest

eco-system. Traditional use of plants as Food, Fodder, Fencing, Decoration and

Adornment, Dyes, Timber, Intoxicants and Masticatories.

(10 Hours)

UNIT III

Medicoethnobotany: Plants and their parts used for curing various ailments found in

human beings and animals. Detailed study about the mode of use and application of

following important medicinal plants : Aloe, Bacoppa, Barleria, Bombax, Calotropis,

Catharanthes, Chlorophyton, Cissus, Commiphora, Convolvulus, Datura, Jatropha,

Ocimum, Phyllanthes, Plumlbago, Ricinus, Sentella, Terminalia, Thespisia, Thevitia,

Tinospora, Tribullus, Tylophora, Withania.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Biodiversity Conservation: Efforts and initiatives to conserve biodiversity. Biological

production with particular reference to conservation of flora, windbreaks, heltter belt,

afforestation and desert control measures. Unexploited plants of potential economic

value with special reference to Rajasthan. Sacred groves. Strategies for conservation: in

situ and ex-situ Role of Biotechnology in Biodiversity conservation: Causes of loss of

Biodiversity. (9 Hours)

66

UNIT V

Natural resources and their conservation: Resources, types, conservation, need for

integration of Biodiversity with Science and Technology. Soil conservation,

Desertification, Afforestation, World conservation and National Conservation strategies,

voluntary agencies and non-government organizations. National research institutes

participating in conservation of biodiversity such as CSIR, NBPGR, ICAR, CAZRI, BSI,

DBT.

(10 Hours)

67

M.Sc. Semester IV

BOT 425: Ethnobotany II

Objectives: To acquaint the students about latest trends and technologies adopted

in the field of Modern Ethnobotany

Credit: 3

Max. Marks: 100

Total : 45 Hrs

UNIT I

History of Ethnobotany: A brief account of interdisciplinary subdivisions of

Ethnobotany like Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacognosy, Ethnomedicobotany,

Ethnoagriculture, Ethnoarchaeoculture, Ethnoecology, Ethnogastrology,

Ethnohorticulture, Ethnomusicology, Ethnophytotaxonomy, Ethnoveterinary.

UNIT II

Ethnography: Cultural and social anthropology, techniques and notable Ethnographers.

UNIT III

Herbalism: Role of herbal medicines in human society, biological background,

popularity, types of herbal medicine systems, Herbal administration, examples of herbal

medicine, risks and benefits, effectiveness.

UNIT IV

Modern Herbalism: A brief account of Ayurveda, Chiropractic, Homeopathy,

naturopathic medicine, Osteopathy, Traditional Chinese medicine and Unani medicine.

Protocol for ethnomedicinal studies.

UNIT V

Alternative medical systems: Mind body intervention, biological based therapy,

manipulative and body based methods, energy therapy.

68

Suggested Readings:

• Chaudhuri, AB and Sardar, DD. Biodiversity Endangered: India’s Threatened

Wild Life and Medicinal Plants. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

• Jain, SK. 2002. Bibiliography of Indian Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur.

• Sivadasan, M and Mathew, P. Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of

Flowering Plants. Mentor Books, Calicut.

• Singh, A. Glossary of Medicinal Plants used in Ayueveda. Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur.

• Bhattacharjee, SK. Handbook of Aromatic plants. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.

• Trivedi, PC (Ed.). Ethnobotany. Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur.Kaushik, P and

Dheeman, AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India. Bishan and Mahinder

Pal Singh, DehraDun.

• Joshi, MC. Handbook of Indian Medicinal Plants. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

69

BOT426: Practical Exercises based on BOT 424 & BOT 425

Credits: 3

1. Field visit to local tribal area and documentation of data regarding the life style of

the tribal folklore.

2. Food crops; Morphology, Anatomy and microbiological tests for stored food

materials in wheat, rice, maize, chickpea, potato, sweet potato, and sugurcane.

3. Fodder crops; study of any five important crops of the locality.

4. Study of any three crops used for fencing.

5. Study of ornamental plants used by tribals for decoration and adornment.

6. Prepare a water extract of dyes such as turmeric, indigo, Butea monosperma,

Lawsonia inermis and perform tests to understand their chemical nature.

7. Prepare a list of 10 most important sources of timber trees in your locality. Give

their local names, scientific names and families to which they belong. Mention

their properties.

8. Prepare a list of important plants used as intoxicants and masticatories.

9. Pharmacognosy of following medicinal plants- Aloe, Baccopa, Barleria, Bombax,

Calotropis, Catharanthes, Chlorophyton, Cissus, Commiphora, Convolvulus,

Datura, Jatropha, Ocimum, Phyllanthes, Plumbago, Ricinus, Sentella, Terminalia,

Thespesia, Thevitia, Tinospora, Tribullus, Tylophora and Withania.

10. Plantation of important economical and medicinal plants.

11. In Vitro propagation of any one endangered plant of Rajasthan.

12. The students should be taken to one of the following-

a. A protected area. (biosphere reserve, national park)

b. NBPGR New Delhi, ICAR, CAZRI, BSI, DBT

c. A CSIR laboratory doing research on plants and their utilization and

conservation.

70

Practical Scheme for Semester IV

1 (a). Major exercise 12

(b). Minor exercise 08



4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

Documents

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND COURSES OF STUDY …