Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy

T r n a v s k u n i v e r z i t a v T r n a v e F i l o z o f i c k f a k u l t a

U n i v e r s i t a s Ty r n a v i e n s i s F a c u l t a s P h i l o s o p h i c a

A N O D O SStudies of the Ancient World

10/2010

T R N A V A 2011

A N O D O SStudies of the Ancient World10/2010

Redakn rada/Editors:Prof. PhDr. Mria Novotn, DrSc., Prof. Dr. Werner Jobst, doc. PhDr. Marie Dukov, CSc., prof. PhDr. Klra Kuzmov, CSc.Redakcia/Editorial Staf: prof. PhDr. Klra Kuzmov, CSc.Potaov sadzba/Layout: Zuzana Turzov

Trnavsk univerzita v Trnave, Filozoick fakulta

Kontaktn adresa (prspevky, alie informcie)/Contact address (contributions, further information):Katedra klasickej archeolgie, Trnavsk univerzita v Trnave, Hornopoton 23, SK-918 43 Trnava+421-33-5939371; fax: +421-33-5939370 [email protected]

Publikovan s inannou podporou Ministerstva kolstva SR (Projekt VEGA . 1/0408/09) a Pro Archaeologia Classica.Published with inancial support of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09) and the Pro Archaeologia Classica.

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Oblka/Cover:Motv Zzranho daa zo stpa Marka Aurlia v Rme. V okienku: Detail osthotechu z Keseciku, Turecko (Foto: A. Baldiran).Motif of the Miracle rain from the column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. In the window: Detail of the osthotech from Kesecik, Turkey (Photo: A. Baldiran).Graick spracovanie/Graphic elaboration: Mgr. Pavol ima-JurekPotaov spracovanie/Computer elaboration: PhDr. Ivan Kuzma

Proceedings of the International Conference

THE PHENOMENA OF CULTURAL BORDERS AND BORDER CULTURES ACROSS THE PASSAGE

OF TIME(From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)

Dedicated to the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis

Trnava, 22 - 24 October 2010

CONTENTS PREFACE BALDIRAN, A. An Osthoteh with Hunting Scene in umra Sral Hyk ............................................................................................. 9BARTUS, D. Roman Figural Bronzes From Brigetio: Preliminary Notes ................................................................................................ 17BLAKOLMER, F. Ethnizitt und Identitt in der minoish-mykenishen Ikonographie .........................................................................................29BOUZEK, J. Frontiers in Pre-Roman Thrace ............................................................................................................................................... 41CHALUPA, A. Mithraism in Ancient Syria: Persian Cult on the Borders of the Roman Empire ............................................................. 57DABACAK, C. An Essay on the Heating Costs of Roman Baths .................................................................................................................. 67DIMITROVA, Y. Rodopi Mountain Between Thrace and Aegea Region: Some Elements of a Border Culture of Early Iron Age in Southern Bulgaria .................................................................. 71DOKSANALTI, E. M. - MIMIROLU, . M. Giresun/Aretias - Kalkeritis Island ......................................................................................................................................... 85DUBCOV, V. Gter ohne Grenzen? Transfer der religisen Ikonographie in der Bronzezeit Alter Orient und die frhe gis ....................................................................................................................................... 103GOLUBOVI, S. MRI, N. Territory of Roman Viminacium - From Celtic to Slavic Tribes ....................................................................................... 117HLAVOV, S. Greek Heroes on the Borders of the Historical Periods ..................................................................................................... 127KLONTZA-JAKLOV, V. The Meaning of Time in Late Bronze Age Europe and its Relection in Material Culture .......................................... 133KOVCS, P. Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarhy ............................................................................................................. 143KOVLIK, L. The Gate Wall and the Doors of Greek Propyla ................................................................................................................. 155KUERKOV, K. The Upland Setlements of the Pchov Culture and Germanic Tribes Beyond the North-PannonianFrontier, in the Mountainous Part of Central Slovakia ...................................................................................................... 163LAZAR, I. The Inhabitants of Roman Celeia - An Insight into InterculturalContacts and Impacts Trough Centuries ............................................................................................................................. 175MUSILOV, M. Bratislavaer Burg - Arx Boiorum im Lihte der neuesten arhologishen FundeArchologische Forschung - Winterreithalle ................................................................................................................................187NMEROV, A. Relations Between Greeks and Scythians in Blak Sea Area ....................................................................................................207

NOVKOV, L. Funeral Rites and Cultural Diversity in Hellenistic Caria Based on Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence ........................................................................................................... 213ONDERKA, P. DUFKOV, M. Die meroitishe Stte in Wad Ben Naga, Republik Sudan ............................................................................................... 223PAPOUEK, D. Centrality and Cosmopolitism in the Lukan Imagination of Paul of Tarsus:A Case of Jerusalem ................................................................................................................................................................ 247POBEIN, G. Sources and History: Crossing From Arhives to Historiography and Bak The Development of Historiographical Method and Episteme in Respect of Using Arhival Sources ................................................................................................................................... 255POPOV, H. JOCKENHVEL, A. At the Northern Borders of the Mycenaean World: Thracian Gold Mining from the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age at Ada Tepe in the Eastern Rhodopes ......................................................................................... 265VAA, K. The inluence of Roman provincial potery manufacture on the production of the Suebic wheel-made potery ....................................................................................................... 283TRANTALIDOU, K. BELEGRINOU, E. ANDREASEN, N.Pastoral Societies in the Southern Balkan Peninsula. The Evidence From Caves Occupied During the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Era ......................................................... 295VERK, M. Die griehishen Bewafnung im Lihte des kulturellen Austaushes ............................................................................ 321ZIMMERMANN, Th.Legal Aliens on Hatian Grounds? Tracing the Presence of Foreignersin 3rd Millennium Central Anatolia ....................................................................................................................................... 335

Preface

The publication of ANODOS 10/2010 contains 27 articles in English and German which were presented in the form of papers and posters at the international conference The Phenomena of Cultural Borders and Border Cultures Across the Passage of Time (From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity) which was held in Trnava on the 22th - 24th of October 2010. The participants consisted of scholars from eleven countries (Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, the USA and the Slovak Republic). Graduate and post-graduate students from Trnava participated in both the organization of the conference and the actual programme. The conference was organized on the occasion of the 375th anniversary of Universitas Tyrnaviensis (1635-1777), the irst university in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, which then included the historical town of Trnava. The current renewed Trnava University in Trnava (1992), situated in the Slovak Republic, follows the ideas and academic identity of the original university.

At the same time, in 2010 it had been ten years since the Department of Classical Archaeo- logy at Trnava University had established the tradition of organizing international scientiic conferences on speciic themes in chronological sequence from the Late Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. The idea came from Prof. Dr. Mria Novotn, the founder of the Department and of the Classical Archaeology study programme in Slovakia. The conferences have been held every two-three years so far (in 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2007) and they have had the following themes: Contacts between Middle Europe and the Mediterranean, Jewellery and Costume, Arms and Armour, and Cult and Sanctuary through the Ages. Contributions have been published in four volumes of Anodos - Studies of the Ancient World (1/2001, 3/2003, 4-5/2004-2005 and 6-7/2006-2007). Another conference of this kind was organized under the title Trade and Production through the Ages at Selcuk University in Konya (Turkey) in 2008, in co-operation with Selcuk University (our partner institution).

The conference in 2010 and the publication of its proceedings have been inancially supported by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (Project VEGA No. 1/0408/09) and by the voluntary association Pro Archaeologia Classica.

EditorsTrnava, 25 November 2011

Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 10/2010, 143-154.

143

Sarmatian Campaigns During the First Tetrarchy

Pter Kovcs

Keywords: Diocletian, Military History of Pannonia, Imperial Visits to Pannonia, Chronology of Sarmatian Campaigns

Abstract: In his paper the author examines the chronology of Diocletians campaigns against the Sarmatians based on writen (mainly the Panegyrici) and epigraphi sources and coin evidencen and imperial titles: He came to the conclusion that between 290-294 the Pannonian Sirmium became the residence of the emperor and Diocletian personally commanded the campaigns against the Sarmatians (Galerius was in Egypt in this period). The Sarmatian turmoil can only be explained by the raising power of the Goths. The earlier Sarmatian invasions hit Pannonia and Moesia as well. In the Addendum all sources were edited in chronological order and the sources (based on the Codes) of the imperial visits to Pannonia during the tetrarchy were also collected there.

During the works of the sixth volume of the series Fontes Pannoniae Antiquae I have observed that how uncertain is the military history of Danubian provinces including Pannonia during the irst tetrarchy and how confuse is the chronology of the Sarmatian campaigns. Several questions have remained unclear despite the fact that several scholars dealt with these problems1. In this paper irst I collect all the sources and I focus my atention esp. on the chronological problems. Beside the writen sources the epigraphic records, the imperial victory titles, the coin and archaeological evidence have been taken into consideration too. Ater Mommsen and Barnes (based on the date and place of issue of the imperial edicts) I have tried to follow the imperial visits in Pannonia2. All these data have been collected in the appendix. The exact interpretation and date of the writen sources in many passages seem to be too problematical. Sometimes it is impossible to decide whether a Sarmatian campaign/invasion shook the area of Pannonia or Moesia (or both). The modern term ripa Sarmatica (mentioned only by Claudian (Epith. Pallad. 86, in plural: quae Sarmaticis custodia ripis)) cannot exactly be identiied as the Phrygian veterans Aurelius Gaius funerary inscription clearly shows (SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=Ap 1981, 777). The veteran, who participated Diocletians wars, including four Sarmatian campaigns, mentions two military bases where he garrisoned with his legion: [ - - -]. The later fragmentary place-name can most probably be restored as [Sirmo], i. e. the Roman troops started their campaigns from Viminacium in Moesia superior and Sirmium in Pannonia inferior.

Based only on Diocletians irst Germanicus maximus and Sarmaticus maximus titles it is known that the new emperor had to ight still in 285 A. D. against the Germans and Sarmatians (ater the batle at Margum against Carinus who died probably near the Pannonian Cornacum (cf. Eus. Chron. 227 (Karst))). Because of the fact that his predecessors, Carus and Carinus also had Sarmatian (Eutr. IX.18, HA v. Car. IX.4, VIII.1, XIX.2, Jord. Rom. 294, Sync. 472,10-11, Zon. XII.30) and German (Quadian: Nemes. Cyn. 69-70 and a medaillon with the legend Triumfu(s) Quador(um)) campaigns3, a probable hypothesis has been emerged that these campaigns had to be interrupted only because of Carus Persian war and Carinus civilian wars (against 1 Costa 1912, 1796, 1802, 1803-1804, 1809, 1820; Ensslin 1930, 2520-1, 2523, 2525-6; Alfldi 1941; Egger 1943; Seston

1946, 131, 134; Nagy 1946; Ensslin 1948, 2426, 2430-1, 2433-4, 2438-40; Nagy 1962, 56-7; Mcsy 1962, 570-1; 1974, 268-72; Barnes 1976, 174-93; 1982, 50-3, 63-4, 254-5; Williams 1985, 52, 75-7, 294-5; Mcsy 1990, 46; Kuhof 2001, 37-8, 95, 98-9, 153-4, 216, 223-6; Kovcs 2001, 141-68; Leadbater 2009, 97-102, 183, 193, 219; Kovcs 2010; 2011.

2 Th. Mommsen, Ges. Schr. II 195-291; Barnes 1982, 47-87.3 Cp. Kovcs 2008, 187-8.

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Julianus and Diocletianus) and Diocletian only continued their campaigns. Because of lack of time (Diocletian ater the batle at Margum in the spring or summer of 285 spent the winter in Nicomedia4) these expeditions had to be rather short and demonstrative. This fact can explain the lack of the writen sources too5. Two imperial edicts were probably issued during these campaigns in November 285 in Pannonia superior (Atubino - probably the corrupted form of Botivo=Civitas Iovia) and Suneata (most probably identiied with the neighbouring Sunista along the road Poetovio-Mursa) (Cod. Iust. 4.48.5, Frag. Vat. 297) (cf. It. Burd. 561, 10 (Iovia)-11, Tab. Peut. Seg. IV (Botivo), Rav. Geogr. IV,19 (Botivo) and It. Ant. 130,2 (Iovia, Sinista))6.

The second campaign can surely be dated to 289 when Diocletian received his second and Maximianus his irst Sarmaticus maximus title. The later fact is conirmed by Diocletians longer stay in Pannonia, who spent the winter of 289-290 in Sirmium (Cod. Iust. 10.3.4)7. The later campaign also appears in Panegyric XI (III) held in 291 to Maximian, where the author two times returned to the events of 289: 5.4 omito Sarmatiae vastationem The devastation of Sarmatia (i.e. campaign against them) was enumerated before the war against the Saraceni in 290, 16.1 Sarmaticas vestras et Raeticas et Transrhenanas expeditiones furore percitae in semet imitentur. In this passage the word expeditiones in plural refers to the campaigns of 289 and 290 too.

The victory in 289 was not decisive that is why Diocletian had to return quickly to Pannonia ater his Eastern travel during the irst half of this year, as it is mentioned in the same panegyric: 4.2 Illum modo Syria viderat: iam Pannonia susceperat. Many imperial edicts show that the emperor resided in Sirmium between July and December of 290 (Cod. Iust. 6.30.6 and 3.28.19) but we have no data between January and April 291 (this time Diocletian met Maximian at Mediolanum in December 290 or rather January 2918), and the irst known edict from May was issued again in Sirmium (Cod. Iust. 9.41.12). Panegyric XI also refers to the events of this year: 7.1 Laurea illa de victis accolentibus Syriam nationibus et illa Raetica et illa Sarmatica te, Maximiane, fecerunt pio gaudio triumphare 16.1 tantam esse imperii vestri felicitatem undique se barbarae nationes vicissim lacerent et excidant, alternis dimicationibus et insidiis clades suas duplicent et instaurent, Sarmaticas vestras et Raeticas et Transrhenanas expeditiones furore percitae in semet imitentur. In the same oration the rhetor mentions the reason of the Sarmatian wars as well. It was most probably the growing power of the Goths in the Carpathian basin (cf. the same situation under Constantine or Lactant. de mort. pers. 38.6 concerning the Carpi: a Gothis tempore vicennalium terris suis pulsis Maximiano se tradiderant) and 17.1 itemque Teruingi, pars alia Gothorum adiuncta mnau Taifalorum adversum Vandalos Gipidisque concurrunt (cf. Jord: Get. XXII.114-115, XXI.161)9. It has been generally accepted that the Sarmatian problem was solved around the middle of 29110. On the other hand, the situation is not so clear. We have no data from the second half of the year but Diocletian was still in this region at the end of the year (in Oescus, Cod. Iust. 8.47(48).5). Nothing exact is known about the events of these campaigns but the emperors did not receive a new victory title before 294. This fact clearly shows an unsolved situation. Based on Aurelius Gaius epitaph the legio I Iovia was transferred from Scythia minor to Pannonia most probably in this period: SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=Ap 1981, 777 [] | [ ], | [ ] |, [] () () | 5 . Two new Pannonian legions were established, the legio V Iovia and VI Herculia and they garrisoned in Pannonia II, in the province neighbouring Sarmatia11.

4 Barnes 1982, 50.5 Costa 1912, 1796; Ensslin 1948, 2426; Mcsy 1962, 570; Kuhof 2001, 37, Anm. 76.6 Barnes 1982, 50 n. 2. On the problem of Botivo and civitas Iovia see Tth 2006, 122-30.7 Costa 1912, 1802; Alfldi 1941, 52; Ensslin 1948, 2430-2431; Mcsy 1962, 570; Kuhof 2001, 95.8 Barnes 1982, 52.9 Wolfram 19903, 67-8.10 Costa 1912, 1802-1803; Ensslin 1948, 2431-2434; Mcsy 1962, 570; Kuhof 2001, 98-9.11 Riterling 1925, 1572, 1596-1597; Mcsy 1962, 629.


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Because of lack of edicts it has to remain unclear where Diocletian resided in 29212. Based on this fact it must remain uncertain whether the Sarmatian wars of 290-291 inished in that year or not. The lack of a victory title and the fact that the irst edicts of January 293 atest again the emperors presence in Sirmium (that means that most probably he had to spent the winter again here: Cod. Iust. 1.18.5, 2.3.20, 3.34.8, 5.74.2, 6.26.7) refer rather to an unsolved situation. The term ] in Aurelius Gaius inscription, that means he was in Sarmatia four times, probably means that Gaius fought in four campaigns of the same war between 291 and 29413.

However, Diocletian spent the winter between January and February 293 in Sirmium. In March he travelled to the East most probably because of Galerius elevation to the rank of Caesar at Nicomedia (not in Sirmium) (Chron. Min. I p. 230, Lact. De mort pers. 19.2)14. During this war the emperor could visit Aquincum as well where he restored a Iuppiter sanctuary. The emperors name in the building inscription is in the nominative. The reused stone slab was found at Mikebuda in secondary use and R. Egger restored the text probably correctly (dated before the elevation of Galerius and Constantius), because the Caesars name were omited: CIL III 10605 = TRH 212 I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] / Diocletianus [et Maximianus] / Augusti ob d[evictos virtu]/te sua S[armatas]15. It is a fact that that Diocletian had to appear personally in Illyricum again from the middle of 293, in August he is atested in Viminacium, and from the 11th of September to the end of August 294 he continiously resided in Sirmium (Cod. Iust. 4.12.8, 9.18.2), and he could leave inally Illyricum only at the end of October (at the end of October he was at Durostorum: Cod. Iust. 8.41(42).6, 9.22.20)16. During this more-than-one-year-long period he also travelled along the Sarmatian front in Pannonia, in 13th of November 293 he travelled through Lugio (Cod. Iust. 9.20.10 and 11), but two edicts were issued by him in Sirmium on the same day (Cod. Iust. 3.32.16, 4.1.7).

It is a well-known fact and several antique authors also conirm (Lact. De mort. 18.6, Aur. Vict. 39.30, Praxagoras FGrH 219 F 1) that Galerius was chosen by Diocletian in order to supervise the Danubian provinces. On the other hand, it has clearly been pointed by T. D. Barnes that Galerius had to stay from 293 personally in the East irst because of the Egyptian revolt and later the Persian wars and he resided in Illyricum only from 299-30017. Considering this fact, Galerius could command shortly a Sarmatian campaign but his augustus had to inish the wars in the autumn of 294, Galerius fought at the same time in Upper Egypt18. Based on this fact, despite several earlier hypothesises19, the war was succesfully commanded personally by Diocletian. According to a data of the Consularia Constantinopolitana concerning the year 294 (Chron. min. I. p. 230) his coss. (Constantino et Maximiano, sc. a. 294) castra facta in Sarmatia contra Acinco et Bononia, i. e. across the Danube in the land of the Sarmatians opposite Aquincum and Bononia two military forts were constructed20. Despite the earlier disputes21, perphaps I could prove that Acincum can only be identiied with Aquincum/Budapest and it has nothing to do with Acimincum/Slankamen and the Roman fort at Titel supposed by S. Soproni and E. Tth has to be identiied with the well-known Bronze age hill fort22. In Aquincum the fort can be identiied

12 Barnes 1982, 292.13 Kovcs 2010.14 Ensslin 1948, 2436; Barnes 1982, 62, n. 73; Kolb 1987, 71-87; Kuhof 2001, 109-13; Leadbeter 2009, 63-4; 15 Alfldi 1941; Egger 1943; Ensslin 1948, 2440, Anm. 1; Seston 1946, 131; Kuhof 2001, 695.16 Barnes 1982, 52-3.17 Barnes 1982, 61, n. 70; Kienast 1996, 283; Kuhof 2001, 153, Anm. 419; Leadbeter 2009, 68-9, 81-2, 97-102.18 Barnes 1976, 186-7; 1982, 62.19 Costa 1912, 1804; Ensslin 1930, 2519-2520; 1948, 2438-2439; Mcsy 1962, 571.20 Kovcs 2001.21 Soproni 1977, 393-7; Tth 1980, 131-7 (=1982, 68-78).22 Kovcs 2001.

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with one of the today-known counter-fortiications known as Trans and Contra Aquincum based on the Not. Dig. (Occ. XXXIII,48, 65)23. The fort Contra Bononia was also mentioned in the Notitia as castellum Onagrinum (Occ. XXXII, 41: contra Bononiam in Barbarico in Castello Onagrino) can be found at Begecs/Serbia24. These fortications in the vicinity of legionary forts probably with legionary detachments clearly show that the entire limes frontier of province Pannonia inferior had to be strenghtened25.

The date of the Consularia is, however, uncertain. The datas of the work before Constantine are very sporadic, most of them concern the events important in the point of view of the Christianity (e. g. Jesus birth and passion) or history of literature (e. g. Cicero death) or events concerning the city Rome (ludi, prodigies). The entry of 294 mentions only construction of military forts in the entire Consularia. It is noteworthy to see that the entries grow ater 280s (11 under Diocletian). That is why the entry of 294 must be examined together with the other tetrarchic entries. The entries from 280s are not exact because they were mostly dated one year earlier or later: e. g. Probus death in 283, Maximianus elevation in 286, Galerius elevation in 291 instead of 293, the eclipse of 292 dated to 291, Diocletians tarif of maximum prices in 302 instead of 301 or Diocletians abdication in 304 instead of 305 or Constatine elevation in 307 instead of 306. The latest delay is the date of the eclipse of the year 319 falsely dated to 318. All these entries are most probably coming from unknown 4th century source from Constantinople26. Considering these, it has to be supposed the forts in Sarmatia were constructed also one year earlier in 293, That means they were built before the end of the war.

This time the Roman victory was complete as the writen sources also show. All emperors took the victory title Sarmaticus maximus (Diocletian for the third time, Maximianus for the second time, Galerius and Constantius irst). The Goths could probably have been involved in the war, as the emperors inoicial title Gothicus maximus and the term on Aurelius Gaius inscription show from 293 (Ap 1936, 10, 1995, 1345 and SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=Ap 1981, 777)27. The victory was advertised from 294 also in bronze and silver coins struck in almost all mints of the empire witht the legend VICTORIA SARMATICA and VICTORIAE SARMATICAE (RIC VI 100-101, 104-108, 114-115, 119-120, 127 Treveri; 12-13, 16-17 Ticinum; 14-26, 31, 36-39, 43 Roma; 34-42, 58 Siscia; 2-3, 6-7 Heraclea; 5 Cyzicus and RIC VI 10 Thessalonica; 10 Heraclea; 19, 22 Nicomedia; 31-33 Antiochia; 8 Alexandria). In panegyric VIII held in 297 to Constantius the author two times mention this victory: 5.1. Adoratae sunt igitur mihi Sarmaticae expeditiones quibus illa gens prope omnis extincta est et [cum] paene cum solo nomine relicta quo serviat 10.4 totiens obstricta Sarmatia .. The annihilation of the Sarmatians was naturally only virtual (this is a normal rhetorical hyperbole) but the the victory really had to be decisive. In his work the rhetor depicts the new stable state of the empire together with the victories over all enemies of the Romans.

The following data concerning the Sarmatians can be dated to 299/300, when all emperors received the victory title Sarmaticus maximus (Diocletians fourth, Maximianus third, Galerius and Constantius second title). The only source dealing with this event was Eutropiuss historical work (following Ennmanns lost Kaisergeschichte), who was later followed by Orosius: IX.25.2 Varia deinceps et simul et viritim bella gesserunt Carpis et Basternis subactis, Sarmatis victis, quarum nationum ingentes captivorum copias in Romanis inibus locaverunt28. The meaning of the text is clear: it is about Galeriuss campaigns ater the Persian wars (together with Diocletian or alone - simul et viritim). In these campaigns there were ights against the Carpi and the Bastarnae in 23 Halitzky 1820, 9-26; PWRE VI A (1937) col. 2148-2150; Nagy 1946, Ensslin 1948, 2439.24 Gubitza 1907, 80-2; Duds 1902, 350; Vellenrajter 1958, 126-32; Dautova-Ruevljan 1972-1973, 141-52; Dimitrjevi

et al. 1974, 86-9; Bertk 1995, 219-26.25 Brennan 1980, 553-67.26 PWRE IX (1914), 41.27 Brennan 1984, 142-6.28 Eutropius: Breviarium, 149-50, n. 61.l


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296 and following them came again the Sarmatians. The same text appears in Orosius work (VII.15.12. postea per eosdem duces strenue aduersus Carpos Basternasque pugnatum est. Sarmatas deinde uicerunt: quorum copiosissimam captiuam multitudinem per Romanorum inium dispersere praesidia). The setling concerns the Carpi who were setled down in 296 (and later: cf. Lactant. De mort. persec. 38.6) in Roman soil (mentioned by several authors)29. Based on Ammianus Marcellinus, it also known that a part of them lived later in Valeria in the near of Sopianae/Pcs (Lact. De mort. pers. 9.2, 10.4, 17.3, 38.6, Pan. Lat. VIII(V).5.2, Aur. Vict. 39.43, Hier. Chron. 226b (Helm), Amm. Marc. XXVIII.1.5, Chron. min. I. p. 230, Jord. Rom. 299, Get. XVI.91). The entry of 299 of the Consularia Constantinopolitana (Chron. Min. I. p. 230) his conss. victi Marcomanni. Aurelius Victor mentioned shortly this event too: 39.43. Et interea caesi Marcomanni. Several scholars connected this war to the Sarmatian one30 but because of the omission of the participation of the Quadi this problem has to remain unsolved31. On the other hand, a gold coin hoard dated to the end of the third century is known from Brigetio/Komrom-szny32. A new altar from Odiavum/Almsfzit was erected by a tribunus lanciarorum between 293 and 305 that probably refers to the presence of an emperor (Galerius) in the region of Brigetio (ZPE 174, 2010, 281-282 Nr. 4). This campaign can probably be connected to the emperors newer victory title Germanicus (Diocletianus 6th, Maximianus 5th, Galerius 2nd) dated to 300-301 (before Diocletians tarif in 30133). The building inscriptions of praesidia along the Lower Danubian limes between Kladovo in Moesia superior/Dacia ripensis Kladovo and Halmyris (and the building inscription of Seimeni: CIL III 7487) can also be dated to the same period (Transmarisca: CIL III 6151, Durosturum: Ap 1936, 10, Kladovo: Ap 1979, 519, Halmyris: Ap 1995, 1345=1997, 1318, Sexaginta Prista: Ap, 1966, 357)34. Based on them, it can be supposed that the Sarmatian wars concentrated this time rather on the Lower Danube and it seems to be sure that among the debellatae hostium gentes beside the Carpi the Sarmatians were also implied. The praesidia were constructed because of them around 298-299: conirmata orbi suo tranquillitate pro futurum in aternum rei publicae praesidium constituerunt.

In the following years there were again clashes with the Sarmatians as Galerius third Sarmaticus maximus title in 302 shows35 but Galerius had to deal mainly with the Carpi36 (cf. his Carpicus titles II-V between 301 and 30437).The Goth and Sarmatian campaigns before the persecutions of Christians in 303 were mentioned only by Lactantius and the its reality seems rather doubtful (13.2. Quod edictum quidam etsi non recte, magno tamen animo deripuit et conscidit, cum irridens diceret victorias Gothorum et Sarmatarum propositas). It cannot be excluded that it concerns to the events of the year 30238. Galerius took later the victory title Sarmaticus two more times (IV: 306/307, V: 30739 or 310) and these events had to afect the region Moesia, because during the second tetrarchy Pannonia probably belonged to Severus (Origo Const. IV.9, but cf. III.5). A story of the Origo Constantini belongs to this period according to that the young Constantine took part in one of Galerius Sarmatian wars and fought gallantly: II.3 nam et in Sarmatas iuvenis equestris militans ferocem Barbarum capillis tentis raptum, ante pedes [sub] Galerii imperatoris adduxerat. Deinde Galerio mitente per paludem equo ingressus suo, viam ceteris fecit ad 29 Sarmatians also known from Notita Dignitatum were setled in a high number later in the Roman Empire: cf. Barkczi

1959, 443-53: Not. Dig. Occ. XLII,46-70, Anon. Vales. 6, Auson. Mos. 9, Eus. v. Const. 4.6, Chron. Min. I p. 234.30 Costa 1912, 1819-1820; Ensslin 1930, 2523; Kolendo 1970, 197-203, esp.. 199; Mcsy 1962, 571.31 Kuhof 2001, 223-5.32 Alfldi 1949-1950, 5-9.33 Barnes 1982, 187; 1982, 175-6.34 Kolendo 1966, 139-54; Zahariade 1997, 228-36; 1999, 553-61; Kuhof 2001, 224, 701-3.35 Kienast 1996, 285.36 Kolendo 1969, 378-85; Barnes 1982, 191; Leadbeter 2009, 100-2.37 Ibid.38 Barnes 1982, 64, 255; Leadbeter 2009, 100.39 Corcoran 2006: 231-40, 233.

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Sarmatas, ex quibus plurimis stratis Galerio victoriam reportavit40. The later story appears later in Zonaras work: XII.33. Toton d tn Kwnstantnon patr meirkion nta t GalerJ ej mhrean parsceto, n mhrewn ma ka prj skhsin gumnzoito tj tcnhj tj stratitidoj. d peridxion toton rn ka fqonn at peboleue. ka prton mn toj Sarmtaij macmenoj t kenwn rchg k tj panoplaj pismJ tugcnonti prostaxen pelqen. d ka plqe ka rpsaj atn znta t GalerJ kmisen41. Constantines treatment as hostage in Galerius court occur several times in the works of pro-Constantine authors: Lactant. de mort. pers. 24.2, Aur. Vict. 40.2, Epit. de Caes. 41.2, Eus. v. Const. I.19.42 The historical value of the story is uncertain but it most probably belongs to the campaign of 306 but this event has nothing to do with Pannonia.

Appendix The sourcesAuctores:

Panegyricus XI (III) Eiusdem magistri Memet Genethliacus Maximiani Augusti4.2 Illum modo Syria viderat: iam Pannonia susceperat.5.4 omito Sarmatiae vastationem 7.1 Laurea illa de victis accolentibus Syriam nationibus et illa Raetica et illa Sarmatica te, Maximiane,

fecerunt pio gaudio triumphare 16.1 tantam esse imperii vestri felicitatem undique se barbarae nationes vicissim lacerent et

excidant, alternis dimicationibus et insidiis clades suas duplicent et instaurent, Sarmaticas vestras et Raeticas et Transrhenanas expeditiones furore percitae in semet imitentur.

VIII (V) Incerti panegyricus Constantio Caesari dictus5.1. Adoratae sunt igitur mihi Sarmaticae expeditiones quibus illa gens prope omnis extincta est et

[cum] paene cum solo nomine relicta quo serviat.10.4 totiens obstricta Sarmatia, Iuthungi Quadi Carpi totiens proligati, summitente se Gotho pace

poscenda Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum13.2 Quod edictum quidam etsi non recte, magno tamen animo deripuit et conscidit, cum irridens diceret

victorias Gothorum et Sarmatarum propositas.Origo Constantini Anonymus Valesianus 2.3 nam et in Sarmatas iuvenis equestris militans ferocem Barbarum capillis tentis raptum, ante pedes

[sub] Galerii imperatoris adduxerat. Deinde Galerio mitente per paludem equo ingressus suo, viam ceteris fecit ad Sarmatas, ex quibus plurimis stratis Galerio victoriam reportavit.

Eutropius IX.25.2 Varia deinceps et simul et viritim bella gesserunt Carpis et Basternis subactis, Sarmatis victis,

quarum nationum ingentes captivorum copias in Romanis inibus locaverunt. 40 Origo Constantini, Anonymus Valesianus, 70-71; Leadbeter 2009, 183.41 Zonaras, 146, n. 154.42 Ensslin 1930, 2525.


149

Orosius Historiae adversum paganosVII.25.12 postea per eosdem duces strenue aduersus Carpos Basternasque pugnatum est. Sarmatas

deinde uicerunt: quorum copiosissimam captiuam multitudinem per Romanorum inium dispersere praesidia.

Consularia Constantinopolitana Chron. min. I. p. 230 Chron. min. I. p. 230 his coss. (Constantino et Maximiano, sc. a. 294) castra facta in Sarmatia

contra Acinco et Bononia

Zonaras Historiae Romanorum excerpta XII.33Toton d tn Kwnstantnon patr meirkion nta t GalerJ ej mhrean parsceto,

n mhrewn ma ka prj skhsin gumnzoito tj tcnhj tj stratitidoj. d peridxion toton rn ka fqonn at peboleue. ka prton mn toj Sarmtaij macmenoj t kenwn rchg k tj panoplaj pismJ tugcnonti prostaxen pelqen. d ka plqe ka rpsaj atn znta t GalerJ kmisen.

Coins:

SARM, SARMA, SARMAT, SARMATI, SARMATIC: RIC VI 294: 100-101, 295-297: 104-108, 298-299: 114-115, 300-301: 119-120, 127 (Trever), 294: 12-13, 295: 16-17 (Ticinum), 294: 14-26, 31, 295-297: 36-39, 298-299: 43 (Roma), 294-295: 34-42, 295: 58 (Siscia), 294: 2-3, 295: 6-7 (Heraclea), 294-295: 5 (Cyzicus)

VICTORIA SARMATICA RIC 302: VI 10 (Thessalonica), 296: 10 (Heraclea), 295: 19, 22 (Nicomedia), 294-295: 31-33

(Antiochia), 295: 8 (Alexandria) VICTORIAE SARMATICAE

Inscriptions:

CIL III 10605 = TRH 212I(ovi) O(ptimo) [M(aximo)] / Diocletianus [et Maximianus] / Augusti ob d[evictos virtu-]/te sua S[armatas].

SEG 31, 1116=39, 969=Ap 1981, 777. [] [ ], - [ ] -, [] () () 5 15 [ ---------] [------------ ] [ o] [ ------- ] [ ---------]

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Imperial victory titles:

(ater Barnes 1982, Tables 4-7 and Kienast 1996, 268, 275, 285)year Diocletianus Maximianus Galerius285 Germanicus max. 285 Sarmaticus max. 289 Sarmaticus maximus II Sarmaticus max. 293 Gothicus max. Gothicus max. Gothicus max.(inoicial, ater 296/297 occurs more oten: cf. Ap 1936, 10, 1995, 1345)294 Sarmaticus max. III Sarmaticus max. II Sarmaticus max.296 Carpicus max. Carpicus max. Carpicus max.299 Sarmaticus max. IV Sarmaticus max. III Sarmaticus max. II300 Germanicus max. VI Germanicus max. V Germanicus max. II301 Carpicus max. II302 Carpicus max. III302 Sarmaticus max. III303 Carpicus max. IV304 Carpicus max. V

Imperial visits in Pannonia:

(ater Mommsen, Th., Ges. Schr. II 195-291 and Barnes 1982, 47-87)Date Place SourceDiocletianus285, November 2 Iovia Cod. Iust. 4.48.5 (Atubino), Frag. Vat. 297 (Suneata)287-289 not atested290, January 11 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 10.3.4290, July 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.30.6290, September 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 8.54(55).3=Frag. Vat. 286290, November 19 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.3.19290, November 22 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.28.1290, November 30 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 9.16.4(5)290, December 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.28.19290-293 (before March) Aquincum CIL III 10605291 January-May 12 not atested291, May 13 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 9.41.12292 not atested293, January 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 1.18.5, 2.3.20, 3.34.8, 5.74.2, 6.26.7293, January 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.7.4, Cons. 6.15293, February 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.2.9293, February 8 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.38.5, 6.42.21 293, February 9 Sirmium Frag. Vat. 42293, February 13 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 9.35.7293, February 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.9.1293, February 26 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.32.11, 4.34.6293, September 11 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.12.8293, September 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.2.6, 8.48(49).3, 8.53(54).13-14


151

293, September 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.4.19293, September 19 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.48.8, 8.38(39).5293, September 24 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.71.18293, September 25 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.21.2, Herm. 2.1293, October 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.36.19293, October 3 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.4.21, 8.41.3, 4.2.7, 4.19.12, 4.26.10293, October 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.38.2, 7.16.21, 293, October 8 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.65.21293, October 15 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.2.12, 6.15.8293, October 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.39(40).2, 4.25.4, 4.51.8, 5.87.17, 6.5.1, 6.24.9293, October 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.35.5, 4.44.5, 8.42(43).16293, October 21 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.17.1293, November 5 Lugio Cod. Iust. 9.20.10293, November 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.34.9293, November 11 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.44.18293, November 13 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.32.16, 4.1.7 Lugio Cod. Iust. 9.20.10 and 11293, November 14 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.3.22, 5.7.14293, November 16 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 8.27(28).14293, November 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.32.17293, November 22 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.28(29).1, 4.16.4293, November 24 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.3.28, 4.38.5, 5.11.5, 5.71.15293, November 25 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.36.17293, November 26 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.20.10293, November 30 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.26.11293, December 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 1.22.2, 2.4.22, 2.19(20).9, 2:20(21).6, 2.31(32).2, 3.33.9, 4.19.13-14, 5.46.3, 6.2.13, 6.42.24, 7.2.12, 8.9.2, 8.13(14).18, 8.25(26).10, 8.34(35).2, 8.42(43).17293, December 15 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.36.18-19, 3.41.4, 4.29.15, Cons. 4.11293, December 16 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.3.24, 4.2.8,. 4.35.12, 4.49.10, 6.30.8, 8.13(14).19, 9.12.4, 293, December 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.17(18).4, 6.27.3, 6.30.9-10, 6.58.5, 8.3.1, 6.19(20).2, 8.37(38).6293, December 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.2.9, 4.44.9, 6.39.3, 8.50(51).11, 9.25.1 293, December 19 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 9.2.12293, December 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.18(19).17, 3.33.10293, December 22 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.15.4293, December 24 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.18(19).18, 4.10.6293, December 25 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.29(30).2, 3.32.18, 4.65.22-24, 5.3.9, 5.12.15, 6.2.14, 6.5.2293, December 26 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.55.5, 8.43(44).2293, December 27 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.13.3, 4.19.15, 8.15(16).7, 8.53(54).17, 9.22.18293, December 28 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.34.9, 4.24.11, 6.20.11, 6.31.4, 8.1.3, 8.24(25).2, 8.50(51).12, 8.53(54).18293, December 30 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.10.7, 4.44.10, 4.65.25, 5.17.4, 6.2.15, 7.19.6, 8.56(57).3, 9.22.14

Pter Kovcs

152

293, December 31 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.37.18, 5.51.9, 6.31.5, 6.58.6, 7.33.7, 8.44(45).23294, January 5 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.28.20, 5.12.16-17, 5.61.2294, January 15 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.6.2, 5.12.18, 6.37.16, 8.13(14).20294, January 16 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.29.16, 5.59.1=8.37(38).7294, January 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.50.15-16, 8.53(54).19294, January 19 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.12(13).18294, January 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.10.8, 4.26.12, 5.12.19, 5.60.2, 9.22.15294, January 22 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.34.10, 5.51.10, 6.20.12, 8.48.7294, January 27 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.19(20).10, 6.46.5, 8.44(45).24294, January 30 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.34.9294, February 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.35.13294, February 4 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.15.2, 4.2.10, 4.49.12, 4.50.8, 2.51.7294, February 6 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.37.4, 9.22.16294, February 8 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.32(33)1, 3.28.21, 4.9.3, 5.3.10, 5.3.12, 6.20.13, 6.30.11, 6.55.6294, February 9 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.10.9, 4.19.17, 5.18.7, 7.16.25, 7.26.7, 8.39(40).3(4), 8.47(48).8294, February 11 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.25(26).1, 3.36.20, 4.6.8-9, 5.37.19, 5.56.4, 9.22.17294, February 12 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.2.11, 7.52.5294, February 13 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.18(19).19, 2.36(37).3, 3.38.22, 4.52.3, 8.42(439.18, 8.44(45).25294, February 14 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.58.7, 7.32.8, 9.1.14294, February 15 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.59.3294, February 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.13.4, 6.15.5, 6.29.2, 8.37(38).8294, February 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. Herm. 3.1294, March 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 8.27(28).15294, March 3 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.34(35).2, 4.50.9294, March 6 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.16.5294, March 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.38.6-7, 7.14.11294, March 8 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.4.23, 4.51.5, 9.22.19294, March 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.82(83).2, 3.11.1294, March 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.18.8294, March 25 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.38.9294, March 26 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.57.2, 8.53(54).22 294, March 27 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.35.14, 8.2.2, 8.19(20).3, Coll. 10.4294, March 28 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.38.6, 3.41.5294, March 30 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 3.31.8, 6.59.4, 5.34.10, 5.36.5, 7.84.3, Cons. 6.18294, March 31 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 8.44(45).26294, April 2 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.22.3294, April 3 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.4.24, 4.10.10, 7.32.9, 7.45.9, 7.51.1, 8.27(28)16, 9.45.5294, April 5 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.28.6, 5.62.18294, April 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.38.10., Herm. 1.1294, April 8 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.71.16, 6.16.2294, April 10 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 7.16.28, 8.4.4294, April 11 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.13.5, 4.23.3294, April 12 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.4.25, 6.42.26, 8.41(42).5


153

294, April 15 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.35.15, 4.23.8294, April 16 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.20(21).7, 2.53(54).5, 6.55.7=8.46(47).8294, April 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 8.1.7294, April 19 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.28(29)2294, April 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.1.8, 6.35.10, 6.59.5294, April 24 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.18(19)20, 5.43.9294, April 26 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.8.1, 6.32.3, 7.4.12, 8.27(28).18.294, April 27 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 1.18.6, 2.21(22).6, 4.1.9, 4.17.1, 5.12.20, 6.49.5, 8.46(47).9, Vat. 270.294, April 28 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.3.25, 5.44.5, 6.9.6294, April 30 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.31.10294, May 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 2.35(36).1, 4.8.2, 4.22.8294, May 3 Aurris=Turris Ferrata Cod. Iust. 6.21.14294, May 18 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 4.7.6, 6.59.1294, July 7 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.5.8.294, August 1 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 5.16.22294, August 5 Agrippina (?) Cod. Iust. 5.12.21294, August 17 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 6.24.10294, August 20 Sirmium Cod. Iust. 9.18.2296-298 not atestested302 not atested summer 303? Sirmium Passio sancti IV coronatorum 21-22

Prof. Dr. Pter Kovcs, DScPzmny Pter Catholic UniversityEgyetem u. 1H-2081 [email protected]

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