Sausage and Politics

Sausage and PoliticsNationalism and Statecraft in Nineteenth-century EuropeIdeologySystem of guiding doctrines and beliefsPolitical and social agendaMechanisms to put that agenda into practiceReviewing 19th-c. European IdeologiesBeliefsAgendaConstituentsMechanismsLiberalismLimited GovtIndividual rightsFree market capitalismWritten constitutionsRepresentative governmentLaissez-faire policiesBourgeoisieMiddle class land-ownersWritten constitutionsElectionsParliamentsNewspapers ConservatismAbsolutismOld OrderStabilityTraditionPowerful monarchiesEstablished churchesMonarchs and their officialsUpper clergyAristocracyPeasantsCensorshipSuppression of Revolution and protestSocialismClassless societyIndustrial economy riggedWorker control over MoPRadical social and economic DUrban working class (proletariat)Forming unionsStrikesNewspapersSocialist partiesRevolutionNationalismEthnic identity = political identityEstablish a nation-stateCuts across classes, but mainly middle classSeparatismUnificationDiscriminationNationalism: UnificationBased on the idea that unity = strengthSeeks to unify people who have a common language and cultureGenerally championed by bourgeois liberals

Giuseppe Mazzini, liberal Italian nationalistNationalism: Separatism

Based on the idea of ethnic solidarityUses resentment of foreign rule and xenophobia as a way to rally peopleMilo Obrenovic I, Prince of Serbia, 1848Nationalism often includes discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities19th-Century ExampleEthnic cleansing today

Russian removal of the Circassians; Pyotr N. Gruzinsky. The Mountaineers Leave the Aul, 1872.Croatian removal of the Serbs from Krajina, August 4, 1995.

The changing face of EuropeEurope, 1815Europe, 1871

Important concept: RealpolitikAmoralRealisticFocused on achieving specific goalsMost important goal: increasing a states power

Otto von Bismarck, 1880, age 75GermanyCase Study in National UnificationGerman states 1648-1848

German-speakers lived in many different statesPrussia and Austria competed for leadership of the German-speaking statesZollvereinPrussian-led economic allianceRevolution of 1848: Frankfurt AssemblyBourgeois liberals wanted to build on Zollverein to unify politicallyOffered the Prussian king the crown because only Prussia had the military power to defeat the other German princesPrussians attacked Frankfurt Assembly

Competition for LeadershipSchmerlingBismarckAustriaPragmatistNationalism was a great threat to the Austrian EmpireOffered a liberal constitution for the German Confederation in 1861 in order to coopt liberalism and weaken the nationalistsPrussiaPragmatistLiberalism was a threat to monarchial power, but national identity not so much.Advocated policies designed to coopt nationalism in order to weaken the liberalsPrussian Militarism

The military was the basis of the Prussian governmentRealpolitik: strategic use of decisive warsDemonstrate Prussias powerQuick: resolve it before other powers get involved

Frederick William I, King of Prussia (1713-1740) by Wilhelm CamphausenWar is politics by other means Carl von Clausewitz Franco-Prussian War (1870-1)Ems Dispatch: cynical use of the press on both sides to start the warBismarck used the French threat to unite the German states under Prussian military commandGerman Empire: Federal system with Prussia dominating the legislatureCoronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 1871

SerbiaCase Study in Nationalist SeparatismQuick overview of Serbian HistoryOttoman Empire defeated the Serbs in 1389, made Serbia a province in the 1500sSerbs often caught between the political ambitions of the Ottomans and Austrians

Serbian Revolution

In 1804, Serbs initially called for autonomy; quickly devolved into war of independenceSecond Serb Uprising, 1815-17: Russian military support, resulted in Serbian autonomySerbia became an independent state in 1878The Skull Tower, built by the Ottomans with the skulls of Serb revolutionaries in 1809Balkan Powder Keg

Many distinct ethnic groups in the Balkans and Central EuropeEach wanted its own homelandBorders were arbitrary to suit the interests of the great powersMany of these groups hated each otherUltimately led to several wars, including World War I