Satellite Observations of Nonlinear Interactions of High Power Interactions of in the Ionosphere

7/29/2019 Satellite Observations of Nonlinear Interactions of High Power Interactions of in the Ionosphere

1/33

Satellite Observations of NonlinearInteractions of in the Ionosphere

Carl L. Siefring, Paul A. Bernhardt

Plasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, DC 20735

Todd Pedersen, Air Force Research Laboratory

Kirtland AFB, NM

Andrew Yau, Department of Physics and Astronomy

Institute for Space Research

University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

Jan Bergman, IRFU, Upsalla, Sweden

Hanna Rothkeahl, Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of

Sciences, Warsaw, Poland


2/33

CubeSat Observations at 300 km Altitude

HF Signal from High Power Radio Waves

Near Vertical Transmissions

Reflected Below F-Layer Peak

Low Altitude Expendable Satellites Needed

Ionospheric Modification Effects

High Power Radio Waves

Enhanced Electron Densities

Elevated Energetic Electron Fluxes

Plasma Wave Generation

ELF/VLF Wave Detection

Spacecraft Opportunities

Canadian ePOP

NRL MiniHFR

Swedish PSI


3/33

Satellite Observations of CurrentIonospheric Modification Facilities

Jicamarca

Arecibo

Conjugate

SatelliteOrbit


4/33

Arecibo HF Facility Antenna Gain at

8.175 MHz Giving 220 MegaWatts ERP


5/33

IncoherentScatter

Observations

of F-RegionHeating

Showing

IonosphericHole

Scatter From IonAcoustic Waves


6/33

In Situ

Measurementsby NRL IFH

Rocket

Electron

DensityCavities

fplasma ~ fpump

HighFrequency

WaveSpectrum

LowFrequency

WaveSpectrum

Reference:Bernhardt, Siefring,Rodriguez, Haas,

Baumback, Romero,Solin, Djuth, Duncan,

Pollack, Sulzer,The ionospheric

focused heating

experiment,J. Geophys. Res., 100,17,331-17,345, 1995.


7/33

Electron Acceleration and Irregularity Formation 2ndHarmonic of the Electron Cyclotron Frequency

HAARP ArtificialAurora

2.85 MHz

3.6 MWTransmitterPower

March 2009

Artificial PlasmaLayers

2nd HarmonicResonance

ElectronBernstein WaveAcceleration

Ref.: ToddPedersen (AFRL)

A ifi i ll P d d Pl L


8/33

Artificially Produced Plasma LayersNear 200 km Altitude

Source: Todd Pedersen et al. 3009, Creation of ArtificialIonospheric Layers Using HighPower HF Waves


9/33

HAARP Instrument Experiments withInstrumented Satellites

HAARPFacility

PERCSOrbit

HAARPHF Beam

HAARP Antenna Array

PERCS Operational Utility

Absolute Measurement of HAARP Antenna Pattern from 2.8 to 10 MHz Precise Measurements of Plasma Waves Generated by HAARP

Satellite

Orbit


10/33

Satellite Support of Nonlinear

Excitation of the Ionosphere

High Power Radio Waves

Stimulated Electromagnetic and ElectrostaticEmissions (SEE) for Radio Receiver

Instrument (RRI) Electron Acceleration

Enhanced Airglow

Ion Acceleration Electron Density Irregularities


11/33

Cassiope

Anti-Ram Face

BoomsDeployed

SEI

CERTO

MGF

IRM

RRI

CASCADE

Horn

FOV

RAM

Star Trackers

GAP-O Antenna

Cassiope

Anti-Ram Face

BoomsDeployed

SEI

CERTO

MGF

IRM

RRI

CASCADE

Horn

FOV

RAM

Star Trackers

GAP-O Antenna

e-POP/CASSIOPEMicro-Satellite:

Instrument Payload

Imaging particle instruments forunprecedented resolution on satellites

IRM: Imaging rapid ion massspectrometer

SEI: Suprathermal electron imager

NMS: Neutral mass and velocityspectrometer

Auroral imager and wave receiver-transmitter for first micro-satellite

measurements FAI: Fast auroral imager

RRI: Radio receiver instrument

CERTO: Coherent electromagneticradio tomography

Integrated instrument control/datahandling, and science-quality orbit-attitude system data to maximizescience return

MGF: Magnetometer

GAP: Differential GPS Attitude and

Position System


12/33

ePOP CASSIOPE Mission Overview Inclination: 80 Degrees

Orbit: 300 x 1500 km Lifetime: > 1 Year Initial Apogee Over Northern Latitudes Orbit Decay Over 2 Years

110 km at Apogee 12 km at Perigee Initial Argument of Perigee: 270 degrees

Launch: Late 2012

3-Axis Agile Spacecraft Noon/Midnight Orbit 2 kRad per year with 0.0825 Inch Shielding Spacecraft Critical Design Review April 2005


13/33

100 Hz to 18 MHz


14/33

Earth Coverage by ePOP/CASSIOPEin a 80 Inclination ORBIT

HAARP


15/33

Space-Based, Diagnostic Requirements forHAARP Measurements

Measurement Importance Diagnostic ePOP Instrument

ELF/VLF Waves Very High Receiver Covering1 Hz to 30 kHz

RRI10 Hz to 30 kHz

Field Aligned VLF DuctsArtificial and Natural

High In SituElectronDensity Probe

SEI(102 to 106 cm-3)

Elevated F-RegionElectron Temperature

as Duct Signature

Moderate Thermal ElectronDetector 0.0 to 0.3 eV

SEI(0 to 200 eV)

Optical Emissions fromPrecipitation

Moderate Photo DetectorN21P, 630, 557.7,427.8, 777.4 nm

FAI(630 to 850 nm)

Suprathermal ElectronFluxes

Moderate Energetic ElectronDetector

SEI(0 to 200 eV)

Modulated HAARPPump Wave

Moderate HF Receiver/Antenna(3 to 9 MHz)

RRI(1-18 MHz, 30 kHz

Bandwidth)

Note: RRI = Radio Receiver Instrument, SEI = Suprathermal Electron Imager, FAI = Fast Auroral Imager,

CERTO = Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography, IRM = Rapid Ion Mass Spectrometer


16/33

EPOP Booms Deployed

(Looking at underside of lower deck plate)

Nadir

Ram

IRM Boom

SEIBoom

CERTO

Boom

MGF Boom

RRI Boom

Base Deck

Plate

I h i H ti Si l ti


17/33

Ionospheric Heating Simulationson Field Line Above Transmitter

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

2

3

4

5

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

20003 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

1.5

2

2.5

3

3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2000

1500

1000

500

2000

1500

1000

500

2000

1500

1000

500

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

ElectronDensity

(104

cm-3)

ElectronTemperature

(103

K)

IonTemperature

(103

K)

0300 0330 0400 0430 0500 0530 0600

Local Time (Hours-Minutes)

0300 0330 0400 0430 0500 0530 0600

Local Time (Hours-Minutes)

Electron Density

ElectronTemperature

IonTemperature

1 HourHeatingPeriod

1 HourHeatingPeriodSatellite

Altitude

Altitude(km)

Altitude(km)

Altitude(km)


18/33CERTO on ePOP - PDR 6 June 2004

JOINT CERTO and GPS-GAPOPERATIONS ON CASSIOPE

From GPS

Satellite

Ground Receivers

A i E i POP E i M d


19/33

Active Experiments ePOP Experiment ModesPaul A. Bernhardt, NRL

Experiment

Instrument

Modulated

HeaterWave

Generation(MHWG)

HF

HeaterArtificialAurora(HAA)

HF Heater

StimulatedElectromagneticEmission (SEE)

HF Heater

PlasmaTemperature

Enhancements(PTE)

RRI VLF/ELF 0~5 MHz 0~5 MHz HF WavesSEI Yes WPI WPI IonMode

FAI No Yes No NoCER No CERALLC No No

IRM No No No IRMTISNMS No No No No

GAP No No No No

MGF No No No NoAltitude

Requirements< 800 km < 800 km < 350 km Any

Pointing At Event At Event Event Z-Nadir

Note: RRI = Radio Receiver Instrument, SEI = Suprathermal Electron Imager, FAI = Fast Auroral Imager,

CERTO = Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography, IRM = Rapid Ion Mass Spectrometer, GAP =

Differential GPS Attitude and Position System, MGF = Magnetometer


20/33

Miniature HF Receiver(MiniHFR)

Miniature HF Receiver

Power: 5 and 3.3 V available @ 5 W total power (continuous operation)

Volume 3 boards = 3 to 5 cm of stack

Mass 800 g

Pointing accuracy need 20 deg (dependent on link margin analysis) Pointing direction

highest gain of antennas collinear with the ram direction

highest gain in nadir direction for receiving ground beacons

Shadowing/ field of view/aperture size no deployables within thehighest gain of antennas

TT&C need through C&DH/Radio and down to the ground TBD bps


21/33

GEOMETRY FORHF CubeSat MEASUREMENTS

Miniature HF

RECEIVER

LEO ORBIT

N

S

Ground HFTransmitters

Ionosphere


22/33

Amp

Amp

Amp

Amp

HighImpedance

Antennas

CubeSat

Buss

MiniHFR Design


23/33

CubeSat Implementation of MiniHFR

MiniHRFReceiver

30 cm

10 cm

19 cm

ShortAntenna

To Ground HF Receivers

10 cm

StowedConfiguration

ADC B1

DSP B2

HF

ReceiverBoards

(a) (b)


24/33


25/33

CubeSat Payload Guide


26/33

IRFUUppsala

PSIPlasmaScience

Instruments


27/33

EFVS for PSI


28/33

Deployable Electric FieldAntenna


29/33

LP for PSI


30/33

SMILE for PSI


31/33

SRC Ultra-Lightweight AntennaHanna Rothkeahl, Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences,

Bartycka 18A, Warsaw, Poland 00-716

SRC Ultra Lightweight Antenna


32/33

SRC Ultra-Lightweight Antenna


33/33

Summary

High Power HF Waves in the Ionosphere Nonlinear Wave Interactions

In Situ ES and EM Wave Generation High Frequency

Low Frequency

MiniSat Sensor Platform ePOP (2012 Launch)

8 Plasma, Neutral and Wave Sensors

PicoSat (CubeSat) Sensors NRL Miniature HF Receiver (MiniHFR)

30 Day Lifetime

Nano Sat or MicroSat Sensors IRFU PSI

S C

Documents

Satellite Observations of Nonlinear Interactions of High Power Interactions of in the Ionosphere