Satish Mini Finalised

8/2/2019 Satish Mini Finalised

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DEPARTMENT OF E.C.E ISDN SERVICES IN BSNL

KAUSHIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,GAMBHEERAM,VSKP Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................. 5BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED OVERVIEW .................................... 5

1.1INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 51.2 BSNL SERVICES ................................................................................................................ 61.3 BSNL IT TOOL: ................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................. 7INFTASTRUCTURE .............................................................................................. 7

2.1 MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL ....................................................................................... 72.2 OCB-283(ORGANDE CONTROL VERSIONB) : .............................................................. 82.3 Main Divisions Of OCB-283: ............................................................................................... 82.4 TRANSMISSION MEDIA ................................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER 3 ...........................................................................................................10INTERNET AND BROADBAND ........................................................................10

3.1 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................. 10

3.2 OSI NETWORKING MODEL ........................................................................................... 103.2.1 LAYERS: .................................................................................................................................................. 10

3.3 INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND .............................................................................. 113.4 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROADBAND SERVICES ........................................ 12

CHAPTER 4 ...........................................................................................................13WIRELESS AND CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES .....................................13

4.1 Wi-Fi ................................................................................................................................... 134.1.1 ADVANTAGES ....................................................................................................................................... 134.1.2 DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................. 13

4.2 CELLULAR-MOBILE-SERVICES ................................................................................... 134.3 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) .......................................................... 134.4 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION(GSM) ................................... 14


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4.5 GSM SERVICES ................................................................................................................ 144.5.1 BEARER-DATARATE SERVICES ........................................................................................................ 144.5.2 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES ............................................................................................................. 14

4.6 THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY ................................................................... 15CHAPTER 5 ...........................................................................................................16VSAT TECHNOLOGY .........................................................................................16

5.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 165.2 VSAT NETWORK CONFIGURATION .......................................................................... 165.3 TELSENDO CATEGORISATION OF VSAT SERVICES .......................................... 175.4 VSAT SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES: ............................................................................ 18

5.4.1 ACTIVITIES: ............................................................................................................................................ 185.4.2 SERVICES ................................................................................................................................................ 18

5.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VSAT ................................................... 195.5.1 ADVANTAGES ....................................................................................................................................... 195.5.2 DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................................................. 19

5.6 BSNL VSAT ...................................................................................................................... 195.7 SALIENT FEATURES OF BSNL VSAT .......................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 6 ...........................................................................................................21ISDN TECHNOLOGY ..........................................................................................21

6.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 216.2 ISDN ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................................... 216.3 ISDN PROTOCOLS ......................................................................................................... 22

6.3.1 LAPD (Q.921) ........................................................................................................................................... 226.3.2 Q.931: THE ISDN D-CHANNEL SIGNALING PROTOCOL: ......... ........... .......... .......... ........... ........... 23

6.4 ISDN and OSI model: ....................................................................................................... 236.5 FUNDAMENTALS ........................................................................................................... 24

6.5.1 BASIC RATE INTERFACE (BRI) .......................................................................................................... 246.5.2 PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE (PRI) ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ..... 24

6.6 ISDN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ........................................................ 246.6.1 ISDN ADVANTAGES ............................................................................................................................. 246.6.2 ISDN DISADVANTAGES: ...................................................................................................................... 25

6.7 INTERFACES AND DEVICES ....................................................................................... 25


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6.7.1 DEVICES: ................................................................................................................................................. 266.8 NARROWBAND ISDN (N-ISDN) .................................................................................. 276.9 BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN) ........................................................................................ 27

6.9.1 B-ISDN LAYERS: .................................................................................................................................... 276.9.2 B-ISDN PLANES: .................................................................................................................................... 27

6.10 B-ISDN SERVICES ......................................................................................................... 286.10.1 INTERACTIVE SERVICES: ................................................................................................................. 286.10.2 DISTRIBUTIVE SERVICES ................................................................................................................. 28

6.11 MODES OF USAGE ....................................................................................................... 296.12 ISDN ROUTERS ............................................................................................................. 306.13 ISDN EQUIPMENTS ..................................................................................................... 306.14 SERVICES OFFERED BY BSNL ................................................................................. 31

6.14.1 VARIETY OF SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES SUPPORTED BY ISDN .......................................... 316.14.2 NEW SERVICES .................................................................................................................................... 31

CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................32BIBILOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................33REFERENCES .......................................................................................................33


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INDEX OF FIGURES

1. BSNL TOWER ........................................................................................................................... 52. IT TOOL IN BSNL ..................................................................................................................... 6

3. SUBSCRIBERS CONNECTION UNIT .................................................................................... 74. OCB - 283 ................................................................................................................................... 65. TRANSMISSION MEDIA ......................................................................................................... 96. OSI REFERRENCE MODEL ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.7. GSM .......................................................................................................................................... 148. VSAT ........................................................................................................................................ 169. TELSENDO CATEGORISATION FOR VSAT ...................................................................... 1710. ISDN ARCHITECTURE ........................................................................................................ 2211. INTERFACES AND DEVICES IN ISDN ............................................................................. 2412. NETWORK TERMINAL 1 .................................................................................................... 2613. TERMINAL ADAPTER ........................................................................................................ 2714. BROADBAND ISDN LAYERS ............................................................................................ 2815. DAILUP PRIVATE NETWORK ........................................................................................... 2916. DAILUP LAN NETWORK .................................................................................................... 2917. ISDN ROUTERS .................................................................................................................... 3018. NORMAL ISDN PHONE ...................................................................................................... 3019.ADVANCED ISDN PHONE .................................................................................................. 3020. VIDEO PHONE ...................................................................................................................... 30


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CHAPTER 1

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED OVERVIEW

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is a state owned

telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest

Indian cellular service providers, with over 87.1 million subscribers as of April 2011, and the

FIG -1 BSNL TOWER

largest land line telephone provider in India. However, in recent years the company's

revenue and market share plunged into heavy losses due to intense competition in Indian

telecommunications sector.BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a

customer base of 90 million as of June 2008.It has footprints throughout India except for the

metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone

Nigam Limited (MTNL). As of June 30, 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45 million wire

line and 72.69 million wireless subscribers.

It is Indias largest telecommunication company with 24% market share as on March 31st

2008.its headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane, New Delhi.

It has the status of MINI RATNA, a status assigned to public sector companies in India.

1.1INFRASTRUCTURE EXTERNAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Lines and cables(U/G including OFC ) INTERNAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Battery, Power Plant, E/A, A/C plant, MDF, Switches (

C-DOT, OCB 283, EWSD, AXE etc ), Leased Lines ( MLLN ), Broad Band, MPLS VPN.


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1.2 BSNL SERVICES

WLL INTERNET MANAGED NETWORK SERVICES MPLS VPN ISDN LEASED LINES VSAT IN SERVICES VALUE ADDED SERVICES ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS TELEGRAPH EPABX DATA COMMUNICATIONS DSPT SERVICES WLL: CDMA TECHNOLOGY

1.3 BSNL IT TOOL:

BSNL woking Environment

IT Tool used in BSNL

FIG-2 IT TOOL IN BSNL


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CHAPTER 2

INFTASTRUCTURE

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the

functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the

exchanges central computer, which in turns operates the switching to comp lete the call or routes

it a higher level switch for further processing. Todays automatic exchanges uses a pair of

computers, one running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the

operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.

Various exchanges present in BSNL are:

E-10B

OCB283EWSD

All exchange has some purposes and some basic

structural units, which are:

1. subscribers connection unit

2. Switching network (CX)

3.conrol unit

FIG 3 SUBSCRIBERS CONNECTION UNIT

For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:-

1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customerswith the help of computers.

2. Power Plant: - to feed proper power supply to exchange

3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the

digital switch (exchange).

4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e.

it is the interface between subscribers and exchange in a particular area.

2.1 MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handset of the base. Once the dial tone is

heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the handset or on the baseto enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called party. The keys control a tone

generator circuit that makes DTMF tones that the exchange receives. A rotary-dial

telephone uses pulse dialing, sending electrical pulses, that the exchange can count to get the

telephone number.

The exchange determines whether the called party is in the same exchange or different

ones. If the called is in the same exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called partys
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_dialinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_dialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMF


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line. Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the

called party answers the telephone by picking up the handset, steady current starts to flow in the

called partys line and is detected by the exchange.

The exchange then stops applying ringing and sets up the connection between the caller

and the called party. If the called party is in different exchange from the caller, the caller

exchange sets up the connection over the telephone network to the called partys exchange. The

called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the calling

and billing machinery when the call is completed. When conversation is over, one or both parties

hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange then

initiates the process of taking down the connection, including notifying billing equipment of the

duration of the call if appropriate.

2.2 OCB-283(ORGANDE CONTROL VERSIONB) :

OCB-283 is digital switching system, which supports a variety of communication needs

like basic telephony, ISDN, interface to mobile, data communication. ALCATEL of France has

developed this system.

The first OCB-283 exchange of R11 version were commissioned in Brest (France) and

Beijing (China) in 1991, first OCB-283 exchange came to India in 1993. The system has been

upgraded and current version R20 has fully validated in Jan 1994. The latest version is R24.

FIG-4 OCB - 283All new technology switching system, are based on (SPC) stored program control

concept. The call processing program is distributed over different control organs of the system

and is stored in ROM/RAM of the units. Data required to handle the calls are also managed inRAM of different control units.

2.3 Main Divisions Of OCB-283:

MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME), this room is used to distribute the subscribers

call according to his request.


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In any type of exchange, there is a unit called main distribution frame and is used for

interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipments to external physical lines coming

to the exchange. The distribution frame provides easy and flexible interconnection, isolation

point for testing, protective devices used for safety of exchange equipment etc.

In MDF, all lines are coming from subscribers, non exchange lines, telex lines and analog

junction lines, are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag blocks in which gas discharge tubes

type protective devices are provided to tackle voltages and current surges. These tag blocks are

located on one side of the MDF called line side. On the other side of the MDF called

exchange side tag blocks re provided for terminating the cables from CSE for subscriber lines

and from transmission room for analog junction lines.

2.4 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

In many communication systems, it is often necessary to interconnect points that are

some distances apart from each other. The transmission of information as an electromagnetic

signal always occurs as a transverse electromagnetic wave. One of the media for transmission is:

FIG-5 TRANSMISSION MEDIA


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CHAPTER 3

INTERNET AND BROADBAND

The Internet is a group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by

computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a

standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are

connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity

and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing global link.

GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS) through dial

up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GIAS from 99 cities in India by this means.

3.1 INTERNET TECHNOLOGYThe basic function of Internet can be summarized as under-

Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks. To establish a communication link between two computers within as network. To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not

working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.

3.2 OSI NETWORKING MODEL

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines all the methods and protocols

needed to connect one computer to any other over a network. .

The OSI model separates the methods and protocols needed for a network connection into seven different layers. Each higher layer relies on services provided by a lower level layer.

The OSI model is sometimes called the seven layer model. It was developed by the

International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1983 and is documented as 1784.

3.2.1 LAYERS:

PHYSICAL LAYER:

The physical layer defines the properties of the physical medium used to make a network

connection. It includes a network cable that can transmit a stream of bits between nodes on the

physical network. The physical connection can be either point to point or multipoint, and it canconsist of either half duplex (one direction at a time) or full duplex (both directions

simultaneously) transmissions.

DATALINK LAYER:

The data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign meaning to the bits carried by the

physical layer. It establishes a reliable protocol through the physical layer, so the network layer


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(layer 3) can transmit its data. The data link layer typically includes error detection and

correction to ensure a reliable data stream.

NETWORK LAYER:

The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on for most networks. The

network layer defines how data packets get from one point to another on network. The Network

layer is also known as packet layer, it defines different packet protocols, such as Internet

Protocol (IP) and Internet Protocol Exchange (IPX).

TRANSPORT LAYER:

The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of information from one network node to

another. It identifies each computer or node on a network uniquely. It ensures that the packets are

decoded in the proper sequence and that all packets are received. Transport layer protocols

include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX).Each is

used in concert with IP and IPX respectively.

SESSION LAYER:

The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to a network server, or

from a peer on a network to another peer. These virtual connections are referred to as sessions.

They include negotiation between the client and the host, or peer and peer, on matters of flow

and control, transaction- processing, transfer of user information, and authentication to the

network.

PRESENTATION LAYER:

The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied by the lower level layer andtransform so it can be presented to the system. The Presentation layer can include data

compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption.

APPLICATION LAYER:

The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating system and its application

interact with network. As mentioned earlier, data flows from an application program or the

operating system, and then goes through the protocols and devices that make up the seven layers

of the OSI model one by one until the data arrives at the physical layer and is transmitted over

the network connection.

3.3 INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND

Rapid growth of data communication market and popularity of Internet, reflect the needs

of enhanced infrastructure to optimize the demand of traffic. Integration of telecom and

computer networking technology trend has further amplified the importance of

telecommunications in the field of information communication. It becomes a tool for the

conveyance of information, and thus can be critical to the development process. As the Internet


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market continues to explode, demand for greater bandwidth and faster connection speeds have

led to several technological approaches developed to provide broadband access to all consumers.A concept of broadband services and the means of access technologies to bridge the

customer and service provider is emerged out throughout the world. Broadband refers to high-

speed Internet access. Broadband solutions represent the convergence of multiple independent

networks including voice, video and data into single unified broadband network.

3.4 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROADBAND SERVICES

Communication of data with different throughput is feasible by following technologies:-

Narrow Band2.4Kbps128Kbps.

Broadband256Kbps8000Kbps.

LAN1000100Mbps.


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CHAPTER 4

WIRELESS AND CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES

4.1 Wi-Fi

What is Wi-Fi?

Short for wireless fidelity Wi-Fi is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency to transmit data through the air.

4.1.1 ADVANTAGES

Setup CostReduced cabling required FlexibilityQuick and easy to setup in Temporary or permanent space ScalableCan be expanded with growth

4.1.2 DISADVANTAGES

planningDepending on the goal SecurityGreater exposure to risks Access Compromising Data Denial of Service

4.2 CELLULAR-MOBILE-SERVICESCellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunication

applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone

subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million subscribers in

worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers are located in USA. It is forecasted that cellular

system using a digital technology will become the universal method of telecommunications.

By the year 2005, forecasters predict that there will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers

worldwide.

4.3 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE ACCESSESMultiple access system allows a large number of users to share a common pool of radio

telephone circuits, like sharing of trunked radio facility. Multiple access radio has similarity to

the LAN in which the common channel is available to all users. The circuits are demands

assigned i.e. assigned on demand first-cum-first-served basis.

CDMA: Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at the

same time and separated by the codes.


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4.4 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION(GSM)

What is GSM?GSM is a standard for a Global System for Mobile communications. Global System for

Mobile communications, a mobile phone system based on multiple radio cells (cellular mobilephone network). It has been agreed upon and is completed by ETSI, the European

Telecommunications Standards Institute.

4.5 GSM SERVICES

a) Bearer-Data Servicesb) Supplementary services

FIG-6 GSM ARCHITECTURE

4.5.1 BEARER-DATARATE SERVICES

Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other networkslike PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps.

Short Message Services up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from themobile terminal

a) Unified Messaging Services (UMS)b) Group 3 faxc) Voice mailboxd) Electronic mail

4.5.2 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

a) Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset

b) Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another callc) Call barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls

d) Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by user

e) Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together


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4.6 THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY

Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile

Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a variety of

data intensive applications. It enhances the services such as multimedia, high speed mobile

broadband, internet access with the ability to view video footage on your mobile handset. With a

3G phone and access to the 3G network you can make video calls, watch live TV, access the

high speed internet, receive emails and download music tracks, as well as the usual voice call

and messaging services found on a mobile phone, like person to person video, live streaming,

downloadable video of entertainment, news, current affairs and sport content and video

messaging

Data Speed: The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors including the

chip rate, channel structure, power control, and synchronization.

3G is the short form for third-generation technology. It is one of the popular mobile

phone standards. The services utilizing 3G provide the ability to transmit both voice data such as

calls and non-voice data such as instant messaging, email and video telephony at the same time.Japan was the first country to introduce 3G on a wide scale commercially. In 2005, almost 40 per

cent of the subscribers in Japan used 3G services. On the technical front, 3G services are wide

area cellular telephone networks


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CHAPTER 5

VSAT TECHNOLOGY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

WHY VSAT?

Anywhere connectivity is made possible even at those locations, which can not be

connected through conventional media like copper cable, optical fibre, radio, microwave and any

other wire-line / wireless links. VSAT is a versatile solution, not only as a reliable primary link

for non feasible areas, but also as a very successful alternate technology for back link. It also

offers plethora of telecom services viz. data transfer, internet, voice, video etc.

As the definition itself indicates, VSAT technology is made upof a small satellite earth station and a typical antenna of 1.8 meter

diameter.

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite

ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat antenna with a dish antenna

that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range

from 75cm to1.2 m.

FIG- 7 VSAT

Data rates typically range from 56 kbps up to 4 Mbps. VSATs access satellites in

geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals(in mesh configurations) or master earth station "hubs" (in star configurations).

VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions

such as credit card, polling or RFID data; or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of

Satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for

transportable, on-the-move (utilising phased array antennas) or mobile maritime

communications.This type of VSAT antennas are used in remote areas where the towers are not

used.

5.2 VSAT NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these topologies:

A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC),to transport data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite,

A mesh topology, where each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminalby acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Vsat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_salehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Frequency_Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operations_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parabolic-antenna-SHF-updown.jhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operations_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Frequency_Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_salehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_dishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Vsat&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite


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A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configuredby having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it)

connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star)

connected to each other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star

topology sometimes will have each terminal connected to each other as well, resulting in

each terminal acting as a central hub.

These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and toalleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites)

of a star or multi-star

5.3 TELSENDO CATEGORISATION OF VSAT SERVICES

Their services are divided into four product names

1.StarLite,

2. SmartLinkTM

, 3.SkyPassTM

, and 4.ComboNetTM

.

FIG -8 TELSENDO CATEGORISATION FOR VSAT

1.STARLITE:

The StarLite VSAT solution is ideal for organizations that look for data connectivity to a

central host computer. By installing a StarLite VSAT terminal in each remote office, the

computer terminals, either standalone or in a Local Area Network, will be instantly connected to

the central host. This star configuration network offers cost-effective solution for on-line, real-

time applications.

2.SMARTLINK:


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For organizations that require voice communications, SmartLink VSAT solution serves

to provide mesh connectivity that allows any remote offices to communicate with each other, in a

single low-delay satellite hop. The intelligent switching is done transparently by our Network

Operations Center such that the call is established only when needed, and directly between the

offices without going to a central PBX. This on-demand phone link comes with high quality

voice channels, each with 16 Kbps compression.

3.SKYPASS:

Organizations that have high, continuous communication traffic between two remote offices

may choose our SkyPass VSAT solution. This dedicated satellite link at a pre-defined bandwidth

is ideal for frequent data downloads or uploads. By using a multiplexer, the link can be shared

for both data and voice communications between the two offices.

4.COMBONET:

We understand that there are organizations that need a combination of the above solutions.Our ComboNet VSAT solution combines any or all of the StarLite, SmartLink, and SkyPass in a

single VSAT terminal. This integrated VSAT terminal connects to only a single antenna dish that

ranges from 1.8 to 2.4 meter in diameter, an important consideration when space is limited.Once

we sign up for VSAT services, ervice providers will perform the complete installation at the

remote offices in a matter of days.

5.4 VSAT SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES:

5.4.1 ACTIVITIES:

Operations and maintenance of teleports in Angola, Ghana, Indonesia and Madagascar

including the following VSAT related activities:

(1) VSAT systems and services design (we have carried out projects in Middle East,

Bangladesh,Morocco,Bulgaria)

(2) Installation and commissioning at VSAT sites (we have carried out projects in Bahrain,etc)

(3) Operations Support (we are currently operating Gilat, Viasat and ND Satcom VSAT

teleport hubs in Angola, Ghana, Madagascar, Mozambique, Indonesia, Mid East etc) Keen

to extend coverage to European countries are looking for tie-ups.

They have experience working with the following VSAT technologies: ND SatcomSKYArcs, ND Satcom SKYWan, Gilat Skystar Advantage, Gilat FarAway, Gilat DialAway,

Gilat Skyblaster 360E, Viasat Linkstar, AT&T Clearlink Technology and Radyne Comstream.

5.4.2 SERVICES

Turnkey solutions for VSAT network implementation & setting up VSAT teleport hubs.


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Turnkey solutions for Satellite ISP implementation including ATM, Frame Relay, MPLSoptions.

Satellite based connectivity solutions for ERP, SCM and Banking solutions. Disaster recovery solutions based on satellite connectivity. VoIP & VPN solutions based on satellite connectivity. Enterprise Networking Infrastructure solutions including Optical networks, WLANs and

Network Management.

Extremely cost effective managed network services from our state-of art facilities inIndia.

Providing Connectivity for GSM Networks, BTS-BSC, BSC-MSC, MSC to Teleport E-learning Support for all VSAT networks technologies - Gilat, NDSatcom, Viasat, AT&T. Operations and Maintenance of teleports

5.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VSAT

5.5.1 ADVANTAGES

Satellite communication systems have some advantages that can be exploited for the

provision of connectivity. These are:

Costs Insensitive to Distance Single Platform service delivery (one-stop-shop) Flexibility Upgradeable Network life cycle costs are lower than some alternatives Fast Deployment: Install & Commission: 1/2 - 2 Days

5.5.2 DISADVANTAGES

However like all systems there are disadvantages also. Some of these are

High start-up costs (hubs and basic elements must be in place before the services can beprovided)

Lack of adequate coverage in some parts of the world (Africa is the last continent thatdoes not have dedicated GSO satellite bandwidth available that will allow single satellite

connectivity anywhere on the continent).

5.6 BSNL VSATBSNL has footprints for supporting 512Kbps and above data rate anywhere in the main

land and partly at the islands. Presently Express AM1 Satellite is in use for BSNL VSAT service.

BSNL offers you the full advantage of satellite technology for non feasible areas and also

seamlessly interconnect the existing MPLS-VPN and MLLN leased lines. Only BSNL has the

unique capability to reach nook and corner of India.


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The BSNL VSAT Broadband Services on a single platform is a boon to the Corporate

bodies, Banking Sector, Hospitals, Stock Exchanges, Educational Institutions, Government,

Defence, Airlines, Mining Corporations, Power Projects etc. for quick network deployment

including inaccessible remote areas.

5.7 SALIENT FEATURES OF BSNL VSAT Trans / Receive Data rates of 512 Kbps and above 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Interface Voice Telephony with add on ATA (Analog Telephone Adaptor) Very minimal power consumption: 75W


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CHAPTER 6

ISDN TECHNOLOGY

6.1 INTRODUCTION

ISDN Has emerged as a powerful tool worldwide for provisioning of different services

like voice, data and image transmission over the telephone line through the telephone network.

ISDN is being viewed as the logical extension of the digitalization of telecommunication

network and most developed countries are in different stages of implementing

An ISDN subscriber can establish two simultaneous independent calls (except when the

terminal equipment is such that it occupies two 'B' channels for one call itself like in video

conferencing etc.) on existing pair of wires of the telephone line (Basic rate ISDN) where as only

one call is possible at present on the analog line /telephone connection. The two simultaneous

calls in ISDN can be of any type like speech, data, image etc. The call setup time for a call

between two ISDN subscribers is very short, of the order of 1 to 2 seconds. ISDN also supports a

whole new set of additional facilities, called Supplementary Services.

DEFINITION

It is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services. The

whole idea is to digitize the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video andtext over existing telephone line.

6.2 ISDN ARCHITECTURE

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is a fully digital circuit switched telephone

system. ISDN integrates voice and non voice services together. The key idea behind ISDN is the

use of a conceptual pipe called the digital bit pipe through which the bits flow between the

customer and the ISDN exchange. The pipe is bidirectional that is the bits can originate at the

customer or at the ISDN exchange. Any device such as a digital telephone, a digital terminal, a

digital facsimile machine can originate the bits.

The digital bit pipe uses time division multiplexing of the bit stream to support multipleindependent channels. There are two standards developed for the bit pipe. For home users

defines a low bandwidth standard and for business users it defines a high bandwidth standard

supporting multiple channels. Further if the bandwidth requirements of business users is more

than provided by a single bit pipe than business users can have multiple bit pipes.


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FIG -9 ISDN ARCHITECTURE

WHY ISDN?

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network Telephone services -> Telecommunication services Used for voice, image and data

6.3 ISDN PROTOCOLSThe ISDN protocols are signaling protocols that govern the exchange of data on the Dchannel. The two ISDN signaling protocols make up a layered protocol stack, with the Link

Access Protocol for the D Channel (LAPD, also known as Q.921) providing Layer 2 data-link

services and the Q.931 protocol providing higher-layer services.

LAPD is a simple, bit-oriented data-link protocol similar in structure and operation to HDLC

and SDLC. The Q.931 signaling protocol is one of the most complex and feature-rich

communication protocols ever designed.

6.3.1 LAPD (Q.921)

The LAPD protocol operates between TE and NT over the D channel of an ISDN Sinterface. In traditional data communications terms, the TE acts as DTE and the NT acts as DCE.

The unit of LAPD transmission is a FRAME. As in other bit- oriented protocols, frames

are demarcated from an idle circuit and from other frames by a FLAG pattern. Like HDLC,

LAPD can operate with either a Modulo 8 or a Modulo 128 frame window.


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6.3.2 Q.931: The ISDN D-Channel Signaling Protocol

In fulfilling the ISDN goal of Integrated Services over common facilities, the Q.931 D-

channel signaling protocol does much of the integrating. The principal job of Q.931 is to carry

signalling information about the nature of the ISDN service required for specific calls (or data

sessions) between the end user's terminal equipment and the ISDN carrier's end office.

6.4 ISDN and OSI model:

Layer 1 - Physical Layer 2 - Data Link Layer 3 - Network

Layer 1 the physical layer defines electrical and mechanical characteristics. It alsoincludes channel structure, line coding, cable configuration etc.

1. Encoding and Decoding of signals2. Transmission of B,D and H channel data3. Multiplexing to form basic or primary rates4. Activation and deactivation of physical circuits.

Layer 2 or the data link layer's function is to provide error free link to the upperlayers of the protocol. The Link Access Procedure for D-channel (LAPD) has

been standardized. Other, similar procedures exist for the B-channel operation.

1. Establishing and clearing data links.

2. Errors, flow and congestion control

3. Synchronization

Layer 3 protocol on the D-channel carries either signaling or data information.1. Addressing and routing2. Establishing and clearing network level connections3. User-to-user signaling4. Network level multiplexing5. Internetworking multiplexing


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6.5 FUNDAMENTALS

6.5.1 BASIC RATE INTERFACE (BRI)

Basic Rate Interface (2 B channels + 1 D channel (16 kb/s))

The basic rate interface is a large digital bit pipe consisting of two B-channel and one D-

channel i.e 2B+D. In BRI service two channels carries data and one channel carries signals. The

bandwidth of each B-channel is 64kbps and that of D-channel is 16kbps. 48kbps is required by

the BRI service itself for operating overhead. Therefore, the total bandwidth required for BRI

ISDN interface is (2B*64)+(1D*16)+48 =192KBPS.

A BRI channel appropriate for a home or small business.

6.5.2 PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE (PRI)

Primary Rate Interface (30 B channels + 1 D channel (64 kb/s))

The data carrying capacity of the primary rate interface (PRI) is much more than the BRI.

It consists of 23 B channels and 1D channel. The data rate of a D-channel is 64 kbps instead of

16 kbps as in BRI. For operating overhead PRI service needs 8 kbps. Therefore, the totalcapacity of a PRI ISDN interface is , (23B*64)+(1D*64)+8=1.544 Mbps.

6.6 ISDN ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.6.1 ISDN ADVANTAGES

The basic advantage of ISDN is to facilitate the user with multiple digital channels.These channels can operate concurrently through the same one copper wire pair.

The digital signals broadcasting transversely the telephone lines.
http://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.html


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ISDN provides high data rate because of digital scheme which is 56kbps. ISDN network lines are able to switch manifold devices on the single line such as faxes,

computers, cash registers credit cards readers, and many other devices. These all devices

can work together and directly be connected to a single line.

ISDN takes only 2 seconds to launch a connection while other modems take 30 to 60second for establishment.

6.6.2 ISDN DISADVANTAGES:

Thedisadvantage of ISDNlines is that it is very costly than the other typical telephonesystem.

ISDN requires specialized digital devices just like Telephone Company.6.7 INTERFACES AND DEVICES

Interfaces S/T (4w) U (2w)

Devices NT1 TE1 - ISDN devices TE2 - analog devices (need TA) TA - Terminal Adapter (rate adaptation (V.110, V.120)

FIG 10 INTERFACES AND DEVICES IN ISDN

The Reference points are used in an ISDN network to locate troubleshooting locations

throughout the network. The following reference points are used:
http://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.htmlhttp://www.freewimaxinfo.com/isdn.html


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R: This reference point is used to specify the location between an NT2 and a terminaladapter.

S/T: This reference point is the network point that understands ISDN signaling, but is stilla four-wire network. This will be found between a TE1 and NE1. Typically, these pointsare referenced together, but really the S reference point is the point between the user

terminals and NT2, while the T reference point is found between the NT1 and NT2

devices. However, since the services of an NT1 and NT2 are usually found in one box,

you can refer to this reference point as S/T.

U: This reference point is used to define a network point that understands ISDN signalingtechniques and is also a two-wire network. This reference point plugs directly into the

ISDN switch. Most router interfaces will now ship as a U reference point, which

illuminates the need for a separate hardware device before plugging into the ISDN

network.

6.7.1 DEVICES:

Found in ISDN networks are Terminal Equipment types, Network Termination types, and

Terminal Adapters. You need to understand each type before learning how to configure ISDN.

TERMINAL EQUIPMENT TYPE 1 (TE1): This is a device that understands the SS7signaling used by the providers ISDN switch. This could be a router interface, host, or

telephone.

TERMINAL EQUIPMENT TYPE 2 (TE2): This is a device that does not understand theSS7 signaling used by the providers ISDN switch. This could be a router serial interfaceor other type of WAN equipment used for serial connections.

NETWORK TERMINATION POINT 1 (NT1): This is a devicethat converts a four-wire network to the ISDN two-wire network.

ISDN only uses two wires and a TE1 sends an ISDN signal out on

four wires. The NT1 is needed to convert the four-wire network to

the ISDN two-wire network. The NT1 is used in North America

and is part of the Customer Premise(s) Equipment (CPE), which

basically means the customer buys and installs the hardware. In

other parts of the world, the NT1 is supplied by the provider.

FIG -11 NT 1

NETWORK TERMINATION POINT 2 (NT2): Used for devices that do not understandISDN standards.


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TERMINAL ADAPTER (TA): For a TE2 to communicateon the ISDN network, you must use a terminal adapter to

convert the non-ISDN signal to an SS7 ISDN signal.

However, it must still be converted from a four-wire

network to a two-wire network. The TA must connect into

an NT1 for this conversion before connecting to an ISDN

network.

FIG-12 TERMINAL ADAPTER

6.8 NARROWBAND ISDN (N-ISDN)The original ISDN providing data rates of 64 kbps to1.544 mbps is known as narrowband

ISDN. When ISDN was originally designed, this range of data rate was sufficient to handle all

existing transmission needs. As applications using the telecommunication network advanced,

these rates proved inadequate to support many applications.

6.9 BROADBAND ISDN (B-ISDN)Broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) reference model consists of

three layers and three planes.

6.9.1 B-ISDN LAYERS:

The three layers are,

1. Physical layer

2. ATM layer

3. ATM adaptation layer

6.9.2 B-ISDN PLANES:The three planes are,

1. User plane2. Control plane3. Management plane


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FIG-13 BROADBAND ISDN LAYERS

To provide for the needs of the next generation technology, an extension of ISDN, called

broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). B-ISDN provides subscribers to the network with the data rates in

the range of 600 mbps, almost 400 times faster than the PRI rate.

Technology exists to support higher rates but is not yet implemented or standardized. B-ISDN is

based on a change from metal cable to fiber-optic cable at all levels of telecommunication.

6.10 B-ISDN SERVICES

6.10.1 INTERACTIVE SERVICES:

CONVERSATIONAL: It supports end to end information transfer on real time,bidirectional basis. There is a wide range of applications, the most important one being

the video telephony or video phone.

MESSAGING: It offers store and forward communication. Analogous to X.400messaging services on N-ISDN, voice mail, video mail and document mail containing

text, graphics etc.

RETRIEVAL: It offers the capability to retrieve sound passages, high resolution images,graphics, short video scenes, animated pictures etc. from centralized or distributed

database.

6.10.2 DISTRIBUTIVE SERVICES

WITHOUT USER CONTROL (BROAD CAST SERVICES):It would provide supportfor broadcasting video, facsimile and graphical images to subscribers. Ex: Television

broadcasting over the network and electronic newspaper distribution. In this the user has

no control over what is being received on his screen.


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WITHOUT USER CONTROL (CYCLIC DISTRIBUTION): It offers some control to theuser in the presentation of information on the screen. In cyclic distribution services, text,

images, graphics, video and audio passages may be transmitted. The user may randomly

select and view pages.

Physical Specification of Broadband ISDN: Access method Functional grouping Reference points

6.11 MODES OF USAGEDial Up

Providers need: subscribe for PRI connections or multiple BRI connections ISDN Access Server

FIG -14 DAILUP PRIVATE NETWORK

FIG -15 DAILUP LAN NETWORK


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6.12 ISDN ROUTERS

Integrated NT:- It is a device which forms a boundary to the network and may becontrolled by the provider of the ISDN services.

Integrated Modem:- The term modem is composite wordrefers to the two functional entities that make up the

device, a signal modulator & demodulator.

PPP:- The telephone line provides a physical link, but tocontrol and manage the transfer of data, there is a need

for a point-to-point link protocol.

FIG-16 ISDN ROUTERS

6.13 ISDN EQUIPMENTS Normal ISDN Phone.

FIG-17 NORMAL ISDN PHONE

Advanced ISDN Phone.

FIG -19 ADVANCED ISDN PHONE

Video Phone:- This is a subset of video conferencing equipment.

FIG-20 VIDEO PHONE
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6.14 SERVICES OFFERED BY BSNL

The ISDN subscriber will have full connectivity, nationally, to other analog

telephonesubscribers.

At present ISDN services are available to and from India to most of the countries all over

the world

o Normal Telephone & Fax (G3)o Digital Telephone -with a facility to identify the calling subscriber number and other

facilities.

o G4 Faxo Data Transmission at 64 Kbps with ISDN controller cardo Video Conferencing at 128 Kbpso Video Conferencing at 384 Kbps (Possible with 3 ISDN lines) with various no of

supplementary services

6.14.1 VARIETY OF SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES SUPPORTED BY ISDN

o Calling Line Identification Presentation(CLIP)o Calling Line Identification Restriction(CLIR)o Multiple Subscriber Number(MSN)o Terminal Portability(TP)o Call Hold(CH)o Call Waiting(CW)o User to User Signaling (UUSI)

6.14.2 NEW SERVICES

ISDN will support a variety of services including the existing voice and data services and

a host of new services. A shortlist of some of the important services is:

1. Digital facsimile2. Teletex3. Database access4. Electronic fund transfer5. Image and graphics exchange6. Documents storage and transfer7. Automatic alarm services e.g. smoke, fire, police and medical Audio and video

conferencing


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CONCLUSION

Unfortunately, ISDN doesn't cheap. You'll have to pay more for your ISDN connection,

rental, and calls than you would with a normal telephone line. ISDN equipment is more

expensive too. But what you're buying is speed, flexibility, and a piece of the future.

The speed advantages is obvious, 14.4K and 28.8K are no match for 64K (or even 128K,

if you can BOND). As for the flexibility, at the very least, you don't have to worry about tieing

up the phone line. You can make a 64K data call on one channel, and still use the other for faxes

or voice calls. As for the future - well, wouldn't it be nice to be one of the first kids on the block

with ISDN?

ISDN is an effort to standardize subscriber services, provide user/network interfaces, and

facilitate the internetworking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN

is to form wide area network that provides universal end-to- end connectivity over digital media.

ISDN can bring to a subscriber premise with minimum cost and the services available can satisfythe need of many users. The protocol is flexible enough to be upgraded to higher data rates using

new technology and new transmission media.

Training at BSNL helped us to attain knowledge about the various processes involved. It

was very informative. We learnt quite a lot about electronic exchange, Internet, Broadband,

Mobile GSM & OCB-283 and the basics of processing Exchange along with upcoming

technologies. We also got firsthand knowledge of how a Telephone Exchange works.

Its an unforgettable experience for we as it made we get accustomed to the professional

environment. It helped me to develop an individual personality and boosted our confidence


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BIBILOGRAPHY

1. WILLIAM STALLINGS, "ISDN AND BROADBAND ISDN WITH FRAME RELAYAND ATM, 3RD ED

2. HERMANN J.HELGERT, "INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORKS -ISDN"ARCHITECTURES/PROTOCOLS/STANDARDS"

3. WILLIAM STALLINGS, "ADVANCES IN ISDN AND BROADBAND ISDN"

REFERENCES

1) WWW.BSNL.CO.IN2) WWW.CELLONE.CO.IN3) WWW.BHARATSANCHARNIGAM.COM4) WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG5) WWW.INDIAINFOLINE.COM
http://www.bsnl.co.in/http://www.cellone.co.in/http://www.bharatsancharnigam.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.bharatsancharnigam.com/http://www.cellone.co.in/http://www.bsnl.co.in/