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7/31/2019 Sceince Reviewer

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1stTerm Science

Exam Reviewer

Cells

I. Cell Theorya. Cells are the basic unit of lifeb. Cells come from preexisting cellsc. All living things are composed of cells

II. Scientists who contributed to the study of the cella. Robert Hooke

i. Discovered and named the cell in 1665b. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

i. Made a better version of the microscopec. Robert Brown

i.

Discovered the nucleus of the celld. Theodor Schwanni. Discovered that all animals have cells in 1838

e. Mathias Jacob Schleideni. Discovered that all plants have cells in 1839

f. Rudolf Virchowi. Discovered that all cells come from preexisting cells

III. Cell Classificationa. Presence/Absence of nucleus

i. Eukaryotes1. Have nucleus2. Examples: Animal and Plant cells, Protists, and Fungi

ii. Prokaryotes1. Dont have a nucleus2. Examples: Bacteria

b. Number of cellsi. Unicellular

1. Examples: Prokaryotes, Some protistsii. Multicellular

1. Examples: Animals, Plants, some Protists and FungiIV. Prokaryotes

a. Small Cells (10m)b. Often Multicellularc. Always have nucleus and other membrane-bound organellesd. Linear DNA


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e. Has Cytoskeletonf. Reproduction is either asexual or sexualg. Cell division is by Meiosis or Mitosish. Small Ribosomes

VI. Basic Cell structurea. Plasma/Cell Membrane

i. A thin flexible barrier around the cell made ofphospholipids and proteins

ii. Separates the contents of the cell from the outsideenvironment

iii. Supports and protects the cellb. Nucleus

i. Plural: Nucleiii. Large structure containing the cells genetic material (DNA)

iii. Controls Cells activitiesc. Cytoplasm

i. Fills the cells interiorii. Contains organelles

VII. Eukaryotic Cell Structurea. Cell wall

i. Found in plants, algae and fungiii. Lies outside the cell membrane

iii. Allows H2O, O2, CO2 etc. thoughb. Nucleus

i. Small dense region. Here the ribosome assembly beginsii. Sub parts of the Nucleus

1. Chromatina. Granular materials within the nucleusb. Consists of DNA bound to a proteinc. Condenses to form Chromosomes

2. Chromosomesa. Distinct thread like structure containing the

DNA passed from one generation to the next

3. Nuclear Envelopea. A double envelope covers the nucleusb. Its dotted with thousands of nuclear pores

4. Nucleolusa. The place where Ribosomes are madeb. Composed of protein and nucleotides

5. Nucleoplasma. Basically the Cytoplasm of the nucleus

c. Cell Membranei. Fluid Mosaic Model

1. Because of thedifferent components shown in this

model, and because its a liquid it is called

the Fluid Mosaic. Model.

ii. Components of theCell membrane


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1. Proteinsa. Intrinsic

i. Inside the cellb. Extrinsic

i. Outside or inside the cell.2. Lipids

a. Phospholipidsi. Make up the bilayer

b. Cholesteroli. Prevents the membrane from

solidifying at low temperatures.

iii. Cytoskeleton1. Network of Protein fibers supporting the cells shape

and anchoring organelles

a. Actin Filamentsi. Helps the cells movement

b. Microtubulesi. Hollow tubes

ii. Facilitates cells movementiii. Centrioles

1. Help assemble the animalsmicrotubules

c. Intermediate Filamentsi. Stable Dont break down

ii. Act similar to the support columns of abuilding

VIII. Specialized structures in Prokaryotesa. Pili

i. Protein Filamentsii. Help cling to surfaces

iii. Part of Cytoskeletonb. Plasmid

i. Circular DNA that self replicatesc. Peptidoglycan

i. Attached to bacterial cell wall(Sugars attached with peptide bonds)

IX. Organellesa. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

i. Rough ER1. Has Ribosomes2. Site of Protein synthesis

ii. Smooth ER1. Has enzymes that produce lipids and carbohydrates2. Has no Ribosomes

iii. Largest internal membraneiv. Composed of Phospholipidsv. Serves as a system of channels from the nucleus

vi. Functions in storage and secretionsvii. Sends goods through vesicles


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b. Golgi Apparatus (Named after Camillo Golgi)i. Collections of Golgi Bodies

1. Collects, packs, and distributes moleculessynthesized at one location in the cell and utilized at

another location

ii. Sorting station and storage of the Cellc. Lysosomes

i. Small organelles willed with enzymesii. Breaks down lipids, Carbohydrates, and proteins from food

into particles for the cell to use

iii. Suicide Bags1. Linked to death of cells (Apoptosis Major way by

which eukaryotes remove damaged and potentially

dangerous cells)

d. Vacuoles/Vesiclesi. Sack-like structures (Stores water, Salt, Proteins and

Carbohydrates)

ii. For Plant cells one large central Vacuoleiii. Pressure allows support for leaves/flowersiv. For Animals and single celled, many but smaller

1. Transports substances in cells2. Vesicles

e. Organelles with DNAi. Mitochondrion

1. Bounded by exterior and interior membranes2. Interior partitioned by Cristae (Pronounced Cristy)

and Crista for singular3. Breaks down food to make ATP4. Power House of the cell

ii. Chloroplasts1. Uses energy from sunlight

To make food

2. Bound by two envelopemembranes

3. Found in photosyntheticorganisms

4. Contains green pigmentscalled chlorophyll

Cell Transport

I. Cell membranea. Semi-permeable

i. Selective permeabilityII. Cell Transport

a. Active Transporti. Uses ATP

ii. From low to high concentrationiii. Examples1. Bulk Transport


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a. Endocytosisi. Phagocytosis

1. Ingestion of bacteria orlarge particles

ii. Pinocytosis1. Ingestion of Liquids

b. Exocytosisi. When contents of a vesicle is

released out of the cell

b. Passive Transporti. Doesnt use ATP

ii. From high to low concentrationiii. Examples

1. Diffusiona. Simple

i. Gasses Go through the membranewithout going through protein

channels

b. Facilitatedi. Goes through the membrane with

the help protein channels

c. Osmosisi. This is also facilitated diffusion but

its for water.

c. Homeostasis in Cellsi. The energy flow in the cell must be towards a dynamic

equilibrium or steady state that is continuously

changing within certain ranges or norms.

Bioethics

I. The study of moral and ethics in biomedical fieldsa. Life and death situations

II. Principlesa. Autonomy

i. Respect for decisionb. Nonmalficence

i. Doesnt intentionally harmc. Beneficence

i. Beneficiald. Justice

i. Form of fairness

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