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SARDAR PATEL MAHAVIDYALAYA,SARDAR PATEL MAHAVIDYALAYA,
CHANDRAPURCHANDRAPUR
SARDAR PATEL MAHAVIDYALAYA,
CHANDRAPUR
ISSN 2277 - 3908 // VOLUME-6 // ISSUE-1 :: 2017ISSN 2277 - 3908 // VOLUME-6 // ISSUE-1 :: 2017ISSN 2277 - 3908 // VOLUME-6 // ISSUE-1 :: 2017
Peer Reviewed
Annual Research Journal
For
Multi-disciplinary Studies
ASSOCIATE EDITORSDr. Smt. S. M. Potnurwar, Dr. V. D. Bansod,
Prof. Kavita S. Raipurkar, Dr. Raksha P. Dhankar, Prof. R. K. Kamble
Dr. Anjali M. Rahatgaonkar, Joint Director
Principal Womens College of Arts & Commerce, Nandanvan, Nagpur
Vice-Principal,Hawagiswami College, Udgir, Dist. Latur
Dr. Anil ShindeOfficiating Principal, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Ballarpur,Dist. Chandrapur
ISSN 2277-3908
FORM IV(See Rule 8)
Statement about ownership and other particulars about
the Journal, SPM-JAR- Annual
1. Place of Publication - Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur - 442 402 (M.S.)
2. Periodicity - Annual
3. Printer's Name - Ashtvinayak Paper Mart, Chandrapur
Nationality - Indian
4. Publisher's Name - Dr. R. P. Ingole
Nationality - Indian
Address - Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganj ward,
Chandrapur - 442 402 (M.S.)
5. Editor's Name - Dr. Vijay S. Wadhai
Nationality - Indian
Address - Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganj ward,
Chandrapur - 442 402 (M.S.)
I, Dr. R. P. Ingole, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.
ISSN 2277-3908
Contents
1. Fungal Diversity in Vegetables and Their Impact Archana Junghare, P. N. Nasare 01-03
On Human Health With Reference to Losses and Mousmi Bhowl
2. E-Banking in India : Innovations, Challenges R. A. Fulkar and R.P. Ingole 04-09
and Opportunities
3. MbZr Zmʶm§Mm CJ‘ ea¶w ‘{Zf nmoVZwadma 10-12
4. Exigent of Good Governance in Higher Devendra R. Bhagat 13-16 Education
5. Sandra Cisneros's The House on Mango Street : G. N. Khamankar 17-21 A Quest for Identity
6. Environmental Sanitation in Ancient Buddhist Rahul K. Kamble 22-29 Monasteries
7. A 30-33 ën‘wXVr ‘{hbm {ZdmgJ¥hmVrb emgZmÀ¶m ¶moOZm A{ZVm dS>ñH$a / ‘ËVo
d gw{dYm
8. ‘wb Vmbw 34-38 ³¶mVrbYmZ nrH$ d g§H$arV {~-{~¶mUo EH$ dZlr bmIo
^m¡Jmo{bH$ Aä¶mg
9. ‘{hbm CËnrS>Z Ed§ ‘mZdm{YH$ma {Z¶mO Ah‘X A§gmar 39-42
(Kaoby qhgm g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ {deof g§X^© ‘|)
10. gbm‘ AmIar : d¡í¶m OrdZ H$s XmñVmZ bjoídar Hw$a} 43-47
11. {hÝXr H$m eãX §S>ma nwZ‘ Xo~ZmW Am{U gw{ZVm ~ZgmoS> 48-51
12. gwYm§ew Jm¡a am°¶ Am¡a e¡b|Ð Hw$‘ma ew³b 52-53 Zmar MoVZm n§{º$ : n§VOr Ho$ g§X^© ‘|
13. hþ§S>m ~ir - EH$ Ádb§V g‘ñ¶m {àVr ~m~wamd dmZIS>o 54-57
14. - EH$ {Z[ajU - mJ - 2 ídoVm {eare Jw§S>mdma 58-60 ì¶{³V‘ËdmVrb {d{dYVm
15. Narco Analysis Test ? - Present Legal Abhay Butle 61-64
Scenario in India
16. Union Membership, Locus of Control Purushottam Borkar 65-67
and Job Satisfaction
17. Importance of library and books for society Sanjay S. Bhutamwar 65-67
18. Am{Xdmgr gm{h{˶H$m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m ‘¥Xþbm am¶nwao 68-70
19. ^JdmZ ~wÕmÀ¶m H$mimVrb Om{Vì¶dñWoMr pñWVr {dÚmYa ~ÝgmoS> 71-75
20. XþamMmar g§V Am{U VwH$mam‘m§Mo {dMma g§Vmof gXm{ed XoR>o 76-80
21. Am{Xdmgr H$da O‘mVrMr d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Am{U gmohZ H$moëh¶m 81-86
{ddmhJrVo
22. JmS>Jo~m~m§Mm gm‘m{OH$ {dMma d H$m¶© YZamO S>r. ‘waHw$Q>o 87-90
23. "Ag§^dmVyZ g§^dmH$S>o' EH$ AmË‘emoY nÙaoIm YZH$a 91-93
24. Isolation and Detection of the Enzymes Kumbhare P. H. 94-98
Amylase, Protease and Lipase, Produced By
Neurospora Intermedia MTCC 1230 and
Rhizosporus oligosporus MTCC 556.
25. Study of physical properties of soil affected by Varsha C. Thakare 99-102
coal mining activities near Gaouri OPC in
Chandrapur dist. of Maharashtra
26. M§ÐnyaÀ¶m Yå‘H«$m§VrZ§Va J«m‘rU X{bV dñVrVrb H$ënZm E‘. H$dmS>o 103-106
‘{hbm§Mo gm‘m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$
n[adV©ZmMo Aܶ¶Z
27. ^maVr¶ g‘mOì¶dñWoV Am{XdmgtÀ¶m MidirMo aUYra gmR>o 107-113
¶moJXmZ
28. Major Problems of Women Faces in Indian Jyoti B. Deogirkar 114-118
Society
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 01-03
Fungal Diversity In Vegetables And Their ImpactOn Human Health With Reference To Losses
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Department of Botany, Hislop College, Civil Lines, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Department of Botany, Nilkanthrao Shinde Science and Arts College Bhadrawati, Dist- Chandrapur 442902 MS, India. Corresponding author Email: [email protected]
1 2 3Archana Junghare P. N. Nasare And Mousmi Bhowl
Abstract
The present work was carried out on vegetable to study fungal diversity and their impact on human health and businessman with reference to losses. The vegetable were purchased and collected from Bhadrawati and Warora vegetable market and incubated to grow fungus on them. The Total of 22 vegetable were collected and catergorised them as Earth vegetables, Underground vegetables, Herbage vegetables and Fruit vegetable. Among these, collected 22 vegetables those infected by fungus were identified as Pythium sp., Phytophthora sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Helminthosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., Verticillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Trichoderma sp., Mucor sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp. Cephalosporium sp., Erysiphe sp., Cladosporium sp.etc. This shows that there is a great fungal diversity in vegetables. These fungi growing on vegetables showing their impact on human health and businessman with reference to post harvest losses.
Keywords : Fungal diversity, Vegetables, Bhadrawati, Warora.
Introduction
Fungal is the plural of the word fungus which is
derived from the Latin word FUNGOUR which means
to flourish. The fungi may be defined as non-green,
nucleated thallophytes. However, mycologists have
defined fungi more scientifically. According to
Alexopoulos (1962), the fungi include nucleated spore
bearing achlorophyllous organisms that generally
reproduce and whose filamentous branched somatic
structures are typically surrounded by cell walls
containing cellulose or chitin or both. A more
technical definition of fungi was later given by Bessey
(1968) which say that fungi are chlorophyll-less non-
vascular plants whose reproductive or vegetative
structures do not permit them to be assigned to
positions among recognized groups of higher plants or
algae. Fungi grow in diverse habitats. Majority of
fungi prefer to grow in darkness and dimlight in most
habitats (Vashishta and Sinha, 2002).
Material and Methods
The vegetables samples were purchased and collected
from Bhadrawati and Warora vegetable market and the
vegetables were incubated to grow fungi on them. For
the identification of fungi, temporary slides were
prepared by using cotton blue prepared in lactophenol
is used as staining material for staining fungi. The
temporary slides were prepared by scraping small
fragments of infected portion and sealed with paraffin
wax and observed under light microscope. On the
basis of morphological and reproductive characters,
fungi were identified. For this standard literature was
used and experts opinion was taken.
Market survey was carried out in fruit market of
Warora and Bhadrawati, Dist- Chandrapur to assess
the losses to the businessman due to fungal infestation
on vegetables. The formal interaction was made with
businessman regarding the attack of fungal on
vegetables and losses. The impact of vegetables fungal
on human health was studied on the basis of literature
survey.
Results and Discussion
The numerous earth vegetables, underground
vegetables, herbage vegetables and fruit vegetables
from Bhadrawati and Warora vegetables market were
found to be infected by various fungi (Table 1). Large
number of vegetables were infected by fungi. Earth
vegetables were infected by Pythium and Alternria sp.,
Underground vegetables were infected by
Phytophthora, Asoergillus and Pythium sp., Herbage
vegetable s were infected by Helminthosporium sp.,
Rhizopus , Fusar ium, Al ternar ia , Mucor,
Colletotrichum, Cephalosporium, Erysiphe,
Cladosporium sp., and Rhizopus sp., was found to be
dominant on vegetables (Table 1).
Earlier studies indicated that some of these pathogens
have been reported from different parts of India, either
on the same or other host. Study on pathogenic fungi
of fruits and vegetables were carried out by Dandge
(1998). ShikhaAgblor and Doug Waterer (2001)
reported post harvet diseases in cabbage, caused by
Botrytis and Sclerotinia. Chatage and Bhale (2010)
reported Alternaria plurisepatata and Geotrichum
candidus on ivy gourd (Coccinia indica). Ghurdeetal.
(2011) reported Alternaria alternate, Phoma
nebulosa, Curvularia lunata, Colletotrichum capsic,
Curvulareasenegalensis, Fusarium equiseti etc. on
Brassica oleracea var. capitata L., Spinacea oleracea
L., Abelmoschusesculentus L., Capsicum annum L.,
Dolicus lablab L., and Solanum tuberosum L.,
respectively. Exposure and / or consumption of such
infected vegetables may cause health hazards (Bauri,
2007). hence, there is a need to explore possibilities of
their control to prevent loss of product and injuries to
human health.
Due to infestation of fungus, there is impact of human
health. The economics losses estimated on the basis of
interaction made with vegetables vendors. The impact
of fungi on human health was studies in general on the
basis of literature available in this area of research . It
is studied that the fungi infects the human being and
causes ill effects on the body.
Conclusion
It is concluded that there is a great fungal diversity in
vegetables. Aspergillus sp., and Rhizopus., was found
to be dominant on vegetables. Hence, there is a need
to explore possibilities of their control to prevent loss
1 2 3Archana Junghare, P. N. Nasare and Mousmi Bhowl2
Table 1 : Fungal Diversity in vegetables of Bhadrawati and Warora market
of product and injuries to human health.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Dr. Dipti Christian,
Principal, Hislop College, Civil Lines, Nagpur for
providing laboratory facilities. The authors also
thanks to Dr. A. A. Fulzele, Head, Department of
Botany, Mohata Science College, Nagpur for his help
to identify vegetables infesting fungi.
ReferencesndAlexopoulos, C.J. (1962) Introductory Mycology, 2
edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Bessy, E.A. (1968) Morphology and Taxonomy of
fungi. The Blankistan Co. Philadelphia.
Bauri, N.C. (2007) Fungal spore, a potential source of
occupational health hazard among the working of
potato cold stores in West Bengal, India. World
allergy congress ( TM ), Bangkok, Thailand.
Chatage, V.S. and Bhale, U.N. (2010) Bioinfolet, 7 :
(3) : 242 – 243.
Churde, M.U., Deshmukh, V.R., Pachkede, A.U.
(2011) Bioinfolet, 8 (4) : 384 – 386.
Dandge, V.S. (1998) Taxonomical and physiological
studies of some fungi causing diseases to fruits and
vegetables, Ph. D. Thesis, SGB Amravati University,
Amravati, M.S. India.
Shikha Agblor and Doug Waterer (2001) Cabbage post
harvest handling and storage. Agri-food Innovation
Fund, Post harvest specialist programme, Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan,
Canada.
Vashishta, B.R. and Sinha, A.K. (2002) Fungi S.
Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi, P:5.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 01-03 3
E- Banking in India : Innovations, Challenges and Opportunities
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
1Deptt. of Commerce, M.J. Fule Mahavidyalaya, Ballarpur, 2Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur
Email - [email protected]
1 2R. A. Fulkar And R. P. Ingole
AbstractCyber banking is a progressive technology in India but its endorsement is very low as 70 percent population belongs to rural areas and 30 percent reside in urban. Banks are investing huge amount of money to increase the diffusion of cyber banking therefore it is the need of time to know the real causes of its low penetration. In this paper an attempt has been made to know the objections which are facing by banks and also to nd out the impact population vital statistics like Education, age, occupation and income. How they are inuencing the adoption of cyber banking in India. To nd out the impact of all these variables a structured questionnaire has been prepared a through a systematic survey which was conducted at the NCR. Banking is the lifeline of an economy. The present and future of any economy depends upon the success and development of banking. The objective can't be achieved with the traditional banking as now is the age of technology. Indian banking industry, today, is in the midst of an IT (Information Technology) revolution. The competition among the banks has led to the increasing total banking automation in the Indian banking industry. E-Banking is a generic term encompassing internet banking, telephone banking, mobile banking etc. In other words, it is a process of banking services and products through electronic channels such as telephone, internet, cell phone etc. The concept and scope of E- banking is still evolving. The present paper has focused on the need and benets of E-banking. It has also revealed the current status of nancial innovations in Indian banking sector. It also highlighted the challenges faced in E-banking and the opportunities available with the banks in E-banking.
Key Words: Rural Market, Risk Management, Global Banking, E-Banking, ATMs, Information Technology
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 04-09
Introduction
Banking is the lifeline of an economy. The present and
future of any economy depends upon the success and
development of banking. The objective can't be
achieved with the traditional banking as now is the age
of technology. Indian banking industry, today, is in the
midst of an IT (Information Technology) revolution.
The competition among the banks has led to the
increasing total banking automation in the Indian
banking industry. Finland was the rst country in the
world to have taken a lead in E-banking. In India, it
was ICICI bank which initiated E-banking as early as
1997 under the brand name Innity. Electronic
banking is dened as "Delivery of bank's services to a
customer at his ofce or home by using Electronic
t e c h n o l o g y c a n b e t e r m e d a s E l e c t r o n i c
Banking."Online Banking or Internet Banking or
E-banking allows customers of nancial transactions
on a secured website operated by the institution, which
can be a retail bank, virtual bank, credit union or
building society. To access a nancial institutions
online banking facility, a customer having personal
internet access must register with the institution for the
service, and set up some password for customer
verication. To access online banking, the customer
would go to the nancial institution's website, and
enter the online banking facility using the customer
number and password Popular services covered under
E-Banking. The popular services covered under E-
banking include:-
Automated Teller Machines
Credit Cards
Debit Cards
Smart Cards
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) System
Cheques Truncation Payment System
Mobile Banking, Internet Banking
Telephone banking
E-Banking is a generic term encompassing internet
banking, telephone banking, mobile banking etc. In
other words, it is a process of banking services and
products through electronic channels such as
telephone, internet, cell phone etc. The concept and
scope of E- banking is still evolving. E-banking
facilitates an effective payment and accounting system
thereby enhancing the speed of delivery of banking
services. While E-banking has improved efciency
and convenience, it has also posed several challenges
to the regulators and supervisors. There are also many
opportunities that are available in E-banking in the
Indian Banking sector.
HISTORY OF E-BANKING
The originator for the modern home E- banking
services were the distance banking services over
electronic media from the early 1980s. The term online
became popular in the late „80s and referred to the use
of a terminal, keyboard and TV (or monitor) to access
the banking system using a phone line. „Home
Banking can also refer to the use of a numeric
keypad to send tones down a phone line with
instructions to the bank. Online services started in
New York in 1981 when four of the city's major banks
(Citibank, Chase Manhattan, Chemical and
Manufacturers Hanover) offered home banking
services using the videotext system. Because of the
commercial failure of videotext these banking
services never became popular except in France where
the use of videotext (Minitel) was subsidized by the
telecom provider and the UK, where the Pestle system
was used. The UK's rst home online banking services
were known as Homelink and it was set up by Bank of
Scotland for customers of the Nottingham Building
Society (NBS) in 1983. The system used was based on
the UK's Prestel view link system and used a
computer, such as the BBC Micro, or keyboard
(Tandata Td1400) connected to the telephone system
and television set. The system allowed on-line
viewing of statements, bank transfers and bill
payments. In order to make bank transfers and bill
payments, a written instruction giving details of the
intended recipient had to be sent to the NBS who set
the details up on the Homelink system. Typical
recipients were gas, electricity and telephone
companies and accounts with other banks. Details of
1 2R. A. Fulkar and R. P. Ingole 5
payments to be made were input into the NBS system
by the account holder via Prestel. A cheque was then
sent by NBS to the payee and an advice giving details
of the payment was sent to the account holder. BACS
was later used to transfer the payment directly.
Stanford Federal Credit Union was the rst nancial
institution to offer online internet banking services to
all of its members in October 1994.Today, many banks
are internet only banks. Unlike their predecessors,
these internet only banks do not maintain brick and
mortar bank branches. Instead, they typically
differentiate themselves by offering better interest
rates and more extensive online banking features.
NEED AND BENEFITS OF E-BANKING
Many inventions and revolutions have taken place in
the history of banking but no such things have changed
the business of banking as fast as the e-banking
revolution. Now-a-days, banks all over the world are
making their business strategies in the light of new
opportunities offered by e-banking. E-banking has
facilitated banks to scale borders, change strategic
behaviour and thus bring about new possibilities. E-
banking has encouraged real banking behaviour closer
to neoclassical economic theories of market
functioning. As there is presence of absolute
transparency of the market, clients (both business and
retail) can make comparison of the services provided
by various banks easily. For example, at every click on
the internet you'll face your competitors. If clients are
not happy and satised with the products, prices or
services offered by a particular bank, they are capable
of changing their banking partner very easily as
compared to what happens in the physical or real bank-
client relationship. Therefore, from the view-point of
banks, use of the internet has signicantly reduced the
physical costs of banking operations. Thus, e-banking
services whether delivered online or through other
mechanisms, have spread quickly in recent years. The
primary benet of e-banking from the bank
customers point of view is signicant saving of time
by the automation of banking services processing and
introduction of an easy maintenance tools for
managing customer's money. Other benets of E-
banking are also there such as reduction in costs in
accessing and using the banking services, increase in
comfort and timesaving, quick and continuous access
to information, better management of cash,
convenience in performing banking transactions,
speed in getting response, proper management of
funds.
Present Status of Financial Innovations in Indian
Banking Sector
Today banking is known as innovative banking.
Information technology has given rise to new
innovations in the product designing and their delivery
in the banking and nance industries. Customer
services and customer satisfaction are their prime
work. Current banking sector has come up with a lot of
initiatives that oriented to providing a better customer
services with the help of new technologies. Banking
through internet has emerged as a strategic resource
for achieving higher efciency, control of operations
and reduction of cost by replacing paper based and
labour intensive methods with automated processes
thus leading to higher productivity and protability.
Financial innovation associated with technological
change totally changed the banking philosophy and
that is further tuned by the competition in the banking
industry. Challenging business environment within
the banking system create more innovation in the
elds of product, process and market. A study on the
Internet users, conducted by Internet and Mobile
Association of India (IAMAI), found that about 23%
of the online users prefer Internet Banking as the
banking channel in India, second to ATM which is
preferred by 53%. Out of the 6,365 Internet users
sampled, 35% use online banking channels in India.
Plastic money is the alternative to the cash or standard
money. It is convenient to carry. The various Plastic
money/cards include ATM cards, Debit Card, ATM
cum Debit Card, Credit Card. Plastic money was a
delicious gift to Indian market. Now several new
features added to plastic money to make it more
attractive. Credit card is a nancial instrument, which
can be used more than once to borrow money or buy
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 04-096
products and services on credit. Banks, retail stores
and other businesses generally issue these. On the
basis of their credit limit, they are of different kinds
like classic, gold or silver. The electronic payment
systems such as Electronic Clearing Service (ECS)
credit and debit, National Electronic Fund Transfer
(NEFT) for retail transactions and Real Time Gross
Settlement (RTGS) for large value, improved the
speed of nancial transactions, across the country. The
introduction of ATMs in banks has transformed
banking by providing banking services ANY TIME &
ANYWHERE, ANYBANK to the customer. The
customer is saved the risk or bother of carrying hard
cash or travelers cheque while travelling. It has also
given cost savings to banks. Entry of ATMs has
changed the prole of front ofces in bank branches.
Customers no longer need to visit branches for their
day to day banking transactions like cash deposits,
withdrawals, cheque collection, balance enquiry etc.
Off-site ATMs has more signicance than on-site
ATMs for banking penetration. Off-site ATMs play an
important role by providing the basic banking services
like cash withdrawal, transfer of funds even without
the presence of full-edged brick-and-mortar
branches. During 2011-12, there was an addition of
14,365 new off-site ATMs. However, metropolitan
areas accounted for the maximum number of newly
opened ATMs. Southern region had maximum number
of newly opened ATMs, followed by northern region.
However, the share of rural areas in the total number of
ATMs continued to remain small.
Challenges in E-Banking
Implementation of global technology:
There is a need to have an adequate level of
infrastructure and human capacity building before the
developing countries can adopt global technology for
their local requirements. In developing countries,
many consumers either do not trust or do not access to
the necessary infrastructure to be able to process e-
payments.
Strengthening the public support:
In developing countries, in the past, most e-nance
initiatives have been the result of joint efforts between
the private and public sectors. If the public sector does
not have the necessary resources to implement the
projects it is important that joint efforts between public
and private sectors along with the multilateral
agencies like the World Bank, be developed to enable
public support for e-nance related initiatives.
Condentiality, integrity and authentication:
These three are the very important features of the
banking sector and were very successfully managed
all over the world before the coming of internet.
Communication across an open and thus insecure
channel such as the internet might not be the best base
for bank-client relations as trust might partially be lost.
Customer Satisfaction:
In today's competitive world, satisfaction of
customers is a major challenge for the banking sector
because customers have alternative choices in various
types of services provided by banks.
Availability of Personnel services:
In present times, banks are to provide several services
like social banking with nancial possibilities,
selective up gradation, computerization and
innovative mechanization, better customer services,
effective managerial culture, internal supervision and
control, adequate protability, strong organization
culture etc. Therefore, banks must be able to provide
complete personnel service to the customers who
come with expectations.
Non- Performing Assets (NPA):
Nonperforming assets are another challenge to the
banking sector. Vehicle loans and unsecured loans
increases N.P.A. which terms 50% of banks retail
portfolio was also hit due to upward movement in
interest rates, restrictions on collection practices and
soaring real estate prices. So that every bank have to
take care about regular repayment of loans.
Competition:
The nationalized banks and commercial banks have
the competition from foreign and new private sector
banks. Competition in banking sector brings various
challenges before the banks such as product
positioning, innovative ideas and channels, new
1 2R. A. Fulkar and R. P. Ingole 7
market trends, cross selling ad at managerial and
organizational part this system needs to be manage,
assets and contain risk. Banks are restricting their
administrative folio by converting manpower into
machine power i.e. banks are decreasing manual
powers and getting maximum work done through
machine power. Skilled and specialized man power is
to be utilized and result oriented targeted staff will be
appointed.
Handling Technology:
Developing or acquiring the right technology,
deploying it optimally and then leveraging it to the
maximum extent is essential to achieve and maintain
high service and efciency standards while remaining
cost effective and delivering sustainable return to
shareholders. Early adopters of technology acquire
signicant competitive advances Managing
technology is therefore, a key challenge for the Indian
banking sector.
Other Challenges:
a) Coping with regulatory reforms
b) Development of skill of bank personnel
c) Customer awareness and satisfaction
d) Corporate governance
e) Changing needs of customers
f) Keeping space with technology up gradation
g) Lack of common technology standards for mobile
banking
h) Sustaining healthy bottom lines and increasing
shareholders value
I) Structural changes
j) Man power planning
Opportunities in E-Banking
Untapped Rural Markets:
Contributing to 70% of the total population in India is
a largely untapped market for banking sector. In all
urban areas banking services entered but only few big
villages have the banks entered. So that the banks must
reach in remaining all villages because majority of
Indian still living in rural areas.
Multiple Channels:
Banks can offer so many channels to access their
banking and other services such as ATM, Local
branches, Telephone/mobile banking, video banking
etc. to increase the banking business.
Worthy Customer Service:
Worthy customer services are the best brand
ambassador for any bank for growing its business.
Every engagement with customer is an opportunity to
develop a customer faith in the bank. While increasing
competition customer services has become the
backbone for judging the performance of banks.
Internet Banking:
It is clear that online nance will pickup and there will
be increasing convergence in terms of product
offerings banking services, share trading, insurance,
loans, based on the data warehousing and data mining
technologies. Anytime anywhere banking will become
common and will have to upscale, such up scaling
could include banks launching separate internet
banking services apart from traditional banking
services.
Retail Lending:
Recently banks have adopted customer segmentation
which has helped in customizing their product folios
well. Thus retail lending has become a focus area
particularly in respect of nancing of consumer
durables, housing, automobiles etc., Retail lending has
also helped in risks dispersal and in enhancing the
earnings of banks with better recovery rates.
Indian Customers:
The growing Indian banking sector with its strong
home country linkages, seek a unique combination of
Indian ethnicity and global standards that offers a
valuable nice opportunities for Indian banks. The
biggest opportunity for the Indian banking sector
today is the Indian costumers. Demographic shifts in
terms of income level and cultural shifts in terms of life
style aspirations are changing the prole of the Indian
customer. This is and will be a key driver of economic
growth going forward. The Indian customers now seek
to fulll his lifestyle aspirations at a younger age with
an optimal combination of equity and debt to nance
consumption and asset creation. The consumer
represents a market for a wide range of products and
services he need a mortgage to nance his house, an
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 04-098
auto loan for his car, a credit card for on-going
purchases, a bank account, a long term investment
plan to his children's higher education, pension plans
for his retirement, a life insurance policy the
possibilities are endless and this consumer does not
live just in India's top ten cities. He represents across
cities, towns and villages i.e. in rural areas. Consumer
goods companies are already tapping this potential it is
for the banks to make the most of the opportunity to
deliver solutions to this market.
Other Opportunities :
a) To enter new business and new markets
b) To develop new ways of working
c) To improve efciency
d) To deliver high level of customer services.
CONCLUSION
Given the new environment, banks can't remain
unaffected by the changes round and challenges before
them. Therefore banks need to restructure themselves.
The following practices need to be adopted on urgent
basis;
Greater professionalism.
Greater emphasis on diversication and sources
non interest income.
Consultancy services.
Equipping them to operate in the deregulated
environment.
Necessary changes in the legal stipulations.
Cost management.
Bench marking of service standards to improve
productivity and Prociency.
A self- regulatory organization to monitor the
activities of banking with the increasing levels of
Globalizations, Liberalizations, Privatizations and
new reforms of the banking sector, competition will
intensify further. Therefore, the banks who understand
the market dynamics, perceive threats, anticipate
volatility, show high degree of professionalism and
dynamism in their functioning and respond promptly
to the market needs would survive and prosper.
REFERENCES
1. Chavan, J. (2013). Internet banking- Benets and
challenges in an emerging economy. International
Journal of Research in Business Management.
2. Gupta, P., Mishra, C. M. (2012). E-banking- New
emerging trends in Indian banking industry. Research
Journal of Economics and Business Studies.
3. Haq, S. Khan, M. (2013). E-banking challenges and
opportunities in the Indian banking sector. Innovative
Journal of Business and Management.
4. Karamjit Kaur, Rajneesh International Journal of
Management and Commerce Innovations April 2014 -
September 2014.
5. Dr. K.A. Goyal & Vijay Joshi International Journal
of Business Research and Management (IJBRM),
Volume (3).
6. Singh, K. (2012). E-banking in India: Progress and
Prospects. Lambert Academic Publishing.
7. Shamsul Haq, Bilal Mustafa Khan Innovative
Journal of Business and Management July – August
(2013).
8. Trivedi, M. H., Patel, V. B. (2013). Problems face by
customers while using e-banking facilities in India.
International Journal of Scientic Research.
1 2R. A. Fulkar and R. P. Ingole 9
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
g¨emoYZmMm Jmofdmam
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Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 10-12
McZr ZmÊ`m§Mm CJ‘
A{VàmMrZ ^maVr` ZmUr Mm§XrMr AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Zm 'H$mfm©nU' qH$dm nÝZm Aer g¨km Amho.{edm` 'H$mfm©nU' ho dOZmMohr n[a‘mU hmoVo, Ago H$m¡{Q>ë` Am{U ‘Zw `m§À`m J«§WmdéZ {XgwZ `oVo. 'H$mfm©nU' `m ^maVr` Mm§XrÀ`m ZmÊ`mMo dOZ gw‘mao 56 Vo 58 J«oÝg hmoVo. AmhV ZmUr hr A{VàmMrZ ^maVr` ZmUr AmhoV. Vr àm‘w»`mZo Mm§XrMr AmhoV. gd©gmYmaUnUo ZmÊ`mÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmda nmM-ghm qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV {MÝho d ‘mJrc ^mJmda EH$ qH$dm XmoZ {MÝho AmT>iVmV. ZmUr {OVH$s A{YH$ H$mi ì`dhmamV am{hcr AgVrc {VVH$s A{YH$ OmñV à‘mUmV {MÝho C‘Q>{dcr AgmdrV. ZmÊ`mMo dOZ Am{U YmVwMo Ë`mVrc `mo½` à‘mU BË`mXtMr I wU qH $dm Am oiI åhU wZ hr {MÝh o Agm{dV.H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emñÌmV ImoQ>r ZmUr ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrg¨~§YrgwÕm (Hw$Q>-énH$maH$) H$mhr ‘mhrVr {‘iVo. àW‘ ‘werV YmVw {dVi{dÊ`mV oV Ago,YmVw ewÕ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`mV jma {‘giV AgV.hm YmVw EoaUrda (A{YH$Uu) hmVmoS>çmZo(‘wpîQ>H$) R>moHw$Z Ë`mMm nmVi nÌm V`ma H$[aV AgV. Ë`mZ§Va gm§S>erZo (g¨X§e) Ë`mMo VwH$S>o H$mnwZ Ë`mda R>emZo(q~~-Q>§H$) {MÝho C‘Q>{dcr OmV. `m {MÝhmV ‘mZd Am{U àmÊ`m§À`m AmH¥$Vr ,new ,njr,ganQ>Umao àmUr,’w$co, Q>oH$S>r,ZXr ,gw`©, M§Ð VgoM Ym{‘©H$ d ‘m§Jë`mMr {MÝho BË`mXtMm g‘mdoe {XgwZ oVmo. ~rOeãX :- ZmUH$emñÌ ,Zdmí‘`wJ,ZmJar g¨ñH¥$Vr,
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McZr ZmÊ`m§Mm CJ‘ :-
àmMrZ ^maVr` ZmUH$emñÌmZwgma, ‘mZdr g¨ñH¥$VrÀ`m cmImo dfm©À`m B{VhmgmV McZr ZmÊ`m§Mr gwédmV ~-`mM C{eamZo gwé Pmcocr {XgVo.Aí‘`wJmmV ‘mZd àmUr Q>H§$Vr H$[aV Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmcm ñW¡`© ZìhVo.Zdmí‘`wJmmV IoS>r ñd`§nyU© hmoVr,VËH$mcrZ ‘mZdhr ñd`§nyU© hmoVm Am{U Ë`mVwZM ZmJar g¨ñH¥$VrMm CJ‘ Pmcm. AZoH$ dñVw V`ma hmoC cmJë`m. Ë`mVwZM dñVw-{dZr‘` nÕVr ApñVËdmV Amcr. dñVw-{dZr‘` nÕVrVrc AS>MUr :-
àmMrZ H$mimV dñVw-{dZr‘` nÕVrV AZoH$ AS>MUr hmoË`m. Ogo- {ZpíMV ‘moO‘mnmMr g‘ñ`m,dñVwMo ‘wë` R>am{dH$ Zgo. dñV w- {dZr‘`mV ne wYZ ‘hËdmMm ñÌm oV hm oV m . Jm`,~¡c,eoiçm,‘|T>çm,`m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV Ago. Vm‘«`wJmmV O|ìhm dñVw§À`m ‘mo~Xë`mV Vm§~o XoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr V|ìhm Jm`rÀ`m qH$dm ~¡cmÀ`m Mm‘S>çmÀ`m AmH$mamMm Vm§ã`mMm VwH$S>m Vo dmnaV AgV.`m{edm` H$dS>çm,Vm§~o,gmoZo,Mm§Xr `m YmVw§À`m A§JR>çm dmnaÊ`mV `oV AgV. àË`oH$s R>am{dH$ dOZmÀ`m m A§JR>çm AgV. VÛVM m A§JR>rcm R>am{dH$ ‘wë` hmoVo.~m{~cmo{Z`Z cmoH$ A§JR>rEodOr R>am{dH$ dOZmMo YmVwMo Jmoio dmnarV AgV. Mm§{XÀ`m VwH$S>çm§Mo, Jmoiçm§Mo dOZ,Ë`m§À`m YmVwMr ewÕVm ho ì`dhmamV àË`oH$ doir VnmgwZ KoVco OmV Ago. àË`oH$ doir ho VnmgwZ KoÊ`mMr VgXr ¿`mdr cmJV hmoVr.McZr ZmÊ`m§À`m {dH$mgmMr gwédmV :-
gd©àW‘ {cS>r`m‘Ü`o YmVwÀ`m VwH$S>çm§da Ë`m§À`m dOZmMr Am{U ewÕVoMr h‘r åhUyZ {MÝho C‘Q>{dÊ`mV Amcr. `mà‘mUo {c{S>`m‘Ü`o ZmÊ`mMm OÝ‘ B.gZ.ny.700 ‘Ü`o Pmcm. `mMr ½dmhr B{VhmgmMm OZH$ {hamoS>moQ>g `mZo {Xcr Amho.Am{e`m ‘m`Za‘Ü`o Am`mo{Z`Z g‘wÐ{H$Zm-`md[ac ^mJmV {c{S>`m hm Xoe hmoVm. VoWrc A{VàmMrZ ZmUr BcoŠQ´‘ YmVwMr AmhoV. gmoZo Am{U Mm§Xr `m§Mm {‘l YmVw åhUOo BcoŠQ´‘ hmo`. àmMrZ n{e©`m‘Ü`o ZmÊ`m§Mr H$ënZm {c{S>`m‘YwZM Amcr. VoWo S>am`g n{hcm `mÀ`m H$mimV B.gZ.nwd© 516 ‘Yo àW‘ ZmUr gwé Pmcr. Ë`m§Zr OZVodarc H$a dgwc H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmÊ`m§Mm dmna Ho$cm.OZVoZo ZmÊ`m§À`m énmZo H$a ^acm VargwÕm Vr ZmUr {dVidyZ Ë`m§Mo dOZ Ho$co OmV Ago Am{U YmVwÀ`m EHw$U dOZmMr nmdVr XoÊ`mV `oV Ago. EH$m AŠHo${S>`Z
Sharayu Manish Potnurwar 11
BpîQ>H$mcoImV B.gZ.nwd© 503-502 `m~m~VMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {‘ioc.^maVr` ZmÊ`m§Mo àmMrZËd :-
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AmhV ZmUr hr A{VàmMrZ maVr` ZmUr AmhoV. Vr àm‘w»`mZo Mm§XrMr AmhoV.Ë`m VwcZoZo Vm§ã`mMr ZmUr H$‘r à‘mUmV hmoVr. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV ZmÊ`mÀ`m Ho$di EH$mM ~mOwZo {MÝho qH$dm R>go C‘Q>{dcr OmV AgV.naVw H$mcm§VamZo ‘mJrc ~mOwdahr {MÝho C‘Q>{dÊ`mMr JaO ^mgcr Agmdr.ZmUr VnmgUm-`m A{YH$m-`m§Mr qH$dm gam’$m§Mr (énVH©$ qH$dm énXe©H$) hr ‘mJrc ~mOw§Mr {MÝho Agm{dV. gd©gmYmaUnUo ZmÊ`mÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmda nmM-ghm qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV {MÝho d ‘mJrc ^mJmda EH$ qH$dm XmoZ {MÝho AmT>iVmV. ZmUo {OVHo$ A{YH$ H$mi ì`dhmamV am{hco Agoc {VVŠ`m A{YH$ OmñV à‘mUmV {MÝho C‘Q>{dcr AgmdrV. ZmÊ`mMo dOZ Am{U YmVwMo Ë`mVrc `mo½` à‘mU BË`mXtMr IwU qH$dm AmoiI åhUwZ hr {MÝho Agm{dV.H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emñÌmV ImoQ>r ZmUr ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrg¨~§YrgwÕm ;Hw$Q>-énH$maH$Õ H$mhr ‘mhrVr {‘iVo. AmhV ZmUr ~Z{dÊ`mMr {dYr :-
àW‘ ‘werV YmVw {dVi{dÊ`mV oV Ago,YmVw ewÕ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`mV jma {‘giV AgV.hm YmVw EoaUrda (A{YH$Uu) hmVmoS>çmZo (‘wpîQ>H$) R>moHw$Z Ë`mMm nmVi nÌm V`ma H$[aV AgV. Ë`mZ§Va gm§S>erZo ;g¨X§eÕ Ë`mMo VwH$S>o H$mnwZ Ë`mda R>emZo (q~~-Q>§H$) {MÝho C‘Q>{dcr OmV.{MÝho :-
AmhV ZmÊ`md[ac {MÝhmV ‘mZd Am{U àmÊ`m§À`m AmH¥$Vr ,new ,njr,ganQ>Umao àmUr,’w$co, Q>oH$S>r,ZXr ,gw`©, M§Ð VgoM Ym{‘©H$ d ‘m§Jë`mMr {MZho BË`mXtMm g‘mdoe {XgwZ oVmo.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 10-12
{d^rÝZ H$mimVrc {d{dY àH$maMr ZmUr d Ë`md[ac {MÝhoo :-
ZmUr nmS>Ê`mMo §Ì gmMo :-
g¨X^©:-àmMrZ maVr` ZmUH$emñÌ-‘YwH$a Ho$ed T>dirH$a -
H$m±pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ nyUo
12
Exigent of Good Governance in Higher Education
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
S.K.K. College of EducationArmori, Dist. Gadchiroli
E-mail : [email protected]
Devendra R. Bhagat
Abstract
Higher Education is a process which enables every individual to effectively participate in the Activities of society
and to make positive contribution to the process of the society. Higher education provides opportunities for
lifelong learning, allowing people to upgrade their knowledge and skills from time to time based on the societal
needs. Development of indigenous technology and capabilities in agriculture, food security and other industrial
areas are possible because of our world-class higher education infrastructure. For enhancing quality of India's
higher education sector there is a need of good governance.
Key Words: Higher education, Quality, governance, E-governance
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 13-16
IntroductionIn the modern age, higher education across the world is institutionalized and knowledge taught in higher education establishment has become provider of the qualied work force for international as well as national needs. In this respect they are fullling the rst of the four purposes that Barnett discerned for higher education- 1) The production of qualied man power. 2) A training for a research career. 3) The efcient management of the teaching provision. 4) Extending life changes. India's higher education system is under pressure from the state and an increasingly educated youth population to achieve multiple objectives, such as growth, quality and equitable access. To reach these political targets, national and provincial policymakers take an activist approach, such as providing adequate resources, enabling private provisions of higher education and so forth. In India, higher education is imparted through universities, autonomous and afliated colleges. At the university level, there are Central Universities, Deemed Universities and Institutes of National Importance, Institutions established under state legislation, state private universities, and state Universities. At college level, autonomous colleges and afliated colleges imparting the said education.Role of higher education is needs of the Society:Higher education is generally understood to cover teaching, research and extension. If critically analyzed the different concept of higher education it can list the various roles higher education plays in the society. Higher education is the source or feeder system in all walks of life and therefore supplies the much-needed human resources in management, panning, design, teaching, and research. Scientic and technological advancement and economic growth of a country are as dependent on the higher education system as they are on the working class. Development of indigenous technology and capabilities in agriculture, food security and other industrial areas ar possible because of our world - class higher education infrastructure. Higher education also provides opportunities for lifelong learning, allowing people to upgrade their knowledge and skills from time to time based on the societal needs.Meaning of GovernanceGovernance is the concrete activity that reproduces a formal and informal organization. If the organization
is a formal one, governance is primarily about what the relevant “governing body” does. If the organization as an informal one, such as a market, governance is primarily about the rules and norms that guide the relevant activity. Whether the organization is a geopolitical entity (nation state), a corporate entity (business entity) a sociopolitical entity (tribe, family, etc.) or an informal one, its governance is the way the rules and action are produced, sustained and regulated. In India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Department of Higher Education is the Apex body of governance, acting more as an umbrella organization. Indian higher education consists of fteen regulatory bodies performing overlapping roles in addition to inuences from few other ministries too. The judicial interventions have at several times complemented or contradicted the objectives associated with higher education. It thus results into ambiguity related to policy understanding, policy implementations, accountability, and answerability. It has also been often criticized that the higher education system is inuenced by political ideologies. Higher education being the joint responsibility of both the Central and the State governments, the state/provincial governments' shares a lion's share of about 80 per cent and to that extent inuence higher education.Many, including the national government itself, argue that the relatively poor quality of India's higher education sector stems primarily from poor governance (Agarwal, 2009; Altbach, 2009; Carnoy aand Dossani, 2012; FYP, 2012). Despite recent efforts toward eliminating and streamlining some of the regulatory requirements, India's model for higher education governance is one of the world's most top-down, and most authority is exercised by the state (Enders, 2004; The Economist, 2005; Verbik and Jokivitrta, 2005). Union Ministry of Human Resources Department (UMHRD) is the primary national governing body. In addition to overseeing the National Universities, it sets policies related to quality that apply to all institutions nationally. The State Ministry of Human Resources Departments are state-level governing bodies that directly oversee the State Universities. They must all abide by the national quality polices set forth by the UMHRD. In turn, the State Universities each operate a system of Afliated Institutions, which fall into three categories:
Devendra R. Bhagat14
public/aided colleges, private colleges, and autonomous colleges. Afliated institutions account for the vast majority of enrolment (87 percent). Under the direct control of State Universities, these institutions have little autonomy over issues including curriculum, stafng, and programs offered (Agarwal, 2009). The SMHRDs also prescribe tuition fees and the quota systems that colleges must follow. Afliating colleges thus remain something of an outsourced provider, with the state dictating decision making across a broad range of areas. Some universities have hundreds of afliating colleges across wide geographic regions, so the ability to carefully oversee quality is limited. Autonomous colleges are given more control over academic decision making than other types of afliating colleges, but still must follow the directives of the university to which they afliate.What authority institutions do have is also limited by a complex web of regulatory bodies at the institution, state, and national levels. At the institution and state levels, for instance, nal examinations are set by a university-appointed independent body and must be graded externally. Tuition fees are usually capped, while teachers' salaries may also be subject to minimum wages as set by state. At the national level, while the UMHRD is responsible for setting and monitoring quality, its regulatory arms, such as the University Grants Commission (UGC) and the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), set and implement the quality standards that all institutions are expected to follow. While the UGC is responsible for setting quality standards, India has begun to focus its efforts on developing a robust accreditation system, i.e., a system whereby institutions must demonstrate and maintain certain standards in exchange for endorsement by a respected, independent external body, in this case the NAAC. A National Board of Accreditation, promoted by the national regulator for technical education, the AICTE, also accredits technical programs.E-Governance in Higher EducationE-Governance helps in seamlessly providing information and services to the stakeholders. The spectrum of e-Governance utilization in various areas is:1) Maintenance of faculty, courses, syllabi, degrees and other related data. 2) BoG information
management. 3) BoS information. 4) Financial practices and management. 5) Decision making. 6) Admission of students. 7) Recruitments and promotions of faculty and staff. 8) Training and placements & Employment security. 9) Professional bodies and it activities etc. 10) Finishing schools & Students related data like internal assessment, attendance etc. Efcient library management, Providing e-content. 11) Grievances through SMS, e-mails etc., Mobile Education & Monitoring and evaluation through transparent and globally accepted quality benchmarking, Alumni tracking.
th12 Five-Year Planth th
In December 2012, India released its 12 FYP The12 FYP will be the nation's key policy document for higher education through 2017. It highlights a number of challenges facing higher education in India and suggests reforms to address these challenges. A few of
ththe reforms mentioned in the 12 FYP are already under way (e.g. streamlining national regulatory bodies), though most will be implemented over the next few years. To carry forward plans for increased expansion and to continue addressing issues of quality
thin the large and fragmented system, the 12 FYP calls for a shift in the governance of higher institutions away from the national government and toward the states and individual institutions. The push for greater autonomy among institutions conicts with the web of contradictory regulations and policies that currently
thmake up India higher education governance. The 12 FYP calls for a less intrusive role for the government and a number of initiatives to remove the barriers to self-governance. Rather than the “command and control” model of the past, the plan's authors argue that India should shift to a model in which the government role is to “steer and evaluate”. It requires governance through greater accountability on the part of institutions, independent third party validation, and regulation by mandatory self-disclosure, and objective evaluation schemes.
thThe 12 FYP also challenges the UGC to shift toward policies that support the “steer and evaluate” model.
thOne of these policies suggested in the 12 FYP include changes in the way institutions are funded. For example, institutions might eliminate detailed operational funding, in which they are granted money to pay for day-to-day operation on a cost recovery basis, and move toward norm-based funding, a system
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 13-16 15
in which funding is distributed equitable among institutions depending on their level of development. Other possibilities include shifting toward formula-based grants, in which institutions can anticipate how much nding they will get based on various quantiable elements in a dened formula. Funds might also be awarded in way that rewards innovation. At the state level, the paradigm shift calls for states set up councils for higher education. these states institutions would lead development of state's higher education system and play a guiding role in fostering sharing of resource among institutions, leading reforms, and supporting the research and evaluation of higher education. At the institutional level, the paradigm shift argues for institutions to be categorized and oversight aligned with the goals of the institution.Conclusion Good governance is necessary to regulate the functioning of higher education institutions to provide quality service to the stakeholders. The higher education is imparted through universities, autonomous and afliated colleges. Higher education supplies the much-needed human resource in management, planning, design, teaching, and research. Scientic and technological advancement and economic growth of a country are as dependent on the are on the working class. References 1. Monappa Arun - 'Managing Human Resources' Macmillan India Ltd. 1997.2. Sharma A.M. - 'Personnel and Human Resource Management' H.P. Mumbai. 3. Sahoo, P.K. Yadav, D. and Das, B.C. (2012), Quality in Higher Education: Issues and Practices, Uppal Publication House, New Delhi.4. Srivastav, D.S. and Kumari, Sarita (2004) Goals and Purpose of Higher Education, Shree Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. 5. Working group report XII ve year plan On Higher education, Ministry of Human Resource Development6. Shrivastava R.K., Raizada A.K., Saxena Neeta; Role of e - Governance to strengthen higher education system in India, IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME) e -ISSN:2320-7388, pISSN:2320-737X Volume4, Issue 2 Ver. I (MarAp.2014), PP 57-627. Agarwal, P (2006): 'Higher Education in India: The Needed for Change', working paper No 180, Indian
Council for Research on International Economic Relations8. National Knowledge Commission, 20099. Naga Pawan yallapragada V R, Vutukuru Sarada Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEI) and necessity of E-Governance International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering ISSN: 2249-0558 Volume 2, Issue-9 September 201210. RAND Corporation Report.11. www.governanceofhighereducation.com
Devendra R. Bhagat16
Sandra Cisnero's The House on Mango Street :A Quest for Identity
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Department of Engllish,
Vivekanand Mahavidyalaya, Bhadrawati
E-mail : [email protected]
G. N. Khamankar
Abstract
Sandra Cisneros is a multilingual, multicultural writer, who lives through her past. The House on Mango Street is
a rst work of ction of Sandra Cisneros. The paper examines Esperanza, the protagonist of the novel and her
quest for identity and her Hispanic past. She desires to acquire a room in order to establish her true identity as a
woman and as a poet to represent the plight of her community. On the whole, the narrative represents collective
memories of the Latinos, and their marginalized existence. The quest for identity is a common theme in a coming-
of-age novel,and in The House on Mango Street, Esperanza's quest for identity underscores her every action and
encounter. She struggles to dene her identity both as a woman and as an artist, and her perception of her identity
alters over the course of the novel.
Key Words : Identity, marginalized existence, Latino, displacement, assimilation, alienation etc.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 17-21
Introduction:
Born in Chicago in 1954, Sandra Cisneros is a popular
Latina American novelist. She is the only daughter in a
family of six sons. Though she spent her childhood
cramped in apartment much too small for her large
family, she always felt insure and alienated. Cisneros
writes, her brothers "paired themselves off" leaving
her "the odd women out forever." Moreover, the
Cisneros family moved around a great deal, going
back and forth between Chicago and Mexico. This
sense of isolation "always straddling two countries…
but not belonging to either cultures." (Doyle, P.54)
Hence, caught between two cultures, Mexican and
Anglo-American, her work explores the issue of
identity and cultural clash. Cisneros once remarks,
"Because we moved so much, and always in
neighbourhoods that appeared like France and World
War II—empty lots and burned-out building—I
retreated inside myself."Thus, as a child, Cisneros
often felt a sense of isolation and displacement. She
never develops positive relationship with other
children of her age. Therefore, she found refuge from
her loneliness in reading. Fortunately, her mother
encouraged her to read and write and freed her from
the traditional domestic duties of a Chicana female.
She started her career as a creative writer during her
college days, when she was introduced to the works of
Donald Justice, James Wright and others who made
Cisneros aware of her cultural identity and offered an
opportunity to develop her own creative voice. She
remarks, "Everyone seemed to have some communal
knowledge which I did not have—My classmates were
from the best school in the country. They had been bred
as ne hothouse owers. I was a yellow weed among
the city's cracks." Thus, Cisneros' writing is inuenced
by her past experiences and by her minute
observations of the people of her community. Cisneros
has achieved tremendous popularity far beyond
Chicano and Latino communities.
Published in 1984, The House of Mango Street is a
critically acclaimed and the rst work of ction of
Sandra Cisneros. The novel deals with Esperanza
Cordero, a preadolescent Mexican American girl, and
her life growing up in Chicago with Chicanos and
Puerto Ricans. The novel is made up of forty-four
vignettes or literary sketches that are not quite poems
and not full stories ranging in length from two
paragraphs to four pages. Esperanza, the Chicana
protagonist narrates these vignettes, focusing on her
day-to-day experiences. She desires to acquire a room
in order to establish her true identity as a woman and as
a poet to represent the plight of her community.
Esperanza decides to come out of the role assigned by
her male dominated society to establish herself as a
poet and to assert her true female identity. Although
Cisneros draws on autobiographical elements in the
novel, it does not stand for the genre of autobiography.
Cisneros's response about the autobiographical
elements of the novel is very suggestive, "Yes! And,
no! Or, as we say in Mexico, sipero no—Yes, but no. I
mean that I write what I see, what told to me that I feel
very deeply, or what happened to me that I can't forget,
but also what happened to others I love, or what
strangers have told me happened to them, or what I
read happened to others. I take all of these and cut and
paste it together to make a story, because in real life a
story doesn't have shape, and it's the writer that gives it
a beginning, a middle, and an end." (Ganz, 1994: 34)
On the whole, the narrative represents collective
memories of the Latinos, and their marginalized
existence. "For the more than eighteen million
Mexican American living in the United States, the
growing-up years have been a mixture of joy,
frustration, pain and a search for identity." (Lopez
1993:6)The quest for identity is a common theme in a
coming-of-age novel,and in The House on Mango
Street, Esperanza's quest for identity underscores her
every action and encounter. She struggles to dene her
identity both as a woman and as an artist, and her
perception of her identity alters over the course of the
novel.
Sandra Cisneros and other members of her fraternity
like Ana Castillo, Denise Chavez, and Gloria
Anzaldua are pre-occupied with the sense of cultural
survival and quest for identity. They still endeavour
hard to learn as to how much of their culture they
should be willing to lose or suppress in order to be in
the social group of contemporary elite. Cisneros, in
particular is pre-possessed with the dilemma of exile.
Her characters have a yearning, and a pre-occupied
sense of loss of identity. The House on Mango Street is
based on Cisneros's experiences growing up in Latino
G. N. Khamankar18
neighbourhood in Chicano. The story of the novel
narrates Esperanza, a young girl's quest for identity as
she comes of age. The book, though written in English
employs Latina syntax and sensibility. Esperanza, the
chief protagonist of the novel though living in
Spanish-speaking community, her identity is torn
between her English tongue and her traditional roots in
the Spanish-speaking domain. She struggles to cope
with this dual existence. The novelist exposes her
marginalized existence through poetically composed
vignettes that include the use of "Spanglish." Though
living in multi-cultural Chicago, Esperanza expresses
subtle distaste for her Hispanic culture and she dwells
on the differences between English and Spanish.She
says, "In English my name means hope. In Spanish it
means too many letters. It means sadness, it means
waiting. It is like the number nine." (The House on
Mango Street, p.10) It can be inferred that the Spanish
meaning of her name shows a negative connotation to
her identity, whereas the English meaning reveals her
cultural and ancestral attachment which is the basis of
her identity. And this duality continues to haunt her
and she attempts to reject these connections. Though
Esperanza is named after her grandmother, she wishes
to create a new identity. Howard Giles and Leslie M.
Beebe are of the view that characters are "motivated to
adjust their speech styles as a means of gaining one or
more of the following goals: evoking listeners' social
approval, attaining communicational efciency
between interactions, and maintaining positive social
identities." (p.8)Like Esperanza, other women of her
ancestry nd their own voice, as they have been forced
to live with their marginalized status both within the
Chicano community and the Anglo-American society.
The novel opens with the description of Cardero
family's house on Mango Street which is small and
cramped. Esperanza declares, "I knew then I had to
have a house. A real house. One I could point to"
(Cisneros, p.5). Although, the house is an
improvement from the family's previous apartments,
Esperanza is dissatised with it which is in the center
of a crowded Latino neighbourhood. She does not
want the house of her family, "a man's house. Not a
daddy's. A house all my own" (Ibid, p.108). Now
Mango Street is her real home and she attempts to
understand the place. But throughout the narrative
Esperanza professes her wish to have her own home
and vows not to forget who she is: "One day I'll own
my own house, but I won't forget who I am or where I
came from" (Ibid, p.87).Thus, Esperanza's conicting
feelings towards home and ethnicity gives birth to the
feeling of detachment from the real self and she wishes
to assert her own individuality and identity. She not
only began searching for her 'self' but also for that
space and her roots.
The world of Mango Street is populated by people
with different life stories, stories of hope and despair.
First there is Esperanza's own family, her father and
mother, her two brothers Carlos and Kiki, and her little
sister Nenny. Esperanza and Nenny share common
bonds both as sisters and as Chicana females.
Esperanza realises that it is her responsibility to guide
and protect her as she is, "too young." Then Esperanza
meets Cathy, one of her neighbourhood playmates,
who shows her about Mango Street but moves out
shortly thereafter because the neighbourhood is
"getting bad." In the course of the novel Esperanza
matures in terms of age and experience. She develops
friendship with teenage girls of Mango Street and
studies carefully for clues about becoming a woman.
As an astute observer of the world around her,
especially of the adults and their actions, Esperanza
develops an understanding about her friends, family,
and neighbours. Then there are Rachel and Lucy who
become Esperanza and Nenny's best friends. Rachel is
Lucy's sister. When Esperanza, Lucy, and Rachel
parade around the neighbourhood in high heel shoes,
the shoes transform their scarred, childish feet and legs
into long, slim women's legs, and appears more
dangerous, as male neighbours ogle them hungrily. So
they abandon the shoes, claiming that are bored with
them. Cisneros, as a minute observer tackles complex
theoretical and glaring social issues through simple
characters and situations. Ramon Saldivar maintains
that the novel "represents from the simplicity of
childhood vision, the enormously complex process of
the construction of the gendered subject" (p.181).
There is Marin a Puerto Rico neighbour, who sells
Avon cosmetics, takes care of her younger cousins and
waits for a boyfriend to change her life. Esperanza and
her friends are fascinated by Marin. There is Alicia
who takes care of her family and siblings because her
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 17-21 19
mother is dead, but is determined to continue her
studies. And there is Esperanza's beautiful friend
Sally, who marries in the eighth grade and is now
forbidden by her husband to see her friends. Rafaela's
husband also locks her up in their apartment and she
observes the world of Mango Street from her
windowsill. Hence, Rafaela stands as a symbol for the
interior world of women, who lives are circumscribed
by the structure of home and family.The grown up
women of Mango Street are less daring and hopeful
than the teenage girls, but they have acquired the
wisdom that comes with their experiences in the
barrio.They advices Esperanza not to give up her
independence in order to become a girlfriend or wife.
Her aunt Lupe, who was once pretty and strong,
encourages Esperanza to write poetry. Esperanza's
mother is a typical woman of Latin American
community. She tells Esperanza that she was born on
evil day and she will pray for her. But she wishes a
better life for her daughters, and she views education
as the ticket out of that way of life. However, the world
of Mango Street is ltered through Esperanza's
sensibility and her interaction with her neighbours. In
this process, she forms a connection with Mango
Street, and develops a strong desire to do something
for the women and community. By showing her
resistance through her writing, Esperanza gives an
opportunity to free not only herself but other women of
her community from the constraints of a patriarchal
culture.Hence, Esperanza's identity is interwoven
with the identity of the neighbourhood, and her
community serves as a microcosm of Latinos in
America.
Sandra Cisneros, a dominant spokesperson of
Hispanic American confusion and consciousness,
highlights the patriarchal problems of Hispanic
culture through the life and experience of Esperanza.
Like other members of her fraternity, Esperanza
struggles to identify with the patriarchal values of her
community in which she lives. In this novel, Cisneros
chose to narrate the vignettes from an adolescent
perspective because such experiences will helps the
children of her community to shape their identity. As
an active member of her marginalized community,
Esperanza writes about the issues of oppression,
abuse, and victimization. The fact of the matter is that,
such glaring issues help to fuel her writing, which in
turn helps her to nd her own identity. Maria Karalis
states: "Esperanza, however, learns from these
experiences, learns from the lives of her fellow
Chicanas, and is able to avoid this fate in her own
maturation." Torn between two cultures, Esperanza
vows to tell the story of her life, her experiences, her
quest for identity and maturation. She says, "I am
going to tell you a story about a girl who didn't want to
belong" (Cisneros, 109). Thus, Esperanza resists her
patriarchal culture and victimization. She feels alone
and alienated and does not resonate with the Hispanic
tradition and culture. In this regard Maria Elena de
Valdes opines that Esperanza's, "sense of alienation is
compounded because ethnically she is Mexican
American; she is a young girl surrounded by examples
of abused, defeated, worn-out women, but the woman
she wants to be must be free." The narrative explores
machismo culture of Latin America as manipulative,
oppressive, and abusive, whereas the women are
contrastingly portrayed as victims, physically as well
as mentally. For example, Esperanzadescribes a
woman called Minerva who "has many troubles, but
the big one is her husband who left and keeps leaving"
(Cisneros, p.84). The plight of Minerva's mother is
same, "her mother raised her kids alone, and it looks
like her daughters will go that way too" (Cisneros,
p.84). Though Minerva wants to free herself, she feels
hopeless and declares that there is nothing she can do.
The narrative suggests that the abuse of women is a
disconcerting issue within the vicious circle of
Hispanic community.But Cisneros allows Esperanza
toghts against the hyphenated existence of the
women of her community. Valdes agrees as she
remarks, "When she reects on social hostility or the
brutality of wife-beating, it is not with violence or
rancor, but with a rm determination to describe and to
escape the vicious circle of abused women." So
Esperanza comes to the conclusion that she will not
follow the paths of the women of her community. She
explains, "I am one who leaves the table like a man,
without putting back the chair or picking up the plate"
(Cisneros, p.89). In a patriarchal society women are
nancially dependent on men. They are subjected to
take care of the home and raise children. But
Esperanza will not conne herself to patriarchal
G. N. Khamankar20
culture. She declares, "I have decided not to grow up
tame like the others who lay their neck on the threshold
waiting for the ball and chain" (Cisneros, p.88). The
reference of "ball and chain" symbolises that Hispanic
women are prisoners and victims of the patriarchal
culture. Towards the end of the novel Esperanza
declares that, "One day I will pack my bags of books
and paper. One day I will say goodbye to Mango. I am
too strong for her to keep me here forever. One day I
will go away. Friends and neighbour will say, what
happened to that Esperanza? Where did she go with all
those books and Paper? Why did she march so far
away? They will not know I have gone away to come
back" (Cisneros, p.110).
Esperanza's quest for identity gets a new turn when she
meets three sisters from Mexico. The three sisters
emerge as a fairy godmother to Esperanza, and present
a valuable gift, the gift of self, "When you leave you
must remember to come back, for the other. A circle,
understand? You will always be Esperanza. You will
always be Mango Street. You can't erase what you
know. You can't forget who you are" (Cisneros, p.105).
The speeches of the three sisters inspire Esperanza,
which leads her to freedom and identity. They assist
her to nd her 'self' and identity, since they feel "She's
special" (Cisneros, p.104). However, their prophecy
proves true when Esperanza return to Mango Street,
where she was positioned by her past. The word
'house' has a paramount importance in her life. The
two world of Esperanza- one is her house on Mango
Street and the other is her dream house continues to
haunt her. As Valdes observes, "The imagery of the
house is in a constant ux between a negative and a
positive, between the house the narrator has and the
one she would like to have. On the level of narrative
voice's sense of belonging and identity, it is clear from
the rst place that the house is much more than a place
to live. It is reection, an extension, a personied
world that is indistinguishable from the occupant"
(Cisneros, p.12). Hence, Esperanza realizes that
herroots are too strong to resist. She leaves the reader
with the notion that she will leave but will not forget
her past. The novel explores the process of
socialization, cultural assimilation of Mexicans and
Mexican Americans into American society, and their
quest for identity. Moreover, the novel explores the
complexities of language and identity. Being a
multicultural writer, Cisneros creative works are
written in English with a limited number of Spanish
words. This is symbolic of her quest for linguistic
identity. Villanueva maintains that "there are always
tensions in being multicultural, tensions that aren't all
a wonderful richness but indeed tensions, apparently
painful" (p. 69).To conclude, The House of Mango
Street narrates a story with a dual plot, one is the story
of Esperanza's quest for identity, about creativity and
becoming an artist, the other is the story of her Latino
neighbourhood and their marginalized existence.
References
Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New
York: Vintage Books, 1984.
Doyle, Jacqueline (1996), "Haunting the Borderlands:
La Llorona in Sandra Cisneros's Woman Hollering
Creek", Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
(University of Neberaska Press) 16 (1) 53.70.
Ganz, Robin. "Sandra Cisneros: Border Crossings and
Beyond."The Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic
Literature of the United States (MELUS)19 (1). Spring
1994, 2 August 2010.
Giles Howard, Vikki Katz, and Paul Myers.
"Language Attitudes and the Role of Community
Infrastructure: A Communication Ecology Model."
Moderna Spark 100.1 (2006): 38-54. EBSCO.Web. 2
November 2011.
Karalis, Maria. "Crossing the Borders of Genre:
Revision of the Bildungsroman in Sandra Cisneros's
The House on Mango Street and Jamaica Kincaid's
Annie John" The Journal of the Midwest Modern
Language Association 31.2 (1998): 63-78 JSTOR.
Web. 9 Dec. 2014.
Lopez, Tiffany Ana. Growing up Chicana/0: An
Anthology. New York: W. Morrow, 1993. Print.
Valdes, Maria Elena de. "In Search of Identity in
Cisneros's The House on Mango Street" Canadian
Review of American Studies 23.1 (1992): 55-72.
Web.8 Dec.2014.
Villanueva, Victor Jr. "The Voice of Voices in the
Writer of Colour." The English Journal 84.8 (1995):
68-69. JSTOR.Web. 3 October 2011.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 17-21 21
Environmental Sanitation in Ancient Buddhist Monasteries
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Central for Higher Learning and Research in Environmental Science
Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur - 442 402
E-mail : [email protected]
Rahul K. Kamble
Abstract
Sanitation plays a noteworthy role in human health and life. Various ailments results due to insanitary
environmental conditions. Monasteries, where number of monks used to stay during rainy season, were sensitive
for insanitary conditions and further spread of water borne and other diseases. However, no evidence was
reported in Buddhist literature regarding spread of such diseases. Hence, it can be believed that in monasteries
there would have been effective sanitary measures in place to maintain healthy environment. An attempt has been
carried out through this study to understand environmental sanitary conditions in Buddhist monasteries. Number
of rules established by the Buddha for monks in Vinay Pitaka sheds light on this aspect. The sanitary measures
with reference to construction of monasteries, sanitary wells, pools, bathing facilities, bathroom facilities,
restroom facilities, urinal and lavatory systems are presented in this paper. Further, while constructing these
structures it was ensured that good environmental sanitary conditions must be maintained in and around
monasteries thus paving the way towards sustainable development.
Key Words: Buddhism, Environmental sanitation, Monastery, Sanitation, Low cost sanitation
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 22-29
Introduction
Buddhist monasteries (Viharas) played an important
role in propagation of Buddhist philosophy
throughout the world. Buddhist monasteries were not
only an epitome of Buddhist philosophy but also a
masterpiece of architecture and culture. A monastery
means a 'residence place' or in other words 'it is a place
to stay together'. Buddhist monks use to stay in
monasteries normally during rainy season. The
tradition of staying together of monks was started
during the time of the Buddha. Progressively, these
places become monasteries and existence of
monasteries can be traced during the Buddha's life
also. Royal patronage and local inhabitants support for
construction of monasteries was observed which was
afterwards donated to Sangha as a dana. As a result of
this, numbers of monasteries were constructed and
found everywhere throughout the country. Thus, the
progress of monasteries is not an accidental process
however, it is a step-by-step process (Om Prakash,
2013-2014).
During rainy season (four months, from June to
September) monks used to face difculties in
discharging their duties of dhamma propagation. So
they used to stay in temporary residence during this
period. This rainy season's temporary residence was
probably got converted into monasteries in future.
Formal construction of monasteries was started during
the Gupta period. In future, monasteries got developed
as a centre of education.
Numbers of monasteries were existed during the
Buddha period. The architecture of these monasteries
got evolved gradually. In Buddhist literature no
incident could be traced about spread of any water
borne diseases in Buddhist monasteries. This
highlights that during that period monasteries may
have developed some methodologies for collection,
transportation and treatment of solid waste and
wastewater from lavatory and urinal systems and other
dwelling places. In this research paper an attempt has
been carried out to shed light on environmental
sanitation measures with respect to different structures
of monasteries, lavatory and urinal systems developed
for protection and conservation of nature and further
extend of hygienic conditions in and around them.
Architecture of Monasteries
A monastery includes an upostha hall (for chanting of
the Patimokkha), an assembly hall (for holding
meetings or for eating meals), a drinking water hall or
pavilion, a re hall (apparently used for boiling water,
dyeing robes, etc.), a storehouse, a food storage place,
walking meditation paths, a well, a sauna, a hall or
pavilion for the kathina (is a Buddhist festival which
comes at the end of Vassa) frame, bathing and
restroom facility and surrounding enclosures. The
halls were roofed buildings but smaller (Davids and
Oldenberg, 2011).
Wells
To have the water in bathroom and restroom a well was
allowed in monastery. The wells were lined with three
kinds of facings–brick, stone and wooden. To
withdraw water from well, the use of long pole
balanced as a lever, of a bullock machine, or a wheel
and axle was existed. Three kinds of pots were allowed
to store water–brass, wooden and skins. To protect
water present in these wells and protect monks when
drawing water in open air from heat and cold, a shed
with skin plaster from within and without over well
was allowed. To avoid grasses, plaster and dirt to fall
into a well a cover was allowed to the well. Figure 1
depicts a typical brick lined well during Buddhist era
from Nepal. This highlights use of bricks for
construction of well which ensures maintenance of
pristine quality of groundwater in the well (Davids and
Oldenberg, 2011).
Pools
A pool was made at the entrance of monastery to be
used for bathing by monks. The enclosures of brick
walls, stone walls and wooden fences were allowed to
surround these pools. To avoid the water pool to
become muddy, three kinds of ooring were allowed
brick, stone and wooden. To enter into the pool ights
of stairs of three kinds–brick steps, stone steps and
wooden steps along with balustrade were constructed.
The pipes were used to lie on water and to drain water
off to avoid the water in the pool to become stale
Rahul K. Kamble 23
(Davids and Oldenberg, 2011).
Bathing facilities
Separate places for showering and bathing were made
in monasteries. The showering place (udaka-
candanika) enclosed and oored with any of the three
kinds of material—brick, stone or wood—and
provided with a water drain to carry out wastewater. A
bathing tank may be lined with any of the same sorts of
materials and, if necessary, built up high off the
ground.
During the Buddha's time, bathing was also done in a
river, bathing tank, sauna or a showering place. Instead
of soap, people used an unscented powder called
chunam, which was kneaded with water into dough
like paste. Monks were explicitly allowed to use
powdered dung, clay or dye-dregs. Use of scented
fragrant powder was allowed for a monk with an
itching rash, a small boil or a running sore or whose
body smell bad (Davids and Oldenberg, 2011).
Bathrooms
The bathroom in monasteries was allowed to have
three kind of enclosures–brick, stone and wooden
fences. A bathroom with a skin roof plaster within and
without was allowed so as not to produce perspiration.
To avoid bathroom become swampy, use of ooring
with three kinds of ooring–brick, stone and wooden
was allowed. Further, to reduce swampiness, washing
of the oor was allowed with a drain to carry off
wastewater. An antechamber was allowed in bathroom
in which water could be kept (Davids and Oldenberg,
2011).
Saunas (Hot bathrooms)
The Buddha further established rules to conduct for
monks in respect of hot bathroom (a place where hot
and steam baths were taken). In addition to usual
construction details, saunas were faced and were built
with a projecting gable (on all sides). A replace was to
be built to one side in a small sauna and in the middle of
a large one. It was provided with a chimney to remove
air pollutants formed during preparation of hot water
and steam. The Buddha further proclaimed that
whosoever rst enters the hot bathroom, if ashes have
accumulated (in the replace) should throw the ashes
out. If the hot bathroom or its prepared ooring or the
cell or the antechamber of the bath or the cooling-
chamber or the hall was dirty, they should be swept.
When leaving the hot bathroom, the chair (that has
been used to sit on before the re) should be carried
off, and the person well covered up before and behind
before leaving. A tank was allowed for storing water
and a dipper was allowed as well. To keep the oor
from getting muddy, the sauna was oored with bricks,
stones or wood (Davids and Oldenberg, 2011).
Restroom facilities
Separate places were allowed for urinating, defecating
and rinsing oneself with water after defecating
(Figures 2-14). The urinal in use at the time of Buddha
consisted of a pot with footrests on either side. A
frontal appearance and elevation of lavatory and urinal
stone is depicted in Figure 15. Further, elevation of
three urns buried inside the soil to clean urine collected
from urine stone is presented in Figure 16. The
arrangement of three urns one above another
highlights not only engineering system developed at
that time but also gives and inside of scientic
knowledge for cleaning the urine by use of different
substances (Aruna Shantha, 2015). The restroom
(outhouse) for defecating was built over a cesspool
lined with brick, stones or wood. The cesspool had a
cover with a hole in the middle and footrests on either
side. The footrests used to made up of bricks/tiles,
stones or wood. A lid was allowed for the cesspool
opening, as was a urine trough. Wood sticks were used
for wiping the oor—a receptacle was allowed for
placing used sticks—and the job was nished by
rinsing with water. A separate place was set aside for
rinsing oneself after defecation with its own lidded
water pot, ladle and footrests (Davids and Oldenberg,
2011). Other types of urinal stones and lavatories
during Buddhist era are depicted in Figures 2 to 13.
These give a glimpse of evolution of these structures
during that time. This development ensures sanitary
conditions in and around monasteries.
Air pollution
The Buddha established a rule that, one should not beat
bedding to get dust out close to monks, or to
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 22-2924
monasteries or to drinking water or to water for
washing or in open space (in front of monastery) to
windward of it or monks, but to leeward (Davids and
Oldenberg, 2011).
Conclusion
From the study it can be concluded that Buddhist
monasteries architecture during the Buddhist era was
signicantly developed. Due consideration was given
not only to meditation but also to maintenance of good
sanitary conditions in and around of monasteries.
Proper arrangement for bathing facilities and
collection of wastewater from urinal and lavatory
gives a sense of responsibility for protection of natural
resources on which monks were depend to carry out
their daily activities during rainy season and other part
of year. A highly evolved restroom facility both for
handling of urine and faecal matter shows
architectural and engineering evolution. The use of
low cost sanitation by use of locally available material
and technology suitable for local purpose is a
sustainable way of environmental sanitation. The use
of three tier system for cleaning urine and stone slab
for washing oneself after defecation shows sense of
responsibility by monks for maintaining sanitary
conditions in and around monasteries. A good sanitary
well, with lining of stone and shed to protect it from
contaminants from ambient environment gives an
inside about maintenance of pristine quality of water.
Thus, in nut shell it can be stated that initiatives taken
by the Buddha through establishment of certain rules
and regulations for monks set a president for healthy
environmental sanitary conditions. This highlights the
cognizance towards environment and sanitation by the
Buddha and inculcates these virtues in monks for
paving a war sustainable development of the society.
Figure 1: A sanitary well with brick lining during Buddhist era from Nepal
Rahul K. Kamble
This urinal recognized from Padhānaghara monas t ic complex in Kaludiya pokuna, Mihintalaya. The lavatory is only with urinal commode without any pādukā. There is a small hole in the middle of it to divert urine into urns or the earth. This should be an earlier urinal stone. Because of this earlier structure can be seen in developed structures in later periods. But very earlier times there were only a pit to divert faeces directly like g.1. But the shape in the urine commode like a hoe surface substituted continuously to make urinal stones. This shape is suitable to prevent dispersing urine.
This urinal stone found from
Vessagiriya and presently
exh ib i t s i n a rchaeo logy
museum in Anuradhapura, Sri
Lanka. It is very specic than
other urinals due to its specic
shape. There is a prāsāda motif
around the urine commode.
Urine commode carved as the
entrance of prāsāda. Upper
part is like a lotus and lower
part decorated with lotus
beads. Later this prāsāda motif
became more complex. It
reveals that ancient people
tried to continue way of
diverting urine parallel with
decorations and technology.
This is urinal stone found from
Toluvila monastic complex
which exhibits in archaeology
museum in Anuradhapura, Sri
Lanka. Prāsāda motif is more
Urinal stones in Buddhist monasteries
Figure 2
Figure 3
25
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 22-29
beautiful than before one.
Urine commode is qui te
developed. Because of there
a r e s m a l l c a n n e l s a s a
decoration to divert urine in
urine commode also.
T h i s u r i n a l f o u n d f r o m
Vessagiriya which exhibits in
a r chaeo logy museum in
Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka is
specic due to its prāsāda with
several oors.
This urinal stone found from
Padhānaghara of Western
monastic complex. There is a
complex motif of prāsāda with
two guards in both sides. Small
and shallow urine commode
converted as the entrance of it.
Urine diverting hole is also
small. So, this urinal should be
used with well discipline. But it
i s w i t h h i g h s a n i t a t i o n
techniques. This is good
example for symbolizing the
concept of rejecting aesthetic
things by monks. Mostly this
lavatory tradition might be
popular during later periods of
Anuradhapura era probably 8-
10 century AD.
This is a very simple lavatory
stone found from Mihintalaya
monastery complex. There is
large hole in the middle. It is
without pādukā and space in
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 4
Figure 7
both sides might be used to
keep foot. Mostly this might be
a p r i m a r y r e p r e s e n t e d
evidence of lavatory tradition
in Sri Lanka. Monasteries
found next to this illustrate
early Buddhist monastic
features and Mihintalaya
consider as an earliest place of
r o o t i n g B u d d h i s m a n d
Buddhist cul ture in this
c o u n t r y . B u t w e m u s t
remember that this kind of
lavatory with simple structure
might be made in later periods
to full only the fundamental
need of the lavatory. This
directly divert faeces into the
earth that cannot expected
more sanitation like diverting
faeces into pot or drainage.
When consider about simple
structure, sanitation method
also location this should be an
earliest lavatory built in
Buddhist monasteries in Sri
Lanka.
This is a lavatory stone used to
both activities found from a
monastery in northern part of
Abhayagiri monastic complex.
This is also simple structure as
Figure 8. There is no much
development or even without
pādukā. Lavatory pan is a
specic feature. It can be
assumed that faeces might
remove using water. Sanitation
method is same as Figure 8.
Figure 8
26
This also might be an earliest
lava tory which revealed
underneath of 10 feet. Though
the monastery belongs to the
middle phrase of Anuradhapura
era, lavatory might be created
more than that time of period
This lavatory found from
Vessagiriya. It is different from
Figures 7 and 8 because of its
twin pādukā. Also its diverting
hole is small in size. This shows
m o r e a w a r e n e s s a b o u t
sanitation than before. There is
circle to balance the water
vessel in front of pādukā. It is
clear that around edge built to
prevent water overowing. So,
this illustrates more developed
characteristics than before.
This lavatory stone found from
Panchāvāsa in northern part of
Abhayagiri monastery. There
are specic characteristics than
Figures 7, 8 and 9. Faeces
collect in to drainage (nearly 7
cm in depth). This structure
might use to divert faeces into
an urn or drainage inside the
earth. Faeces can remove
through ushing with the
change of the rectangular shape
into square shape. There are
two stone pādukā in both sides.
So, this lavatory can be
considered as a developed
tradition due to the need of
better sanitation than before.
Figure 9
Figure 10
Rahul K. Kamble
This lavatory found from
Kapārārāmamula, a main
i n s t i t u t e i n A b h y a g i r i
monastery is as same as Figure
10 but represents a developed
phase. Because of there are
arrangements to divert faeces
into a drainage or an urn. Also,
there is suitable space to
c o l l e c t f a e c e s n o t l i k e
collective place as drainage in
Figure 10. Circle shape has
used to that with suitable
pādukā. Pādukā are smoother
than before ones. There is a
space arrangement to balance a
water vessel as Figure 9.
According to the methods of
preventing the smearing faeces
into pādukā or upper part of the
stone plank, smoothly stone
surface to collect faeces and
water ushing method show
more development of this
lavatory than early ones.
A lavatory made in square
shape illustrates developed
sanitary technical features.
The re a re we l l n i shed
pādukā. But the faeces canoe
has specically created with
needed shape to collect faeces
by prevent them to smear
outside. Faeces divert into a
small hole due to its slope. This
hole might open to a clay pipe.
There must be a water ushing
method. Its technology is
similar with the technology of
Figure 11
Figure 12
27
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 22-29
commode toilets use in present.
This lavatory recognize near
P a c h ā v ā s a b e l o n g s t o
Abhayagiri monastery.
This lavatory stone found from
a monastery called as 'I' Belong
to Anuradhapura western
monastery has been recognized
as a lavatory stone. Decorative
tradition of lavatories in
Padhānaghara seems to have
been used to this. This lavatory
is located in a room with only a
short wall in front of it due to
the few residential monks and
Padhānaghara has covered by
a wall. But there must be a
cover for building made for
defecating. So, this should be a
well created urinal stone. Also,
shape of the lavatory stone and
squatting pan is different from
o t h e r l a v a t o r i e s i n
Padhānaghara. Except for
urinal canoe, there is a canoe to
co l l ec t f aeces . The re i s
drainage to ush water with the
space to balance the water
vessel. This feature can be
identied in lavatory stones
also. Decorative tradition is the
specic thing compare with
other urinal stones. There are
two lion motifs stand on pillars
in both sides if the faeces
gathered place. Four dragon
motifs carved next to it. There
is a lotus ower motif in the
place of keeping the water
Figure 13
vessel but without prāsāda.
This must be the following of
a e s t h e t i c r e j e c t i o n i n
Padhānaghara. There is good
sanitation method compared
with other urinals. According
to the highest transition of
decorative tradition, time
period of this monastery show
that this urinal should belong
to 8-10 century AD.
This is feces washing stone
found in Panchāvāsa in
Abhayagr iya monas t e ry
c o m p l e x . A c c o r d i n g t o
Khuddakavatthu, there were
separate spaces to wash feces
near lavatory and urinal stones.
That mention proves through
t h i s e v i d e n c e . T h i s i s
rectangular shaped with
shallow but broad drainage
(nearly 1.5 cm) to divert water.
There is a circle space to keep
the water vessel. But this
creation is very rare due the
washing facility is available in
urinal also.
Figure 14
Faeces washing stone in Buddhist monasteries
Figure 15: Frontal appearance and elevation of lavatory and urinal stone which was found from Pañcāvāsa in Jētavanāramaya, Sri Lanka
28
Figure 16: Elevations of urns which buried in
earth to clean urine from urinal stones and clay
pipes. On the right side of the picture, a system
with triple urns found from Jētavana, Sri Lanka
(Source for Figures 2 to 16, Aruna Shantha,
2015).
References
Aruna Shantha, R. D. (2015). Environmental
protection, sanitation & success of
spirituality: lavatory & urinal system in
ancient Buddhist monasteries in Sri
Lanka. UNVD Conference Proceedings,
ThailandDavids, T.W.R and Oldenberg, H. (2011).
Vinaya Texts, Part III The Culavagga IV-
XII. Divine Books, Delhi, India
Om Prakash (2013-2014). The development of
Buddhist monasteries and their importance
(in Hindi). Sangayana, The International
Journal of Buddhist Studies. 4-5: 67-69.
Rahul K. Kamble 29
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
A{ZVm dS>ñH$a/‘ËVo
’°$eZ {S>Pm¶qZJ {d^mJ, gaXma nQ>ob ‘hm{dÚmb¶, M§ÐnyaE-mail : [email protected]
Aën‘wXVr ‘{hcm {ZdmgJ¥hmVrc emgZmÀ`m `moOZm d gw{dYm
gmam§e
Aën ‘wXVr ‘{hcm {ZdmgJ¥h åhUOo ‘{hcm§Mm AmYma Amho. g‘mO H$ë`mU ~mS>om©‘m’©$V {ó`m d ‘wbo AZwkmár A{Y{Z`‘ 1856
AZwgma Ho${§Ð` g‘mO H$ë`mU ~mS>om©À`m `mOoZoZwgma Aën ‘wXVr ‘{hcm {ZdmgJ¥h hr `mOoZm am~{dÊ`mV `oVo. npãcH$ Q´ñQ> A°ŠQ>
1950 d gmogm`Q>rO a{OñQ´oeZ A°ŠQ> 1860 Zwgma n§OrH¥$V g¨ñWmÛmao ho {ZdmgJ¥h Mmc{dÊ`mV oVo. gd© g‘ñ`mJ«ñV ‘{hcm§Zm
Ý`m` {‘idyZ XoUo, àg¨Jr g‘wnXofZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm d¡Ú{H$` ‘XV XoUo, ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU XoUo, ‘Zmoa§OZmÀ`m gmo`r CncãY H$ê$Z
XoU Am{U amhÊ`mMm H$mcmdYr nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aUo ho ‘hËdmMo H$m`© Aën ‘wXVr ‘{hcm {ZdmgJ¥h H$aVmV.
WmS>oŠ`mV, {ZamYma ‘{hcmZ§m AmYma XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m AÝZ, dó d {Zdmam `m Amdî`H$ JaOm§À`m nyV©Vo gmo~VM Ë`mZ§m ñdV:À`m
nm`mda C^o amhÊ`mBVnV gj‘ H$aVmV.
~rO eãX :- npãcH$ Q´ñQ> A°ŠQ> 1950, gmgom`Q>rO a{OñQ´oeZ A°ŠQ> 1860, {ó`m d ‘wco AZwkmár A{Y{Z`‘ 1856
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 30-33
àñVmdZm :- ‘{hcm§~m~V hmoUomao gd© nH«$maMo ^Xo^md Xya
H$aÊ`mg¨~§Yr g¨`wŠV amîQ´ g¨KQ>ZoÀ`m Am‘g^Zoo 1959 ‘Ü`o
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R>amdmda ghr Ho$coë`m gd© XoemZ§m ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. gZ 1994
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Anita Wadaskar / Matte 31
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{‘i{dcr Amho.
ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU :- {ZdmgJ¥hmVrc àdo{eV ‘{hcmÀ§`m
nwZdg©ZmÀ`m d gj‘rH$aUmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo Ë`mZ§m ñdmdc§~r d
AmË‘{Z^©a ~Z{dUo AmO JaOoM Pmc§ Amho. Ë`mZwgma
cm^mÏ`mªMr BÀN>m, j‘Vm `mZwgmma {d{dY àH$maMo à{ejU
{Xco OmVo.
Q>ocarJ§ d H$Q>tJ Aä`mgH«$‘ :- {ZdmgJ¥hmVrc ‘{hcmZ§m d
‘wctZm Á`m§Zm BVaÌ à{ejU KÊo`mMr j‘Vm qH$dm BÀN>m Zgoc
Ë`mZ§m {ZdmgJ¥hmVM ImOJr[aË`m Q> ocarJ§ d H$Q>tJ
Aä`mgH«$‘mV àdoe XoD$Z gj‘ ~Z{dë`m OmVo. d
Ho$qZJ/{dUH$m‘ :- gm‘w{hH$ V§Í{ZHo$VZÀ`m ‘XVrZo
ñd`§amoOJmamÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVwZ ‘{hcm d ‘wctZm Ho$qZJ/{dUH$m‘
{eH${dë`m OmVo.
’w$S> {àPaìh}eZ :- `m A§VJ©V cm^mWu§Zm gm°g, O°‘, Oocr,
{d{dY àH$maMo ea~V, cmUoMr m g¨~§YrMr ‘m{hVr {Xbr OmVo.
Vo {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMo V§Ì d ‘mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co OmVo.
ã`wQ>r nmc©a :- AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrV ‘{hcm d ‘wctZm AWm©O©Z
H$aÊ`mMo ho EH$ ‘hËdmMo gmYZ Amho. hm ì`dgm` ghO[aË`m
gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmaIm Amho. `mMo à{ejU gwÕm gm‘w{hH$
V§Í{ZHo$VZÀ`m ‘XVrZo {ZdmgJ¥hmVrc ‘{hcmZ§m {Xco OmVo. d
Q>m`qnJ :- {ZdmgJ¥hmV {Oëhm ‘{hcm d ~mc H$ë`mU {d^mJ,
M§Ðnya m§Mo H$Sy>Z Q>m`qnJ à{ejU XoÊ`mV oVo. AZoH$ ‘{hcm d
‘wctZr `m g¨YrMm cm^ KVococm Amho. n[ajoV nmg Pmcoë`m
‘{hcm d ‘wctZm à‘mUnÌ XoÊ`mV oVo. d
~°J ‘oqH$J :- {ZdmgJ¥hmV gm‘w{hH$ V§Í{ZHo$VZ Ûmam ~°J
‘{oH§$J à{fjU XoÊ`mV `oV AgyZ `m à{fjUH$[aVm 20(drg)
‘{hcmZ§r àdoe KVocm Amho.
{ZdmgJ¥hmV am~{dÊ`mV `oUmao CÚmoJ d MwZm CÚmJo :-
{ZdmgJ¥hmV amhUmè`m ‘{hcm Am{U ‘wcrZ§m amOoJmamÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo
MwZm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo à{ejU XoÊ`mV Amco. `mgmR>r ~mhoaMo
à{ejH$ Amcoco hmoVo. BWMo MwZm V`ma H$ê$Z, n°qH$J H$ê$Z
~mOmanoR>oV nmR>{dco OmVo Am{U {‘imcoë`m CËnÝZmVyZ n¡go
‘wctZm, ‘{hcmZ§m Ë`mÀ§`m amOoJmamZwgma XoÊ`mV `oVmV. d
{c’$m’$m CÚmJo :- {ZdmgJ¥hmVrc ‘{hcm Am{U ‘wctZm
{c’$m’$m CÚmoJ H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {c’$m’$m V`ma H$aÊ`mMo
à{fjU XoÊ`mV Amco. ‘{oS>H$c ñQ>mAog©‘Ü` ocmJUmao {c’$m’o$
~ZdyZ, Ë`mM§r {dH«$r H$ê$Z {‘iUmè`m n¡emMm Cn`mJo `m
‘{hcm Am{U ‘wcrZ§m hmoV AgVmo. d ~MVJQ> :- {ZdmgJ¥hmVrc
‘{hcmM§m EHy$Z Voam OUrM§m ~MVJQ> ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm
Amho. m JQ>mMo Zmdhr {ZamlrV ‘{hcm ~MVJQ> Ago Amho. m
JQ>mMo àË`oH$ ‘{hcoMo ê$. 20/- ‘m{gH$ ^aÊ`mV `oVmV.
JQ>mAV§JV© ‘wcr d ‘{hcm§Zm H$O© CMcyZ XoÊ`mV Amco Am{U
Ë`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmcZ hm ì`dgm` R>adyZ XoÊ`mV Amcm.
gÜ`m hm ì`dgm` gwê$ Amho.
{ZdmgJ¥hmMr ‘m{hVr {ZamYma ‘{hcm§n`ªV nmohMÊ`mgmR>r
Amnë`mcm H$m` H$aVm oB©c? {ZdmgJ¥hmMm ng«ma Am{U àMma
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g¨ñWmÀ§`m nmVirdê$Z Pmcm nm{hOo d nm{ocg
ñQ>oeZ‘Ü`o `m~m~V ‘m{hVr XoUmao ’$cH$ cmdm`cm nm{hOo. ¿
gm‘m{OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m§Z©r nZwd©gZmgmR>r g¨ñWocm ‘XV H$amdr d
‘{hcmg¨mR>r {d{dY ‘mJ©XfZ©mMo YS>o g¨~§YrV ‘mJ©XfH©$mH$Sy>Z
{‘iÊ`mMr ì`dñWm g¨ñWocm H$ê$Z Úmdr. ¿ AmnU
g‘mOmon`moJr KQ>H$ AmhmVo `mMr OmUrd àË`Ho$ ‘{hcmÀ§`m
‘ZmV ê$OdVm Amcr nm{hOo d Ë`m X¥íQ>rZo Ë`m§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm
V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ ìhmd`mg hdo. àË`oH$ ‘{hcoZo
AË`mMma d AÝ`m` ghZ Z H$aUo `m~m~V gOH$ am{hco
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 30-3332
nm{hOo. g‘mOmVrc àË`oH$ ì`pŠV hm gm‘m{OH$ H$m`H©$Vm© `m
ZmË`mZo gOJ am{hcm Va {ZpíMVM ‘{hcmd§a hmoUmao AË`mMma
d AÝ`m` ho H$‘r hmVorc. g‘mOmVrc àË`oH$ ì`pŠVZo chmZ-
ghmZ JmoîQ>rVyZ gH$mamË‘H$ nmD$c CMcmd`mg hdo. ‘{hcm
g¨KQ>Z hm EH$ CËV‘ ‘mJ© ~Zy fH$Vm oåhUZy gd© ‘{hcmZ§r
EH${ÌV oU oAmdî`H$ Amho.
{ZîH$e© :- Aën ‘wXVr ‘{hcm {ZdmgJ¥hmV {ZamYma ‘{hcmZ§m
H$mhr à‘mUmV H$m §hmoB©Zm ñdmV§Í` {‘iVo. AË`mMmamÀ`m
~m~VrV Ë`m§Zm H$m`ÚmZo {Xccor gwwa{jVVm Cn^moJVm `oVo. Á`m
{ó`mZ§m dmirV Q>mH$c oAfm {ó`mM§m AmYma h o {ZdmgJ¥h ~Zco
Amho. EdT>oM Zìho, {ó`mÀ§`m CXamV dmT>Umè`m Zì`m {nT>rcm
OÝ‘ XoÊ`mnmgZy, Ë`mM§ nmcZnmoeU H$ê$Z ì`pŠV åhUZy
OJÊ`mg nmÌ ~Z{dÊ`mMo ’$ma ‘mR>oo nwÊ`mM oH$m‘ h o{ZdmgJh¥
H$arV Amho. WmS>oŠ`mV AÝZ, dó d {Zdmam `mMgm~oV {fjU
XoD$Z, gmja ~ZdyZ ñdmdc§~r ~Z{dÊ`mMo d nwT>o ^{dí`mV
{Vcm Hw$UmÀ`m AmYmamMr JaO nSy> Z`o BVnV gj‘ ~Z{dÊ`mMo
‘mocmMo H$m‘ h o {ZdmgJ¥h H$arV Amho.
g¨X^© gyMr
S>m°. nê$ioH$a Amem - AmYw{ZH$ órÀ`m g‘ñ`m, 1992
~mdUH$er ñ‘a{UH$m - amOlr emhÿ ‘hmamO {ejU
g¨ñWm, ~«åhnayr, 2009
àm. T>moH$ amOoída EZ. - AmYma ‘{hcmM§m, 1999
bmoUmao eÌw¿Z - ‘mJ© {dH$mgmMm-gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`mMm
lr. VwaH$a M§ÐeoIa, Mm¡Yar Mmê$frcm - ‘{hcm
~mc{dH$mg YmaoU Am{U {ZU©`
Anita Wadaskar / Matte 33
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
1 2 3dZlr cmIo, {Xnmbr Xm§S>oH$a Am{U ñdmVr Hw§$^mao
^wJmoc {d^mJ, gaXma nQ>ob ‘hm{dÚmb¶, M§Ðnya
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc YmZ nrH$ d g¨H$arV {~-{~`mUo EH$ ^m¡Jmo{cH$ Aä`mg
gmam§e
cÚwemoY {Z~§YmMr {ZdS> åhUOo àXoemMr {ZdS> H$aUo hmo`. àXoemMr {ZdS>H$arV AgVm§Zm AmnUmg Á`m {df`mda emoY {Z~§Y V`ma
H$amd`mMm AgVmo. Ë`m {df`mcm AZwgê$Z Ë`m àXoemMr {ZdS> Ho$cr Amho.
M§Ðnya {Oëh`mVrc ‘wc VmcwŠ`mV BVa VmcwŠ`mnojm ^mV {nH$mMo CËnmXZ OmñV à‘mUmV KoÊ`mV `oVo. VgoM `oWo Vm§Xwi, H$m|S>m,
H$ÝZr, Hw$ŠHw$g B. Mo CËnmXZ ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV hmoV Agë`m‘who `m {nH$mda AmYmarV AZoH$ CÚmoJY§X`m§Mm `oWo ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV
{dH$mg Pmcm Amho. åhUyZ emoY {Z~§YmV ‘wc m VmcwŠ`mMr {ZdS> Ho$cocr AgyZ m VmcwŠ`mVrc YmZ {nH$mgmR>r H$moU-H$moUVo {~.
{~`mUmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. ho Aä`mgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. `m VmcwŠ`mVrc YmZ {nH$mMr ‘m{hVr KoÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mMo
ñdê$n H$em àH$mao ~XcV Mmcco Amho. mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg m àXoemMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 34-38
àñVmdZm :-
^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgwZ H¥$fr ì`dgm` Ho$cm OmVmo.
^maVmVrc OmñVrV-OmñV cmoH$g¨»`m hr IoS>`mV dmñVì`
H$arV AgVo. Ë`mM à‘mUo 70 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$g¨»`m eoVrda
Adc§~wZ Amho. {edm` 5 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$g¨»`m hr AàË`jnUo
eoVrda AmYmacocr Amho. åhUOoM Odinmg 75 Q>ŠHo$
cmoH$g¨»`m hr eoVrda Adc§~wZ Agë`mMo {XgwZ `oVo.
^maVmVrc H¥$fr hr g¨nyU©Vhm {ZgJm©da AmYmacocr Amho.
‘m¡g‘r nO©Ý`, A{Z`{‘V nO©Ý`, hdm‘mZ àË`oH$ amÁ`mVrc
‘¥Xm àH$ma d H¥$frMr BVa gmYZo `m§Mm n[aUm‘ H¥$fr
ì`dgm`mda Pmcocm {XgyZ oVmo.
^maVmVrc àË`oH$ amÁ`mV doJdoJi`m hdm‘mZ àXoemZwgma
{d{dY {nH$mMo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV `oVo ‘hmamîQ´mV XoIrc àË`oH$
{Oëh`mV H¥$fr CËnmXZ doJdoJi`m àH$maMo AgVo. Ë`mV
àm‘w»`mZo H$S>YmÝ`, ’$io, mOrnmcm ZJXr ì`mnmar {nHo$, B Mm
àm‘w»`mZo g‘mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo. M§Ðnya {Oëh`mVrc ‘wc
VmcwŠ`mVhr `oWrc ^m¡Jmo{cH$ n[apñWVr d hdm‘mZmZwgma
‘moR>`m à‘mUmV YmZ-{nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV oVo.
‘w»` {nH$ åhUyZ YmZ {nH$mÀ`m cmJdS>rMo à‘mU h`m
VmcwŠ`mV ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV Amho. YmZ {nH$mÀ`m cmJdS>r nmgwZ
Va Ë`m {nH$mMr `mo½` cmJdS>, g¨H$[aV {~`mUm§Mm dmna
{nH$mMr OmonmgZm H$ê$Z dm{f©H$ CËnÝZ H$go OmñV KoVco OmB©c
Am{U Ë`mMo CËnmXZ d AmhmamÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo dmT>Vo ‘hËd `m§Mm
g¨nyU© Aä`mg H$ê$Z hr ‘m§S>Ur cKwemoY {Z~§YmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mZo
H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho.CX²Xoe :-
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc YmZ m à‘wI {nH$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
YmZ {nH$mÀ`m cmJdS>rImcrc joÌmVrc ~XcmMm Aä`mg
H$aUo.
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc g¨H$arV YmÝ`, {~-{~`mUm§Mm {nH$mda hmoUmam
n[aUm‘ `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo g¨H$arV YmZ {~ àH$ma d
{~`mUmÀ`m CËnmXZ H$mcmdYr Aä`mgUo.Aä`mg nÜXVr :-
àñVwV emoY{Z~§YmgmR>r cmJUmar AmH$S>odmar d ‘mhrVr
àmW{‘H$ d Xwæ`‘ ñdê$nmMr AgwZ hr ‘mhrVr d AmH$S>odmar
àË`j g¨emoYZ ñWimcm ^oQ>r XodyZ d {Oëhm gm‘m{OH$ d
Am{W©H$ g‘mcmoMZ {Oëhm gm§»`m{H$` {d^mJ oWwZ AmH$S>odmar
KoÊ`mV Amcr Amho. CncãY ‘mhrVrMo mo½` g¨ñH$aU H$ê$Z hr
‘mhrVr AmH¥$Vr d ZH$mem nÜXVrZo XmI{dÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
Aä`mg joÌmMo m¡Jmo{cH$ ñWmZ d {dñVma
M§Ðnya {Oëhm ^maVmÀ`m ‘Ü`dVu ^mJmV AgUm-`m ‘hmamîQ´ 0 0
amÁ`mMm npíM‘ ^mJ AgwZ h`m {Oëh`m§Mm {dñVma 19 78 0 0 0 0 0 051 Vo 20 43' 47' CËVa Ajm§ed 78 51 Vo 79 59 043 nyd© aoIm§e Agm Amho. {Oëh`m§À`m nyd© {g‘ocm d¡ZJ§Jm
Z{XZo Va npíM‘ {g‘m dYm© d n¡ZJ§Jm ZXrZo X{jU {g‘m
‘m{UH$JS>À`m Q>oH$S>`m§Zr d dYm© Z{XZo {g‘m§H$sV Ho$cocr AgwZ
h`mV 15 VmcwŠ`mMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`mVrcM à‘wI
VmcwŠ`m§n¡H$s EH$ VmcwH$m ‘wc VmcwŠ`mZMo ñWmZ ho Ajm§{e` 0 0{dñVma 20 4' CËVa Ajd¥ËV d aoImd¥ËVr` {dñVma 79 40'
nyd© aoImd¥ËV BVH$m {XgwZ oVmo.{df` {ddoMZ :-
‘wc VmcwŠ`m‘Ü`o nwT>rc àm‘w»`mZo Vm§Xwi, Jhþ, ha^am, Vwa,
{‘aMr, Ádmar, gmo`m~rZ Aem {d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV
`oVo. Aem {d{dY {nH$mn¡H$s EH$ à‘wI {nH$ YmZ {nH$ Amho.
‘wc VmcwŠ`m‘Ü`o g¨H$arV {~-{~`mUmMm YmZ {nH$mda Ë`mÀ`m
hmoUm-`m dmT>rMm n[aUm‘ hm cKwem|Y {Z~§YmMm {df` Amho. m
VmcwŠ`mVrc hmoUmao mVnrH$ CËnmXZ {nH$mImcrc joÌ d BVa
JaOm h`mMo AÜ``Z `oWo H$aUma AmhmoV. `m {nH$m§Mr cmJdS>
amohUr OwZ ‘{hÊ`mV Ho$cr OmVo. H$maU `m ‘hrÝ`mnmgwZ
cmJdS>rcm gwê$dmV hmoVo `m {nH$mcm dmcwH$m‘` ‘¥Xm d ^anya
nmÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. ho nrH$ Mma ‘hrÝ`mÀ`m H$mcmdYr Z§Va
V`ma hmoVo. ^mV {nH$m§À`m dmT>Ë`m CËnmXZm‘wio `m VmcwŠ`mV
amB©g ‘rc (^mV {JaUr) `m H§$nÊ`m d XiUdiUmMo à‘mU
dmT>co Amho.
^m¡Jmo{cH$ nmíd©^y‘r hdm‘mZVmn‘mZ :-
‘wc VmcwŠ`mMo Vmn‘mZ ho gmaIo AmT>iyZ `oV ZgyZ ho H$mhr
^mJmV OmñV Va H$mhr ^mJmV H$‘r AmT>iyZ `oVo ‘mM© Vo ‘o `m
VrZ ‘{hÊ`mV gd©Ì Vmn‘mU gmaIo Amho. Am°ŠQ>m|~a Vo ’o$~«wdmar
`m H$mimV hdm‘mZ W§S> Amho.
`oWrc Vmn‘mZmMm H$monoZÀ`m hdm‘mZ dJuH$aUmZwgma Aä`mg
Ho$ë`mg Ago AmT>iwZ `oVo H$s ‘wc VmcwŠ`mMo hdm‘mZ & `m
1 2 3Wanashree Lakhe, Dipali Dandekar and Swati Kumbhare 35
àH$mamV ‘moS>Vo åhUOo CîU H$Q>r~§Yr` hdm‘mZ àm‘w»`mZo
{hdmim hm H$moaS>m AgVmo àË`oH$ ‘{hÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 180 g|
nojm OmñV d CÝhmim H$moaS>m AgVmo. OyZ Vo gßQ>|~a
‘{hÊ`mn`ªV ZoµG$Ý` ‘mÝgyZ dm-`m‘wio nmD$g nS>Vmo. Am{U
{hdmim H$moaS>m AgVmo.‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc gamgar Vmn‘mZ 2009-2010
AZw. H«$. ‘{hUo H$‘mc Vmn‘mZ nO©Ý` gamgar Vmn‘mZ
OmZodmar 35.5 7.1 21.3
’o$~«wdmar 35.6 13.6 24.6
3. ‘mM© 41.6 17.0 29.3
4. Eàrc 44.6 19.6 32.6
5. ‘o 47.7 24.0 35.85
6. OwZ 46.7 22.2 34.45
7. Owb¡ 63.7 35.5 30.0
8. Am°JñQ> 34.5 22.2 28.35
9. gßQ>|~a 34.6 22.0 28.30
10. Am°ŠQ>m|~a 34.8 20.0 27.40
11. Zmoìh|~a 23.2 11.0 12.10
12. {S>g|~a 30.6 7.5 10.05‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc gamgar Vmn‘mZ
2009-2010
(AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.1)
Vn‘mZ (A§. go. ‘Ü`o)nO©Ý` :-
àmH¥$VrH$ KQ>H$m‘Ü`o w‘r Cn`moOUmda à^mdrnUo H$m`© H$aUm-
`m KQ>H$mV nO©Ý` hm KQ>H$ AË`§V ‘hËdmMm ‘mZcm OmVmo. m
joÌmV nmD$g hm OwZ ‘{hÝ`mV gwê$ hmoVmo Va Am°ŠQ>m|~aÀ`m
n{hë`m gámhm n`ªV AgVmo. `m Mma ‘{hÊ`mÀ`m nO©Ý`mÀ`m
AmYmamda oWrc OmñVrV OmñV eoVr Ho$cr OmVo. m mJm‘Ü`o
nmD$g hm {Z`r‘V àH$maMm nS>Vmo. `m Mma ‘{hÝ`mV nS>Umao
nO©Ý` ho EHw$U nO©Ý`mÀ`m 70 Vo 80 Q>ŠHo$ AgVmo m mJm‘Ü`o
gdm©V OmñV nO©Ý` Owb¡ ‘{hÊ`mV 46.6 go‘r. EdT>o nO©Ý`
Xe©{dco Amho.
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý`
2009-10
AZ.w H$« . ‘{hUo nOÝ© ` {XdgmM§ r g»`mnOÝ© ` gamgar nOÝ© `
1. OmZodmar
2. ’o$~«wdmar
3. ‘mM©
4. Eàrc
5. ‘o
6. OwZ 17 3 39.5 183.7
7. Owb¡ 14 4 64.5 363.6
8. Am°JñQ> 16 3 33.9 288.9
9. gßQ>|~a 04 5 0.2 196.3
10. Am°ŠQ>m|~a 196
11. Zmoìh|~a
12. {S>g|~a
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc dm{f©H$ gamgar nO©Ý` 2009-10
(AmH¥$Vr H«$. 2.2) à‘mU 1 go. {‘. = 50 {‘. ‘r. nO©Ý`‘¥Xm :-
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc ‘¥Xm aoJwa àH$maMr AgwZ Vr ~ogmëQ>
IS>H$mnmgyZ ~Zcocr Amho `oWrc O‘rZ ‘Ü`‘ H$mir gwnrH$
AgwZ oWrc ‘¥XoV YZ qH$dm G$U hm`S´moOZ Am`aU nhmd`mg
{‘iVo nmcme `m IVmMo à‘mU OmñV AgwZ BVa AÝZ
Ðì`mgmR>r IVm§Mr ‘mÌm X`mdr cmJVo.
‘wc VmcwŠ`mVrc ‘¥XoVrc KQ>H$
‘¥XoVrc KQ>H$ Q>ŠHo$dmar
1) nmoQ>°e (nmcme) 1.5 Q>ŠHo$
2) gmoS>r`‘ 0.9 Q>ŠHo$
3) Zm`Q´moOZ (ZÌ) 0.02 Q>ŠHo$
4) ’$m°ñ’o$Q> (agñnwaX) 0.48 Q>ŠHo$
5) ‘°¾o{e`‘ 5.6 Q>ŠHo$
darc ‘¥XoVrc KQ>H$mdf`r ‘mhrVr hr EH$m VmcwŠ`mVrc H¥$fr
H$m`m©c` ‘wc oWwZ KoVcocr Amho.
AZw. g¨H$[aV 2009 Q>ŠH$o dmar 2010 Q>ŠH$o dmar
{~ mM§ m àH$ma
(YmZ)
1. gwdUm© 10620 24.70 Q>ŠHo$ 1503 2.98 Q>ŠHo$
2. gmoZmcrH$m 7360 17.11 Q>ŠH$o 18216 36.15 Q>ŠH$o
3. goZ‘ 5611 13.07 Q>ŠH$o 5459 1.84 Q>ŠH$o
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 34-38
H«$.
36
4. EM. E‘. Q>r. 8843 20.56 Q>ŠH$o 2655 5.26 Q>ŠH$o
5. O` lram‘ 9426 21.92 Q>ŠH$o 17650 35.0 Q>ŠH$o
6. S>r. Ama. H$o . 311 0.74 Q>ŠH$o 2721 5.41 Q>ŠH$o
7. {MÝZwa - 1870 3.70 Q>ŠH$o
8. BVa 820 1.90 Q>ŠH$o 336 0.66 Q>ŠH$o
EHw$U 430 01100 Q>ŠH$o 50420 100 Q>ŠH$o
darc gmaUrMo {ZarjU Ho$co AgVm Ago {XgwZ `oVo H$s gZ
2009 ‘Ü`o g¨H$arV {~`mÀ`m {d{dY àH$mamn¡H$s gdm©V OmñV
CËnmXZ gwd©Um h`m {~`mUmMo AgwZ Ë`mMo EHw$U Q>ŠHo$dmar
à‘mU 24.70 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ {XgwZ oVo Va gZ 2010 ‘Ü`o h`m
{~`mUmMr Q>ŠHo$dmar 2.98 Q>ŠHo$ BVH$s {XgwZ oVo 2009 ‘Ü`o
gmoZmcrH$mMo à‘mU 17.11: AgwZ gZ 2010 ‘Ü`o 36.15
Q>ŠHo$ à‘mU {XgwZ Amco hr dmT> 19.04 Q>ŠHo$ Amho gmoZ‘
àH$maMo {~`mUmMo à‘mU 2009‘Ü`o 13.07 Q>ŠHo$ hmoVo Va
2010 ‘Ü`o 1.84 Q>ŠHo$ {XgyZ Amco ho à‘mU 11.23 Q>ŠHo$ Zo
H$‘r Pmcoco {XgyZ `oVo `mcm H$maU ZdrZ g¨H$arV {~`mUmMm
OmñV à‘mUmV ZdrZ g¨H$arV {~`mUmMm OmñV à‘mUmV à^md
nSy> cmJcm O` lram‘ h`m {~`mUmMo à‘mU 21.12 Q>ŠHo$
hmoVo Va 2010 ‘Ü`o Vo 35.0 Q>ŠHo$ {XgyZ Amco hr dmT> 13.08
Q>ŠHo$ Zo OmñV {XgyZ Amcr S>r. Ama. Ho$ Mo à‘mU 2009 ‘Ü`o
0.74 Q>ŠHo$ hmoVo Va 2010 ‘Ü`o 5.41 Q>ŠHo$ hr dmT> 4.67
Q>ŠHo$ Zo OmñV Amho. {MÝZwa Mo à‘mU 2010 ‘Ü`o 3.70Q>ŠHo$
{XgwZ Amco.
g¨H$[aV {~- {~`mUo
1) gwdUm©
`m {~`mUmMm H$mcmdYr 140-145 {XdgmMm AgVmo d `m
{nH$mMo CËnmXZ Xa hoŠQ>a 40- 45 {¹$ AgVo `m {~`mMo
d¡{eîQ>` mMm XmUm hm ‘Ü`‘ d ~marH$ AgVmo ho Ceram oUm-
`m OmVr‘Ü`o ‘moS>VmV. hr OmV 150 Vo 115 {XdgmMr AgyZ
A{YH$ ’w$Q>do oVmV H$S>dm, H$S>mH$anm amoJmg à{VH$maH$ Amho.
2) gmoZm{cH$m
`m {~`mUmMm H$mcmdYr 100-105 {XdgmMm AgVmo d `m
{nH$mMo CËnmXZ Xa hoŠQ>a 40 - 45 {¹$ BVHo$ hmoVo m {~`mUmMo
d¡{eîQ> H$adm amoJmg à{VH$maH$ XmUm WmoS>m cm§~ d ~marH$
CÝhmir ho Jm‘mg Cn`moJr.
3) gmoZ‘
`m {~`mUmMm H$mcmdYr 115-120 {XdgmMm AgVmo d `m
{nH$mMo CËnmXZ 40-45 {¹$ à{V hoŠQ>a AgVo `m {~`mUmMo
d¡{eîQ>`o H$anm, H$S>mH$anm, {Q>ŠH$m, ImoS>{H$S>m amoJmg
à{VH$maH$ d `mMm XmUm ‘Ü`H$ d ~marH$ d CÝhmir h§Jm‘mV
Cn`moJ.
4) EM. E‘. Q>r.
`m {~`mUmMm H$mcmdYr 135 Vo 140 {XdgmMm AgVmo d `m
{~`mUmMo CËnmXZ 40 Vo 45 {¹$ à{V hoŠQ>a AgVo. mMm XmUm
AmIwS> ~marH$ AgVmo `m {~`mUmMo d¡{eîQ>`o S|>Jw H$anm,
H$S>mH$anm amoJmg d BVa {H$S>rg gmYmaU à{VH$maH$ XmÊ`mMr
àV CËV‘ ImÊ`mg A{VCËV‘ ‘D$ d ‘moH$im AgVmo.
5) O` lram‘
`m {~`mUmMm H$mcmdYr 135 Vo 140 {XdgmMm AgVmo d `m
{nH$mMo CËnmXZ à{V hoŠQ>a 50 Vo 55 {¹$ AgVo ho {~`mUo S|>Jw
H$anm, H$S>mH$anm, {Q>ŠH$m amoJmg à{VH$maH$ XmÊ`mMr àV hr
‘Ü`‘ d ~marH$ AgVmo.
6) {S>. Ama. Ho$.
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{nH$mMo CËnmXZ 40 Vo 45 {¹$ à{V hoŠQ>a AgVo ho {~`mUo
H$anm, H$S>mH$anm amoJmg à{VH$maH$ XmUm ‘Ü`‘ d ~marH$
CÝhmir ho Jm‘mg Cn`moJr.
7) {MÝZwa
`m {~`mUmMm H$mcmdYr 130 Vo 135 {XdgmMm AgVmo d `m
{nH$mMo CËnmXZ 40 Vo 45 {¹$ à{V hoŠQ>a AgVo ho {~`mUo
H$S>nm, H$S>mH$anm amoJmg à{VH$maH$ `mMm XmUm hm ~marH$ d
gwdmgrV AgVmo.{ZîH$f©
1) d¡ZJ§Jm A§Ymar ZXrÀ`m Imo-`mV h`m VmcwŠ`mMo ñWmZ
Agë`mZo ‘¥Xm gwnrH$ Amho.
2) Vm§Xwi {nH$mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao Vmn‘mZ
hdm‘mZ, nO©Ý`, ‘¥Xm àH$ma CncãY Agë`mZo ‘moR>`m
à‘mUmV Vm§XimMo CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV oVo.
3) nma§nm[aH$ {~`mUmÀ`m OmoS>rcm g¨H$arV {~`mUmMm dmna
Ho$ë`mZo ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV YmZ {nH$m§À`m JwUdËVoV dmT>
Pmcocr {XgwZ oVo.
1 2 3Wanashree Lakhe, Dipali Dandekar and Swati Kumbhare 37
4) B. g. 2001 ‘Ü` o gdw Um © YmZ {nH$mM o CËnmXZ gdm{© YH$
hmoVo Vo 2010 VÜ`o H$‘r Pmco.
5) 2010 ‘Ü` o gmZo m{cH$m h`m gH$arV YmZ qnH$mV gYw maUm
H$ê$Z ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV CËnmXZ KoÊ`mV Amco.
6) g¨H$arV {~`mUmÀ`m OmoS>rcm amgm`{ZH$ d nma§nmarV
IVmMo à‘mU OmñV {XgwZ oVo.Cnm` moOZm
YmZ {nH$mÀ`m ~mJdS>rgmR>r eoVH$è`mV OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMr JaO
Amho.
‘¥Xm g¨gmYZ d YmZ {nH$mÀ`m g¨H$arV {~`mUo dmna H$aÊ`mg
H¥$fr g¨emoYZ H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo.
eoVH$-`m§Zm g¨H$arV {~`mUmÀ`m cmJdS>rgmR>r {dOnwadR>m
Ho$ÝÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo.
‘moR>`m à‘mUmV g¨H$arV {~`mUmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§À`m
cmJdS>rg àmoËgmhZ XoUo.g¨X^© J«§W
A°J«rH$ëMa OrAmoJ«m°’$s - Og{~a qgJ, Eg, Eg, {T>cm°Z
H¥$fr wJmoc - gwaoe ’w$co
‘hmamîQ´mMm wJmoc - àm. I{V~
maVr` eoVrMo AW©emñÌ - S>m°. à^mH$a Xoe‘wI
‘hmamîQ´ wJmocemñÌ g¨emoYZ n{ÌH$m
{Oëhm H¥$fr H$m`m©c` M§Ðnya
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 34-3838
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
{Z¶mO Ah‘X A§gmar
‘{hbm CËnrS>Z Ed§ ‘mZdm{YH$ma (Kaoby qhgm g§ajU A{Y{Z¶‘ Ho$ {deof g§X^© ‘|)
emoY gmam§e
AmO g‘H$mcrZ {díd ‘| ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ qhgm EH$ qMVZr` {df` ~Zm hþAm h¡& ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ qhgm H$m AW© h¡ {H$
g‘mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ joÌm| ‘| ‘{hcmAm| H$mo n`m©á ‘hËd Zhr {X`m Om ahm h¡ {OgHo$ Xwîn[aUm‘ñdê$n CZH$m emofU ha OJh hþAm h¡& do
gd©Ì Kaocy Ed§ gm‘m{OH$ qhgm H$m {eH$ma hþB© h¡& AmYw{ZH$ maVr` {dMmaH$m| ‘o amOmam‘ ‘mohZ am`, Á`mo{V~m ’w$co , ñdm‘r X`mZÝX
gañdVr , ga g¡`X Ah‘X Im§ , ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr , S>m. Aå~oS>H$a Am{X {dÛmZm| Zo Bg Amoa Ü`mZ {X`m h¡ , co{H$Z A^r Bg‘o nyar Vah
gwYma Zhr hmo nm`m h¡&
^maVr` g‘mO H$s h ÌmgXr ahr h¡ {H$ hm§ Ho$ àM{cV Y‘m}§-{hÝXy d Bñcm‘ Ho$ Y‘©J«§Wm| ‘| Zmar Ho$ ~mao ‘| H«$‘e: '`Ì Zm`©ñVw nyÁ`Vo,
a‘§Vo VÌ XodVm' Am¡a '‘m± H$X‘mo Vco OÝZV h¡ ' VH$ H$hm J`m h¡, qH$Vw hm§ àmMrZH$mc go ‘{hcm dJ© H$mo ~oQ>r, ~hZ, ‘m§, nËZr Am{X
ê$nm| ‘| n[adma d g‘mO Ho$ A§Xa hr CËnr‹S>Z, emofU Ed§ oX^md ghZ H$aZm n‹S>m h¡& Bggo do {Zaja, A§Y{dídmgr d H$‘Omoa ~ZVr
JB©& BÝh| g~c ~ZmZo hoVw maV gaH$ma Zo df© 2001 H$mo ' ‘{hcm gepŠVH$aU df© ' Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘ZmVo hþE amï´>r` ‘{hcm Zr{V cmJy H$s,
V^r Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU {dYo`H$ r V¡`ma {H$`m& AŠQy>~a, 2006 ‘| h {dYo`H$ nm[aV hmoZo go A{Y{Z`‘ Vmo ~Z J`m Am¡a 2016 ‘|
EH$ XeH$ ~rVZo na r ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z H$s KQ>ZmAm| ‘| Ano{jV H$‘r Zht AmB© &
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 39-42
ghm`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, amOZr{V {dkmZ, emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmc`{ghmdc, {Ocm-grYr (‘.à.)
‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ {d{dY H$maU-
1. nam`o ‘Xm}§ go ~mV H$aZm,
2. n{V H$mo {~Zm ~Vm`o ~mha OmZm,
3. ggwamc ‘| m n{V go ~hg H$aZm,
4. ghdmg H$aZo go ‘Zm H$aZm & Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU EŠQ> Ho$ àmdYmZ -
BgH$s Ymam 4 ‘o§ C„oI h¡ {H$ nr{‹S>Vm m H$moB© AÝ` ì`pŠV Kaocy
qhgm H$s {eH$m`V nw{cg, ‘{OñQ>´oQ> `m Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU
A{YH$mar go H$a gH$Vm h¡& Ymam 12 Ho$ VhV ‘{OñQ>´oQ> àVm{‹S>Vm
H$mo ‘wAmdOm {Xcm`oJm& AmXoe H$m nmcZ Z hmoZo na 1 gmc H$s
gOm m 20,000 ê$. H$m Ow‘m©Zm cJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡&‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z amoH$Zo hoVw ì`mdhm[aH$ gwPmd :-
1. ‘{hcm gepŠVH$aU go g¨~§{YV moOZmAm| d H$mZyZm| H$mo nyar
{Zð>m d g{H«$`Vm go cmJy H$aHo$ ‘{hcmAm| H$m| ‘mZd A{YH$ma
{XcmZo ‘| AmgmZr hmoJr&
2. maV ‘| ‘{hcm nwê$f EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {cE Oê$ar h¡
{H$ g‘mZ AmMaU g¨{hVm (AZw. 44) H$mo cmJy hmo {Oggo
g{X`m| go emo{fV d {nN>‹S>r ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ gepŠVH$aU Ho$ à`mg
hmo g’$cgHo§$& {Og àH$ma maVr` X§S> g¨{hVm (IPC) H$mo gånyU©
^maV ‘| cmJy {H$`m J`m h¡, Cgr àH$ma d à^md go h g¨{hVm r
cmJy H$s OmZr Mm{hE&
3. ‘{hcmAm| H$mo {‘c ahr nm[adm[aH$ ñdV§ÌVm, {ejm-Xrjm,
Oo~IM© Ed§ CËgmhdY©H$ dmVmdaU H$m Xwê$n`moJ Zht H$aZm
hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ nmíMmË` AícrcVm H$m A§YmZwH$aU go N>o‹S>N>m‹S>,
AnhaU, ~cmËH$ma O¡gr gm‘m{OH$ ~wamB`m| H$mo 'Am ~¡c ‘wPo
‘ma' H$s m§{V Am‘§{ÌV Z hm|&{ZîH$f© :-
AmO g‘H$mcrZ {díd ‘| ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ qhgm EH$
qMVZr` {df` ~Zm hþAm h¡& ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ qhgm H$m AW©
h¡ {H$ g‘mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ joÌm| ‘| ‘{hcmAm| H$mo n`m©á ‘hËd Zhr
{X`m Om ahm h¡ {OgHo$ Xwîn[aUm‘ñdê$n CZH$m emofU ha OJh
hþAm h¡& do gd©Ì Kaocy Ed§ gm‘m{OH$ qhgm H$m {eH$ma hþB© h¡&
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` {dMmaH$m| ‘o amOmam‘ ‘mohZ am`, Á`mo{V~m
’w$co , ñdm‘r X`mZÝX gañdVr , ga g¡`X Ah‘X Im§ , ‘hmË‘m
Jm§Yr , S>m. Aå~oS>H$a Am{X {dÛmZm| Zo Bg Amoa Ü`mZ {X`m h¡ ,
co{H$Z A^r Bg‘o nyar Vah gwYma Zhr hmo nm`m h¡& hmc hr ‘o
{X„r, C. à. , Ag‘, ‘oKmc` Am{X amÁ`m| ‘o hþE J¡§J aon H$m§S>,
XhoO CËnr‹S>Z, N>o‹S>N>m‹S> Am{X KQ>ZmE§ BgHo$ Ádc§V CXmhaU h¡&
àmMrZH$mc go hr ‘{hcmAm| H$mo {ÛVr` loUr H$m ZmJ[aH$ g‘Pm
OmVm ahm h¡& CÝh| gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ joÌ ‘o Á`mXm
‘hËd Zhr {X`m J`m, CZHo$ gmW Á`mXVr, ^oX^md O¡go H¥$Ë`
{H$`o OmVo aho h¡& AmO ^r nwê$fdJ© Zmar H$m CËnr‹S>Z H$aZo H$mo
AnZm OÝ‘{gÕ A{YH$ma Ed§ moJ-{dcmg H$s dñVw ‘mZVm h¡-
Zmar Zo OÝ‘ {X`m Za H$mo, Za Zo Cgo ~mOma {X`m&
O~ Mmhm Hw$Mcm-‘gcm, O~ Mmhm XwËH$ma {X`m&&
^maVr` g‘mO H$s h ÌmgXr ahr h¡ {H$ hm§ Ho$ àM{cV Y‘m}§-
{hÝXy d Bñcm‘ Ho$ Y‘©J«§Wm| ‘| Zmar Ho$ ~mao ‘| H«$‘e: '`Ì Zm`©ñVw
nyÁ`Vo, a‘§Vo VÌ XodVm' Am¡a '‘m± H$X‘mo Vco OÝZV h¡' VH$ H$hm
J`m h¡, qH$Vw hm§ àmMrZH$mc go ‘{hcm dJ© H$mo ~oQ>r, ~hZ, ‘m§,
nËZr Am{X ê$nm| ‘| n[adma d g‘mO Ho$ A§Xa hr CËnr‹S>Z, emofU
Ed§ oX^md ghZ H$aZm n‹S>m h¡& Bggo do {Zaja, A§Y{dídmgr d
H$‘Omoa ~ZVr JB©& BÝh| g~c ~ZmZo hoVw ^maV gaH$ma Zo df©
2001 H$mo ' ‘{hcm gepŠVH$aU df© ' Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘ZmVo hþE
amï´>r` ‘{hcm Zr{V cmJy H$s, V^r Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU {dYo`H$ r
V¡`ma {H$`m&1
AŠQy>~a, 2006 ‘| h {dYo`H$ nm[aV hmoZo go A{Y{Z`‘ Vmo ~Z
J`m 2 Am¡a 2016 ‘| EH$ XeH$ ~rVZo na r ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z
H$s KQ>ZmAm| ‘| Ano{jV H$‘r Zht AmB© Am¡a ‘mZd hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo
CÝh| ‘mZd A{YH$mam| go ^r d§{MV ahZm n‹S> ahm h¡& ‘{hcm
CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ nrN>o {d{^ÝZ H$maU {Oå‘oXma aho h¡§ {OÝh| Bg aoIm{MÌ
Ûmam EH$ X¥{ï> ‘| àX{e©V {H$`m J`m h¡-
ghm`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, amOZr{V {dkmZ , emgH$s` ‘hm{dÚmc`.
{ghmdc, {Ocm-grYr (‘. à.) 486670 ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ {d{dY H$maU
gm‘m{OH$ Am{WH© $ amOZr{VH$ Ym{‘H© $ ì mnm[aH$ AÝ H$maU
1. nam`o ‘Xm}§ go ~mV H$aZm
2. g‘` na m AÀN>m ImZm Z ~ZmZm
3. ~ƒm| H$m g‘w{MV Ü`mZ Z aIZm
4. n{V H$mo {~Zm ~Vm`o ~mha OmZm
5. ggwamc ‘| m n{V go ~hg H$aZm
6. ghdmg H$aZo go ‘Zm H$aZm
Niyaz Ahamad Ansari40
7. {ejm àmá H$aZo H$s ~ma-~ma ‘m§J H$aZm amï´>r` ‘{hcm
Am`moJ Ho$ Am§H$‹S>o r ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z H$s `mdhVm COmJa
H$aVo h¡§-3
7 {‘ZQ> ‘| EH$ ‘{hcm Ho$ gmW m¡Z emofU {H$`m OmVm h¡
43 {‘ZQ> Ho$ A§Vamc ‘| EH$ ‘{hcm H$m AnhaU hmoVm h¡&
54 {‘ZQ> Ho$ A§Vamc na EH$ ‘{hcm go N>o‹S>N>m‹S>/~cmËH$ma
{H$`m OmVm h¡&
102 {‘ZQ> ‘| EH$ ‘{hcm XhoO CËnr‹S>Z H$s {eH$ma hmoVr h¡&
‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ H$maUm|o ‘| ‘{hcm {ZajaVm d {JaVm hþAm
qcJmZwnmV ^r {Oå‘oXma h¡ {Oggo Kaocy d gm‘m{OH$ ñVa na
qhgm hmoVr h¡ {Ogo Vm{cH$m 1 d 2 ‘| ~Vcm`m J`m h¡-
Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU EŠQ> Ho$ à‘wI àmdYmZ -
‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ CŠV àH$mam| H$mo Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU EŠQ> H$s Ymam 3 ‘| em{‘c H$aVo hþE H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ n[adma ‘| {H$gr ‘{hcm m ~m{cH$m Ho$ gmW nwê$f m ‘{hcm Ûmam {H$`m J`m ha dh H$m`© Kaocy qhgm ‘mZm Om`oJm {Og‘| ‘{hcm H$m OrZm H${R>Z hmo Om`o Am¡a Cgo emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ H$ï> hmo&6 ‘{hcm
CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ H$maUm|o ‘| ‘{hcm {ZajaVm d {JaVm hþAm qcJmZwnmV ^r {Oå‘oXma h¡ {Oggo Kaocy d gm‘m{OH$ ñVa na qhgm hmoVr h¡ Omo Vm{cH$m 1 VWm 2 go ñnï> hmoVm h¡&BgH$s Ymam 4 ‘o§ C„oI h¡ {H$ nr{‹S>Vm m H$moB© AÝ` ì`pŠV Kaocy qhgm H$s {eH$m`V nw{cg, ‘{OñQ>´oQ> `m Kaocy qhgm g¨ajU A{YH$mar go H$a gH$Vm h¡& Ymam 12 Ho$ VhV ‘{OñQ>´oQ> àVm{‹S>Vm H$mo ‘wAmdOm {Xcm`oJm& AmXoe H$m nmcZ Z hmoZo na 1 gmc H$s gOm m 20,000 ê$. H$m Ow‘m©Zm cJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡&7‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z H$m ‘wpñc‘ n[aX¥í` :-
EH$ ‘wpñc‘ ZoÌr lr‘Vr ~m`‘m ~r eoI Ho$ AZwgma ''‘h{f© H$d} Ed§ amOmam‘ ‘mohZ am` Zo Omo H$m‘ {hÝXy pñÌ`m| Ho$ {cE {H$`m h¡, dhr H$m‘ ‘wpñc‘ Am¡aVm| Ho$ {cE ^r A~ {H$gr Z {H$gr H$mo H$aZm hmoJm& ‘wpñc‘ ‘{hcmE§ AmO ^r gm¡-Xmo gm¡ gmc nwamZr qOXJr OrZo Ho$ {cE ‘O~ya h¡§ O~{H$ Bñcm‘ Y‘© ~am~ar H$m Xmdm H$aVm h¡& ~mXemh Am¡a `Vr‘ XmoZm| ‘pñOX ‘| gmW-gmW Z‘mO n‹T>Vo h¡§, EH$ Wmcr ‘| ImVo h¡§ Vmo {’$a h ~am~ar ‘Xm}§ VH$ hr gr{‘V Š`m| h¡&'' Bg àH$ma {hÝXwAm| H$s ^m§{V ‘wpñc‘ ‘{hcmE§ ^r XhoO àWm, nXm© àWm, A{ejm, Á`mXm ~ƒm| H$mo OÝ‘ XoZm Am{X XO©Z a g‘ñ`mAm| go cJmVma CËnr{‹S>V hmo ahr h¡§&AV: ‘wpñc‘ ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ CËnr‹S>Z H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {cE Oê$ar h¡ {H$ g^r Y‘m}§ H$s ‘{hcmAm| H$mo {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ CËnr‹S>Zm| go ‘wŠV H$amZo Ho$ {cE n¥WH$-n¥WH$ Zr{V`m§ d H$m`©H«$‘m| H$m {Z‘m©U d {H«$`mÝd`Z {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE, V^r BÝh| ^r ‘mZd A{YH$ma àmá hmo gH|$Jo& ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z amoH$Zo hoVw ì`mdhm[aH$ gwPmd :-‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ Cn`w©ŠV H$maUm|, BgH$s ^`mdhVm, CËnÝZ g‘ñ`mAm| Am{X Ho$ {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ `{X g‘` ahVo ‘{hcm Ed§ ~mc CËnr‹S>Z H$mo Zht amoH$m J`m Vmo ‘{hcm gepŠVH$aU, gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`, ‘mZd A{YH$ma O¡gr AdYmaUmE§ {ZaW©H$ {gÕ hm|Jr& AV: ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z amoH$Zo hoVw {ZåZ{cpIV ‘m¡{cH$ d ì`mdhm[aH$ gwPmdm| na A‘c {H$`m OmZm Amdí`H$ àVrV hmoVm h¡-1. ‘{hcm gepŠVH$aU go g¨~§{YV Zr{V, `moOZmAm| d H$mZyZm| H$mo nyar {Zð>m d g{H«$`Vm go cmJy H$aHo$ hr ‘{hcm CËnr ‹S >Z g‘má hmoZm g¨^d h¡ {Oggo CÝh| ‘mZd A{YH$ma àmá H$aZo ‘| AmgmZr hmo&
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 39-42
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2. gmg-~h ÿ H$o AÀN> o g~Y§ m | dmc o Q>r.dr. Ymamdm{hH$m,| {’$ë‘m|, H$hm{Z`m| Am{X H$m cJmVma g¥OZ Ed§ àMma àgma hmo {Oggo g‘mO ‘| CËgmhdY©H$ dmVmdaU {Z{‘©V hmo& O¡gm {H$ AmJam Ho$ ’$Vohnwa grH$ar ‘| 19 VWm AN>Zoam ‘| 22 Zd§~a 2007 H$mo 'gmg-~hÿ gå‘ocZ' Am`mo{OV {H$`o Om aho h¡§& 3. maV ‘| ‘{hcm nwê$f EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {cE Oê$ar h¡ {H$ g‘mZ AmMaU g¨{hVm (AZw. 44) H$mo cmJy hmo {Oggo g{X`m| go emo{fV d {nN>‹S>r ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ gepŠVH$aU Ho$ à`mg hmo g’$cgHo§$& {Og àH$ma ^maVr` X§S> g¨{hVm (IPC) H$mo gånyU© ^maV ‘| cmJy {H$`m J`m h¡, Cgr àH$ma d à^md go h g¨{hVm r cmJy H$s OmZr Mm{hE, Š`m|{H$ ZmJ[aH$ ZmJ[aH$ ‘| ^oX H$aZm, cmoH$V§Ì d ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$s ‘yc mdZmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ h¡&4. maVr` g¨{dYmZ ‘| r ñdV§ÌVm, g‘mZVm, gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`, Y‘©{ZanojVm, g‘mOdmX, H$mZyZ H$m emgZ Am{X H$mo A§JrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡& BZH$s dmñV{dH$ ñWmnZm hoVw g{H«$` {H«$`mÝd`Z gw{ZpíMV {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE {Oggo ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z amoH$Zo Ed§ ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$s gƒr ñWmnZm hmo gHo$&5. ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$s gyMr ‘| C{„pIV g^r 29 A{YH$mam| H$mo ì`mnH$ ñVa na àMm[aV d àgm[aV {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& BZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ VhV nwÌ àm{á Ho$ {cE ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z, J^m©dñWm d àgd Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$s OmZodmcr nm[adm[aH$ cmnadmhr Am{X H$mo ^r em{‘c {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE {Oggo ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ g‘J« ê$nm| na H$‹S>r ZOa aIr Om gHo$& 6. ‘{hcm Ed§ ~mc CËnr‹S>Z go g¨~§{YV g^r ‘m‘cm| H$s gwZdmB© Xw«VJ{V go H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm hmo& Xmo{f`m| H$mo H$‹S>r gOm ^r Xr OmE {Oggo {H$ ‘{hcmAm| H$m CËnr‹S>Z H$aZodmco hVmoËgm{hV hm|& ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ {cE Hw$N> ê$n ‘| ‘{hcm dJ© r {Oå‘oXma h¡& AV: ‘{hcmAm| H$mo ^r ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ à{V dmñV{dH$ ghmZw^y{V aIZr hmoJr, Mmho ‘{hcm dJ© ‘| CZH$s ~oQ>r, ‘m§, ~hZ hmo `m gmg, ZZX, XodamZr, OoR>mZr `m Zm¡H$amZr g^r Ho$ à{V ‘mZdVmdmXr ì`dhma {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE& ~oeH$ `{X ‘{hcmE§ hr ‘{hcmAm| H$mo CËnr{‹S>V H$a|Jr Vmo nwê$f dJ© Ûmam gwYma H$s Amem H$aZm {ZaW©H$ hmoJm& {ZîH$f© :-
AV: ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z g‘má H$aHo$ CÝh| ‘mZd A{YH$ma {XcmZo hoVw Oê$ar h¡ {H$ Bg EŠQ> H$mo H$maJa ~ZmZo hoVw ì`mdhm[aH$ H$X‘ CR>m`o Om`| {Oggo ‘{hcmAm| H$s pñW{V ‘| gwYma Am`o& ‘{hcm
gepŠVH$aU go g¨~§{YV Zr{V, moOZmAm| d H$mZyZm| H$mo nyar {Zð>m d g{H«$`Vm go cmJy H$aHo$ hr ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z H$mo g‘má H$aZm g¨^d h¡ {Oggo CÝh| ‘mZd A{YH$ma àmá H$aZo ‘| AmgmZr hmo& O¡gm{H$ nyd© Ho$ÝÐr` ‘{hcm Ed§ ~mc {dH$mg ‘§Ìr gwlr aoUwH$m Mm¡Yar Zo Bg EŠQ> Ho$ ‘hËd H$mo BZ eãXm| ‘| ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡- ''Bg EŠQ> H$m cmyJ hmoZm c¡§{JH$ Ag‘mZVm H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {cE EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$X‘ {gÕ hmo ahm h¡ {OgHo$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n hr ‘mZd g‘mO Ho$ AmYo mJ '‘{hcm dJ©' H$mo gƒo AWm}§ ‘| ‘mZd A{YH$ma àmá hm|Jo Am¡a ‘mZd A{YH$mam| H$s ñWmnZm r gmW©H$ hmoJr&''8 Bgr gÝX^© ‘| Zmo~c nwê$ñH$ma {dOoVm d H$ë`mU AW©emñÌ Ho$ àmo’o$ga A‘©Ë` goZ Zo AnZr nwñVH$ India-Economic
Development & Social Opportunity ‘| {cIm h¡, "" ‘{hcmAm| H$mo g‘mZ Adga d àmoËgmhZ XoZo go Z Ho$dc ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ OrdZ ‘| {ZpíMV ê$n go gH$mamË‘H$ Aga n‹S>oJm, ~pëH$ Bggo nwê$fm| Am¡a ~ƒm| H$mo r cm^ hmoJm& '' 9 AŠQy>~a, 2006 ‘| `h {dYo`H$ nm[aV hmoZo Am¡a 2016 Ho$ A§V ‘| EH$ XeH$ ~rVZo na ^r ‘{hcm CËnr‹S>Z H$s KQ>ZmAm| ‘| Ano{jV H$‘r Zht AmZm h {gÕ H$aVm h¡ {H$ A^r maVr` g‘mO Am¡a emgZ-àemgZ H$mo Bg {Xem ‘| R>mog , gVV² Ed§ à^mdr H$X‘ CR>mZo hm|Jo& BgHo$ gmW hr h‘| H$m`©ñWc na ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ emofU go g¨ajU A{Y{Z`‘ (2013) Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z na ^r g‘w{MV Ü`mZ XoZm hmoJm& g¨X^© J«§WgyMr 1. moOZm Aà¡c 2002, gy. Ed§ à. ‘§Ìmc` ZB© {X„r noO-382. Pratiyogita Darpan, Dec. 2006, Upkar Prakashan,
Agra Page-909
3. amï´>r` ghmam, 12 ‘mM© 2002, ZB© {X„r, noO-94. {dÝÜ` maVr (Ì¡‘m{gH$ emoY n{ÌH$m) Zd§~a 2005, EnrEg {d. {d. ardm, noO 525. maVr` g‘mO, 2000, ‘. à. {hÝXr J«§W AH$mX‘r, ^monmc, noO-76. X¡{ZH$ mñH$a, 15 {Xgå~a 2006, O~cnwa noO-47. moOZm AŠQy>~a 2006, gy. Ed§ à. ‘§Ìmc` ZB© {X„r noO-418. Times of India 28 Oct. 2006, New Delhi Page-14
9. gm‘mÝ` AÜ``Z, ‘Ü` àXoe qhXr J«§W AH$mX‘r 2016, noO 142
Niyaz Ahamad Ansari42
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
bjoídar Hw$a}{hÝXr {d^mJ
emgH$s¶ ‘hm{dÚmb¶ V‘Zma, am¶JT> (N>.J.)E-mail : [email protected]
gbm‘ AmIar : doí¶m OrdZ H$s XmñVmZ
gmam§e
‘Yw H$m§H$[a`m° g‘H$mcrZ ‘{hcm copIH$mAm| ‘| EH$ Eogr à{V^m gånÝZ copIH$m h¡§ {OÝhm|Zo g‘mO Ho$ EH$ Eogo dJ© H$mo AnZo coIZ H$m
Ho$ÝÐ{~ÝXw ~Zm`m h¡ {Og dJ© H$mo gä` g‘mO ho` Am¡a {VañH$ma H$s ZOamo§ go XoIVm h¡& copIH$m Zo AnZo CnÝ`mg gcm‘ AmIar ‘|
doî`m-OrdZ H$m Z¾ Am¡a `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡& Zm[a`m° {H$g Vah go doî`md¥pËV AnZo Ho$ {cE {ddf hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a AnZm
ñdm{^‘mZ H$m Jcm KmoQ> H$a ZaH$s` mVZm énr doîdmd¥pËV H$mo AnZmVr h¡& wI‘ar, Jar~r, YmoImY‹S>r, H«y$a naånamAmo§ Am¡a nwéfdmXr
dM©ñd Ho$ H$maU Bg JcV amñVo H$m MwZmd H$aVr h¡& copIH$m Zo doî`m-OrdZ H$s XX© ar XmñVmZ H$mo hr Zht ~pëH$ gä` g‘mO Am¡a
gaH$ma Ho$ BZHo$ à{V ~oéIr H$mo r ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& h CnÝ`mg doî`m OrdZ H$m EH|$àm‘m{UH|$XñVmdoO h¡&
~rO eãX :- ‘Yw H$m§H$[a`m±, gcm‘ AmIarE ñÌrdmX, doî`m -OrdZ, maVr` g‘mO.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 43-47
àñVmdZm :-
^maVr` g¨ñH¥${V ‘| Ohm± Ì Zm`©ñVw.........H$hm OmVm h¡& dht
Zmar H$mo gm‘m{OH$ fmofU Ho$ H$maU AnZo VZ ~oMZo Ho$ {cE ~mÜ`
hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Bg{cE doî`mmd¥{Îm h‘mao g‘mO ‘| Am{XH$mc go
coH$a dV©‘mZ g‘` VH$ {H$gr Z {H$gr én ‘| {dÚ‘mZ h¡& H$^r
XodXmgr, gd©^mo½`m, énOrdm, Z¥Ë`m§JZm, J{UH$m, ZJadYy Vmo
H$^r Vdm`’$, H$m°cJc© Am{X-Am{X& gm‘§Vr ì`dñWm AnZr
ñdmW©ny{V© hoVw Zmar H$mo H$^r r ñdV§Ì ApñVËd H$m {Z‘m©U Zht
H$aZo {X`m Š`m|{H$ {nV¥gÎmmË‘H$ g‘mO gä`Vm Am¡a g¨ñH¥${V Ho$
Zm‘ na ñÌr H$mo AZwHw${cV H$a fmofU Ho$ T>m§Mo ‘| ‹T>mcH$a fmo{fV
hmoZo Ho$ {cE V¡`ma H$aVm h¡& {g‘moZ X ~mCdma H$hVr h¡-"" Am¡aV
H$mo Am¡aV hmoZm {gIm`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a ~Zr ahZo Ho$ {cE Cgo
AZwHy$c {H$`m OmVm h¡& VÏ`m| Ho$ {dîcofU go g‘P ‘| Am`oJm
{H$ àË`oH$ ‘mXm ‘mZd Ord A{Zdm`©Vm Am¡a VnZo H$s ahñ`‘`
dmñV{dH$Vm go n[a{MV hmoZm n‹S>oJm&"" 1 {nËV¥gËVmË‘H$ g‘mO
ñÌr H$mo Ho$dc gå^moJ d g¨VmZ H$s BÀN>m nyar H$aZo dmcr ^moJ
H$s dñVw ‘mZVm Am`m h¡ amOoÝÐ mXd H$hVo h§¡-"" Am¡aV nwéf Ho$
{cE gw‘wIr, n`moYam,|jrU H${Q>, {~cdñVZr, gw^Jm, ^JdVr
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Ag¨doXZfrc d CËnr‹S>H$ {dMmaYmam dmcm h¡& Bg{cE ‘mZdr`
X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ à{gÕ H${d VwcgrXmg pñÌ`m| H$mo nfw Vwë` àVm{‹S>V
hmoZo Ho$ A{YH$mar ‘mZVo h¡ Vmo H$~ra Xmg ñÌr H$mo gd©Zmf H$m
H$maU ‘mZVo hþE Cgo ‘m`m H$hVo h¡§& ^maVr` g¨ñH¥${V Zmar H$mo
Xodrñdénm, Am¡a nwéf H$m AmYm A§J ‘mZVr h¡ co{H$Z h Ho$dc
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AJ«dmc Or Zo ghr H$hm h¡ - "" `h gm‘m{OH$ ‘mÝ`Vm {Og
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Am¡a Zmar go R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma H$m‘ coZm n‹S>Vm h¡ O¡go T>moc Am¡a
nfw go coZm hmoVm h¡&""3 nwéf g‘mO Zo ñÌr Ho$ AnZm g‘n{Îm
‘mZm Am¡a O¡gm Mmhm d¡gm ~Vm©d H$aVm Am`m&
"gcm‘ AmIar" ‘Yw H§$H$[a`m° H$m doî`md¥{Îm na {cIm M{M©V
CnÝ`mg h¡ {Og‘| copIH$m Zo doî`m OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s g‘ñ`mAm|
H$mo|àm‘m{UH|$én go àñVwV H$aVo hþE g‘mO H$m {KZm¡Zm én Am¡a
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g‘ñ`m h¡ {Ogo copIH$m Zo AnZo aMZm gm{hË` ‘| gcm‘ AmIar
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g‘mO Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ ~mao ‘| {cIm h¡ -"" g‘mO ‘| doî`mAm| H$s
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I‘ ~Mm Wm, BgHo$ Acmdm dhm° OrdZ ‘| Xohì`mnma Ho$ Acmdm
g¨JrV Am¡a Z¥Ë` ^r Ow‹S>m hþAm Wm& Wmo‹S>m amJ-a§J Ed§ hmg-
n[ahmg r Wm& AmO pñW{V {dnarV h¡& doî`md¥{Îm Ed§ âbmB©J do
`mE° ñd`§ H$mo 20-20 én`m| ‘| {‘ZQ>m| Ho$ {hgm~ go Zrcm‘ H$a
ahr h¡§& Š`m H$hm Om`m Bgo ? gä`Vm H$m AÝV m ‘Zwî`Vm H$
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{‘ZQ>m| Ho$ {hgm~ go AcJ-AcJ gm¡Xm H$a ahr h¡&"" 4 cmc
~ËVr H$s J{c`m| ‘| doî`mAm| H$mo doî`m Z H$hH$a cmBZdmcr,
cmBZ H$m H$m‘ H$aZo dmcr m Y§Yo dmcr H$hm OmVm h¡& o doî`mE§
AnZo ñdm{^‘mZ Ho$ {déÕ H$m‘ H$aVo Am¡a ZaH$s` OrdZ go
‘wpŠV H$m ñdßZ XoIVr hþB© CXmg Am¡a D$~r hþB© AdñWm ‘|
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gmoZmJmN>r cmc~Îmr BcmHo$ ‘| AmJadmcr, Zonmcr, ~§Jmcr,
‘wpñc‘ Am{X Omo AR>mah go coH$a Mmcrg-~`mcrg H$s Zm[a`m±
doî`m ì`dgm§` H$aVr hþB© ZOa AmVr h¡§& Xoh ì`mnma H$s Bg
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{Og‘| Xcmcm| Ûmam doî`mAm| Ho$ {cE {dkmnZ {X`m OmVm h¡-""
ga, ga BYa M{cE ... ~g Wmo‹S>m gm AmJo nQ>mIm ‘mc h¡,
OmoaXma MrO& hm± ga, ~g Jm§aQ>r hr g‘{P`o ... ~g ga, EH$
~ma XoI a cr{OE... Amn r Š`m mX aIoJ|&""5 Bg Y§Yo ‘|
A{Y`m {gñQ>‘ r hmoVm h¡& MH$cm McmZo dmco J«hmH$ OwQ>mVo h¡
Am¡a doî`mAm| Ho$ ahZo Ho$ {cE gw{dYm CncãY H$amVo h¡§ Am¡a
CgHo$ ~Xco ‘| CZH$s H$‘mB© Ho$ nMmg à{VfV coVo h¡& AnZr
fmar[aH$ ^yI {‘Q>mZo dmco J«mhH$ Am¡a Xoh-ì`mnma H$aZo dmcr
doî`mAm| Ho$ ì`mdhma H$m ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌU H$aVo hþE copIH$m
H$hVr h¡-"" g^r Vah Ho$ J«hmH$ BZ J{c`m| ZmH$ dmco, {~Zm ZmH$
dmco& Q>m`S>©-[aQ>m`S>© nËZr dmco-{~Zm npËZdmco& cwH${N>nH$a
AmZo dmco, Q´H$ S´mBda , ‘OXya, Ed§ [aŠfm dmco& D$~o hþE aB©g
Laksheshwari Kurre44
Ed§ {f{Wc n‹S>o B§{Ð`m| dmco, qOXJr go WHo$ AYo‹S> ^r AnZr
AW©hrZ ImoIcr Ed§ Zrga qOXJr ‘| ‘OmVËd H$s cmcgm {cE
Mco AmVo h¡§.... AgmÜ` amoJm| go J«ñV ~y‹T>o Ed§ ~‹S>r C‘« VH$ ahZo
dmco A{ddm{hV r& EH$X‘ Z`o-Zdoco...nhcr ~ma ñÌr g¨gJ©
H$ Om`H$m coZo dmco ^r&""6 copIH$m Zo doî`m OrdZ H$s
g‘ñ`mAm| H$mo gwH$s{V© Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go CKm‹S>Zo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡&
Xoh ì`mnma énr Agm‘m{OH$ H$m`m} H$mo Zm[a`m± ñdoÀN>m go Zht
H$aVr h¡ ~pëH$ A^md, ^yI‘ar, Jar~r Am¡a ~cmËH$ma,
é{‹T>dmXr naånamE§ Am{X Eogr hr A‘mZdr` ì`dhma H$s dOh go
‘{hcmE§ Xoh ì`nma H$aZo Ho$ {cE {ddf hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo Hw$N> pñÌ`m|
H$mo {dîdmgKmV H$a Ho$ O~aZ Bg H$m`© Ho$ {cE YHo$cm OmVm h¡&
Am¡a H$moB© ñÌr `{X S>a Ho$ Am¡a AmË‘ ñdm{^‘mZ Ho$ {cE doî`m
Y§Ym Zht H$aVr Am¡a O¡gm-V¡gm dhm± go AmJ {ZH$cVr h¡ CgHo$
~mdOyX r h g‘mO Cg na H$sZ Zht H$aVm h¡& ""gƒm[aVm
O¡gr fm`X H$moB© MrO hmoVr hr Zht Bg O{Q>c Am¡a g¨doXZ{dhrZ
Xw{Z`m ‘|| ...... pñÌ`m± V^r VH$ M[aÌdmZ h¡ O~ VH$
n[apñW{V`m± CZHo$ AZwHy$c h¡ Am¡a H$moB© ~mñQ>S>© Zht AmVm CgH$s
Xw{Z`m§ ‘|&""7 IarXXma JmH$a, ào‘ Mmc ‘| ’$gm H$a, AnhaU
H$a, ~hcm ’w$gcmH$a doî`md¥{Îm Ho$ {cE cmB© JB© c‹S>{H$`m| H$mo
MH$co H$s ^mfm ‘| "Nw>H$ar' H$hm OmVm h¡& Månm Zm‘H$ doî`m
ñd`§ gwH$s{V© go H$hVr h¡-"" Nw>H$ar H$^r AnZr BÀN>m go Zht
AmVr h¡§, Mmoar go cmB© OmVr h¡ {’$a {H$gr MH$co ‘| ~oM Xr OmVr
h¡& EH$ ~ma ‘moQ>r aH$‘ ‘| CgH$s IarX coZo na, {’$a ha amoO H$s
CgH$s H$‘mB© ‘mc{H$Z H$s nyar AnZr& ‘mc{H$Z H$mo ~g Cgo
ImZm-H$n‹S>m a XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Nw>H$[a`m| H$m aoQ> ~hþV hmB© hmoVm
h¡& {JamhH$m| ‘| CZH$s ‘m°J g~go Á`mXm hmoVr h¡& ....co{H$Z
CZH$mo aIZo ‘o| P‘ocm ^r CVZr h¡& H$mZyZ....nw{cg....H$moQ>©
.....H$Mhar.....g^r H$m&''8 doî`mì`dgm` H$mo AnZmZo dmcr
OmZo dmcr Z`r c‹S>{H$`m| H$mo MH$co H$s ‘mc{H$Z, nQ>mZo, [aPmZo,
H$s {fjm r XoVr h¡ -"" H$moB© r {JamhH$ R>ñg ‘yaVr go ào‘ Zht
H$aZm MmhVm....n¡gm XoVm h¡ Vmo ‘Oo Ho$ {cE....hm± hÿ±, D$’$-C’$
H$aVo {ggH$mar ^r ‘maZr n‹S>Vr h¡...Vw‘ Iwf Zht aImoJr Vmo
Xygar Ho$ nmg Mcm Om`oJm& Aao XwëhZ dhr Omo {n`m ‘Z ^mE&
{JamhH$m| H$mo [aPmZo H$s ’$ZH$mar {Ogo Am JB© dhr amO H$aVr
h¡&""9 n[adma g‘mO Am¡a ‘`m©XmAm| go H$Q>r `o cmBZ dmcr
pñÌ`m§ AHo$conZ H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ> ‘| AnZm OrdZ-`mnZ H$aVr h¡§&
BZ doî`mAm| Ho$ à{V g‘mO H$m Am‘ YmaUm ahVm h¡ {H$ `o
gwI‘` Am¡a fmZ-fm¡H$V go OrdZ ì`{ÎmV H$aZo Ho$ {cE hr Bg
JcV amñVo H$m MwZmd ñdoÀN>m go H$aVr h¡ O~{H$ dmñV{dH$Vm na
H$moB© Ü`mZ Zht XoVm h¡& Zmar Ûmam doî`md¥{Îm AnZmZo Ho$ H$aUm| na
copIH$m H$hVr h¡ -""nMmgr à{VfV doî`md¥{Îm OrdZ H$s Ma‘
ÌmgXr ‘| wI Ho$ ‘moM© H$s {déÕ AnZmB© OmVr h¡& Xg à{VfV
doî`md¥{Îm YmoImY‹S>r go CnOVr h¡& `h YmoImY‹S>r, ào‘ Ho$ PyR>o
dmXo, Zm¡H$ar H$m àcmo^Z, fhar MH$mMm¡§Y go coH$a EH$ Cƒ Am¡a
gå‘m{ZV, gãO~mJ {XImZo VH$ hmoVr h¡& Ag¨Vw{cV {dH$mg,
~oH$mar, CO‹S>Vo J«m‘, nma§n[aH$ {fën Am¡a Kaocy CÚmoJm| Ho$
{dcyá hmo OmZo go fham| H$s Va’$ ~‹T>Vm ncm`Z.... Am{X
g¨^mdZmnyU© BZnwQ> h¡ BZ cmc~Îmr BcmH$mo§ ‘| &""10 Z{cZr
AnZr doî`md¥{Îm AnZmZo H$m H$maU ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡-""
‘oao ‘m±-~mn XmoZm| IoVr ‘| H$m‘ H$aVo Wo& N>h mB© -~hZ h¡§ h‘&
AmO r XoI gH$Vr hÿ± Aå‘m H$mo amo{Q>`m± {JZVo hþE Am¡a {hgm~
cJmVo hþE& gmam {XZ Aå‘m H$m `hr gmoMVo-gmoMVo ~rVVm Wm
{H$ fm‘ {H$g àH$ma JwOaoJr, gyIr m yIr&""11
doî`mAm| H$mo r doî`m OrdZ OrVo hþE {d{^ÝZ àH$ma go fmofU H$m
{fH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& H$^r J«mhH$m| Ûmam, nw{cg Ûmam, H$moQ>©-
H$Mhar, Xcmcm| Ûmam Vmo H$^r MH$cm Ka H$s ‘mc{H$Z Ûmam
gmoZmJmN>r Ho$ à{gÕ MH$cmKa H$s ‘mc{H$Z doî`m ì`dgm`
Ë`mJH$a ñd`§ H$m MH$cm McmVr h¡ CgH$s d¥{Îm Am¡a MH$co Ho$
{df` ‘| copIH$m H$hVr h¡- ‘m°S>‘ ‘rZm Ho$ AYrZ N>: doî`mE° h¡,
g^r AR>mah Ho$ Vrg Ho$ ~rM H$s& BÝh| Xygar ñdV§Ì doî`mAm| H$s
Vah g‹S>H$ na J«mhH$m| H$s àVrjm ‘| I‹S>o Zht ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡&
BZHo$ {cE J«mhH$ OwQ>mZm ‘rZm H$m H$m‘ h¡& c‹S>{H$`m| H$s Vah go
dhr ~mV ^r H$aVr h¡ J«mhH$m| go nyao "H¡$Q>cm°J' Ho$ gmW & Bg
ì`dñWm H$mo BZ cmc~Îmr BcmH$mo| H$s ^mfm ‘| A{Y`m {gñQ>‘
H$hm OmVm h¡, mZr AmYm-AmYm, {’$âQ>r-{’$âQ>r & doî`mAm| H$mo
ahZo H$s gw{dYm XoZm, Ed§ J«mhH$ OwQ>mZo Ho$ ~Xco ‘rZm àË`oH$
doî`m go AnZr H$‘mB© H$m nMmg à{VfV ~gyc coVr h¡& H$n‹S>o,
gm~wZ, l¥§Jma H$s gm‘J«r Ed§ ~mH$s amoO‘am© H$s OéaV| doî`m Ho$
{ZOr ImVo ‘| & hm±, OéaV n‹S>Zo na do ‘mc{H$Z go CYma co
gH$Vr h¡ {OgHo$ {cE ‘mc{H$Z Imgm ã`mO dgycVr h¡&""12
`h Xw{Z`m° hr Eogr h¡ {H$ Ohm° EH$ ~ma ’°gr Zmar H$^r r ~mha
Zht {ZH$c nmVr h¡& BZ ‘{hcmAm| Ho$ à{V An‘mZ, {ZÝXm Am¡a
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 43-47 45
^oX^md Ho$ gmW A‘mZdr` ì`dhma ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡ {’$a ^r
‘w»`Ymam go Ow‹S>m nwéf g‘mO, AnamYr dJ© , nw{cg Am¡a
gfñÌ goZmAm| Ho$ H$‘©Mmar g^r BZ ‘{hcmAm| go `m¡Z g‘n©U
H$s Amfm H$aVo h¡ BZ J«mhH$m| Ho$ à{V ì`§½` H$aVo hþE Jm`Ìr
Zm‘H$ doî`m H$hVr h¡ -"" XaAgc gmco IyX {H$VZo r {Jao Š`mo§
Z hmo§, OJh-OJh H$s OyR>Z MmQ>o hþE hmo| na MmhoJ| {H$ c‹S>H$s
{‘co Vmo Hw±$dmar H$Ý`m m {’$a gVr-gm{dÌr & gmco doî`mAm| VH$
go Cå‘rX aIVo h¡ {H$ h‘ CZ jUm| ‘| cOmE°& CZHo$ nwéfmW© H$m
cmohm ‘mZ c|& gmco nyao JYo hmoVo h¡§, ^¡Z... H$B`m| H$mo AÀN>m
cJVm h¡- h‘mam MrIZm {gaH$mar aZm, ZmoMZm...Aao ‘¡S>‘ nyar
AOm`~Ka h¡ h Xy{Z`m° &"" 13
Jm`Ìr EH$ âbmBªJ doî`m h¡ Am¡a doî`m OrdZ H$s XX© go dm{H$’$
h¡ Bg{cE dh ~mah df© H$s ~m{cH$m H$mo AÝ` doî`mAm| Ho$
{fH§$Oo go ‘wŠV H$aVr h¡ Am¡a H$‘ C‘« dmco ~ƒm| H$mo AnZo nmg
^r AmZo Zht XoVr h¡& doî`m hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX r dh AnZo AÀN>o
H$m`m|© Ho$ {cE cmc~Îmr BcmHo$ ‘| EH$ AcJ nhMmZ {c`o hþE h¡&
Bg{cE gwH$s{V© CgH$m gmjmËH$ma coZo OmVr h¡ Am¡a doî`m
OrdZ, CZH$s g‘ñ`mAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| Jm`Ìr go nwN>Vr h¡ V~ doî`m
Jm`Ìr J«mhH$m| H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$hVr h¡-"" OmZVr h¡ ‘wPo
g~go A{YH$ naofmZr hmoVr h¡ ~y‹T>o {JahH$m| go...."" ‘aOmZo Am
‘a|Jo, Hw$N> H$aZo ‘| JwXm {ZH$cZo cJoJm, Vmo ~H$dmg na CVa
AmE°Jo... AOr~-AOr~ ‘m±J H$a|Jo& dj na hmW ’o$aVo ah|Jo&
EH$ Eogm hr ~w‹T>D$ AmVm Wm& XmXy& hmW-n¡a H$sV©Z H$aVo gwAa Ho$
~ƒo Ho$& ‘mWm MmQ> OmVm Wm... My‘Vm OmVm Am¡a nyN>Vm OmVm,
H$‘oZ cmJN>o...(H¡$gm cJVm h¡, H¡$gm cJVm h¡&) "EH$ Am¡a XmXy
{ga {MH$Zo Vdo H$s Vah g’$mMQ>& EH$ r ~mc Zht & Mhoao H$s
Imc PwcVr hþB©& hm°’$Vo-hm°’$Vo ~¡R> OmVm Am¡a H$hVm, H$n‹S>o
CVmaH$a ZmM&"" 14 Xoh ~oMH$a n¡gm Vmo {‘c OmVm Am¡a VZ ‘Z
nyar Vah go WH$ OmVm h¡ Am¡a {~‘m[a`m± ^r Ka H$a OmVr h¡
fmar[aH$ Am¡a ‘mZ{gH$ én go WH$mdQ> Ho$ ~mao ‘| nyN>Zo na Jm`Ìr
H$hVr h¡ - hm± fwé-fwé ‘| I‹S>o-I‹S>o H$‘a Qy>Q> OmVr Wr, Jmo‹S>
{namZo cJVm Wm& A§Xa Kmd hmo OmVo Wo, IwOcr hmoZo cJVr Wr&
co{H$Z ~mH$s doî`mAm| H$s Vah WH$mZ {‘Q>mZo H$mo ‘| Xmé Zht coVr
...hm±, ‘oao J«mhH$ Xmé nrVo h¡ H$B© coH$a AmVo h¡§, H$B© hm± AmH$a
IarXVo h¡§& H$B©-H$B© J«mhH$ {dfofH$a fmQ>© aoQ>dmco Vmo Eogr XwJ©ÝY
‘maVo h¡§ {H$ ‘mWm ^ÝZm OmVm h¡& C~H$mB© AmZo cJVr h¡& Zht
fam~ H$s Zht ngrZo H$s XwJ©ÝY, gmco gámh ‘| EH$ ~ma Vmo gm~wZ
go ZhmVo h¡§&""15 O~ gwH$s{V© nwN>Vr H$s Vw‘ gwa{jV m¡Z g¨~§Y
Š`m| Zht ~ZmVr O~ Bg Vah Ho$ m¡Z g‘ñ`mAm| go JwOaZm n‹S>Vm
h¡ V~ Jm`Ìr H$hVr h¡- hm± AmnZo ghr hr gwZm h¡, H$B© ñd`§godr
g¨ñWmAm| Zo r h‘o§ Ry>±g-Ry>±g H$a g‘Pm`m h¡ {H$ {~Zm H§$S>mo‘ Ho$
J«mhH$ Ho$ nmg Zht OmE±... na ‘¡S>‘, Hw$Îmm Om{V J«mhH$m| H$s H$B©
~ma gm’$ ‘Zm H$a XoVo h¡§, BgH$m Cn`moJ H$aZm Zht MmhVo, ‘Oo ‘|
Icc n‹S> OmVm h¡, h‘ r O~ nyao {XZ I‹S>o-I‹S>o H$‘a AH$‹S>
OmVr h¡& fara H$m Omo‹S> -Omo‹S> O~ XwIZo cJVm h¡ Am¡a H$moB©
J«mhH$ Zht nQ>Vm h¡ Vmo Bg na r amOr hmo OmVr h¡§ {H$ H$‘ go H$‘
{XZ nyam Vmo ’$m±H$m Zht OmE, AmZo OmZo H$m IMm© Vmo {ZH$co....&
`h Vmo H$‘am m‹S>m XoZo dmcr AÀN>r h¡& ‘wPgo m‹S>m V^r coVr h¡
O~ J«mhH$ {‘c OmVm h¡ Zhr §Vmo Am¡a ^ma n‹S>o& Am¡a {’$a ^co
J«mhH$m| H$mo Vmo ‘Zm r H$a Xy± na Omo a§J~mO Am¡a ‘ñVmZ Q>mBn m
nm‹S>o Ho$ XmXm hmoVo h¡§ do gmco Z Vmo H§$S>mo‘ ì`mhma H$aoJ| Am¡a Z hr
‘Zm H$aZo na Om`oJ|& BÀN>m hmo m Z hmo, CZHo$ gm‘Zo Vmo {~N>Zm
hr n‹S>Vm h¡& ""16 ~§Jmc ‘| XyJm© nyOm Am¡a H$mcr nyOm Ho$ g‘`
doî`mAm| H$mo g~go Á`mXm J«mhH$ {‘cVo h¡§& copIH$m Zo ~§Jmc ‘o|
Mcr Am ahr naånam {Og‘| Xodr H$s à{V‘m J‹T>Vo dŠV {H$gr
doî`m Ho$ Ka go {‘Q²>Q>r ‘m°Jr OmVr h¡-"" ~hþV ~mX ‘| {H$gr Zo
~Vm`m Wm {H$ fm`X Bg naånam H$s fwédmV Ho$ nrN>o `h qMVZ
ahm hmoJm {H$ doî`m H$mo r g‘mO Ho$ EH$ A§J Ho$ én ‘| ‘mÝ`Vm
{‘co, Bgr H$maU CZHo$ Ka go r moJXmZ {c`m OmZo cJm& EH$
Zo ~Vm`m {H$ `h ‘mQ>r Bg{cE CZHo$ Ka go cr OmVr h¡ {H$gr
‘maH$ n[apñW{V`m| Am¡a nc-nc àmU coZo dmcr {O„V Am¡a
{hH$maV Ho$ ~rM BVZm `mZH$ OrdZ do hr Or gH$Vr h¡& H$moB©
gmYmaU ñÌr BZ hmcVm| ‘| em`X AmË‘hË`m H$a co, Vmo CZHo$
Bgr hmB© nmda fm°H$ EãOm~©a Ho$ én ‘| gcm‘r XoZo Ho$ {cE Xodr
à{V‘m Ho$ {Z‘ËV g~go nhcr ‘mQ>r BÝht Kam| go cr OmVr
h¡&""17
doî`mAm| Ho$ nmg AmZo dmco {g’©$ m¡Z gwI coZo dmco hr Zht AmVo
h¡§ ~pëH$ AnZo nwéfËd Ah§ H$mo R>og nhþ±Mo dmco A{YH$Va cmoJ
hmoVo h¡§& doî`mAm| H$m BñV‘mc amOZr{V Ho$ joÌm| ‘| r ~hþVm`Vm
go dV©‘mZm g‘` ‘| {H$`m Om ahm h¡& nyd© ‘| ^r doî`mAm| H$mo
amOmAm| Zo fñÌ Ho$ én ‘| BñVo‘mc {H$`m Vmo Om{V AmYm[aV
^oX^md g‘mO-g¨ñH¥${V Ho$ Am‹S> ‘| XodXm{g`m| H$m én XoH$a
Laksheshwari Kurre46
Zm[a`mo§ H$m nwamo{hVm|, nwOm[a`m| Am¡a A‘ra dJ© Ho$ cmoJm| Zo AnZo
ñdmW©nyVu Ho$ {cE XodVwë` H$hH$a CZH$mo fmofU {H$`m& copIH$m
Zo AnZo CnÝ`mg gcm‘ AmIar ‘o§ doî`mAm| Ho$ XX© ao OrdZ H$m
Z¾ Am¡a `Wm©W {MÌU {H$`m h¡-"" `h doî`mAmo| H$s ahñ`‘`
Xw{Z`m° h¡& fVmpãX`m| H$m ~moP T>moVr hþB© Xoh Ho$ ‘§{Xam| Am¡a Xoh Ho$
nwOm[a`m| H$s dh Xw{Z`m± h¡ Omo {dV¥îUm ‘| {cnQ>r EH$ AO~
gå‘mohZ OJmVr h¡& hm± {OÝXJr H$m fmoa -fam~m h¡ ha Jcr ha
H$‘ao H$m AcJ-AcJ B{Vhmg.... Ohm± ha amV Xoh Zht CY‹S>Vr
h¡, daZ² AmË‘mAm| H$m r Mra-haU hmoVm ahm h¡&18''{ZîH$f© :-
doî`md¥{Îm EH$ gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`m h¡ co{H$Z Bg g‘ñ`m Ho$
g‘mYmZ Ho$ {cE Am¡a Bgo ~ÝX H$aZo Ho$ {cE gaH$ma Am¡a gä`
H$hcmZo dmcm h g‘mO {H$gr Oah go H$moB© H$m`© Zht H$aVm h¡
~pëH$ doî`md¥{Îm H$mo EH$ CÚmoJ Ho$ én ‘| ñWm{nV H$a doî`mAm|
H$mo m¡ZH$‘u Am¡a l{‘H$ H$m XOm© XoZo H$s ‘m°J {H$`m Om ahm h¡&
Bg {df` ‘| copIH$m AnZo CnÝ`mg ‘| {cIVr h¡-"" H$cH$Îmo Ho$
gmëQ> coH$ ñQ>o{S>`‘ ‘| ’$adar 2001 ‘| doî`mAm| Ho$ A§Vam©ï´>r`
gå‘ocZ ‘| h XoIH$a ‘¡§ m¡§MH$H$ ah JB© Wr- BZ g¨JR>Zm| go ‘§Ì
nmH$a g^r doî`mE§ AnZr grZo na "dr Ama dH©$g©" H$m ~¡M cJmE
ñd`§ H$mo Jm¡adm§{dV H$a ahr Wr& ""19 h‘mao Xof ‘| doî`m g‘ñ`m
Ho$ g‘mYmZ Ho$ {cE H$moB© AmJo Zht AmVm h¡ Bg{cE doî`mE§
{d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ g‘ñ`mAm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aVo hþE ahñ`‘`r énr
Xcc ‘| hr AnZm OrdZ ì`{VV H$a Bg Omc go ‘wpŠV H$m gnZm
XoIVo hþE ‘¥Ë`w Ho$ J^© ‘| g‘m OmVr h¡ na H$moB© BZH$m ñdßZ nyam
H$aZo Zht OmVm h¡ doî`mOrdZ Ho$ XX© go ~oI~a amï´> nwéfm| na
ì`§½` H$aVo hþE ‘mohZXmg Z¡{‘îam` {cIVo h¡§-"" nwéf H$s
fmar[aH$ ^yI {‘Q>mZo Ho$ {cE ^maVr` g‘mO Am¡a {dfof én ‘|
{hÝXy g‘mO Zo doî`md¥{Îm H$mo Om`O ‘mZm h¡& Xof ‘| ~hþV H$‘ Eogo
‘hmnwéf hþE {OÝhm|Zo doî`md¥{Îm g‘má H$aZo Ho$ {cE AmÝXmocZ
{H$E&""20 h‘mam Xof AmOmX hmo J`m Am¡a A§J«oO Xof N>mo‹S> H$a
Mco JEo na naånam én XodXmgr àWm Omo g{X`m| go Mcr Am ahr
h¡ Am¡a {OgZo doî`md¥{Îm H$m J§^ra én YmaU H$a {c`m h¡ CZ
doî`mAm| H$mo AmO r Bg doî`md¥ËVr énr Jwcm‘r go AmOmXr Zht
{‘c nm ahr h¡- ""AmOmXr H$s Iw‘mar A^r IË‘ Zht hþB© Wr
Oocmo§ VH$ Ho$ H¡$Xr N>mo‹S> {XE JE Wo& co{H$Z Jwcm‘r Ho$ BZ qnOam|
go a§{S>`m| H$s ‘w{º$ Zht hþB© Wr do A^r r AnZo-AnZo qnOam| Ho$
^rVa Wr Am¡a ‘wŠV hmoZo H$mo ~oVm~ Wr co{H$Z {H$gr amï´> nwéf H$mo
BZ a§{‹S>`m| H$s ‘wpŠV H$m »`mc Zht Am`m&..... Jmoao Mco J`o, na
CÝh| ‘w{º$ Zhr| {‘cr& H$mco fmgH$m| H$mo AmOmXr H$s Jy§O ‘| CZHo$
Xw:I XX© gwZmB© hr Zht {XE& Z hr Ü`mZ ahm {H$ Xof ‘| H$B© cmI
Eogo ZmJ[aH$ h¡§, Omo Xmohar Jwcm‘r H$s O§Oram| ‘| H¡$X h¡§& ""21 ‘Yw
H§$H$[a`m° H$m `h CnÝ`mg doî`m OrdZ H$m à‘m{UH|$XñVmdoO h¡
doî`mAm| H$mo {H$g Vah go ‘mZ{gH$-fmar[aH$ H$ï>m| H$m gm‘Zm
H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ BgH$m `Wm©W {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡& g‘mO H$mo
doî`m CÝ‘ycZ Ho$ {cE AnZm ZO[a`m ~XcZo H$s Amdî`H$Vm h¡&g§X^© J«§W
gr‘moZ X ~moCdma, ñÌr Cno{jVm, n¥.g¨. 23
amOoÝÐ mXd, AmX‘r H$s {ZJmh ‘| Am¡aV, n¥. g¨. 5
nwéfmoÎm‘ AJ«dmc, g¨ñH¥${V dM©ñd Am¡a|à{VamoY, n¥.g¨. 68
‘Yw H§$H$[a`m°, gcm‘ AmIar, n¥.g¨. 14
dhr n¥.g¨. 16
dhr n¥.g¨. 42
dhr n¥.g¨. 29
dhr n¥.g¨. 22
dhr n¥.g¨. 08
dhr n¥.g¨. 38
dhr n¥.g¨. 77
dhr n¥.g¨. 13
dhr n¥.g¨. 09
‘mohZXmg Z¡{‘fam` AmO ~mOma ~§X h¡ n¥.g¨. 05
dhr n¥.g¨. 86
dhr n¥.g¨. 72
dhr n¥.g¨. 77
dhr n¥.g¨. 13
S>m°. gXmZ§X mogco BŠH$sgdr gXr Ho$ {gIa CnÝ`mgm| ‘| g¨doXZm
n¥.g¨. 35
dhr n¥.g¨. 5
‘mohZXmg Z¡{‘fam` AmO ~mOma ~§X h¡ n¥.g¨. 86
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 43-47 47
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
1 2nwZ‘ Xo~ZmW, Am¡a gw{ZVm ~ZgmoS>{hÝXr {d^mJ
gaXma nQo>b ‘hm{dÚmb¶, M§Ðnwa
{hÝXr H$m eãX ^§S>ma
gmam§e
{hÝXr mfm H$m B{Vhmg AZoH$ amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ H«$mpÝV`m| Ed§ CWc-nwWc Ho$ ~rM go JwOaZo dmcm B{Vhmg h¡ & CgH$m OÝ‘
hr Cg g‘` hþAm O~ Xoe g¨H«$m§Vr-H$mc go JwOa ahm Wm& {Og y^mJ ‘| dh ~mocr OmVr h¡ dh r Xoe H$m hX²`-àXoe ahm h¡& Ohm§±
gdm©{YH$ amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ CWc-nwWc hþB© h¡ AV: Cg‘| n[adV©Z hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm& {dXoer AmH$mÝVmAm| H$s
cmocwn X¥{ï> Bg Cd©a y{‘ Ho$ d¡^d na gXm ahr, CÝhm|Zo Bg na AmH«$‘U {H$`m Am¡a BgH$s g¨ñH¥${V, Y‘©, mfm Am{X H$mo r à^m{dV
{H$`m &
{hÝXr H$s naånam r AË`§V àmMrZ h¡ & dh maV H$s àmMrZV‘ Am`©^mfm g¨ñH¥$V H$s nm¡Ìr h¡& gmW hr {hÝXr mfm Amaå^ go hr
g¨nyU© Xoe Ho$ {d{dY mJm| Ho$ ~rM {d{Z‘` H$s mfm ahr h¡ & gmYw-gÝVm| Zo r Bgr H$mo AnZm`m Am¡a Ohm± r do cmoJ ~mV| H$aVo Wo,
Bgr ^mfm H$mo AnZmVo Wo & Eogr pñW{V ‘| {hÝXr H$m Xoe H$s AÝ` ^mfmAm|-Ð{dS> n[adma, Am¾o` n[adma VWm Am`© n[adma H$s
^mfmAm| go à^m{dV hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ Wm & {dXoer emgH$m| Am¡a CZH$s mfmAm|-‘wgc‘mZr VWm yamonr` Zo r Cgo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡§ &eãXmW© :-
àmH¥$V - EH$ mfm
VËg‘ - CgHo$ g‘mZ
VX²^d - ‘yc go CËnÝZ
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 48-51
àñVmdZm :-
^mfm Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go h‘ AnZo {dMmam| H$mo VWm mdm| H$mo Xwgam| na
A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡§ & dmUr H$m `h daXmZ Ho$dc ‘Zwî` H$mo hr
{‘cm h¡ & mfm Ho$ ‘w»`V: VrZ A§J hmoVo h¡-ÜdZr g‘yh, eãX
g‘yh, Am¡a dmŠ` & mfm Ho$ ‘yc ‘| hmoVr h¡ Üd{Z & Üd{Z`m| go
~ZVo h¡ Aja m dU© & Aja m dUm} go ~ZVo h¡ eãX & eãXm| ‘|
O~ àË`` cJVo h¡ V~ do ~ZVo h¡ nX& Am¡a dmŠ` nXm| go ~ZVm h¡
^mfm& ^mfm EH$mÝV ‘| {dH${gV hmoZo dmcr dñVw Zht & CgH$m
{Z‘m©U hr {dMma-{d{Z‘` Ho$ {cE hmoVm h¡ & {’$a O¡go gä`Vm
H$m {dH$mg hmoVm OmVm h¡, AmdmJ‘Z Ho$ gmYZm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$
gmW gånH©$ Am¡a g¨gJ© (’¡$cZm) Ho$ AŠga ~T>Vo OmVo h¡, mfm
‘| ^r {dH$mg hmoVm OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$m doe-{dÝ`mg, ê$n-
AmH$ma ~XcVm McVm h¡ & h n[adV©Z m {dH$mg mfm Ho$ g^r
A§Jm|-Üd{Z, eãX-g‘yh Ed§ dmŠ` aMZm na X¥{ï>JV hmoVm h¡ &VËg‘² :-
VV² Am¡a g‘ Ho$ `moJ go VËg‘² eãX ~Zm h¡ & "VV²' H$m AW© h¡
"dh' Am¡a g‘ H$m AW© h¡ "g‘mZ' & BgH$m empãXH$ AW© hmoVm h¡
CgHo$ g‘mZ & CgHo$ g‘mZ AWm©V ‘yc Ho$ g‘mZ & Xwgao eãXm| ‘|
‘yc^mfm ‘| à`wŠV ê$n Ho$ g‘mZ do eãX Omo ‘yc mfm Ho$ Á`m| Ho$
Ë`m| ê$nm| ‘| hr ì`dhma ‘| AmVo h¡ & CÝho VËg‘² eãX H$hVo h¡ &
O¡go :- H¥$îU, H$‘©, Y‘©, gy`©, nwñVH$, nwîn, mÌm, A{¾ Am{X &
Bg g¨X^© ‘| h ~mV C„oI{Z` h¡ {H$, VËg‘² H$ho OmZodmco g^r
eãX ‘ycV: g¨ñH¥$V Ho$ hr Zhr h¡& hþAm h {H$ AÝ` mfAm| go
^r AmH$a AZoH$ eãX g¨ñH¥$V ‘| Á`mo§ Ho$ Ë`m| m n[adVuV ê$n ‘|
J«{hV hþE Am¡a CZH$m à`moJ hmoZo cJm, {’$a do g¨ñH¥$V Ho$ ‘mZ
{cE JEo do AmO VËg‘² hr ‘mZo OmVo h¡ & O¡go naew, Agwa
A{e[a`Z eãX & Hw$n, ecmH$m-J«rH$ íãX& ~mU, J§Jm, qcJ-
Am°pñQ´H$ ^mfm! H$cm, nwÁ`, amÌr-Ð{dS> eãX& `dZ - `wZmZr
eãX& {ZemZo, ~m[ae-B©amZr eãX& Iƒa-VwH$r© eãX& MrZ-
MrZr eãX h¡&
qhXr ‘| àË`wŠV VËg‘ eãX ñÌmoV H$s X¥{ï> go Mma àH$ma Ho$ h¡&
1 àmH¥$Vm| : nm{c, àmH¥$V, An^«§e go hmoVo hþE AmZodmco íãX-
AMc, AMcm, H$mc, AY, Hw$gw‘, O§Vw, XÊS> Am{X& Bg dJ© Ho$
eãXm| H$s g¨»`m ~hþV ~S>r h¡& BZ‘| eãX Eogo h¡ Omo g¨ñH¥$V go
na§namJV ê$n ‘| àmH¥$Vmo§ H$mo {‘co Am¡a Omo {d{eï> H$maUm| go AnZo
ñdê$n H$mo AjwÊU aI gHo$& Xwgao do eãX Omo g¨ñH¥$V go àmH¥$V
na à^md ñdê$n, àmH¥$Vm| ‘| à`wŠV hþE& AWm©V AmJV eãX
(Loon Ward) ê$n ‘| g¨ñH¥$V go àmH¥$Vm| ‘| AmE& Eogo eãXm| Ho$
VX²^d ê$n r àmH¥$Vm| ‘| {‘cVo h¡&
2 g¨ñH¥$V go grYo {hÝXr ‘| :- O¡go H$‘©, {dX²`m, kmZ, joÌ,
H¥$îU, ‘mJ©, nwîn, Am{X& Eogo eãXm| H$s g¨»`m nhco àH$ma go
Á`mXm h¡& gdm©{YH$ VËg‘ eãX g^r AmYw{ZH$ Am`© fmAm| ‘|
Bgr ê$n ‘| Am`o h¡&
3 g¨ñH¥$V ì`mH$ma{UH$ {Z`‘m| Ho$ AmYma na qhXr ‘| {Z‘uV
VËg‘ ímãX :- Bg àH$ma Ho$ A{YH$m§e eãX AmYw{ZH$ H$mc ‘|
eãXmo§ H$s H$‘r H$s nw{V© Ho$ {cE ~ZmE± JE h¡§ Am¡a ~ZmE Om aho h¡&
O¡go Ocdm`w (Am~mohdm) dm`w`mZ (hdmB© OhmO m EoamoßboZ)
àmÜ`mnH$ Lecturer à^mJ Section aoIm{MÌ (Sketch)
{ZX}eH$ (Direction) Am{X Eogo eãX nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| Ho$ {cE
cmIm| H$s g¨»`m ‘| ~Zo h¡&
4 AÝ` mfmAm| go AmE VËg‘ eãX :- Bg dJ© Ho$ eãXm| H$s
g¨»`m AË`ën h¡ Hw$N> WmoS>o go eãX ~§Jmcr VWm ‘amR>r go AmE
h¡& BZ‘| Hw$N> eãX Eogo h¡ Omo g¨ñH¥$V mfm ‘| r à`wŠV hmoVo Wo
Am¡a Hw$N> Eogo h¡ Omo BZ mfmAm| ‘| g¨ñH¥$V Ho$ AmYma na ~Zo&
~§Jmcr mfm go-CnÝ`mg, Jën, H${damO, g¨Xoe, A{^^mdH$,
{Z^©a, ñdßZrc, YÝ`dmX Am{X&
‘amR>r mfm go :- dmS²>:‘`, àJ{V&
qhXr ‘| à`wŠV hmoZodmco VËg‘ eãX g¨km, gd©Zm‘, {deofU,
{H«$`m VWm Aì`` h¡&
g¨ñH¥$V g¨km eãX :- H¥$îU, Hw$gy‘, {‘Ì, nÌ, Xod, d¥j, ‘Zwî`,
G${f, a{d, A{¾ Am{X&
{deofZ :- ZyVZ, nyamVZ, gw§Xa, ídoV Am{X&
VX²^d :-
"VX²' Am¡a "^d' Ho$ moJ go VX²^d eãX ~Zm h¡& VX² H$m AW© h¡
Cggo Am¡a ^d H$m AW© h¡ CËnÝZ& AWm©V ‘yc go CËnÝZ&
g¨ñH¥$V, nm{c, àmH¥$V, An䌧me go H«$‘e: {dH${gV hmoH$a
AmYw{ZH$ maVr` Am`© mfAm| ‘| AmE h¡& AmO qhXr ‘| VX²^d
eãXm| H$m ~mhþë` h¡&
{hÝXr eãX g‘wh ‘o §g~go A{YH$ g¨»`m CZ eãXm| H$s h¡ Omo
àmMrZ Am`© mfmAm| go ‘Ü`H$mcrZ mfmAm| ‘| hmoVo hþE Mco Am
aho h¡& BÝho VX²^d H$hm OmVm h¡& BZ‘| go A{YH$m§e H$m g¨~§Y
g¨ñH¥$V go OmoS>m Om gH$Vm h¡& Hw$N> eãX Eogo r h¡ {OZH$m g¨~§Y
g¨ñH¥$V go Zhr OwS>Vm H$Xm{MV CZH$m CX²J‘ àmMrZ ^maVr`
1 2Poonam Debnath and Sunita Bansod 49
Am`©^mfm Ho$ Eogo eãXm| go hþAm h¡ {OZH$m à`moJ gm{hË`rH$
g¨ñH¥$V ‘| Z hmoVm Wm& `o eãX àm`: ‘Ü`H$mcrZ ^maVr`
Am`©^mfmAm| go hmoH$a {hÝXr ‘| AmE h¡& OZ ~mocr`m| ‘| o eãX
A{YH$ nm`o OmVo h¡, gm{hË`rH$ {hÝXr ‘| H$‘ na dñVwV: o hr
{hÝXr eãX h¡& O¡go AmJ, ~ƒm, H$Ýh¡`m, dmñV{dH$&
{hÝXr àXoe H$s Cn^mfmAm| ~mo{cAm| ‘| gdm©{YH$ g¨»`m VX²^d
eãXmdcr H$s h¡& VX²^d eãXmdcr OZVm Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> H$s
hmoVr h¡& {Og mfm ‘| VX²^d eãXm| Ho$ ñWmZ na AÝ` fmAm| go
{cE JE eãX VWm àmMrZ ^mfmAm| go VËg‘ eãXmdcr ~T>Vr
OmVr h¡ dh OZVm go Xwa hmoVr OmVr h¡& amO^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘|
{dH${gV AmO H$s {hÝXr ‘| VËg‘Vm H$s a‘ma hmoZo go Xwê$hVm
(H${R>ZmB©) VWm AcJmd (Xw[a`m±) (‘Z‘wQ>md) AmVm Om ahm h¡&
d¡go XoIm OmE Vmo VX²^d eãX hr {hÝXr Ho$ ‘oê$XÊS> h¡& {hÝXr Ho$
g^r gd©Zm‘ VX²^d h¡& {deofUmo§ VWm Aì``m| go VX²^d n`m©á
‘mÌm ‘| h¡& Ho$dc g¨kmnX hr Eogo h¡§ {OZgo VËg‘Vm ~T> ahr h¡&
qhXr Ho$ VX²^d eãXmdcr : AmoT>Zm, H$nS>m, H$mH$m, H$mZ, KmoS>m,
H$m‘, hmW, MmMm, Pwcm, ~ocZ, ~{hZ, mB©, ‘ŠIr, ê$B©, gmg,
‘mgr, ggwa, ggwamc, nm°d, ~¡c, Xmc, mV, gmJ, gwB© Am{X&
Aì``m| Ho$ ê$n :- hm°, dhm°, Ohm°, H$hm°, A~, V~, H$~, Mmho,
‘mZmo, VH$, Á`m| Am{X& C„oIZr` ~mV h h¡ {H$ {hÝXr Am¡a CXw©
H$s VX²^d eãXmdcr cJ^J EH$ h¡&XoeO:-
XoeO H$mo Xoer r H$hm OmVm h¡ Xoer H$m emãXrH$ AW© h¡ Xoe H$m
& Omo ñWmZr` nXmW© hmoVo h¡ CZH$s g¨km r "Xoer' go Xr OmVr h¡&
Omo eãX {dXoer Zhr h¡, do Xoer H$ho OmVo h¡& AWm©V Omo eãX Z
Vmo àmMrZ Am`© mfm go AmE h¡ Am¡a Z hr {dXoer h¡, do Xoer H$h|
OmVo h¡ &
Xwgam XoeO eãX H$m AW© h¡ Xoe go m Xoe ‘| CËnÝZ & h eãX
nwamZm Zhr h¡& Bg md H$mo ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ {cE àmMrZ H$mc go
Xwgao eãX, Xoer Xoí` hr A{YH$ McVo Wo& BZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ
eãX hr Zhr "^mfm' Ho$ AW© ‘| r {H$`m OmVm Wm& BZ eãXm| H$m
à`moJ ì`mnH$ AW© ‘| Z hmoH$a gr‘rV AW© ‘| {H$`m OmZo cJm &
dV©‘mZ mf{dX² Xoer Ho$ ñWmZ na XoeO H$m à`moJ A{YH$ H$aZo
cJo {OgHo$ «m§{V go ~Mm Om gHo$&
Xoer AWdm XoeO àm`: XmoZmo eãX eãXmW© H$s X¥pîQ> go qH${MV
{^ÝZ hmoVo hþE r {hÝXr ‘| g‘mZmW©H$ h¡ {Og‘| Cg eãXmdcr H$mo
g‘m{hV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo AÝ` àm`: ñdrH¥$V H$mo{Q>`m ‘| Zhr
AmVr & Eo{Vhm{gH$ X¥pîQ> go ^aV Ho$ ‘VmZwgma VËg‘ Am¡a
VX²^md go {^ÝZ eãX Xoer h¡&
MÊS> Ho$ AZwgma g¨ñH¥$V Am¡a àmH¥$V eãXm| go {^ÝZ eãXm| H$mo
Xoer ‘mZm OmE& g¨ñH¥$V ‘| hr gm¡ go A{YH$ Eogo eãX h¡§ {OÝho
Am`©^fmAm| go CËnÝZ Zhr ‘mZm Om gH$Vm& h r ‘mZm OmVm h¡
{H$ "Q>' dJ© wŠV eãX g¨ñH¥$VoËVa h¡ g‘` na Omo Am`}ËVa eãX
AmVo h¡ o hr Xoer H$ho J`o& H$m’$s à`ËZ H$aZo na r g¨ñH¥$V ‘|
"Xoer' eãX ~Zo aho & {neoc Ho$ AZwgma Xoer eãXm| ‘| Hw$N> AZm`©
eãX r Am JE h¡& qH$Vw A{YH$ eãX ‘yc Am`© mfm Ho$ eãX
^§S>ma go h¡& {OZ eãXm| H$m g¨ñH¥$V Ho$ eãX H$m g¨ñH¥$V Ho$ nmg
Hw$N> r gmX¥í` Zhr h¡§, "CZH$mo' "Xoí`' m "Xoer' ~mocm OmVm h¡&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñÌmoV H$s X¥{ï> go Xoer do eãX h¡ Omo g¨ñH¥$V àmH¥$V H$s
naånam go Z AmE hmo Am¡a Z {gX²Y {H$`m Om gHo$ & Ð{dS> VWm
‘wÊS> ^mfm n[admam| go AmE eãX ^r Xoer hr ‘mZo OmVo h¡&
~mocMmc ‘| {dH$grV ñWmZr`, AZwH$aUmË‘H$ eãXm| H$mo ^r
Xoer hr H$hm OmVm h¡& ~¥hV eãX gmJa ‘| cJ^J nm°M hOma Xoer
eãX h¡& O¡go : R>mQ>, R>R>ar, T>moH$, AQ>H$c, D$Q>n±Q>mJ, IMmIM,
{JM{nM, {JQ>{nQ>, {Kg{ng, Kam©Q>m, PH$PH$, Q>r‘Q>m‘, WßnS>,
^S>mg, h„m, {hMH$s, h„þ S>, P½w Jr, WnSo >m, YS>m‘, ’$amQ© >m Am{X & AmJV eãXmdcr :
AÝ` Xoem| H$s ^mfmAm| go AmE hþE eãX {dXoer H$hcmVo h¡ &
{dXoer ^mfmAm| go Hw$N> eãX àmH¥$V H$mc ‘| AmE, Hw$N>
‘Ü`H$mc ‘| VWm Hw$N> AmYw{ZH$ H$mc ‘| AmE h¡ &
níVmo eãX :- níVmo `m A’$JmZr ^mamonr` n[adma H$s ^mfm h¡
VWm ^maV-B©amZr dJ© ‘| AmVr h¡ & A’$Jm{UñVmZ go ^maV H$m
g¨~§Y ~hþV àmMrZ h¡& A’$Jm{UñVmZ Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJ ^maVr`
amOmAm| Ho$ A{YH$ma ‘| r ah MwHo$ h¡ & BgHo$ A{V[aŠV h‘mam
A{YH$m§e ñWc-ì`mnma Cgr amñVo go hmoVm ahm h¡ & ‘Ü``wJ ‘|
A’$JmZr cmoJ H$m’$s g¨»`m ‘| ^maV ‘| AmE VWm CZHo$ H$B©
gaXmam| Zo `hm± AnZr gëVZV| ñWm{nV H$s & BÝht H$maUm| go
níVmo mfm Ho$ eãX qhXr ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘cVo h¡ & Hw$N> eãX Bg
àH$ma :- nR>mZ, ‘JaJíVr, JwÊS>m, AMma, VS>mH$, Iam©Q>m,
Vhg-Zhg, O‘mcJmoQ>m, AIamoQ>, nQ>mIm, S>oam, H$cyQ>m,
JS>~S>, cVmS>, cwƒm, ZJmS>m, hS>~S>r, h‘Omocr, AQ>H$c,
^S>mg, BË`mXr & {dX²dmZm| H$m ‘V h¡ {H$ qhXr ‘| níVmo mfm Ho$
cJ^J 100 eãX AmE h¡ &
VwH$r© eãX :- Vw{H©$ñVmZ go ^r ^maV H$m g¨~§Y àmMrZ h& `h
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 48-5150
g¨~§Y Y‘©, ì`mnma, VWm amOZrVr Am{X ñVam| na Wm & 1000 B©.
Ho$ ~mX VwH©$ ~mXemhm| ìXmam ^maV ‘| amÁ` ñWmnZm Ho$ H$maU
{hÝXr ‘| VwH$r© Ho$ ~hþV eãX AmE h¡ & pIcOr, VwJcH$, ‘wJc
~mXemh VwH©$ Ho$ Wo, Am¡a CZH$s goZm ‘| r n`m©á g¨»`mm VwH$r©
H$s Wr & qhXr mfm ‘| VwH$r© eãXm| H$s g¨»`m cJ^J 125 h¡ & do
eãX h¡ :- AmH$m, MmH$, H¡$Mr, H$m~y, Hw$cr, Im±, JcrMm,
{MH$, V‘Jm, V‘Mm, Vmon, XamoJm, ~mdMu, ~oJ‘, Må‘M,
cme, gm¡JmV, ~r~r, ~m~m, MoMH$, gwamJ, ~mê$X, ZmJm, Hy$M,
Hy$H©$, JZr‘V, ‘wJc, R>mHw$a, Am{X & VwH$r© go {hÝXr ‘| AmJV
eãXm| ‘| g~go ~S>r g¨»`mm goZm go g¨~§YrV h¡ &
3. Aa~r-’$magr eãX :- maV Am¡a B©amZ Ho$ g¨~§Y ~hþV nwamZo
h¡ & B©amZr Am¡a ^maVr` Am`© ^mfmE| EH$ ‘yc ^maV B©amZr go
{dH$grV h¡ & `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ AZoH$mZoH$ eãX Hw$N> WmoS>o
n[adV©Zm| Ho$ gmW g¨ñH¥$V Am¡a ’$magr XmoZm| ‘| {‘cVo, O¡go :-
A^«-A~«, Aíd-Añd, AmnpËV-Am’$V, ~mV-~mX, Xe-Xh,
‘mg-‘mh, Z‘«-Z‘©, N>m`m-gm`m & 1000 B©. Ho$ ~mX
‘wgc‘mZ emgH$m| Ho$ gmW ’$magr ^maV ‘| AmB© Am¡a CgH$m
AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ hmoZo cJm & H$Mh[a`m| ‘| r Cgo ñWmZ {‘cm
& qhXr ‘| Omo ’$magr eãX AmE, CZ‘| H$m’$s eãX Aa~r Ho$ r
Wo& dñVwV: o eãX ’$magr Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go AmE h¡& AmO qhXr ‘o§
’$magr eãXm| H$s g¨»`m N>: hOma h¡& BZ‘| go 3500 eãX
’$magr Ho$ VWm 2500 eãX Aa~r Ho$ h¡ & o eãX {df` H$s X¥{ï>
go H$B© àH$ma Ho$ h¡ &
O¡go :- amoOm, ‘Oh~, Hw$amZ, gwÝZr, {e`m, Z~r, n¡Jm§~a,
gaH$ma, VhgrcXma, Mnamgr, dH$sc, ‘w»Vma, ‘w§er, IOm§Mr,
hm{H$‘, AXmcV, ’$m¡O, O‘mXma, h‘cm, JmocXm§O, nmOm‘m,
H$‘rO, ‘moOm, XñVmZm, gm’$m, ‘wh„m, XohmV, eha, {Oëhm,
H$ñ~m, ,IV, {c’$m’$m, nVm, A§Ora, ~mXm‘, god, ‘odm, A§Jwa,
ZmenmVr, {H$e{‘e, {nñVm, VaH$mar, gãOr, nwXrZm, Ia~wO,
Va~wO, Hw$ë’$s, ~a’$s, hcdm, O~ocr, H$cmH§$X, ~mcwemhr,
Jwcm~ Om‘wZ, BÌ, gw‘m©, gm~wZ, hOm‘V, AmB©Zm, erem, Hw$gu,
VaH$V, ~mJdmZ, XOu, Xcmc, hcdmB©, Owcmhm, ‘H$mZ,
~w{Z`mX, Xrdma, XadmOm, XmcmZ, ‘§{Oc, OrZm, ~am‘Xm,
VhIZm, hH$s‘, cãO, ~wIma, h¡Om, cH$dm, OwH$m‘, Xdm,
‘arO, ‘O©, ~r‘ma&
4. nwV©Jmcr eãX :- maV ‘| nwV©Jmcr cmoJ ~hþV nhco Am J`o Wo
qH$Vw {hÝXr àXoe go CZH$m {deof g¨~§Y Zhr hþAm hr H$maU h¡
{H$ CZH$s ^mfm go AmE eãX àm`: ~m°Jcm Am{X ^fmAm| Ho$
‘mÜ`‘ go qhXr ‘| AmE h¡& {hÝXr ‘| nwV©Jmcr eãX 100 go H$‘
hr h¡& O¡go, Ac‘mar, Amc{nZ, Am`m, Mm`, Vå~mHw$, Vm¡{c`m,
nnrVm, nmd, amoQ>r, nmXar, {nñVmoc, {~ñHw$Q>, ~moVc, g¨Vam,
Am{X&
A§J«oOr eãX :- 1800 B©. Ho$ cJ^J qhXr àXoe ‘wgc‘mZm| Ho$
emgZ go {ZH$cH$a A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ A§VJ©V ahm& gZ 1947
VH$ maV A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ A§VJ©V ahm& Bgr ~rM A§J«oOr hm°
H$s amO^mfm ~Z JB©& {nN>co S>oT> Xmo dfm} go {hÝXr m{fH$ A§J«oOr
eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¡§ {H$ dmŠ` ‘| AmYo eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ hmoVo h¡§
Am¡a AmYo {hÝXr Ho$& O¡go : ßbrO, {S>ñQ>~©, ‘V H$amo& c§M H$a
ahm hþ±& H$mog© H§$ncrQ> hþAm& CXm. ~g, ñHw$Q>a, Q´oZ, Q´H$, {H«$Ho$Q>,
H$moQ>, noÝQ>, AmB©, OZdar, nmoñQ>H$mS>©, ‘ZrAmS>©a, Am{X&
6. ’|$M eãX:- H$maVwg, Hw$nZ, {nH$ZrH$, ‘o‘, ~o{gZ, Q>o~wc,
H$n, ‘o`a, ‘mñQ>a, ‘erZ Am{X
7. MrZr eãX :- H$sMH$, qgXwa, Vga, crMr, Am{X
8. B©amZr :- J§O, VyV
9. S>M eãX :- Vwê$n, d‘, BñHw$n, Am{X
10. ñnoZr eãX :- {gJma, {gJaoQ> H$m’©$ Am{X
11. ê$gr eãX :- Oma, gmo{d`V, Q>o§Jm, ~moëeo{dH$, g‘modma,
‘oQ´mo, H$m°‘aoS> Am{X
12. c¡{Q>Z eãX :- {XZma Am{X
13. O‘©Z eãX :- qH$Q>aJmS>©Z, d¡JZ, go{‘Zma Am{X
14. AmñQ´o{c`Z :- H$m§Jmê$, ~w‘oam§J, Am{X
15. Am{’«$H$s eãX :- Oo~«m, {Mån¡§Or, Am{X
16. OmnmZr eãX :- [aŠem, ‘oQ´mo, H$m°‘aoS> Am{X
17. BQ>¡{c`Z :- cm°Q>ar, am°Ho$Q>, {nAmoZmo, dm`{cZ, Amonoam,
H$maQw>Z, cmdm, ‘co{e`m, ñQw>{S>`mo Am{X&g¨X^© J«§W
{hÝXr gm{hË` H$mof - S>m°. ‘hoÝÐ Hw$‘ma {‘l
n[aîH¥$V {hÝXr ì`m»`mZ - S>m°. H$nya
mfm {dkmZ - S>m°. mo„mZmW Vrdmar
à`moOZ‘w„H$ {hÝXr - S>m°. nwê$fmoËV‘ dmOno`r
1 2Poonam Debnath and Sunita Bansod 51
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CM HPS
1 2gwYm§ew Jm¡a am°¶ Am¡a e¡b|Ð Hw$‘ma ew³b
{hÝXr {d^mJgaXma nQ>oc ‘hm{dÚmc`, M§Ðnwa
Zmar MoVZm n§{º$ : n§VOr Ho$ g§X^© ‘|
gmam§e
Zmar H$m| {g’©$ EH$ pIcm¡Zm Z ‘mZH$a CÝh| AnZo-Amn‘| ñdV§Ì VWm ñdmdc§~r ~ZZo H$m gmhg XoZm Mm{hE& BZ {dMmam| go nVm McVm h¡ {H$ n§VOr N>m`mdmX H$s H$ënZm cmoH$ go {ZH$cH$a WmW©dmX Ho$ OJV ‘| CÝ‘wŠV hþAm h¡& WmW©dmX H$s YamVc ‘| AmH$a n§VOr OrdZ Ho$ à{V X¥píQ>H$moU H$mo dmñV{dH$Vm Ho$ ê$n go XoIZo cJ|& OrdZ Ho$ ZdrZ ‘yë` H$mo ñWmnZm H$aZo Ho$ {cE n§VOr Zo gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡, {Oggo {H$ ZdrZ MoVZm H$m AdYmaUm ñWm{nV hmo gHo$ Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ dmñV{dH$Vm H$mo ZOXrH$ go XoI gHo$& ^maVr` Zmar ‘| ‘mZdVm H$s mdZm Hy$Q>-Hy$Q> H$a ar h¡ Am¡a nyao g¨gma ‘| maVr` Zmar Bg mdZm H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m gH$Vr h¡&
~rO eãX : g¥OrV, WmW©dmX, dmñV{dH$Vm, àJ{Verc, gm‘W©dmZ, OmJ¥V, geŠV&
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 52-53
àñVmdZm :
"J«må`m' H$mì`-g¨J«h ‘| H${d H$ënZm H$mo Ë`mJH$a `WmW© H$s amofZr H$s Amoa OmZo cJo& J«m‘rU ‘{hcmAm| H$mo {fjm H$s ì`dñWm VWm Cg {fjm go CZH$s Z¡{VH$ {Oå‘oXmar H$m A^mg Bg g¨J«h ‘| {H$`m J`m h¡& Jm±§dmo§ H$s AdñWm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¡ {H$ Bg XwI^ar Am¡a {ZamfmnyU© dmVmdaU ‘| ^r H$ht-Z-H$ht Amfm H$s Á`mo{V {cE hþE pñÌ`m± ~¡R>r hþB© h¡, {Oggo CZHo$ OrdZ go {Zamfm ê$nr ~mXc hQ> OmE Am¡a Amfm H$s nhcr {H$aU {XI OmE& {ÛdoXr`wJrZ H${dVm ‘| Zmar H$m ê$n H$ê$Um VWm X`m H$s mdZm h¡ na N>m`mdmX ‘| Zmar H$m ê$n CJ« h¡& Zmar H$mo Wmo{MV gå‘mZ H$s mdZm N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ûmam hr hþAm& {ÛdoXr`wJrZ H${dVm ‘| {dYdm pñÌ`m| H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ VWm CZH$mo AZmWml‘ ‘| aIH$a CZH$mo aU-nmoeU XoZo H$s ~mV H$hr h¡, co{H$Z dhr N>m`mdmXr ‘| CÝh| nwZ©{ddmh H$aZo na Omoa {X`m OmVm h¡& EH$ wwJ go Xygam wJ AmVo-AmVo {dMmam| ‘| h n[adV©Z X¥píQ>JmoMa hmoVm h¡&‘mÌ^y{‘ Ho$ {cE AnZo àmU VH$ Ý`m¡N>mda H$a XoZo dmcr Zmar h‘mao maVde© ‘| H$‘ Zht {‘c|Jo& g¡§H$S>mo Zmar VWm ‘{hcm Eogr h¡ Omo AnZr ‘mV¥^y{‘ Ho$ {cE IwX H$mo g‘{n©V H$a Xr h¡& nwê$em| Ho$ gmW-gmW Zm[a`m| ‘| r g‘{n©V H$s mdZm Hy$Q>-Hy$Q> H$a ar hmoVr h¡, na pñÌ`m| H$mo AZwHy$c dmVmdaU Ho$ A^md ‘| Bg Ádmcm H$mo ~wPm XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Yrao-Yrao Zm[a`m| ‘| ñÌr ñdV§Ì H$m ^md OmJ¥V hmoZo cJm VWm& amíQ´r` MoVZm H$m ^md ~‹T>Zo cJm& n§VOr H$s gm‘m{OH$ y{‘H$m AË`{YH$ àIa ahm h¡& gm‘m{OH$ {dMma H$mo àIa H$aVo g‘` h‘mao {dMmam| H$m AmYma n[adV©Z m àJ{Vfrc hmoZm Mm{hE, AJa {dMma àJ{Vfrc hmoJm Vmo h‘mam gm‘m{OH$ g¨~§Y ^r àJ‹T> hmoJo& Bgr àIa {dMmam| Ho$ ‘yc ‘| Zmar-ñdV§ÌVm hr {XImB© XoVr h¡& AnZo H$mì` ‘| do Zmar ñdV§Ì H$m nyU© ê$n go g‘W©Z {H$`m h¡ VWm BZHo$ fmoeU H$aZodmcm| H$m {damoY {H$`m& Zmar H$mo fmoeU, AË`mMma go ‘wŠV H$amZo Ho$ {cE n§VOr h‘ofm à`ËZfrc aho h¡& n§VOr OmZVo Wo {H$ Zmar-‘wpŠV ‘| hr h‘mar ñdÀN> ñdV§Ì h¡&n§VOr Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Zmar Ho$ à{V AQy>Q> lÜXm, pŠV, ñZoh {dX²`‘mZ h¡§ VWm CZHo$ X`Zr` Xfm XoIH$a n§VOr Ho$ h¥X` H$ê$Um go ^a OmVo h¡& àH¥${V ‘| n§VOr Zmar H$s PcH$ XoIVo hþE H$hVo h¡ -""{OgH$s gw§Xa N>{d Cem h¡Zd dg¨V {OgH$m l¥§Jma
Vmao hma-{H$arQ> gy`© f{f‘oKHo$f, ñZohmlw, Vwema‘c`m{Zc ‘wI dmg Ocm{Y ‘Zcrcm cham| H$m g¨gma&''.....4CŠV nX²`m§f go nVm McVm h¡ {H$ n§VOr Zmar H$m dU©Z Vmo {H$`m hr h¡, BgHo$ gmW-gmW Zmar Ho$ ha EH$ N>{d H$mo àH¥${V ‘| XoIm h¡& Zmar Ho$ CXmËV Am¡a gm‘W©dmZ ê$n n§VOr Ho$ H$mì` ‘| CX²K¥V {H$`m J`m h¡& n[apñW{VZwgma n§V Ho$ {dMmaYmam ‘| H$m’$s n[adV©Z AmVm J`m Am¡a BgHo$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n CÝhm|Zo Zmar H$m CX²Yma VWm {dH$mg Ho$ {cE h‘ofm à`ËZfrc aho& J«m‘rU OrdZ ‘| A^mdm| go ^am hþAm, Jar~r go ÌmñV, A{fjm, A§Y{dîdmg Am{X go OH$‹S>m hþAm g‘mO-ì`dñWm ‘| Zmar H$m X¡Z§m{XZ AdñWmAm| Ho$ ~mao ‘| ~Vm`m h¡& Zmar H$mo nhco {hZ X¥píQ> go XoIm OmVm Wm qH$Vw gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ à`mgm| go `h ^mdZm H$‘Omoa n‹S>Vm J`m& {dfoe ê$n go N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| H$m à`mg Bg‘| AgmYmaU ahm h¡& pñÌ`m| H$mo BZ hrZ X¥píQ>H$moU dmco g‘mO go {ZH$cZo H$m à`mg BZ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Zo {dfoe ê$n go {H$`m h¡&{ZîH$e© :
BZ H${d`m| ‘| Img H$aHo$ n§VOr H$s ^y{‘H$m gahZr` ahm h¡& n§VOr Zo àH¥${V Ho$ ha ê$n ‘| Zmar H$mo XoIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m VWm BÝht Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Zmar MoVZm àË`oH$ H${d`m| H$m EH$ àVrH$ ~Z J`m& {g’©$ n§V hr Zht gånyU© N>m`mdmXr H$mì` ‘| Zmar H$m EH$ ‘hËdnyU© y{‘H$m ahm h¡& N>m`mdmXr H${d Zmar H$mo EH$ ~c Wm fpŠV ‘mZH$a cmoJm| H$s MoVZmAm| H$mo OmJ¥V H$s VWm BZ MoVZmAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go Zmar EH$ gfŠV X¥píQ>H$moU H$mo AnZmH$a AnZm {dH$mg H$a gH|$ N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go co hr pñÌ`m| H$mo H$moB© ‘§{Oc Zht {‘cr, qH$Vw AmJo Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ {cE EH$ amO‘mJ© {XImB© XoZo cJ|&g¨X^© J«ÝW gyMr
1. n§V J«ÝWmdcr mJ-1, H${dVm H«$‘m§H$ - 11, H${d gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V&2. gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V - àmo. gXmZ§X àgmX Jwá&3. {Zamcm H$mì` H$s N>{d`m±, coIH$ - Z§X {H$fmoa Zdc&4. gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V H$m nadVu H$mì`, coIH$ -S>m°. gw‘Z H°$§da&5. nÝV H$m CËVa, H$mì` - ‘ram lrdmñVd&6. n§V ghMma, g¨nmXH$ - AemoH$ dmOno`r&
1 2Sudhanshu Roy and Shailendra Shukla 53
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1 2{àVr ~m~wamd dmZIS>o Am{U Cfm I§S>mio
J¥hAW©emñÌ {d^mJgaXma nQ>oc ‘hm{dÚmc`, M§Ðnwa
hþ§S>m ~ir - EH$ Ádb§V g‘ñ¶m
gmam§e
hw§S>m ~ir hm {df` {ZdS>Ê`mMm CÚoe Agm Amho H$s , hw§S>m~ir hr g‘mOmVrc J§^ra g‘ñ`m ~ZV Amho. Am{U Ë`m {df`r
g‘mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ~XcZo Amdí`H$ Pmco Amho. hþS§>m `m àdË¥Vr ‘wio {H$VrVar ‘wctZm AmË‘hË`com àdË¥V ìhmdo
cmJVo. Am{U ‘cwtÀ`m AmB© dS>rcm§Mr ‘mZ{gH$ Hw§$M~Zm hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm doJdoJù`m àH$maMm ‘mZ{gH$ Ìmg ghZ H$amdm cmJVmo. åhUwU
g‘mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mm ‘wcrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Xî¥Q>rH$moU ~XbÊ`mMr Oê$ar Amho. Am{U m g‘ñ`doa àH$me Q>mH$Uo Amdí`H$ Amho.
~rOeãX :-
H$m¡‘m` }, m¡{VH$dmXr , JVOÝ‘mM o, eaUmJVr , VËdkmZ , gj‘ , aj{V , dmY©Š`o.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 54-57
àñVmdZm :-
""{nVm aj{V H$m¡‘m` } Vm© aj{V md¡Z onÌwmo aj{V
dmY©Š`o Z ñÌr ñdV§Ì ‘h©{V &&""
AWm©V
{nVm ~mcnUmV, nVr `md¡ZH$mimV , Am{U ‘wc od¥X²YmdñWoV
ñÌrMr ajm H$aVmV. ñÌr hr H$Yrhr ñdV§Ì Agw eH$V Zmhr.
àH$¥{VZ oñÌrcm H$mo‘c ~Z{dco Am{U nwê$fm§Zm ~cr. `m
~imÀ`m AmYmamda Am{U Amncm ñdmW ©gmYÊ`mgmR>r Vmo
Zho‘rM ñÌrda AË`mMma H$[aV AgVmo maVmV MmcV Amcoë`m
AZoH$ àWon¡H$s hþS§>m àWm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc ^maVr`
g‘mOmÀ`m {ddmh g¨ñWoocm cmJcocm EH$ H$c§H$ Amho. Ho$di
qhX wg‘mOM Zìho Va O¡Z , ‘wñcr‘ BË`mXr g‘mO gwX²Ym hþ§S>m
àWo‘wio ÌñV Amho.
damcm hþS§>m XCoZ c¾ H$aÊ`mÀ`m nXY²Vr‘iwo EH$ ZdrZ g‘ñ`m
{Z‘m©U Pmcr Amho. hþS§>`²mgmR>r Zd{ddmhrVocm OmiwZ
Q>mH$ë`mMm , {dhrarV T>H$cwZ {Xë`mMm , AmË‘hË`ogmR>r àdË¥V
Ho$ë`mÀ`m , gmgw , ZU§Xm , nVrZ odYwcm Ordo ‘maë`mÀ`m KQ>Zm
d¥ËVnÌmVZw AmnZ amoOM nmhVmo. {d{eîR> aŠH$‘ , YZ qH$dm
H$mhr dñVw {Xë`m{edm` ‘wcrMm {ddmh H$aUo AmO AeŠ`
Pmco Amho.
^m¡{VH$dmXr VËdkmZmÀ`m à^mdmVwZ hþS§>m nXY²VrMo àñW
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV A{YH$M dmT>co Amho. Ë`m‘wio ‘wcJr OÝ‘mcm
`oUo o hoM EH$ g¨H$Q> g‘Oco OmVo. ‘wcJr åhUOo Hw$Q>§~wmMr
AmnËVr Am{U JV OÝ‘mM onmn Amho. Ago ‘mZco OmVo AmO
gwX²Ym ñÌrcm g‘mO ì`ŠVr åhUwZ qH$‘V XoV Zmhr. {VÀ`mH$S>o
AmOhr nwê$fmÀ`m Cn^mJmMo gmYZ åhUwZ nmhrco OmVo.
nydu dYy{nVm Amnë`m ‘wcrcm H$cmË‘H$ d gwemo{^V dñVw
Xm{JZo ^oQ> åhUwZ XVo AgV. na§V whrM àWm d[aîR> dJm©VZw
hiwhiw gm‘mÝ` dJm©n`§V© `dowZ nmohmoMcr Vìohm {VMo {dH¥$V
ñdê$n g‘moa dow cmJco. AmO danjmH$Sw>Z dYwnjmMr Ho$cr
OmUmar AS>dUwH$ d {nidUyH$ , hSw§>`²mgmR>r KoÊ`mV `oUmè`m
~R>¡H$m , Ë`mVwZ hmoUmar gm¡X~omOr mVZw g‘ñ`m A{YH$ {Vd «d
{dH¥$V hmoV Joë`mMo {XgwZ Voo.
CÚrîQ>o :-
1) hþS§>m nX²YVrcm AmS>m ~gÊ`mgmR>r OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUo
2) ñÌr`m§Zm g‘mOmV EH$ ì`ŠVr åhUwZ ‘mZmM oñWmZ {‘imdo
`m gmR>r à`ËZ H$amdo
3) MidirÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVwZ h§Sw>m àWocm nm`~§X KmcÊ`mgmR>r
OmJ¥Vr H$aUo
4) OmJ¥Vr {df`H$ AZHo$ H$m`©H$‘«mVwZ ‘{hcm§Mm gh^mJ
dmT>{dUo
5) ñÌr - {ejUmVwZ ‘{hcm§À`m {ejUmcm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
6) maVr` g‘mOmcm hSw§>m nX²YVr{df`r Or ‘mZ{gH$Vm {Z‘m©U
Pmcr Amho. {Vcm ~Xc{dUo JaOoMo Amho.
7) dwH$m§À`m ‘Zmda ‘{hcm§{df`r AmXa d g‘mZVoMo VËd
ê$O{dZ o
8) ‘{hcm§Zm gj‘ H$aUo
J¥{hV H¥$Ë`o -
1) J«m‘rU mJmVrc pñÌ`m m na§namdmXr AmhoV.
2) hþS§>m nX²YVr hr ‘hrcm§À`m d g‘mOmÀ`m A{e{jV
nUm‘iwo ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV ’$mo’$mdV Amho.
3) hþS§>m nX²YVr hr g‘mOmcm nmoIê$Z Q>mH$Umar àWm
Amho.
4) `dwH$m§Zr hþS§>m nW«ocm {damoY H$am`cm hdm. d
Ë`m{df`r OmJ¥V {Z‘m©U H$am`cm hdr.
5) hþS§>m nX²YVrer {ZJS>rV àWm , na§nam , ZîQ> H$am`cm
hdm.
6) h§Sw>m nXY²Vr hr g‘mOmcm cmJcocr {H$S> Amho.
7) ImoQ>r n{«VîR>m {‘imdr åhUwZ hþS§>m nX²YVr dmT>V Amho.
8) hþS§>m nX²YVr‘wio ñÌr OmVrZo ‘moR>`m n‘«mUmV ZHw$gmZ hmoVo.
9) VgoM g‘mOmMr hmZr hmoVo.
10) hþ§S>m nX²YVr hr g‘mOmVwZ g‘iw ZîQ> H$am`cm hdr.
hþS§²>`mMr H$maUo :-
1) hþS§>m nXY²Vr hr EH$ gm‘m{OH$ àWm Amho. hþS§>m {Xcm Amho
qH$dm KoVcm Zmhr Va A{cH$S>o V oH$‘r à{VîR>oMo cjU g‘Oco
OmVo.
2) dYw{nVm {OVH$m OmñV hSw§>m XoBc© {VVH$m Ë`m§Mm gm‘m{OH$
XOm© loîR> ‘mZë`m OmVo
3) ^maVr` qhX wg‘mOmV na§naoZ opñÌ`m§Zm XOm© hm H${ZîR>
‘mZÊ`mV Amcm Amho.
1 2Priti Baburao Wankhede and Usha Khandale 55
4) Zd{ddmhrV dYw - damg Zì`mZoM g¨gmamMr C^maUr
H$amd`mMr Agë`m‘iwo dYw damg ‘XV åhUwU hþS§>`²m§Mr
aŠH$‘ qH$dm J¥hCn`moJr dñV w{Xë`m OmVmV
5) ‘wcr Oa {Xgm`cm Mm§Jë`m ZgVrc Va Hw$ê$nVMom ‘mo~Xcm
åhUwU hw§§S>m ho g{‘H$aU g‘mOmcmhr ‘mÝ` AgV o
6) hþS§>`²mMr aŠH$‘ {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr IM ©Pmcm `mMm
{hemo~ dYw {nË`mg‘moa R>dowZ IMmM©r à{VnwVu åhUwU hþS§>`²mMr
‘mJUr KmcVmV.
7) AmOhr na§naoà‘mUo ‘wcr {nË`m§À`m g¨nËVrVrc dmQ>m ‘mJV
Zmhr na§V wgmgaM ocmoH$ Ë`m§Zm Vgo H$aÊ`mg mJ nmS>VmV.
hþS§>`mMo Xwîn[aUm‘ :-
1) gmVË`mZo ZdZdrZ ‘mJÊ`m dYw{nË`m g‘moa R>doë`m OmVmV.
Z ê$MZmar Z PonUmar AdmñVd ñdê$nmMr dYw {nË`mMr
N>S>dUwH$ Ho$cr OmVo.
2) H$‘r h§Sw>m {‘imcm åhUwU {VÀ`mda nmedr AË`mMma Ho$cm
OmVmo. {Vcm R>ma ‘maco OmV o, {Od§V Omico OmVo.
3) hþS§>m nW«oMm EH$ A{ZîR> n[aUm‘ åhUOo «UwhË`m hmo`.
4) AmB© dS>rcm§À`m ‘mZ{gH$VoV qMVooV hþS§>m nW«o‘wio dmT> hmoVo.
5) ‘wcrM oAm{WH©$ namdc§~Z d hþS§>m {Xë`m {edm` ‘wctMo
c½U hmoV Zmhr åhUwU Amnë`m ‘wcrcm Mm§Jco ñWi {‘idwZ
XZoo {VMo OrdZ gwIr H$amdo m doS²>`m AmeonmoQ>r OmñVrV OmñV
hSw§>m XoCZ Amnë`m ‘wcrMm {ddmh cmdwZ XVomV.
6)‘wcr OÝ‘mcm Amcr åhUOo {VÀ`m {ddmhmMm hSw§>m Úmdm
cmJVmo åhUwU AmO ‘wcr OÝ‘m AmYrM J^©Oc n[ajU {VMr
hË`m Ho$cr OmVo.
7) hþS§>m nX²YVr‘wio EH$ àH$mao JwÊhoJmarV CËVOoZ {‘iVo.
‘wctÀ`m c¾m‘Ü` ohþS§>m Úmdm cmJVmo , åhUwU nmcH$ OmñVrV
OmñV n¡gm {‘idwZ {e„H$ Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
hþS§>m~ir KQ>ZVorc Q>ßno :-
1) {ddmhmZ§Va ZddYw nVrJ¥hr `Vo o, Vìohm Ama§^r {VMo JmoS>
H$m¡VHw$ Ho$co OmVo. Am{U `mM H$mimV hSw§>m H$‘r {Xë`m~Úc
Ag¨Vmof Omhra Ho$cm OmVmo `mV ‘{hcm§Mr ^w{‘H$m (gmgw
d¡JoarMr ) ‘hËdmMr Amho AgVo.
2) Xgwè`m AdñWoV {Vcm n¡go ‘mJÊ`m g¨~§Yr VJmXm cmdcm
OmVmo. nÌ , ’$moZ H$ê$Z n¡gm nmhrOo ho Ho$cm Zmhr Va àË`jmV
OmdwZ o.
3) {Vgè`m AdñWoV da njmÀ`m cmoH$m§Mr YZ cmcgm dmT>V
OmVo V onwÝhm:nwÝhm n¡emMr ‘mJUr H$aVmV Am{U Ooìhm
‘mJUrMr nwV©Vm hmoV Zmhr Voìhm ZddYwcm AÝ`àH$mao N>S>VmV
emararH$ ‘mZ{gH$ [aË`m `§H$a Ìmg {Xcm OmVmo. Cnmer R>doUo
{eì`memn {XUo , ‘maUo Ago H«$aw nH«$ma MmcVmV
4) Ooìhm Ìmg namH$moQ>rcm nmohmoMoVmo Am{U Ë`mdoir ZddYw n¡gm
AmUÊ`mg¨~§Yr à{VgmX XVo Zmhr. gd© ghZ H$aV oV onmhþZ {Vcm
OmiÊ`mMr `moOZm V`ma Ho$cr OmVo Am{U Ë`m n‘«mUo Omico
OmVo.
hm A‘mZwfVoMm {d{^ÝZ àH$ma åhQ>cm OmVmo.
hþS§>m à{V~§YH$ Cnm``moOZm
1) hþS§>m nX²YVrMo Xîwn[aUm‘ nm{hë`mg h§Sw>m nXY²Vr hr
g‘mOmcm cmJcocr {H$S> Amho.
2) 1983 À`m h§Sw>m à{V~§YH$ H$m`ÚmgZgwma hSw§>`²mÀ`m JÝwh`²m
H$[aVm Om{‘Z {Xcm OmV Zmhr.
3) JwÊhoJmamg 5 dfm©Mm H$mamdmg Am{U 15 000 /- (nY§am
hOma ê$n`mMm ) X§S> AmH$macm OmVmo.
4) hw§§S>`²mMr ‘mJUr H$aÊ`mg H$‘rV H$‘r d OmñVrV OmñV XmoZ
dfm©Mr {ejm d 10000 /- (Xhm hOma ê$n`o ) n`©V§ X§S> hmodw
eH$Vmo.
5) g‘mOmV dV‘©mZnÌo , ‘m{gH$ , Xaw{MÌdmUr BË`mXrÀ`m
‘mÜ`‘mVwZ VgoM hþS§>m {damoYr MMm©gÌo , mfUo , dŠV¥Ëd ñnYm©
, àXe©Z , g^m gå‘ocZ B©Ë`mXr H$m`H©«$‘mM oAm`moOZ H$aUo
AmdeŠ` Amho.
6) ‘wcm - ‘wcrZr d{S>cYmè`m§À`m ~§YZmV Z amhVm ñdV:À`m
OmoS>rXma ñdV:M {ZdS>Vm Agë`mg hSw§>`²mMm àíZM CX^²dZma
Zmhr.
7) dwH$ dwVtZm hw§S>m{damoYr Am§XmocZ H$ê$Z OZOmJ¥Vr Ho$cr
Va hSw§>`²mMm g‘ñ`Moo {ZamH$aU hmoÊ`mg ’$magm doS> cmJZma
Zmhr.
8) c½UmV g‘ma§^mV H$‘r à‘mUmV IM© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
hr nU R>mog Cnm``moOZm hmo`.
{ZîH$f© :-
`m g¨emoYZmdê$Z Amcoë`m AZ^wdmVwZ Ago {ZîH$f© H$mT>
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 54-5756
eH$Vmo H$s , hþS§>m~ir ‘wio ZddYwÀ`m {nË`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>~§mMo
An[a‘rV ZHw$gmZ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr hmZr hmoVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrc ‘wcrcm Vo
‘wH$VmV. àM§S> à‘mUmV ‘mZ{gH$ VmU - VUmd ghZ H$amdm
cmJVmo. hþS§>m~ir g‘ñ`oMo {Z‘w©cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘wcrcm
ñdmdc§~r d {ejrV Ho$co nmhrOo. AÝ`m`mMm à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mMo
g¨ñH$ma Ho$co nmhrOo.
^maVr` X§S> {dYmZ H$c‘ 304 (~) AÝd`o hw§S>m~ir hm
’$m¡OXmar JwÝhm R>acm Amho. Omo h²`m hw§§S>m~irgmR>r O~m~Xma
Agoc Ë`mcm H$‘rV H$‘r gmV (7) dfo © Am{U OmñVrV OmñV
AmOÝ‘ H$mamdmgmMr VaVwX h²`m H$c‘mV Amho.
g^m gå‘ocZmVZw emim ‘hm{dÚmc`mVwZ `mda MMm© Pmcr
nmhrOo àñVwV àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mg ‘XV hmoD$ eH$Vo 1975 Z§Va
ñÌr ‘wŠVrdmX MidirÀ`m à^mdm‘wio ‘hmamîQ´mV Zdr ñÌr
Midi AmH$ma Kod wcmJcr Amho. ‘hmamîQ´mV ñÌrdmXr OmUrdm
g‘moa R>odZw MidirMr ~m§YUr Ho$cr OmV Amho.
‘hmamîQ´ emgZmÀ`m JwÝho AÝdofU {d^mJmUo 2000- 01 `m
dfm©Vrc ‘hmamîQ´mVrc ‘{hcm§da hmoUmè`m AË`mMmamM oAmH$S>o
àH$m{eV Ho$co Ë`mV Xa AmR>dS²>`mV 80 ~cmËH$ma , 100 nojm
OmñV ‘{hcm§À`m gmgaÀ`m ‘§S>irH$Sw>Z N>i , Va df©^amV
362 hþS§>m~ir , 1207 ‘hrcm§À`m AmË‘hË`m Am{U
‘hrcmg¨~§YrÀ`m 13582 JwÝh`²mMr Zm|X Ho$cr Amho. hþS§> màWocm
nm`~§X KmcÊ`mgmR>r R>mog nmdco CMcZo Amdí`H$ Amho.
g¨X^© gwMr
1) maVr` g‘mO àíZ Am{U g‘ñ`m mJ-1- S>m.° ~r. E‘. H$èhmS> o
2) maVr` g‘mO àíZ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`m-S>m.° m. {H$. IS>g o
3) ‘{hcm emofU Am¡a ‘mZdm{YH$ma - gwYmamZr lrdmñVd ,
Amem lrdmñVd.
1 2 Priti Baburao Wankhede and Usha Khandale 57
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
ídoVm {eare Jw§S>mdmaJ¥h AW©emñÌ {d^mJ
gaXma nQ>ob H$m°boO, M§Ðnwa
ì¶{³V‘ËdmVrb {d{dYVm - EH$ {Z[ajU - ^mJ - 2
Jmofdmam
‘wcm§À`m ì`pŠV‘ËdmV AgUm-`m {d{dYVoMr H$maU {‘‘m§gm OmUyZ KoVë`mda Mm§Jë`m ì`pŠV‘ËdmMm {Z{‘©VrH$arVm H$moUVo JwU
KmVH$ d H$moUVo JwU nmoeH$ `m§Mm {dMma H$éZ Mm§Jco ì`pŠV‘Ëd KS>{dÊ`mH$arVm Q>mimd`mMo KQ>H$, H$m`©, H$maUo VgoM Mm§Jco
ì`pŠVËd KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Oo Oo KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>é fH$VmV qH$dm Mm§Jë`m ì`pŠVËd KS>{dÊ`mV Hw$Qw>§~mVr Á`m KQ>H$m§Mr ^y{‘H$m
‘hËdnyU© R>aVo Ogo, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmVmdaU, Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ` g¨»`m, Hw$Qw>§~ nÜXVr, OoíR> qH$dm H${ZíR> AnË` m gJi`m§Mr y{‘H$m
H$fr Agm`cm hdr m~m~V EH$ X¥píQ>jon.
~rOeãX :- A§V‘w©I, nmoeH$, Û§Û, ‘wë`{ejU
J¥{hV H¥$Ë`o
1) KamVrc chmZ AnË` hQ²>Q>r AgVo.
2) KamVrc ‘moR> AnË` fm§V d cmOmiy AgVmo.
3) Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$
dmVmdaUmMm ‘wë`m§À`m ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 58-60
n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo.
4) J^©dVrÀ`m ‘mZ{gH$ pñWVrMm ‘wcm§Mo
ì`pŠV‘Ëd KS>{dÊ`mV ‘moR>r y{‘H$m AgVo.
5) {fjH$m§À`m ì`pŠV‘ËdmMm à^md nS>Vmo.
CX²Xof :-
1) ‘wco hQ²>Q>r H$m ~ZVmV OmUyZ KoUo
2) ‘yco hQ²>Q>r ~ZÊ`m‘mJMr H$maUo Xwa H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aUo.
3) ‘wcm§Mo Mm§Jco ì`pŠV‘Ëd KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
AmdîdH$ dmVmdaU H$moUVo Vo OmdyZ KoUo.
4) ‘wcm§Mo Mm§Jco ì`pŠV‘Ëd KS>{dÊ`mV
O~m~Xma AgUm-`m KQ>H$m§Mr y{‘H$m ñníQ> H$aUo.
àñVmdZm :-
ewÜX ~rOmnmoQ>r ’$io agmi Jmo‘Q>r', `m CŠVrà‘mUo
ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda AZwd§frH$VoMm à^md {XgyZ `oVmo. nU nyU©V:
ì`pŠV‘Ëd ho AZwd§frH$Voda Adc§~yZ AgVo H$m h`mMm {dMma
H$amdmM cmJVmo.
dmT>Vr ‘hmJmB© d dmT>Ë`m JaOm§Zm Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r nmcH$m§Zm
ZmoH$ar H$aUo An[ahm`© hmoV Amho. ~XcË`m OrdZf¡cr‘Ü`o
nmcH$Ëd `fñdrarË`m {Z^mdyZ ZoUo hr IamoIaM VmaodaMr
H$gaV Amho. Ë`mVM {d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~ nÜXVr‘wio KamVrc
dS>rcYm-`m ‘mUgm§Mm ghdmg d g¨ñH$ma ‘wc§mZm {‘ioZmgm
Pmmcm Amho. Afm Jw§VmJwVrÀ`m H$R>rU n[apñWVrV nmcH$Ëd
ì`dpñWV[aË`m nma nmSy>Z ‘wcm§Mo ì`pŠV‘Ëd gwX¥T> H$aÊ`mgmR>r
nmcH$m§Zr CncãY doioV ~mcH$m§fr gwg¨dmX gmYZo Amdî`H$
AgVo. AmOMr ‘wco hr XofmMo ^mdr ZmJarH$ Amho. AmXf©
ZmJ[aH$ ~Z{dÊ`mH$arVm nmcH$ ~mcH$ g¨~§Y gwX¥T> AgUo
JaOoMo AgVo.
‘wco hr AZwH$aUfrc AgVmV Ë`m§À`m g^modVmcr AgUm-`m
ì`ŠVtÀ`m ñd^md d dmJUwH$sMm ‘wcm§À`m ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda
Ë`m§À`m ñd^mdmda n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. KamVrc dS>rcYmar
ì`ŠVr BVam§fr H$fm nÜXVrZo ~mocVmV. KamVrc ì`ŠVtMo
EH$‘oH$m§fr H$go g¨¨~§Y AgVmV. EH$‘oH$m§{de`rMm AmXa
‘moR>`m§À`m ì`pŠV‘ËdmVyZ {ZX{f©V hmoV AgVmo Am{U `mVyZhr
‘wcm§Mo ì`pŠV‘Ëd KS>V AgVo.
Á`m Kam§‘YwZ ‘wcm§da g¨ñH$ma H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§Zm {Xco OmUmao ‘wë`
{fjU ho dS>rcYm-`m§À`m ì`pŠV‘ËdmVyZ à{Vq~{~V hmoV AgVo
Afm Kam§‘Yrc ‘wco ‘wë` {fjU AmË‘gmV H$aVmV Ë`mMo
à{Vq~~ ‘wcm§À`m dmJUwH$sV Amnë`mcm {XgV AgVo. nU Á`m
KamV ‘wcm§Zm ‘yë` {fjUmMo YS>o {Xco OmVmV nU dS>rcYmar
‘m’©$V Vr ‘yë`o nm`Xir VwS>drë`m OmV AgVrc Va ‘wcm§À`m
ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda Ë`mMm {dn[aV n[aUm‘ Pmcobm {ZXf©Zmg `oVmo
Ogo, ‘wcm§Zm ImoQ>o ~mocy Z`o Ago gm§{JVco OmVo d nmcH$ ‘wcm§Zm
gm§JVmV ’$moZda gm§J H$s ~m~m Kar ZmhrV. m§Mm dmB©Q> n[aUm‘
‘wcm§À`m ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda hmoV AgVmo d ‘wco hr ImoQ>o ~mocUo
{fH$m`cm cmJVmV.
AmB© dS>rc KamVrc dS>rcYm-`m§Zm ‘mZ XoV AgVrc,
Ë`m§À`mfr ào‘mZo dmJV AgVrc, Ë`m§Mr XIc KoV AgVrc,
Ë`m§Zm doi XoV AgVrc Va ‘wcohr Ë`m§Mo AZwH$aU H$aVm§Zm
{XgVmV d Ë`mVyZM KamVrc dmVmdaU AmZ§Xr, g‘mYmZr
{Z‘m©U hmoVo. na§Vy Oa KamVrc dS>rcYm-`m§H$S>o AmB© dS>rcM
Xwc©j H$arV AgVrc Va ‘wco hr VgoM H$aVmV n[aUm‘r KamVrc
dmVmdaU, Xw:Ir, Ag‘mYmZr, {Z‘m©U hmoVo d Ë`mMm {dn[aV
n[aUm‘ ‘wcm§À`m ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda hmoV AgVmo Ago cjmV `oVo.
H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmVmdaUmgmo~VM Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMm
XopIc ‘wcm§À`m ì`pŠV‘Ëdmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. Am{W©H$ pñWVr
~-`mn¡§H$s Agë`mg ‘wcm§‘Yrc AmË‘{dîdmg ~imdcocm
{XgyZ oVmo d Ë`m AmË‘{dîdmgmÀ`m ~imda ‘wcm§‘Yrc {ZU©`
fŠVr {dH${gV hmoV AgVo.
‘wcm§Zm H$m` gm§Jmd`mMo Amho ho OmUyZ Z KoVm Amnco ‘V, BÀN>m
Ë`m§À`mda cmXë`mg ‘wco A§V:‘w©Ir ~ZVmV, Ago {Z[ajUmV
Amco. Afm A§V:‘w©Ir ‘wcm§À`m ‘ZmV {dMmamM§ Û§Û gwé AgVo
Am{U Ë`mMm CÐoH$ Pmcm H$s ‘wco nmcH$m§M EoHo$Zmgo hmoVmZm
{XgVmV åhUyZ doirM `mH$S>o cj XoUo Amdî`H$ AgVo Ago
{XgyZ oV Amho.
Or ‘wco hQ²>Q>r AgVmV Afm§Zm ZH$ma nM{dÊ`mMr gd`M ZgVo.
‘wco ZH$ma Amë`mg {dÜdg¨H$ d¥ËVr qH$dm AmË‘hË`oH$S>o
dicoco {XgVmV åhUyZ chmZnUmnmgyZM ‘wcm§Zm ZH$ma
nM{dÊ`mMr gd` cmdUo ‘wcm§À`m CÁdc ^{dí`mÀ`m X¥íQ>rZo
Mm§Jco AgVo na§Vy nmcH$m§Zm dmQ>V§ H$s Amnë`m Á`m B©ÀN>m nyU©
Shweta Shirish Gundawar 59
Pmë`m Zmhr Ë`m gd© BÀN>m ‘wcm§À`m EH$m ‘mJUr ~amo~a nyU©
H$amì`mV AWm©V ho ào‘mnmoQ>r KSy>Z oV§, nU Ë`mMm {dn[aV ~Xc
hiwhiw {XgyZ `m`cm cmJVmo. doirM hm ~Xc nmcH$m§À`m
cjmV `oUo Amdî`H$ AgVo. AÝ`Wm ‘wco H$mhrhr H$éZ
ñdV:Mr BÀN>m nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmV ‘J Vmo ‘mJ©
`mo½` Agmo AWdm A`mo½` ‘wcm§À`m A`mo½` dV©UwH$sMo H$m¡VwH$
Ë`m§À`mM g‘moa BVam§Zm gm§{JVë`m Joë`mZo ‘wcm§Zm Amncr
dV©UwH$ `mo½`M Amho Ago dmQ>Vo d ‘wco AOyZ A`mo½` ‘mJm©Mm
Adc§~ H$aVmV. A`mo½` dV©UyH$ doirM {Z`§ÌUmV AmUë`mg,
‘wcm§Zm Vo g‘OmdyZ gm§{JVë`mg chmZnUmnmgyZM `mo½`-
A`mo½`mMr OmU Ë`m§Zm {Z‘m©U hmoB©c, d Ë`m§Mo ^{dí` CÁdc
~Zoc.
{ZîH$e© :-
Amncr ‘wco XofmMr CËV‘ ZmJ[aH$ ~Zmdo Ago àË`oH$ nmcH$m§Zm
dmQ>V AgVo. gd©àW‘ nmcH$M ‘wcm§Mo AmXf© Agë`mZo
nmcH$m§Zr ‘wcm§Zm ‘wë`{fjU XoÊ`mnydu Vo ñdV:À`m dV©UyH$sVyZ
ì`ŠV hmody X`mdo. ‘wco hQ²>Q>r ~Zw Z`o mH$arVm chmZnUmnmgyZM
Ë`m§Zm hiwhiw ZH$ma nM{dÊ`mMr gd` cmdë`mg KamVyZ
{fjU, ZmoH$arÀ`m {Z{‘Ë`mZo ~mhoa nS>ë`mda Ë`m§Z BVam§fr
O‘dyZ KoÊ`mg ghOVm {Z‘m©U hmoB©c. A`mo½` dV©ZmMo H$m¡VyH$ Z
H$aVm doirM Ë`mMo Xwín[aUm‘ ‘wcm§À`m cjmV AmUyZ {Xë`mg
‘wcm§Zm `mo½` A`mo½` VoMr OmU `oB©c d Ë`mVyZM XofmgmR>r
Mm§Jco ì`pŠV‘Ëd àmá hmoB©c.
g¨X^© J«§W gyMr
1) gm‘m{OH$ g¨fmoYZ nÜXVr - S>m°. nw.c.^m§S>maH$a
2) {ddmh d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g¨~§Y - {ÌdoUr ’$aH$mS>o
3) ’° {‘cr S>m°ŠQ>a - S>m°. lr. ~mcmOr Vm§~o
4) ~mc‘mZgfmñÌ - VoOñdr gwa|Ð gmd§V
5) nmcH$ OmJa - Lambore [email protected]
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 58-6060
Narco Analysis Test ? - Present Legal Scenario In India
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
S. P. College of Law, Chandrapur (M.S.)
E-mail : [email protected]
Abhay Butle
Abstract� � � � �
As in present complex society numbers of new criminal activities have grown up and criminals have started using
new techniques for hiding and committing crime making it very difcult for investigating agencies to solve these
complex cases with traditional methods. One of the consequences is that there is great demand of new
technologies in the criminal justice system. Even various experts and committees have also recommended for the
use of these technologies. These technologies are not only important for investigating the crimes but also helpful
in the tracking out the future criminal activities going to commit by the criminals in the society. Though there is a
demand for the use of these techniques but at the same time it raises legal, ethical and some medical issues
regarding use and implication of these techniques. Through this article author made an attempt to analyze the
issues and some important decisions of Judiciary which greatly affected the criminal justice system in India.
Key Words: Investigation, Criminal justice system, Lie detector, Brain mapping, Narco-analysis Technique.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 61-64
Introduction :Narco-analysis has been the most debated topic
amongst the legal fraternity, media and common
masses.Interrogation is an important aspect of
criminal investigation. It plays a major role in
investigation whenever there is little or no
physicalevidence. Policeand other investigations
depend on interrogation as a principal means of
determining facts and technology, the investigation
are using the forensic science techniques to exact
information from suspects or accused persons.
The term Narco Analysis is derived from the Greek
word narkç (meaning "anesthesia" or "torpor") and is
used to describe a diagnostic and psychotherapeutic
technique that uses psychotropic drugs, particularly
barbiturates, to induce a stupor in which mental
elements with strong associated affects come to the
surface, where they can be exploited by the therapist.
The term narco-analysis was coined by Horsley. Narco
analysis poses several questions at the intersection of
law, medicine and ethics. Is the procedure for narco
analysis is violating of the rights against self-
incrimination, guaranteed under Article 20 (3) of
Constitution. It gured prominently in the news
recently when it became eye of storm and sparked off
the debate when media played tapes of Telgi, accused
subjected to Narcoanalysis procedure.
This tests are used to analyses the behavior of the
suspect as well as for the purpose of corroborating the
investigating ofcers ndings.Narco analysis, as a
part of criminal Investigativepractice, is the
administering of chemical drugs by the police to a
suspect or witness in order to extract information
fromhim/her by asking questions while in a drugged
state. The object behind such administration of drug,
being deprived of power of reasoning and self-control
would talk freely and will not be able to manipulate
any answer. The underlining theory is that a person can
lies only by using his power of imagination thus , when
devoid of such power , a person is bound to speak truth.
This procedure is conducted in government hospitals
after court order is passed instructing the doctor or
hospital authority to conduct the test.This test going
properly in police investigation and has been used in
number of high prole cases, including that of Abu
Salem, Abdul KarimTelgi,The Hyderabad Bomb
Blast,The Nithari Killing,SadviPagyaSing Thakur
Case, Dr. TalwarIinAaarushi Case,Ajmal Amir Kasab
in recent terror attack case.
These days while looking the statistics of crime and
strategy of criminals the use of technology in
prevention and investigation of crimes become the
demand of society but at the same time we cannot
exempt from the consequences which could occur
while using these technologies. As far as Narco
Analysis Test is concerned it is conducted by injecting
sodium pentothal in the body of proposed accused or
subject. The amount of sodium pentothal varies from
person to person but generally it is of 3 grams
dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled water and injected
with the help and presence of anaesthetist
intravenously along with 10% solution of dextrose
over a period of three hours. This whole process is
controlled by pushing the suspected person into the
state of hypnotic trance and monitoring the blood
pressure and heart rate continuously.
Narco Analysis from Constitutional & Legal Stand
Points Such tests generally don't have legal validity as
confessions made by a semi-conscious person is not
admissible in court. The court may, however, grant
l imited admissibil i ty after considering the
circumstances under which the test was obtained. The
privilege against `self-incrimination is a fundamental
canon of Common law criminal jurisprudence. Art.
20(3) which embody this privilege read, "No person
accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a
witness against himself". Subjecting the accused to
undergo the test, as has been done by the investigative
agencies in India, is considered by many as a blatant
violation of Art. 20(3) it was held that to attract of
Constitution. The application of Narcoanalysis test
involves the fundamental question pertaining to
judicial matters and also to Human Rights. The legal
position of applying this technique as an investigative
aid raises genuine issues like encroachment of an
individual's rights, liberties and freedom.
Abhay Butle62
Legally speaking, the constitution of India part III
Article 20(3) clearly says no person shall be a witness
against himself. The process may declare as a violation
of fundamental rights of Constitution. .Section 25 of
Indian Evidence Act, 1872 says that the confession
made by a person under police custody could not be
admitted as evidence. It means there would be
possibility of non-admissibility of evidence after
performing the whole process. . Under section 161 of
the Criminal Procedure Code the police ofcer
authorized for investigation may ask orally any
question to the person aware of facts and
circumstances of the case and person shall bound to
answer all the question except the questions, answer of
which would have a tendency to expose him a criminal
charge or to a penalty or forfeiture. Thus the Narco-
analysis Test contains both advantages as well as
disadvantage features. Law as a guardian of the society
needs to be changed in science and technology.
Society is dynamic and the crime pattern has also
changed over a period of time and technological
advancement made the system much more complex
and requires this methods. . In India the conviction rate
is very less and crime rate is very high. The main factor
responsible for this gap is poor investigation, which
can only be solved through improvement in the
investigation and for this reason scientic method like
narco test is a must. . Various cases like Abu Salem,
Nithari case, Arun Bhatt Kidnapping case etc. the
Narco Analysis was very much useful in solving the
cases. Thus using this method the complex offences
can be resolved. On the whole Indian judiciary has
consented conditional use of these tests for extracting
truth. In fact, some of the laws relating to criminal
justice system need amendments so that scientic
methods of investigation can become part of the laws
thereby they can be utilized for the benet of the
society at large and to have a cr ime free
society.However, defense lawyers and human rights
activists viewed that narco analysis test was a very
primitive form of investigation and third degree
treatment, and there were legal lapses interrogation
with the aid of drugs.
Conclusion:-
The right to life is intrinsically connected to the
inviolability of the body. Even after when a doctor has
to perform a procedure which involves introducing a
chemical in human body to perform an operation to
cure , the consent of the patient is required.
Thus even in procedures performed for thewelfare of a
patient of the individual is for any invasion of the body.
The introduction of sodium pento that in the body of a
person without his/her consent for narco-analysis
violates not just the right against self-incrimination but
the right to life itself provided under article 21 of the
Indian Constitution.It can be said that the judiciary
took harmonious construction regarding the use of this
process and given interpretation of conditional
utilization so that the process absolutely could not be
ignored nor it can be used in each and every cases of
crime. The judiciary by giving such type of
interpretation started protecting the interests of
individuals as well as society. Protection from crime
and maintenance of law and order is the rst priority of
every state which is in social interest and at the same
time to maintain human dignity and human rights is
also the priority of state so the conict of social
interests and individual interests can be regulated by
the judiciary.
As in present complex society numbers of new
criminal activities have grown up and criminals have
started using new techniques for hiding and
committing crime making it very difcult for
investigating agencies to solve these complex cases
with traditional methods. One of the consequences is
that there is great demand of new technologies in the
criminal justice system. Even various experts and
committees have also recommended for the use of
these technologies. These technologies are not only
important for investigating the crimes but also helpful
in the tracking out the future criminal activities going
to commit by the criminals in the society. Though there
is a demand for the use of these techniques but at the
same time it raises legal, ethical and some medical
issues regarding use and implication of these
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 61-64 63
techniques. Through this article we made an attempt to
analyze the issues and some important decisions of
Judiciary which greatly affected the criminal justice
system in India.
Various committees and commissions have issued
guidelines for the use of these scientic methods. On
the whole Indian judiciary has consented conditional
use of these tests for extracting truth. In fact, some of
the laws relating to criminal justice system need
amendments so that sc ient ic methods of
investigation can become part of the laws thereby they
can be utilized for the benet of the society at large and
to have a crime free society.
Suggessions :-
Narco- Analysis test is just means for solving
criminal cases, so this test can be taking into
consideration in that sense only.
Well trained Medical protection should be
allowed to be appointed for narco analysis test.
Research shouldbe made for maintaining the side
effects of the test.
References
Books :
1. The Constitutional law of India, J.N. Pandey,
2. Indian Constitutional law, Prof. M.P. Jain,
Cases:
M.P.Sharma Vs. Satish Chandra 1954 AIR 300 SC
NandiniSatpathy Vs. P.L. Dani AIR 1978 Sc 1025
Abhay Butle64
Importance of library and books for society
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Librarian
Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur
E-mail : [email protected]
Sanjay S. Bhuttamwar
Abstract
Library and books play a vital role in learned society. Library is a social institution and imparts service for
providing knowledge and information through books, journal, periodicals, and newspapers so on It helps society
in enhancing its literacy of education decision making and strategy determination in various sectors. Public
library helps common people in transforming illiterate to literate, while academic library helps students, staff in
learning their academic syllabus. Library is important source now days to get information through modern
information technological tools like computer and internet.
Key Words: Public library, Academic library, Literacy, Academic information, Computer and internet.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 65-67
Introduction
The library is a place where there is a large collection
of books. Libraries are of many types i.e., public,
academic, research or special library. Some people are
very fond of books and collect them to satisfy their
thirst for knowledge. They go to public libraries which
are open to all and anybody can go and read the books.
Some people like lawyers, chartered accountants,
doctors, etc., have to consult many books in
connection with their respective professions. So, they
have to maintain a special library of their own. While
academic institutions from school to higher
educational institutions there are academic libraries
which consist of collection of academic books as per
syllabus and periodicals and other printed resources
with computer and internet facilities, which meet the
needs of the literatures of academic education giving
students of concerned institution.
Sections of a library
Public libraries have got two sections generally. One is
the reading-room section and the other is the issue
section. In the reading-room varieties of newspapers,
weeklies, and monthly magazines are placed on the
tables. Anybody can go and read them. A catalogue of
books is maintained by the librarian. Everybody can
consult this catalog and get any book issued for
reading in the reading-room.
In the issue section a list of members is maintained.
The members have to pay a small monthly
subscription. They have also to pay an initial deposit as
a security for the books. Then they can get books for
use at home. The rules regarding issue of books for
home-use different from library to library.
Similarly in academic institution there are more
number of service section than private library. It has
stock room, lending section, cataloguing section, and
journal section, reference service section beside Xerox
and computer and internet service section.
Benets of library
A library is a building or a room containing many
books for reading and reference. Public libraries have
a large collection of books which people can read and
borrow as members or subscribers.
The National Library has the largest collection of
books of all types and numerous journals. To scholars
and researches, it is an indispensable source of
knowledge and up-to-date information.
The British council libraries as well as American
libraries in various cities in India contain foreign
books of various types. They fulll the academic
requirements of student, and also provide mental
recreation through novels and story-books. Readers
have to renew their membership cards every year.
The importance of library in schools is immense.
There should be at least one library in every school,
whether it is a primary, secondary or higher secondary
school. The school library should be updated regularly.
There should be introduction of new version of books
at regular intervals. The books that contain the latest
information and bases on the latest syllabus should
only be kept in the library. When students get ample
opportunity to study in a calm atmosphere with
appropriate infrastructure, then it will result in better
result in the exams.
There is a need of libraries in both cities and villages.
In recent times, the issue of Adult literacy has been
raised by many. These adults, who want to get
themselves educated, can go to these libraries and
educate themselves.
In the contest of library, the role and importance of a
librarian deserves special mention. Even a small
library must have a librarian. The librarian's task is to
arrange the books systematically according to subjects
in different shelves. He or she makes a catalogue of
books and authors alphabetically. Each is given an
accession number. There must be a register to record
the issues and return of books. In big libraries there are
several library assistants to help the librarian. They
possess a degree of a recognized institution teaching
librarianship.
Modern libraries are computerizing the system of
work. Gradually CDs (Compact Disc) may replace
voluminous books like encyclopedias. Readers will
just touch one or two keys or click the mouse to get the
necessary information ashed on the monitor.
It is very important to acquire the habit of regularly
Sanjay S. Bhutamwar66
visiting the library. Whatever the teachers teach should
be supplemented with library-work. That makes study
both sound and satisfactory.
Thus library is a very useful institution. It is not
possible for everybody to purchase books on every
subject. In the library the same books pass through
several hands by rotation. A man can read a large
number of books at a very little cost or even no cost. It
is a t place for close and careful study. Here, there is
no disturbance and everybody can read with rapt
attention. Public library serves these environment and
need.
The academic library helps a good deal in spreading
knowledge and education. to the students with specic
instructions. Many of academic books are so costly
that a student of average means cannot purchase them.
Students can take benet from these books by
becoming members of the library.
Conclusion
Thus libraries are a centre where knowledge and
information are gathered and organized in a systematic
way where any user or members can retrieve the
information or sources required to meet his/her
demand.
Public libraries play a vital role in removing illiteracy
of poor people by providing reading materials on
freely as well on membership basis. Academic
libraries meet the requirements of academic staff and
students to teach and study their academic syllabus
wise knowledge.
References
1. Library collection of books, public or private; room
or building where these are kept; similar collection of
lms, records, computer routines, etc. or place where
they are kept; series of books issued in similar bindings
as set."--Allen, R. E., ed. (1984) the Pocket Oxford
Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Clarendon
Press; p. 421
2. Varna, R., and Barbaric, A. (2007). "Improving
visibility of public libraries in the local community: a
study of ve public libraries in Zagreb, Croatia". New
Library World; 108 (9/10), pp. 435–444.
3. Iauyslic1955.org.in. 3 September 1955.
Retrieved 9 September 2012
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 65-67 67
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
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Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 68-70
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H$ê$ZM BVam§Zm g‘OyZ ¿`mdo cmJVo. m mfm§Va à{H«$`oV Ë`m
~mocrMm AñgcnUm H$‘r hmoVmo. Oo gm§Jm`Mo VoM amhÿZ OmVo.
`m Am{U Aem {H$Ë`oH$ g‘ñ`m§Zr Koacoco Am{XdmgtMo OrdZ
Am{U gm{hË` Amho. Ë`mda Cnm` emoYco n{mhOo. VmoS>Jm
H$mT>cm nm{hOo. `mdahr Am{Xdmgr gm{hpË`H$ Amnco {dMma
‘m§S>V AmhoV, H$m`© H$aV Amho. Am{Xdmgr gm{hpË`H$m§Zm
àH$meH$ gmnS>V Zmhr. gmnS>cm Va nadS>V Zmhr. Aem doir
gYZ Am{XdmgtZr qH$dm JQ>mZo {‘iyZ Amnco àH$meZ gwê$
H$amdo Agm g„m ^wO§J ‘olm‘ XoVmV. hiyhiy C{O©VmdñWoH$S>o
OmV Agcoco Am{Xdmgr AZoH$ àcmo^Zm§Zm ~ir nS>V AmhoV.
Ë`m§Zm Ë`mnmgyZ namd¥ËV ìhmdo cmJoc. Ë`m§À`mVrc d¡Mm[aH$
Hw$nmofU Xya H$amdo cmJoc. {ejU hm Ë`mda Mm§Jcm Cnm` hmoD$
eH$Vmo d§{MVm§À`m dmQ²>`mcm Oo WmoS>o Mm§Jco {Xdg Amco Vo
{ejUm‘wio åhUyZ Am{Xdmgr g‘mOm§V {ejUmMo-
Cƒ{ejUmMo à‘mU dmT>co H$s Ë`m§Mr d¡Mm[aH$ Hw$nmofUmMr
AdñWmhr gwYmaoc.
^maVr` g¨{dYmZmZo Am{XdmgtÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ~è`mM VaVyXr
H$ê$Z R>odë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr A§‘c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV H$gya
hmoV Amho. ‘mZdVmdmXr X¥îQ>rH$moZmVyZ Amnco H$V©ì` mo½` [aË`m
~Omdco Am{U Ë`m H$V©ì`mV H$gya H$aUmè`mg X§S> {Xcm Va
n[apñWVr nmcQy> eH$Vo. Am{XdmgtH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm VwÀN>VmdmXr
qH$dm X`mdmXr X¥îQ>rH$moU Q>mHy$Z ‘mZdVmdmXr X¥îQ>rH$moUmVyZ
nm{hco H$s AÜ`m© g‘ñ`m Xya hmoVrc. ^mfoMr g‘ñ`m ‘moR>r
Agcr Var XwY©a Zmhr. Am{XdmgtÀ`m ~moct‘Ü`o Aìdc
XOm©Mo gm{hË` Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m ~moctMo OVZ PmcoM
nm{hOo. `mg¨X^m©V S>m°. {dZm`H$ Vw‘am‘, gw{Zc Hw$‘ao Aem
gm{hpË`H$m§Zr ‘§S>io ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mda H$m‘ H$aV AmhoV.
emgZ nmVirdahr Am{XdmgtÀ`m ~moctMm Aä`mg ‘moR>`m
à‘mUmda ìhm`cm hdm. Ë`m dmnamV `m`cm hì`m. ZoVmOr
amOJS>H$a EH$m g^oV åhUmco hmoVo H$s "Jm|S>r ^mfm hr
‘moh|OXmamo-hS>ßnm g¨ñH¥$VrMr ^mfm Amho. Jm|S>r ^mfoMm
Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg g¨nyU© ‘mZdr OrdZmÀ`m B{VhmgmMm CcJS>m
hmoD$ eH$Vmo.' `m dŠVì`mda {dMma ìhm`cm hdm. ~moctZm
à‘mU mfoMm Oar XOm© Zgcm Var ~moct‘wioM mfoMo ApñVËd
{Q>Hy$Z Amho, `mV Vri‘mÌ e§H$m Zmhr. åhUyZ Am{Xdmgr
~moctMo OVZ, g¨dY©Z Pmco nm{hOo. Am{XdmgtZm Ë`m§À`m
~mocrV {ejU {‘iÊ`mMr VaVyX Ucr Va Ë`m§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrV
AS>MU `oUma Zmhr Am{U Z§Va {Z‘m©U hmoUmao gm{hË` XO}Xma
hmoB©c.g¨X^© J«§W
Am{Xdmgr OrdZ H$Wm Am{U ì`Wm, gwaoe H$moS>rVH$a,
gwJmdm àH$meZ nwUo, à.Am. 2008
Am{Xdmgr àíZ Am{U n[adV©Z, S>m°. JmoqdX Jmao, A‘¥V
àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, à.Am. 1994
Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` Am{U Apñ‘VmdoY, wO§J ‘olm‘,
cmoH$dmS²>.‘`J¥h, ‘w§~B©, à.Am. 2014
Aja~mocr, maVr` Am{XdmgtÀ`m ~mocr^mfm d Ë`m§Mo
gm{hË`, EH$ {Xdgr` amîQ´r` MMm©gÌ, 30 ‘mM© 2012.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 68-7070
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
{dÚmYa ~ÝgmoS>‘amR>r {d^mJ
gaXma nQ>ob ‘hm{dÚmc`, M§Ðnya
^JdmZ ~wÕmÀ¶m H$mimVrb Om{Vì¶dñWoMr pñWVr
gmam§e
AmO maVmV hOmamo OmVr d Ë`m§Mr nŠH$s ì`dñWm AmnUmg {XgyZ oVo. {VMo `mZH$ ñdénhr AmnUmg {XgyZ oVo. OmVr^oXmMm
CJ‘ AmnUmg G$½doXmÀ`m 10/90/12 À`m nwéfgwŠVmg AmT>iVmo. Vo H$mhr A§er gË` Amho. AmMm`© Y‘m©Z§X H$mog¨~tÀ`m ‘Vo
doXH$mcmnydu XoIrc gáqgYy àXoemV Am{U ‘Ü` qhXwñWmZmV Om{V^oXY‘© XoIrc ApñVËdmV hmoVm. AqhgmY‘© XoIrc hmoVm.
Am`mªÀ`m AmJ‘Zm‘wio d d¡{XH$ g¨ñH¥$VrÀ`m à^mdm‘wio Aqhgm Y‘m©cm AaÊ`dmg nËH$amdm cmJcm. ~wÕH$mimV H$mhr {R>H$mUr
H$mhr {R>H$mUr JUamÁ`o Va H$mhr EH$gËVmH$ amÁ`o ApñVËdmV hmoVr. JUamÁ`mV k`mJm§Zm CËVoOZ ZìhVo Va EH$gÎmmH$ amÁ`mV k-
‘hm`kmgmR>r ~«mh²‘Um§Zm BZm‘o AgV. O¡Z gm{hË`mVrc AmMmam§J {Z`w©pŠVÀ`m nwamì`mà‘mUo AZwcmo‘-à{Vcmo‘ g¨VVr OZZm‘wio
AZoH$ OmVtÀ`m {Z{‘©VrMm nm`m KmVcm Jocm. ~wÕH$mimV Añn¥í`VoMo CXmhaU gmnS>Vo. j{Ì`, ~«mh²‘U, d¡í`, ewÐ m dUmª~amo~aM
Mm§S>mi, ^§Jr, H$moir, cmohma, Ýhmdr, ‘mV§J B. OmVr d Xmg Xmgr Aem CXmhaUo gmnS>VmV. AWm©V ~wÕH$mimV Om{Vì`dñWm
ApñVËdmV hmoVr. na§Vw AmOÀ`m gmaIr ^`§H$a ZìhVr. ~mnmÀ`m dUm©À`m ì`dgm`mà‘mUo ‘wco ì`dgm` H$arV AgV. ~«mh²‘Um§Zr
Om{V^oXmMr cmJdS> ‘moR>çmm à‘mUmV Ho$ë`m‘wio H$moUË`mhr l‘U g¨ñWm§Zm {Vcm CnQy>Z ’o$H$Uo AeŠ` Pmco. ^JdmZ ~wÕmZo
dU©ì`dñWm d Om{Vì`dñWocm g¨nyU©nUo ImoSy>Z H$mT>co. Z¡{VH$X¥îQ>çmm Om{V^oXmMr H$ënZm {ZaW©H$ Agë`mMo ñnîQ> Ho$co.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 71-75
AmO ^maVmV OmVrì`dñWm A{Ve` ~iH$Q> Pmcocr AmnU
nmhVmo. qhXyY‘m©Mo Vo d¡{eîQ>çm Amho. OmVrì`dñWoMo Xwîn[aUm‘
gwÕm ~KV AmhmoV. Om{Vì`dñWo‘wio cmoH$emhrcm YmoH$m {Z‘m©U
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{~KS>co Zmhr. Vr A{YH$m{YH$ ~iH$Q>M hmoV Amho. `m
OmVrì`dñWoMm OÝ‘ ^maVmV Ho$ìhm Pmcm? OmVr^oXmÀ`m
CJ‘m{df`r gm§JVmZm AmMm`© Y‘m©Z§X H$mog¨~r G$½doXmVrc EH$m
G$MoMm C„oI H$aVmV.
"~«m÷Umo@ñ` ‘wI‘mgr×mhÿ amOÝ`: H¥$Ë`: &
Cé VXñ` Û¡í`: nX²ä`m§ ewÐmo AOm`V && G$. 10/90/12
AWm©V ~«mh²‘UmMm OÝ‘ ~«h²‘mÀ`m ‘wImVyZ Pmcm. j{Ì`m§Mm
~«h²‘mÀ`m ~mhþVyZ Pmcm. d¡í`m§Mm ~«h²‘m§À`m ‘m§S>çmmVyZ Pmcm
Va ewÐm§Mm OÝ‘ ~«h²‘mÀ`m nm`mVyZ Pmcm. AmMm`© Y‘m©Z§X
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MwH$sMr Amho. doXH$mcmnydu XoIrc gáqgYy àXoemV Am{U
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AmMm`© H$mog¨~rÀ`m ‘Vo XmoZ Y‘© qhXwñWmZmV hmoVo. AqhgmY‘©
Am{U Om{V^oXY‘©. Am`mªÀ`m AmJ‘Zm‘wio Am{U d¡{XH$
g¨ñH¥$VrÀ`m àgmam‘wio AqhgmY‘m©cm AaÊ`dmg nËH$amdm
cmJcm. Am`mªÀ`m {df`r AmMm`© Y‘m©Z§X H$mog¨~r åhUVmV,
""Am`© hm EH$ eãX G$ YmVynmgyZ gmYcm Amho; Am`© `m
eãXmMm AW© "{’$añVo' Agm hmoVm. Am`mªZm KaoXmao H$ê$Z amhUo
AmdS>V Zgo Ago {XgVo. ~m~rcmo{Z`mV `k`mJmÀ`m OmJm
åhQ>ë`m åhUOo ‘moR>‘moR>çmm ‘§{Xam§Mr Amdmao AgV. Am{U
haßnm ‘qhOmoXmamo m XmoZ {R>H$mUr Oo àmMrZ ZJamdeof gmnS>co
AmhoV, Ë`m XoIrc Xm{h cmoH$m§Mr ‘§{Xao k`mJmÀ`m OmJm AgV
Ago VÁkm§Zm dmQ>Vo.''2
`m {’$añË`m cmoH$m§Zr Xmgm§gma»`m nwT>macoë`m cmoH§$mMm nam^d
Ho$cm. Xmg chmZ ehamVyZ amhV AgV Am{U `m eham§Mo
EH$‘oH$m§V d¡a MmcV Ago. AmVm AmnU ~wÕH$mimH$S>o diy`m.
`m H$mimV åhUOo B.g. nyd© ghmì`m eVH$mV, `m XoemMr
amOYmZr B§ÐàñW ZJa hmoVo. ~wÕg‘H$mcr VoWo H$m¡aì` ZmdmMm
amOm amÁ` H$arV Ago, EdT>rM H$m` Vr ‘m{hVr gmnS>Vo. nU
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gmnS>V Zmhr. `m àXoemV ~wÕmÀ`m g¨KmgmR>r EH$hr {dhma
ZìhVm. ~wÕ JdmZ CnXoe H$arV Ë`m XoemV OmV, Voìhm EImÚm
PmS>mImcr qH$dm AemM Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ‘wŠH$m‘mcm amhmV
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ZmdmMm YZmT>çm VéU {^jy Pmë`mMr H$Wm ‘pÁP‘{ZH$m`mV
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C„oI OmVH$ AÅ>H$WoV AmT>iVmo. gyagoZ (eyagoZ) `mMr
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amOm M§S>àÚmoV m§À`m g¨~§YmZo ~arM ‘m{hVr AmT>iVo. amOYmZr
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Pmco. ~«mh²‘U nwéf Am{U j{Ì` ñÌr `m§OnmgyZ àYmZ j{Ì`
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hmoVmo. øm à‘mUo gmV dU© hmoVmV. AmVm hr ZddUmªVao - 1)
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A`moJd (5) d¡í` nwéf Am{U j{Ì` ñÌr mOnmgyZ ‘mJY (6)
j{Ì` nwéf d ~«mh²‘U ñÌr m§OnmgyZ gyV. (7) ewÐ nwéf Am{U
j{Ì` ñÌr m§OnmgyZ jËVm. (8) d¡í` nwéf Am{U ~«mh²‘U ñÌr
`m§OnmgyZ d¡Xoh; (9) eyÐ nwéf Am{U ~«mh²‘U ñÌr `m§OnmgyZ
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27)''3 AmOcm ApñVËdmV Agcocr ‘Zwñ‘¥Vr hr {Z`w©ŠVr
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Amho; {VW§ OÝ‘OmVrcm H$mS>r‘mÌ ‘hËd Zmhr,' Ago åhUVmo.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 71-75 73
nm{c dmL²‘`mV gmonmH$ ZmdmMm Mm§S>mi OmVrMm ì`ŠVr ~m¡Õ
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Vidyadhar Bansod74
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Am¡a§Jm~mX. à. Am. nwZ‘w©ÐU 2012 n¥îR> 196, 197.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 71-75 75
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
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Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 76-80
gmYUo, Ë`mMm AW© cmdUo, Ë`mVyZ VwH$mo~mMo ì`ŠV hmoUmao ‘Z S>moiçmmnyT>o AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo ømVM VwH$mam‘m§À`m Aä`mgmMr gmW©H$Vm Amho1 g¨V VwH$mam‘mÀ`m H$mimV XwamMmar g¨VmMo nrH$ AVmoZmV dmT>coco hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio VwH$mam‘mÀ`m ‘ZmV {ÛYm ‘Z:pñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmcr. g¨V H$moUmcm åhUmdo? H$moUmcm åhUw Z`o? Agm àíZ CnpñWV Pmcm. XwamMmar g¨VmMo ~mø ñdê$n Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m AZoH$ A^§JmVyZ gm§{JVco Amho. Vo Aä`mgë`m{edm` AmnUm§g Iao g¨V d ImoQ>çmm g¨VmMo ñdê$n H$iUma Zmhr. gm|JT>m|J H$aUmè`m doemYmar, gmYw d g¨Ý`mer `m XwamMmar g¨VmMm VwH$mam‘m§Zr X§^ñ’$moQ> Ho$cm Amho. g¨V H$gm Agmdm, AmoiImdm ho VwH$mam‘m§Zr Amnë`mM eãXmV A{Ve` ‘m{‘©H$nUo gm§{JVco Amho. VwH$mam‘m§Zr g¨V H$moUmcm åhUmdo? `m g¨~§YrMo {dMma ‘m§S>co AmhoV.Jwio ‘mImo{Z`m XJS> R>o{dcm& da {Xgo cm cmoH$mMmar&&A§Var {df`mMo cmJVo n¡ {ngo& ~{haë`m dofo ^ycdr cmoH$m&& (3265)VwH$mam‘m§Zr XwamMmar g¨V g‘mOmV H$go AmMaU H$aVmV ømda A§Jwcr{ZX}e Ho$cm Amho. XJS>mcm Jwi ‘mIwZ R>odcm Va cmoH$m§Zm Jwi dmQ>Vmo. Ë`mMo Iao ApñVËd {XgUma Zmhr. VgoM XwamMmar cmoH$ dê$Z cmoH$mMmar dmQ>V Agco Var Ë`m§À`m Am§V[aH$ ‘ZmV dmB©Q> àd¥Îmr{df`mMo qMVZ Mmccoco AgVmV. gmYwMm doe KmcyZ, d¡am½`mMo gm|J nm§Kê$Z cmoH$m§Zm g¨V åhUyZ ’$g{dV AgVmV. Aem XwamMmar c~mS>m§Zm h[aMr Iar godm H$er KS>oc. B©ídamMr Iar godm KS>Ê`mgmR>r Am§V[aH$ ‘Z n{dÌ Agmdo cmJVo. ñdmW© gmYÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$ H$Yr H$m` H$aVrc `mMm Zo‘ Zmhr. {d{dY àH$maMo gm|J KoD$Z qH$dm Ë`m§Mr cm`H$s ZgVmZmhr AmnU ‘moR>o g¨V Agë`mMo XmIdyZ ñdmW© gmYVmV. AmÜ`mpË‘H$ joÌmV àdoe H$ê$Z ^moiçmm^m~S>çmm cmoH$m§Zm ’$gdUo gmono AgVo. AmO AmnU nmhVmo ñdV:À`m OrdZmV dV©ZewÝ` dmJUmao cmoH$ g‘mOmVrc cmoH$m§Zm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$arV Amho. ‘r B©ídamMm AdVma Amhmo, ‘mÂ`m ZmdmMm On H$am, Jwê$ H$ê$Z ¿`m, Am‘MoM EoH$m Ago åhUUmao XwamMmar g¨V {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmcco Amho. Aem XwamMmar cmoH$m§Mr godm Ho$ë`mZo qH$dm dmJë`mZo H$gë`mhr àH$maMo gwI AmnUm§g {‘iUma Zmhr. åhUyZ VwH$mam‘m§Zm cmoH$m §Zm gm§Jmdo cmJco."Eo{g`mgr H$[aVm godm& H$m` gwI hmo` Ordm' (3173)VwH$mam‘mÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr cmoH$ ñdV:cm ’$ma ‘moR>o gmjmËH$mar g¨V åhUyZ {‘a{dV hmoVo, nU Vo Iao g¨V ZìhVo. Jmam Oar
{hè`mgma»`m M‘H$ë`m Var Ë`m {hè`mMr OmJm H$YrM KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mà‘mUo g¨VmMo T>m|J H$ê$Z XoImdm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Var Vo Iao g¨V hmoV Zmhr. "Zmd ‘moR>o Xe©Z ImoQ>o' AerM Ë`m§Mr nmÌVm AgVo. Aem cmoH$m§À`m OmiçmmV OmD$Z AmnU Ë`m§Zm g¨V ‘mZV AgVmo. mà‘mUo Amnë`m gmaIo H$mhr cmoH$ dmJyZ {eH$ma hmoVrc. ho g‘mOmVrc àË`oH$ cmoH$m§Zr AmË‘gmV Ho$co nm{hOo.A{VdmXr cmdr& EH$ ~moQ> gm|J Xmdr&&Ë`mMm ~hþê$nr ZQ>& Zìho Vmo d¡îUd Vmo MmQ>&& (3174)`m A^§JmVyZ VwH$mam‘m§Zr XwamMmar g¨VmMo ñdê$n gm§{JVco Amho. H$nmimda EH$ ~moQ> J§Y cmdUmao d Jdr dñÌ n[aYmZ H$aUmao ho cmoH$ ~hþê$nr ZQ>mgmaIoM g‘Omdo. Aem d¥ÎmrMo ~hþê$nr d ~hþT>§Jr cmoH$ g‘mOmÀ`m S>moiçmmV Ywi ’o$H$VmV. ho ZmQ>H$s d¥ÎmrMo cmoH$ {dîUy^ŠV ZgVmV. g‘mOmcm ’$g{dUmè`m `m cmoH$m§Zm X¥îQ>, CZmS> d MmdQ> àd¥ÎmrMoM g‘Om`cm haH$V Zmhr. gmÜ`m^moiçmm g‘mOmcm à{VJm{‘ËdmH$S>o ZoUmao, AYmoJVrH$S>o ZoUmao ho nmI§S>r g‘mOmV AkmZmMo ~§S> ‘mO{dVmV Ë`m‘wio Vo g‘mOmcm AË`§V KmVH$ Amho2 Aem cmoH$m§Mm g‘mOmcm Hw$R>cmhr ’$m`Xm ZgyZ, CcQ> Vo g‘mOmcm ~moO Amho, KmVH$ Amho. AmO AmnU g‘mOmV AZoH$ nmoQ>mWu g¨V nmhVmo. Agm AZoH$ g¨Vm§Mo CXmhaU AmnUm§g XoVm oB©c. gwI M¡ZrV cmoiUmao ho g¨V XoU½`m XoUmao ^ŠVJU {‘imdo `mgmR>r AZoH$ à`ËZ H$aVm§Zm {XgVmV. ~m`H$m-nmoam§Zm ImoQ>m Jwê$‘§Ì XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z n¡gm CH$aÊ`mMo H$m‘ H$aVmV. ‘cm dmQ>Vo Ë`mV Ë`m§Mm Xmof Zmhr. AmnUM mcm O~m~Xma AmhmoV. Amnë`mcm "H$iVo nU diV Zmhr' Aer Amncr pñWVr AgVo. AmnU Ë`m§À`m Y§Úmcm àmoËgmhZ XoVmo. ho Hw$R>oVar AmnU Wm§~{dUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m§Mo dmJUo, CnXoe hm ImoQ>m AgVmo. "Z o ZoÌm Oi& Zmhr A§Var H$iH$i& Vmo ho MmdQ>rMo ~moc& OZ a§OdUo ’$moc' àmUr‘mÌm§Mo Xw:I nmhÿZ Ë`m§À`m S>moimV Agy `oV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m A§V:H$aUm H$idim ZgVmo. ho AmnU cjmV R>odmdo Ago g¨V VwH$mam‘ gm§JVmV.‘moco KmVco aS>m`m& Zmhr Amgy Am{U ‘m`m&&V¡go pŠVdmX H$m`& a§J ~oJS>rMm Ý`m`&& (4003)g¨V VwH$mam‘m§Zr darc A^§JmV XwamMmar g¨VmMo AmMmaU H$go AgVo ho AË`§V ‘‘©J«mhr eãXmV ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho. Á`m cmoH$m§Zm AmnU n¡go XoD$Z aS>Ê`mM {Z‘§ÌU XoV AgVmo. Aem cmoH$m§À`m {R>H$mUr ‘m`m ZgVo. Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§À`m S>moiçmmV Alw oV Zmhr. ho XwamMmar g¨V AË`§V {XImD$nUmMr qH$dm ImoQ>r ^ŠVr H$arV
Santosh Sadashiv Dethe 77
Agë`mZo Vr ~oJS>mÀ`m MH$mH$sà‘mUo ImoQ>rM AgVo. Ë`m§Mo dmgZmV¥árgmR>r Ho$coco Vo EH$ ZmQ>H$ AgVo. H$mOì`mÀ`m àH$memZo Oer {Xì`mMr Á`moV noQ>{dVm oV Zmhr. Ë`mMà‘mUo øm T>m|Jr g¨VmÀ`m CnXoemZo H$m gmÜ` hmoB©c? Aem XwamMmar g¨Vm§Zr Amnë`m JiçmmV ‘mi Kmcy Z`o. gdm©^yyVr ào‘ åhUOo Y‘© ho Ë`m§Zm H$iV Zmhr Ë`m§Zr {d^yVr cmdy Z`o. Iar ^ŠVr Ho$ë`m{edm` ^Jdr dñÌo n[aYmZ H$ê$ Z`o. ho {Zìdi gm|J Amho. Y‘m©Mo Iao gma ~mø CnMmamV Zìho, Va A§Va§JmV AgVo Ago VwH$mam‘ åhUVmV.A{^‘mZmMo Vm|S> H$mio& Xmdr ~io A§Yma&&cm^ Ý`mdm hmVmohmVr& Vm|S>r ‘mVr nmS>mo{Z&&cmJcrgo nmR>r cmO& Pmco H$mO Zmgm`m&&VwH$m åhUo Hw$íMi ‘Zr& {dQ>§~Zr n{S>cr Vr&& (3775)g¨V VwH$mam‘m§Zr XwamMmar g¨VmÀ`m dmJÊ`mda, ñd^mdmda ~moQ> R>odco AgyZ Á`m ‘Zwî`mÀ`m A§Jr A{^‘mZê$nr XwamMma AgVmo Ë`mMr g‘mOmV H$er AdhocZm, ’${OVr hmoVo ho AmnUm§g darc A^§JmVyZ àm‘w»`mZo {XgyZ oVo. VwH$mam‘mZr Amnë`m EH$m A^§JmV XwamMmar g¨VmMm {XImD$nUm H$gm AgVmo ho ‘m{‘©H$nUo CKS> Ho$co Amho. `mdê$Z AmnUmg Iam g¨V hm H$gm Agw eH$Vmo ho ghOM H$ië`m{edm` amhUma Zmhr. g¨VmÀ`m {R>H$mUr qH$dm gËnyéfmÀ`m {R>H$mUr dmUr à‘mUo H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMo gm‘Ï`© Agco nm{hOo.3 AmO T>m|Jr g¨V Amnë`m H¥$Vrà‘mUo dmJV Zmhr. Vo Amnë`m ñdmWm©gmR>r dmQ>oc Vo H$aVmV. Ë`mcm AmnU Iao g¨V åhUyZ Z`o. Á`m§À`m {R>H$mUr gd© ^yVm~Ôc, ^JdX²^md, j‘m, em§Vr AgVo Ë`mcmM AmnU g¨V åhUmdo. ZìhVr Vo g¨V Y[aVm monim& H$[aVm dmH$im àmdaU&& ZìhVr Vo g¨V H$[aVm H$sV©Z& gm§JVm nwamU ZìhVr g¨V&& ZìhVr Vo g¨V H$[aVm Vn VrWm©Q>Z& go{d{c`m dZ ZìhVr g¨V&& ZìhVr Vo g¨V H$arVm ‘mim ‘wÐm§À`m ^yfUo& ^ñ‘ CÜXiUo ZìhVr g¨V&&(2102)H${dVm Ho$ë`mZo, hmVmV ^monim Yaë`mZo, JmoYir nm§Kaë`mZo, H$sV©Z, nwamU, doXnR>U gm§{JVë`mZo g¨V hmoV Zmhr. VgoM Vn, VrWm©Q>Z, dZmV am{hë`mZo, ‘mim d ^ñ‘ cm{dë`mZo Iao g¨V hmoV Zmhr. gmpËdH$ g¨Vm§Zm Agë`m ~mø Cnm§JmMr H$Yrhr JaO nS>V Zmhr. Á`m§À`mV ImoQ> AgVo Vo Aem JmoîQ>rcm dmOdr ‘hËd XoVmV. Aem dofmV dmdaUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm VwH$mam‘m§Zr XwamMmar g¨V åhQ>co Amho. Aem cmoH$m§nmgyZ AmnU gmdY Agm`cm nm{hOo `mVM Amnco {hV Amho.
"H$m` `m g¨VmMo ‘mZw CnH$ma& ‘O {Za§Va OmJ{dVr' (3656) g¨VmMo CnH$ma ‘r H$go ‘mZw. Vo ‘cm gVV OmJdVmV Ago åhUUmao g¨V VwH$mam‘ gmpËdH$ g¨VmÀ`m g¨JVrZo kmZàmár hmoVo. emoH$ hmoV Zmhr. cmoH$m§V AmXa dmT>Vmo Am{U Xw:I‘wŠVr hmoVo. nU ImoQ>çmm g¨VmÀ`m {R>H$mUr darc ~m~tMm AmnUmg AndmXM {XgVmo. åhUyZM g¨V VwH$mam‘ Iam g¨V Am{U gm‘mÝ` ‘mUyg mV ’$aH$ H$aVm§Zm {XgVmV. Á`mà‘mUo AmnU XhçmmVyZ cmoUr Am{U VmH$ doJio H$aVmo, nU XmoÝhr dñVwMr qH$‘V gmaIr ZgVo. AmH$memV M§Ð Am{U Vmam§JUm AgVmV, nU `mgmaIo ‘mZy Z`o. n¥ÏdrVyZ {ham Am{U JmaJmoQ>r {ZKVo, nU XmoKmMohr ñdê$n doJio AgVo Ë`mMà‘mUo g¨V Am{U gm‘mÝ` ‘mUyg m§Zm gmaIo ‘mZy Z`o.Xhçmm{M`o A§Jr {ZKo VmH$ cmoUr& EH$m ‘moco XmoÝhr ‘mZy Z`o&&AmH$memMo nmoQ>r M§Ð Vmam§JUo& Xmohm|er g‘mZ nmhmo Z`o&&n¥Ïdr{M`m nmoQ>r {ham JmaJmoQ>r& Xmohm|er g¨gmQ>r H$ê$ Z`o&&VwH$m åhUo V¡go g¨V Am{U OZ& Xmohm|er g‘mZ ‘mZy Z`o&& (3350)VwH$mam‘mcm Iam g¨V H$gm A{^àoV hmoVm. Iè`m g¨VmMo JwU H$m` Agm`cm nm{hOo m{df`r Ë`m§Mo {dMma A{Ve` ‘‘©J«mhr AmhoV. yVX`m hmM g¨VmMm Y‘© AgVmo. yVX`oÀ`m ~m~VrV Vo gdmªZm g‘mZ ‘mZVmV. Hw$R>cmM ^oX^md H$arV Zmhr. gX¡d cmoH${hVmgmR>r PQ>VmV. Iam g¨V hm ñd^mdmZo d ‘ZmZo em§V Am{U j‘merc AgVmo. Ë`m§Mo ‘Z J§Joà‘mUo eyÕ d {Z‘©c AgVo Vmo Iam g¨V. "{ham R>o{dVm EoaUr& dmMo ‘m[aVm Omo YZr' (2055) {ham hmVmoS>rMo Kmd ghZ H$aVmo nU ’w$Q>V Zmhr. `mà‘mUo Omo OJmMo AmKmV ghZ H$aVmV. Á`m§À`m A§Jr Hw$R>cmhr AdJwU ZgVmo. M§XZmMm àË`oH$ mJ gw§JY‘` AgVmo. VgoM g¨V ho gd© ~m~VrV loîR> d JwUerc AgVmV. g¨VmÀ`m A§Jr H$moUVo JwU Agmdo ho VwH$mam‘m§Zr gw§Xa nÕVrZo dU©Z Ho$coco Amho.J§JmOc nmhr nmR>r nmoQ> Zmhr& AdJwU Vmo H$mhr A‘¥Vmgr&&a{d{Xn H${i‘m H$m` OmUo {ham& Am{UH$m§ {V{‘am Zme hmoUo&&H$nw©a H$m§S>Ur H$m` H$m|S>m H$Ur& qgYw {‘idUr H$m‘ Mmco&&VwH$m åhUo V¡go OmUm g¨VOZ& gd©Ì g¨nwU© JJZ O¡go&& (1971)J§JmOc, a{d, {Xn, {ham, H$mnya, A‘¥V, gmJa Am{U JJZ `m§À`mV Oer {d{dYVm Amho. `mà‘mUo g¨VmMo ñdê$n d H$m`© Agmdo. J§JmOcmMo {R>H$mUr nmR>, nmoQ> `mMm ^oX ZgVmo. a{d, {Xn Am{U {ham ho H$mimoImMm Zme H$aVmV. H$mnya H$m§S>cm Va Ë`mV H$Ur Am{U H$m|S>m {ZKV Zmhr. gmJamV H$mhr Q>mH$co Var
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 76-8078
Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ~XcV Zmhr. AmH$me Ogo gd©Ì g¨nyU© ê$Z Amho. ho Iè`m g¨Vm‘Ü`o JwU Agoc, Va Vo g¨VnXdrg nmÌ R>aVmV. AÝ`Vm Ë`m§Zm g¨V åhUy Z`o. "gmYy g¨V oVr Kam& Vmo{M {Xdmir Xgam' g¨Vm~Ôc Aer VwH$mam‘mMr lÕm hmoVr. Mm§Jë`m g¨VmÀ`m AmMaUm‘wio ‘mUgmMr kmZX¥îQ>r CKS>Vo. g¨V ho OrdZmMo ‘mJ©Xe©H$ Amho; nU XwamMmar g¨V ho OrdZmMo ‘mJ©Xe©H$ AgyM eH$V Zmhr. "‘wIr A‘¥VmMr dmUr& Xoh XodmMo H$maUr' (2062) Á`m§À`m ‘wImV A‘¥VmgmaIo JmoS> eãX AmhoV d Á`m§Mm Xoh XodH$maU {POV AgVmo VmoM Iam g¨V hmo`. hr Iè`m g¨VmMr {ZemUr Amho. AmO Ago g¨V Xw{‘©i Amho. Iè`m g¨VmMo JwU AmOÀ`m H$mimV A{O~mV {XgV Zmhr. g¨V åhUÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr `mo½`Vm Zmhr. Ago XwamMmar g¨V g‘mOmMr à{V‘m H$mir H$aVmV. Vo ñdV:M {XemhrZ Agoc Va Xwgè`mcm H$m` {Xem XoUma. Aem g¨VmnmgyZ g‘mOmVrc cmoH$m§Zr Xya amhmdo.VwH$mam‘m§Zr g‘mOmVrc XwamMmar g¨Vmda Amnë`m A^§JmVyZ Ë`m§Mo {nVi CKS>o H$ê$Z g‘mOmcm Ë`m§Mo Xmof XmI{dco Amho. A§Jr H$moUVm AZw^d ZgVm§Zm gm|JmMo ZmQ>H$ H$aUo ñd{hVmMo ZgVo. ~hþê$no KoD$Z Zmam`Umà‘mUo ZQ>Umam {H$Vrhr gm|Jo YmaU Ho$co Var Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmV Hw$R>cmhr ~Xcmd hmoV Zmhr. Vmo Ogm AgVmo VgmM amhVmo. åhUyZ VwH$mam‘ åhUVmV.AZw^dm dmMyZ gm|J g¨nmXZo& Zìho ho H$aUo ñd{hVmMo&&~hþê$nr ê$no ZQ>cm Zmam`U& gm|J g¨nmXyZ O¡gm V¡gm&& (3238)XwamMmar g¨V nmoQ> ^aÊ`mgmR>r qZXm Am{U ñVwVrcm Odi H$aVmV. nmoQ> ^aÊ`mgmR>r gm|JmMm ~mo^mQ>m H$aVmV. ‘ocoë`m ‘mUgmcm e¥§JmaÊ`mV H$mhr AW© ZgVmo. H$maU Ë`mV Ord Zgë`m‘wio Vo gd© ì`W© R>aVmV. Aer XwamMmar g¨Vm§Mr gm|JmMr ~VmdUr ì`W©M R>aVo. Á`m§À`m {R>H$mUr Iam ^ŠVr^md AgVmo Ë`m§À`m Ordmcm H$YrM ` ZgVo. åhUyZ g¨V VwH$mam‘ åhUVmV "qZXm ñVwVr H$aVr nmoQ>& gm|J XmIdr ~mo^mQ>& e¥§J[aco ‘T>o& Ord|drU O¡go Hw$S>o' (3197)g¨V VwH$mam‘m§Zr H$mhr H$maU ZgVm§Zm cmoH$ doJdoJiçmm doe^wfm H$ê$Z ñdV:cm AS>Hy$Z KoVmV. Aem Xm§{^H$ g¨Vm§Zm A{Ve` ‘hËdnyU© CnXoe Ho$cm Amho.^Jdo Var ídmZ ghO dof Ë`mMm& VoWo AZw^dmMm H$m` n§W&&dmT>dy{Z OQ>m {’$ao Xmhr {Xem& Var O§~w dofm ghO pñWVr&&H$amo{Z`m y‘r H$[aVr ‘Yr dmg& Var C§Xamg H$m` dmUr&&VwH$m åhUo Eogo H$mgm`m H$amdo& Xohmgr X§S>mdo dmD$J|{M&& (3247)‘mUyg dê$Z doJim XmI{dVmo Am{U AmVyZ Vmo H$nQ>r AgVmo.
AmnU Ë`m§À`m daÀ`m A§Jmcm ^wcVmo nU AmVrc ~mOw, H$nQ> OmUyZ KoV Zmhr. g‘mOmV Jdo dñÌ KmcUmao nwîH$i oQ>VmV. Ë`m§Zm AmnU g¨V ‘mZco Va Hw$Ìmhr Jì`m a§JmMm AgVmo Ë`mcm g¨V H$m åhUy Z`o? OQ>m dmT>dyZ Xmhr {Xem {’$aUmè`mcm g¨V åhQ>co Va H$moëhmhr O§JcmV gVV Q>H$V AgVmo ‘J Vmo g¨V hmoV Zmhr H$m§? O‘rZ ImoXyZ amhUmao g¨V AgVrc Va C§Xrahr {~imV amhV Zmhr H$m§? Vmo g¨V hmoV Zmhr H$m§? ~mø JmoîQ>rdê$Z g¨V R>aV Zmhr. ho AmnU g‘OyZ KoVco nm{hOo. Ago g‘mOmV hmoV Zmhr. `mcm AmnU O~m~Xma AmhmoV. earamcm VgXr XoD$Z Xm§{^H$nUm H$aÊ`mg H$m` AW© Amho? Agm ‘hËdnyU© {dMma VwH$mam‘m§Zr g‘mOmcm nQ>dyZ {Xcm Amho. m {dMmamMm Amnë`m ‘Zmda WmoS>m’$ma n[aUm‘ Pmcm Va AmnU Aem XwamMmar cmoH$m§nmgyZ gmdY amhÿ eH$Vmo. hm {dMma AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrcm VodT>m ‘hËdnyU© dmQ>Vmo. Omo ‘Zwî` g‘mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mm AkmZê$nr A§Yma Xya H$aVmo, Xw:pIVm§Mo Alw ~ZVmo, lr‘§V-Jar~, OmV-nmV, XrZ-X{cV Aem ^oXmMo nmcZ H$arV Zmhr Ë`mcm g¨V åhUmdo. XwamMmar cmoH$m§Zm g¨V åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo dmOdr ‘hËd dmT>{dÊ`mV H$m` AW© Amho.ho XwamMmar g¨V OJmÀ`m CÕmamMr mfm ~mocVmV. Agco XwamMmar g¨V ñdV:Mm ZmhrM, nU Xwgè`mMm H$m` CÕma H$aUma Amho. g‘mOmcm cw~mS>Uo hoM Ë`m§Mo A§{V‘ Ü`o` AgVo. Ë`m§À`m dmgZm, cmo^, ‘moh ‘`m©{XV ZgVmo. Aem ‘Zwî`mcm Zoh‘rM hmd AgVo. Aem ‘Zwî`mMo g¨nyU© Am`wî` {Zìdi ^m¡{VH$ gwImÀ`m AmeoV YS>nS>Ê`mV OmVo. Aem ‘Zwî`mcm Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmV H$Yrhr em§Vr d g‘mYmZ cm^V Zmhr. Omo ‘Zwî` cmo^, ‘moh, dmgZm, Amem m§À`mV a‘V Zmhr Aem gmpËdH$ ‘Zwî`mMo OrdZ H$Yrhr T>iV Zmhr. VmoM ‘Zwî` Amnë`m OrdZmV g‘mYmZr AgVmo. `mCcQ> XwamMmar cmoH$m§À`m dmgZmÀ`m H$jm Zoh‘rM ê$§XmdV OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m dmgZm‘wio g‘mOmV A{ZîQ> àd¥Îmr ~imdyZ AZW© g¨^{dV AgVmo. Aem XwamMmar g¨VmÀ`m ZmXr g‘mOmVrc Oo cmoH$ cmJVmV Vo ñdV:hÿZ Amnë`mgmR>r {dhra ImoXVmV. VwH$mam‘m§Zr g‘J« ‘mZdr OrdZmMm ‘wcJm‘r {dMma H$ê$Z ‘mUyg Iè`m AWm©Zo ‘mUyg hdm ømgmR>r Ë`m§Mr Am§V[aH$ Vi‘i hmoVr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§§À`m OrdZmMr gmVË`mZo dmQ>Mmc hmoVr. {ZË`ZwVZ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m JwUmMr JaO Amho. "‘cm nmhm Am{U ’w$co dmhm' Aer ^y{‘H$m Zgmdr. ‘Zwî`mcm gw§XaarVrZo H$go OJVm `oB©c hm ‘mocmMm g¨Xoe Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m A^§JmVyZ ‘mZd OmVrcm {Xcm. Amnco OrdZ AZoH$ ñdßZmÀ`m a§JmZo a§Jdy ZH$m Va Xwgè`mÀ`m OrdZmVhr ào‘mMo a§J ^aUo ho
Santosh Sadashiv Dethe 79
Amnë`m OrdmMo CXmÎm VËd Agm`cm nm{hOo. gmYwÀ`m dofmV ’$g{dUmè`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm KS>VmV. ’$g{dUo A{Ve` gmono Amho. Aem T>m|Jr gmYw-g¨VmnmgyZ gmdY amhÊ`mMr AmO Iar JaO Amho. XwamMmar g¨Vm{df`r VwH$mam‘m§Zr Amnë`m A^§JmVyZ Oo ‘hËdnyU© {dMma ‘m§S>co Vo IamoIaM AmOÀ`m n[apñWVrcm V§VmoV§V cmJy nS>Umao Amho Ago ‘cm dmQ>Vo.
g¨X^© gyMr 1) A^§JJmWm, g¨nm. g.Ho$. ZoD$aJmdH$a, àH$meH$ aËZmH$a Hw$cH$Uu, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ, nwUo, V¥.Am.2) "‘amR>r H${dVm:OwZr Am{U Zdr' : dm.c. Hw$cH$Uu, n¥. 953) "g¨V VwH$mam‘mMm d¡km{ZH$ X¥îQ>rH$moZ' : àm. d§gV nwaHo$, n¥. 3814) "‘amR>r g¨V gm{hË`mda ~m¡Õ Y‘m©Mm à^md' : S>m°. mD$ cmoI§S>o, n¥. 431
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 76-8080
ISSN 2277-3908
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amÁ`mV AZwgy{MV O‘mVrÀ`m `mXrV EHy$U 47 O‘mVrMm g‘mdoe Amho. `mV àË`oH$ Am{Xdmgr O‘mVrMr gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Y‘m©MmamMr OS>UKS>U, ì`dhma^mfm, AmdS>r{ZdS>r, ~mocr^mfm, doe^yfm {ddmhnÜXVr BË`mXr {^ÝZ nÜXVrÀ`m AmhoV. àË`oH$ O‘mV Am{Xdmgr Agcr Var Vr Am{W©H$ gm‘m{OH$, Am{U e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgm§À`m doJdoJi`m ñVamda S>m¡cmZo C^r Amho. AmO e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmMo Omio gd©Xwan`ªV nmohMë`mZo àË`oH$M Am{Xdmgr g‘whmV WmoS>`m’$ma ’$aH$mZo {d{dYjoÌmV ~Xc hmoV AmhoV. nwduMm {^Ìm, ~wOam, ‘ohZVr, ñdm{^‘mZr, Zd»`m ‘mUgm§er ghOmghOr Z ~mocUmam, ehar ‘mUgmnmgwZ Xya amhUmam, {ZgJm©da ^amogm R>odyZ OJUmam {ZgJ©ào‘r, Amnë`mM AmZ§XmV Am{U ‘ñVrV amhUmam Am{Xdmgr g‘mO AmO ~XcV Agë`mMo {XgV Amho.{~O eãX :- gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$da O‘mV, d¥jdocr, Xè`m Imoè`m, Am{Xdmgr
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 81-86
H$da O‘mVrMr nmíd©^y‘r :-H$da hr Am{Xdmgr O‘mV ^m¡Jmo{cH$ d àemgH$sX¥îQ>`m d àmMrZ H$mir Hw$ê$joÌ `m ZmdmZr AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m àm§VmVrc H$da O‘mVrMm ’$maem B{Vhmg ’$magm CncãY Zmhr. ‘hm^maV Am{U am‘m`U `mgma»`m nwamUmdê$Z `m O‘mVr{df`r H$mhr g¨Ho$V {‘iVmV ‘Ü`^maVmV AZoH$ Am{Xdmgr O‘mVr dmñVì`mg AmhoV Am{U H$mhr O‘mVr ñWcm§VarV Pmcoë`m AmhoV. na§Vw nm¡am{UH$ gm{hË`m‘Ü`o Á`m dÊ`O§Jcr O‘mVrMm CëboI AmT>iVmo Ë`mV H$da O‘mVrMm gwÜXm g‘mdoe Amho. na§Vy BVa O‘mVrnojm ñdV§Ì d ñdm{^‘mZr O‘mVrMm AgyZ H$îR>miwd¥ËVr namdc§{~Ëd Z nËH$aUmam O‘mVr Amho H$da hr O‘mV X{jU ‘hmZXrVrc N>ËVrgJS>À`m Xè`m Imoè`mV amhV hmoVr gZ 1991 À`m OZJUZoZwgma H$da Am{Xdmgr O‘mVrMr g¨»`m 3,27,715 hmoVr.‘hm^maV amOdQ>rVrc H$m¡admnmgwZÀ`m g¨H$ënZmda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg Amho. H$da O‘mV hr H$m¡adm§Mr EH$ emIm Agë`mMo Z‘yX Ho$co Amho. {ÌdoXr `mZr AhdmcmV "H$da' hr g¨H$ënZm H$m¡admnmgyZ {Z‘m©U Pmcr. aVZnwaMo à‘yI h¡~§er m§Mo Vo g¡{ZH$ AgÊ`mda a {Xcm Amho.3 eoVH$ar H$m‘Jma d A{YH$ ‘ohZVr åhUwZ ñWm{ZH$ H$da O‘mVr AmoiIco OmVmV O‘mVrÀ`m OmUH$mam§‘Ü`o AkmZ Agco Var hr O‘mV ñd`§^w d ñdV§Ìm AgwZ ‘Ü`^maVmVrc ‘Ü`àXoe d gÜ`mÀ`m N>ËVrgJT> amÁ`mVwZ ñWcm§VarV Pmcocr Amho. mda gd© VÁkm‘Ü`o EH$‘V {XgyZ `oVo H$da ho A§V{d©dmhr JQ>mVrc AmhoV. Ë`m§V V§Ýda JQ> hm C‘amd åhUyZhr AmoiIbm OmVmo, Oo H$s O‘rZXmamÀ`m JQ>mer g¨~§YrV Amho H$da Am{Xdmgr O‘mV ‘Ü`àXoe N>ËVrgJT> ‘YyZ ‘hmamîQ´mÀ`m JS>{Mamocr Jm|{X`m {Oëh`mV dmñVì`mg Amho Jm|{X`m {Oëh`mV `m§Mo à‘mU gdm©V OmñV à‘mUmV AmT>iVo VgoM M§ÐnyaÀ`m ~§Jmcr H°$ån ~m~wnoR> mJmV, B§{Xam ZJa, {dR²>R>c ‘§{Xa dmS>©, BË`mXr n[agamV Ë`m§Mo dmñVì`mg Agë`mMo {XgwZ `oVmV. `m{edm`, N>ËVrgJT>, amÁ`mVrc gaJwOQ>, O‘ewa,H$moa~m, H$dYm©, am`nya, XwJ©, Y‘Var, amOZm§XJm§d, X§VodmS>m Va ‘Ü`àXoe amÁ`mVrc ehS>moc O~cnya, ^monmc, VgoM, {^ÊS>, {Oëh`mV H$da Am{Xdmgr O‘mVrMo nydm©nma nmgyZ dmñVì`mg Agë`mMo {XgwZ `oVo, N>ËVrgJS> amÁ`mÀ`m gaJwOm {Oëhm Oo{Q>`a, VgoM ‘hmamîQ´mÀ`m Mm§Xm J°Oo{Q>`a ‘Ü`o H$da O‘mVrMm CëboI AgwZ m§Mr 1961 À`m OZJUZoZwgma cmoH$g¨»`m 2,812 AgwZ Ë`mV 1,379 nwê$f Va 1,433 ‘{hcm AmhoV {Oëh`mÀ`m EHw$U
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Sohan Kolhaya82
ghgm ~«måhUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ‘mZrV Zmhr. H$da O‘mVrV gmYmaUV: {ddmhmMo àM{cV VrZ àH$ma gÚ: àMcrV Zmhr.N>moQ>o {~hmd :- AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV hr àWm AË`§V Aën à‘mUmV AgyZ `mV {ddmhmMm g¨nyU© H$m`©H«$‘ {Z`mo{OV dYycm damÀ`m ‘§S>nmV AmUyZ Ho$ë`m OmVmo. nyduÀ`m H$mir H$da Am{Xdmgt‘Ü`o ~mc{ddmhmMr àWm ’$ma ‘moR>`m à‘mUmV hmoVr. dYy chmZ Agë`m‘wio Voìhm H$da O‘mVr‘Ü`o ‘wcrcm "JdZ' R>odÊ`mMr àWm ApñWËdmV hmoVr. JdZ åhUOo {ddmhrV ‘wcrcm {ddmhmZ§Va damÀ`m Kar nmohMdyZ XoÊ`mn`ªVMm H$mcmdYr hmo`. hm H$mcmdYr R>am{dH$ Zgm`Mm na§Vw A{cH$S>o gm‘m{OH$ gwYmaUm hmodyZ hr àWm ZîQ> Pmcocr Amho.~S>o {~hmdH$da Am{XdmgtÀ`m gm‘m{OH$ {Z`‘mZwgma AmVm àË`oH$ Hw$Qy>§~mV hr àWm ApñVËdmV `oÊ`mgmR>r {Z`‘ H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. Ë`mda AmYmarV H$da Am{Xdmgr O‘mVrMo {ddmh dU©Z Imcrc à‘mUo-gmjJ§Y‘wcJm-‘wc~r EH$‘oH$m§Zm ng¨V nS>ë`mZ§Va ‘wcmH$S>rc ZmVodmB©H$ gmo`[aH$ nŠH$s H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘wcrH$S>o OmVmV. "{S>ìhma' ‘wcmH$S>rc Amcoë`m nmhþÊ`m§Zm ‘wcrÀ`m Kar KodyZ OmVmV. gmYmaUV: gmjJ§Y {dYr gm`§H$mir H$aÊ`mMr àWm Amho A§JUmV eoUmZr gS>m-gmadU H$ê$Z ‘Ü`^mJr nma§nm[aH$ am§Jmoir H$mT>VmV d Ë`mda nmQ> R>odVmV nmQ>mda "H$mgm cmoQ>m' Ë`mV nmUr Q>mHw$Z Am§ã`mÀ`m nmZm§Zr H$cgmà‘mUo gOdyZ R>odVmV. ~mOwcm XmoZ gwnmar R>odyZ Ë`m§Zm Jm¡ar-JUoe g¨~moYVmV. {Z`mo{OV da-dYy m§Zm JmdmVrc OmUH$ma ì`ŠVr CnpñWV gd© g‘wXm`m g‘j nyOm H$am`cm cmdVo. VËnydu ‘wcmH$Sw>Z ‘wcrgmR>r H$nCo d BVa gm{hË` gmS>r, ãcmD$O, [a~rZ, Voc, nmdS>a BË`mXr AmUcoco AgVmV. ‘wc~r `mdoir ‘wcmH$Sw>Z {XcocoM H$nCo n[aYmZ H$amd`mMr àWm Amho. nyOm {dYr nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va H$mhr H$maUmñVd g¨~§Y VwQ>V Agë`mg gm‘mOrH$ àWoà‘mUo X§S> AmH$macm OmVmo H$Yr-H$Yr ‘wcJr ng¨V Agoc Va EH$ df© AmYr gwÜXm gmjJ§Y H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mMr àWm Amho.{ddmhmMm {Xdg R>a{dUo gmjJ§YmÀ`m Z§Va {ddmhmMm Xwgam Q>ßnm åhUOo {ddmh. {ddmh H$Yr H$moUË`m {Xder H$amdo `mgmR>r ‘wcmH$S>rc EH$-XmoZ ‘mUgo ‘wcrÀ`m Kar OmVmV. ‘wcrMo dS>rc JmdmVrc H$mhr à‘wI AWdm Jmd chmZ Agë`mg g¨nyU© Jmdmcm ~mocmdyZ {ddmhmMm {Xdg {ZpíMV H$aVmV. {ddmhmgmR>r Omo {Xdg
R>a{dcm OmVmo Ë`m {Xdgmcm "{XZ ~§YmZm' åhUVmV.{ddmhmMm {Xdg {ZpíMV Pmë`mZ§Va {Z`mo{OV da-dYycm AmáoîQ>m§À`m Jmdr OmUo, O§JcmV ganUmgmR>r OmUo, {dhrarVyZ nmUr AmUUo, Vcmd d ZXrda Am§Kmoirg OmUo Aew^ ‘mZVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV g‘mOmV OmJ¥Vr‘wio Aew^ ‘mZÊ`mMr àWm H$mhr à‘mUmV H$‘r hmoV Amho.‘§S>n aMZmH$da Am{Xdmgr àm‘w»`mZo XwJ©‘ ^mJmV dmñVì`mg Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mV {ddmh ‘§S>nmMr aMZm EH$m {d{eîQ> àH$maMr AgVo. `m§À`mV Ho$di {ddmh ‘§S>n V`ma H$ê$Z gOdyZ {ddmh nyU© hmoV Zmhr Va {ddmh ‘§S>nmV cmJUmao Im§~, ‘§S>nmdarc AmÀN>mXZ `m§Zm gwÜXm {VVHo$M ‘hËd Amho. Im§~ ho doJdoJi`m XmoZ PmS>mMo AgVmV 1) ‘mohmÀ`m PmS>mMm Im§~ d 2 Mmamoir PmS>mMm Im§~.‘mohmÀ`m PmS>mMm Im§~‘mohmÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$cobm Im§~ hm ‘w»` Im§~ AgVmo Ë`mcm "‘S>dm' Ago åhUVmV. `mcm AmUÊ`mgmR>r JmdmVrc ‘mUgo gmo~VM A{ddmhrV ‘wco nwOoMo gm{hË` EH$ YmoVa, YmJm(gwV), gmo~V nwar d dS>o ZdoÚ åhUyZ KoVmV. O§JcmV Joë`mZ§Va Aem PmS>mMr {ZdS> H$aVmV H$s, Oo PmS> O{‘ZrnmgyZ gmYmaUV: gmV Vo AmR> ’w$Q>mn`ªV gai Jococo AgVo Aem PmS>mMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z PmS>mcm YmoVa Jw§S>miyZ PmS>mMr {dYrdV nyOm H$aVmV. PmS> VmoS>Vm§Zm A{ddmhrV nmM qH$dm gmV Kmd àW‘ Ë`m PmS>mcm EH$XmM XoVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Amdí`H$ Ë`m cm§~rn`ªV PmS> VmoSw>Z Kar AmUwZ {ddmh Im§~ åhUOo "‘§S>dm' V`ma H$aVmV.MmamoirMo Im§~{ddmhmgmR>r cmJUmam Xwgam Im§~ hm Mmamoir PmS>mMm AgVmo. `mMr cm§~r gmYmaUV: XmoZ Vo AS>rM ’y$Q> n`ªV AgVo `m Im§~mcm "{ncm Im§~ qH$dm {ncm ‘m§S>dm Ago åhUVmV. `mM PmS>mnmgyZ da dYwcm ~gÊ`mgmR>r "nmQ>' V`ma Ho$cm OmVmo. {ddmh ‘§S>nmcm `mM nmQ>mda da-dYwcm ~gdyZ {dYr nyU© H$aVmV.‘§S>n‘§S>nmV Om§^imÀ`m PmS>mÀ`m H$modi`m ’$m§Úm Q>mHy$Z {ddmh ‘§S>n V`ma H$aVmV H$mhr {R>H$mUr Om§^imÀ`m ’$m§Úm {ddmhmgmR>r ew^ g¨Ho$V XoVmV Agm {dídmg ~miJVmV gÜ`m d¥j VmoS>r‘wio O§JcmMm -hmg hmoV Amho. Ë`m‘wio ~-`mM {R>H$mUr H$mnS>mMm n|S>mc Q>mHy$Z ‘§S>n V`ma H$arV AmhoV. na§Vw
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 81-86 83
{Z`‘ åhUyZ {H$Vrhr H$m AgoZm Om§^imÀ`m PmS>mMr ’$m§Xr AmUm`cm {dgaV ZmhrV.Jm¡a nyOZ H$m`©H«$‘‘§S>n nyOZmÀ`m {Xder åhUOoM {ddmh {dYr gwê$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m nydu gm`§H$mir damH$S>rc XmoZ-VrZ ‘mUgo {ddmhmV ‘wcmH$Sy>Z ‘wcrcm Úmd`mMo gm{hË` KodyZ `oVmV. `mV Zdar ‘wcr H$arVm gmS>r, {haì`m ~m§JS>`m, [a~rZ d ZdarÀ`m AmB© H$arVm gmR>r XoÊ`mMr àWm Amho. gmo~V Vm§XimÀ`m {nR>mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$coco JmoQ>o "Hw$im' d VodT>`mM à‘mUmV JwimÀ`m dS>`m AmUVmV. hr g¨»`m {ZYm©arV åhUOo 108 `mà‘mUo AgVo. AmUcoco gd© gm{hË` gmjJ§YÀ`m H$m`©H«$‘mà‘mUo nyOm {dYr H$ê$Z XoVmV. H$da O‘mVrV dYy ‘yë`m§Mr àWm Agë`m‘wio dYw {nË`mcm XoÊ`mV `oUmar ZJX aŠH$‘ ê$n`o 14 dYy ‘yë` åhUyZ XoÊ`mV `oVo. `m aŠH$‘ocm "gwI' åhQ>co OmVo. `m gm{hË`m XoÊ`mÀ`m {dYrcm "Jm¡a nwOZ' åhUVmV. àm»`mV g‘mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgH$ {hamcmc Am{U agoc m§Zr Amnë`m AÜ``ZmV, dYw ‘yë` åhQ>co Amho. na§Vy hr àWm AmVm ApñVËdmV Agë`mMo {XgV Zmhr.`mdoir da d dYy H$S>rc ‘mUgo EH$‘oH$mÀ`m Vm|S>mV {dS>`mÀ`m nmZmV Jyi Q>mHy$Z EH$ Xwg-`mcm adyZ, Xw~ma (JdVmMr H$m§S>r) EH$ Xwg-`mÀ`m H$mZmV ImoMyZ ì`mhr oQ> åhUOoM "g‘Yr oQ>' EH$ Xwg-`mcm Jim nSw>Z H$aVmV. ‘§S>n nyOZmÀ`m {Xder ‘m§S>dmMr OmJm qcnÊ`mgmR>r "gwhm{gZr' (`m§Zm "T>oihrZ' åhUVmV) dmOV dmOV JmdmÀ`m ~mhoarc ‘mVr AmUVmV. gmo~V da - dYyMo mD$Or, A{ddmhrV ‘wco,‘wcr AgVmV, ê$T>r à‘mUo O‘rZrMr nyOm AM©Zm H$ê$Z ‘mVr ImoXÊ`mMo H$m‘ nwê$f ‘§S>ir H$aVmV. pñÌ`m JrV JmV nwê$fm§Zm {MS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV- Vmocm gm~a Yoacm, Vmocm gm~a Yoacm& Zhr Amd` Or Yrao - Yrao& Vmocm ‘mQ>r H$moiocm Zhr Amd` Or Yrao - Yrao& Yrao - Yrao AnZ YmoVrcm Vra Yrao - Yrao Vmocm ‘mQ>r Omoaocm& Vmocm ‘mQ>r Omoaocm, Zhr Amd` Or Yrao - Yrao, Yrao - Yrao AnZ Hw$aWmcm Vra Yrao - Yraogwhm{gZr nwê$fm§Zm {MS>{dVm§Zm åhUVmV H$s, Vwåhmcm hiy - hiy g~c nH$S>Vm `oV Zmhr Voìhm Vwåhr Amncm ’o$Q>m/nJS>r hiy - hiy AmoT>m. Vwåhmcm ‘mVr ImoXcm `oV Zmhr Voìhm Vwåhr Vw‘Mm YmoVa AmoT>m. nwT>o {MS>{dVm§Zm åhUVmV H$s, Vwåhmcm hiy-hiy
‘mVrhr CMcVm oV Zmhr Va AmVm Vw‘Mm eQ>© H$mT>m Ago åhUyZ {MS>{dV AgVmV.{ddmh {dYr H$arVm nmUrgwhm{gZr {ddmh ‘§S>n qcnÊ`mH$arVm d hiX {^O{dÊ`mg Vcmd qH$dm ZXrdê$Z ‘mVrÀ`m ZdrZ H$ierV nmUr AmUVmV. nmUr H$ierV KoÊ`mnydu Ë`m{R>H$mUr XmoZ H$ierMr nyOm H$aVmV. Am§ã`mÀ`m nmZmMo XmoZ {Xdo V`ma H$ê$Z da-dYyMo Zmd KodyZ nmÊ`mV gmoS>VmV. XmoÝhr {Xdo nmÊ`mV Xyada Joë`mg OrdZmÀ`m eodQ> n`ªV XmoKohr EH$‘oH$m§Mo gmo~Vr AgVrc Aer lÜXm ~miJVmV. na§Vw {Xdm AÜ`m© Xya n`ªV gmo~V Jocm åhUyZ {ddmh VwQ>V Zmhr.hiXrMm H$m`©H«$‘‘§S>n nyOZmÀ`m {Xder da - dYy Agcoë`m ImocrV AmnAmnë`m Hw$c XodVm§Zm gmjr R>odyZ {dYrdV H$ÀÀ`m hiXrZo nyOm H$aVmV. `mM~amo~a KamV Hw$c XodVocm àW‘ gmV ’o$ao cmdë`mZ§Va ‘w»` ‘§S>nmV hiX cmdÊ`mMm H$m`©H«$‘ hmoVmo. gwhm{gZr ‘{hcm hiX cmdVm§Zm nm`mH$Sy>Z S>moŠ`mÀ`m {XeoZo OmB©c åhUOoM MT>Ë`m nÜXVrZo hiX cmdVmV. gmo~VM ‘w»` d chmZ Im§~mcm hiX cmdVmV. da -d Yycm MmamoirÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ V`ma Ho$coë`m nQ>mdaM ~gdyZ hm gd© {dYr H$aVmV. m§À`m nmR>r‘mJo AmB©, ‘moR>r AmB© qH$dm AmOr ~gcocr AgVo. MT>Ë`m nÜXVrZo hiX cmdÊ`mMm {dYr JrV JmV AgVmV. hiX cmdUm-`m§n¡H$s EH$-EH$ doim `mà‘mUo {dYr gwê$ AgVm§Zm JrV JmV AgVmV. ‘Yë`m H$mimV åhUOo n{hë`m§Xm hiX cmdUo Pmco H$s, da-dYycm H$S>oda KodyZ JrV AWdm Xmohm åhUyZ ZmM JmUo H$aVmV. mVrV EH$ JrV-1) EH$ Xc a|Jo hmWr Am¡ KmoS>m, EH$ Xc a|Jo C§Q> &&2&&‘‹S>dm ‘| ZmMo JUoe Hw$‘mar, M‘Ho$ Mmamo Iw§Q> &&2&&2) Mm§Xr - Mm§Xr Ho$ I§~m JS>o ho gmoZm Ho$ cJo {H$dmS>,Jm ¡`m - gmoZm Ho$ cJo {H$dmS>?{ham ‘moVr Ho$ Pwcm JSoµ> ho Pwco emoXm Ho$ cmchm H$m`©H«$‘ amÌr Ceram n`ªV gwê$ AgVmo. Z§Va gmV doiog S>mŠ`mH$Sy>Z Vo nm`mH$S>o `oB©c Aem nÜXVrZo hiX cmdë`m OmVo. `m{R>H$mUr hmoUm-`m ZmM JmÊ`m‘wio nydu d¡dm{hH$ H$m`©H«$‘ Mma Vo nmM {Xdg MmcV Ago. AmVm ‘mÌ Ë`mV n[adV©Z hmoV Amho d XmoZ {XdgmV {dYr nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. m g¨nyU© {dYrdV H$m`©H«$‘mcm "Voc ‘m`Z' åhUVmV.da -dYycm Am§Kmoi KmcÊ`mMm H$m`©H«$‘ {ddmh ‘§S>nmVM hmoVmo. VËdnydu AmáoîR> Amn-Amnë`m Hw$dVr à‘mUo da -
Sohan Kolhaya84
dYyÀ`m Kar gmS>r, YmoVa, Vm§Xyi, Xmi, ^mOrnmcm gdmªg‘j XoVmV mcm "{MH$Q>' åhQ>co OmVo.c¾mVrc nmofmIAm{Xdmgr H$da O‘mVr‘Ü`o "hþ§S>m àWm' A{O~mV ApñVËdmV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§À`mV na§na§Zo R>acoco H$nCo dYy - damÀ`m A§JmV ~Kmd`mg {‘iVmV. `mV da gmYmaUV: YmoVa, Hw$S>Vm, S>moŠ`mcm ’o$Q>m ~m§Ycocm AgVmo, Ji`mV "gwVm' (Mm§XrMm Jmoc nQ²>Q>m) VgoM S>moŠ`mda ~mqeJ ~m§Ycoco AgVo. ~mqeJ XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV Ë`mV 1. H$mJXr ’w$cmnmgwZ V`ma Ho$cocm d 2. qeXr PmS>mÀ`m nmZmnmgyZ V`ma Ho$cocm AgVmo. ~mqeJ ho àË`oH$mÀ`m XodVoÀ`m nyOm àH$mamà‘mUo AgVmo. Ë`m‘wio àË`oH$ H$da-dYy‘Ü`o hm ’$aH$ nhmd`mg {‘iVm. ~mqeJ dmnaV AgVm§Zm damÀ`m XodXdVm§à‘mUo {ZdS> hmoV AgVo. Va dYy {ndi`m a§JmMr gmS>r d ãcmD$O n[aYmZ Ho$cocr AgVo.hr O‘mV Am{W©H$X¥îQ>`m AË`§V ‘mJmg AgyZ `m§À`mV "hw§S>m nÜXVr ApñVËdmV Va ZmhrM na§Vw dYy njmH$Sy>Z damcm gmoÝ`mMr A§JR>r dJ¡ao XoIrc XoÊ`mMr àWm Zmhr. Ë`mM~amo~a AmdS>r-{ZdS>rà‘mUo H$nCo gwÜXm ‘mJÊ`mMr nÜXV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio H$da Am{XdmgtMr hr àWm AmOÀ`m àJV g‘mOmVm AmXe© {Z‘m©U H$aUmar Amho Ago åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr.c¾mMm {XdgH$da Am{Xdmgr‘Ü`o nydunmgyZ gm`§H$mir c¾ cmdÊ`mMr àWm Amho ‘r AmOVmJm`V Mmcy Amho. c¾ cmdÊ`mH$arVm ‘wcmH$S>rc gd© AmáoîR> {‘Ì ‘wcrÀ`m Kar OmVmV. ‘wcJr Á`m JmdmMr Agoc Ë`m JmdMm "{ed' Amë`m§ZVa gd© d-hmS>r ‘§S>ir dmOV-JmOV JmdmV àdoe H$aVmV. ‘wcrÀ`m JmdmVrc Or ì`ŠVr ‘Ü`ñWrMr ^y{‘H$m {Z^mdV AgVmo Ë`m§À`m Kar Wm§~VmV. dmO{dÊ`mÀ`m dmÚmV ‘§Oram, S>‘ê$, ‘mohar, Vwiy‘, {Vanrir, S>nam AmqXMm g‘mdoe AgVmo. gm`§H$mir damcm dYyÀ`m ‘§S>nmV ZoÊ`mnydu gmd©O{ZH$ Mm¡H$mV ~g{dVmV. `mM {R>H$mUmhÿZ dYyH$S>rc gd© CnpñWV nmhþUo damcm ZoÊ`mgmR>r `oVmV. damH$S>rc ‘{hcm - nwê$f EH$m am§JoV C^o hmoVmV. mdir ‘{hcm EH$ XwgarÀ`m Ji`mV gmR>r R>odyZ Jim oQ> KoVmV mcmM "g‘YrZ ^oQ>' åhUVmV. Am{U nwê$f ‘§S>ir S>moŠ`mcm ’o$Q>m ~m§YwZ nwê$fm§Zm Jim ^oQ> KoVmV. `mcm ì`mhr ^oQ> Va H$da O‘mVrV "g‘Yr oQ>' åhUVmV. mdoir Amcoë`m nmhþÊ`m§Zm dYy H$S>rc ‘{hcm "Jyi nmUr' XoVmV. hm EH$ àH$mao gËH$mamMm H$m`©H«$‘ AgVmo.
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Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 81-86 85
VrO m§da VrZ cmoH$Z hmo ¡¡¡¡ na Jo m§daAmd Mm¡Wo Ho$ K‹S>r nm§M m§da na‘oída hmo`o hmo gw§Xa Zc hmo OwJZ OwJZ Jm§R>r naJo hmo&&N>Q>do m§da Ahmo N>Q> ‘mg Ho$gV m§da OwJ aoIm hmo naJo m§da o hmo nacmoH$ Ho$ OwJZ OwJZ Jm§R>r naJo hmo o hmo gw§Xa Zc hmo &&OwJZ OwJZ Jm§R>r naJo hmo, o hmo gw§Xa Zc hmo&&"Ya‘ {Q>H$mdZ' H$da Am{Xdmgt‘Ü`o AË`§V ‘hËdnyU© {dYr ‘mZë`m OmVmo. `m {Xder da-dYwMo ‘m‘m-‘m‘r XmoKohr {Xdg^a Cndmg H$aVmV. ‘§S>nmV m§da åhUOoM ’o$ao ‘maUo gwê$ AgVm§Zm m§da JrV JmV AgVmV-EH$ m§da naJo ZmoZr Om§da OZ‘ Ho$ Xwcê$ Ho$ hmoB© hgmhm` {H$ o ‘moa XmB© {gVmcm {~hmd` amOm am‘ VrO ^m§da naJo ZmoZr Omohr Ya‘ Ho$ Xwcê$ Ho$ hmoB© hgmhm` {H$ o ‘moa XmB© {gVmcm {~hmd` amOm am‘ nm§M ^m§da naJo ZmoZr {^ar Ya‘ Ho$ Xwcê$ Ho$ hmoB© hgmhm` {H$ o ‘moa XmB© {gVmcm {~hmd` amOm am‘ gmV ^m§da naJo ZmoZr gmVmo ~MZ Ho$ Xwcê$ Ho$ hmoB© hgmhm` {H$ o ‘moa XmB© {gVmcm {~hmd` amOm am‘Ooìhm Ya‘ {Q>H$mdZ gwê$ hmoVr Ë`mdoir da-dYw åhUOo mMm-^mMr m§Mo nm` YwdyZ nmUr {nVmV. m‘mJo Aer H$ënZm H$aVmV H$s, "Amnë`m hmVyZ H$mhr nmn KS>co Agoc Va YwdyZ {ZKoc "`màg¨Jr nmUr {nÊ`mH$arVm "’w$c H$mgmMo VmQ>' d "’w$c H$mgm cmoQ>m àË`oH$ {ddmhmV nhmd`mg {‘iVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va H$da Am{Xdmgr‘Ü`o ZdaXod åhUOoM EH$àH$mao Xod ‘mZÊ`mMr àWm Amho. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s, H$da Am{XdmgtMm ‘w»` Xod åhUOoM "XwcmhmXod- d `m§À`mV ZdaXodmcm gwÜXm "Xwcmhm' åhUVmV. KamVrc à‘wI XodVoMr nyOm-AM©Zm H$ê$ZM {ddmh {dYrcm gwê$dmV Pmcocr AgVo. EH$àH$mao ZdaXod hm Ë`mH$mcmdYrV XodM AgVmo. åhUwZM Ya‘ {Q>H$mdZ gwê$ AgVm§Zm àË`oH$ OoîR> ì`ŠVr Oar Agcm Var ghgm damcm ñdV:Mo nm`m nSy> XoV Zmhr. `mdoir da - dYy H$S>rc gmo~V ~gcoë`m {ddmhrV ‘wcr hmVmV {~OZm-(hdm YwH$Ê`mMo gmYZ) KodwZ JmUr åhUVmV Vr Aer -H$moU Vmocm {Q>Ho$ ZmoZr AMha nMha hmo&H$moU Vmocm {Q>Ho$ YoZw Jm` hmo ¡¡¡ooo H$moU Vmocm {Q>Ho$ YoZw Jm`&
H$moU Vmocm ~oQ>r {ccr h§gm KmoS>mdm&^m¡Or Vmocm g|Xwa Yam` hmo ¡¡¡&CnamoŠV JrVmVyZ ZmVodmB©H$ H$moUVo gmYZ {Q>H$m cmdyZ dYwcm XoUma AmhoV Vo JrVmVyZ gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmV.{ZîH$f© :- EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr H$da O‘mVrMo cmoH$g¨ñH¥$Vr, d¡dm{hH$ OrdZnÜXVr hr AË`§V {dcmo^Zr` Amho `mV e§H$mM Zmhr. na§Vy AmO n[añWrVr ~Xccocr AmYy{ZH$VoMo à^mdm‘yio H$mhr cmoH$g¨ñH¥$Vr cwá nmdV Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm AmOÀ`m gw{e{jV dJmªZr m JmoîQ>rH$S>o cj XoD$Z Amncr cmoH$g¨ñH¥$VrMo g¨dY©Z d g¨ajU H$emàH$mao H$aVm `oB©c `mMr OmUrd {Z‘m©U hmoUo AJË`mMo R>aoc.
g¨X^©gwMr
Rusell H. V & Hiralal' Faribes & Cast of Central Provences of India Vol III
K. S. Siingh' Tribal inovement in India, Vol.I
Sohan Kolhaya86
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
YZamO S>r. ‘waHw$Q>o‘amR>r {d^mJ
gaXma nQ>oc ‘hm{dÚmc`,M§Ðnya
JmS>Jo~m~m§Mm gm‘m{OH$ {dMma d H$m¶©
gmam§e
g¨V JmS>Jo~m~m EH$ Wmoa ‘hmnwê$f& JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr gd© g‘mOmcm gd© ~§YZmnmgyZ ‘wŠV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H$‘©H$m§S>, A§YlÜXm,
ì`gZm{YZVm, g‘mYr, gmjmËH$ma, cmo^, ‘moh Am{U ñdmWud¥ËVrnmgyZ g‘mOmcm ‘wŠV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr OrdKoÊ`m
na§namJV {dMmam§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z nwamoJm‘r {dMmam§Mm Zdm amO‘mJ© V`ma Ho$cm. g‘mOmcm AmgŠVrH$Sy>Z AZmgŠVrH$S>o, àcmo^mVyZ
à~moUZmH$S>o, AÝ`m`mH$Sy>Z Ý`m`mH$S>o, qhgoH$Sy>Z AqhgoH$S>o, AkmZmH$Sy>Z kmZmH$S>¡, A§YlÜXoH$Sy>Z, S>moiglÜXoH$S>o, AZmoam½`mVyZ
Amamo½`mH$S>o, XwJw©ZmH$Sy>Z gX²JwUmH$S>o, ^«îQ>mMmamH$Sy>Z {eîQ>mMmamH$S>o, {df‘VHo$Sy>Z g‘VoH$S>o, {Zame~mXmH$Sy>Z AmemdmXmH$S>o,
ì`pŠVà{VîR>oH$Sy>Z ì`pŠVà{VîR>oH$S>o, {dÜd§gmH$Sy>Z {dH$mgmH$S>o, XheVoH$Sy>Z em§VVoH$S>o KoD$Z OmV gm-`m g‘mOmcm ñdÀN>VoMm ‘§Ì
XoV, H$‘©‘` Am{U ào‘‘Y {dMma XoÊ`mMo H$m`© JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr Ho$co.
~rOeãX : gX²Y‘©, gX²^ŠVr, H«$m§VrXeu {Zì`©gZ, gmjmËH$ma Aqhgm, Amamo½`.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 87-90
àñVmdZm :-
‘hmamîQ´mV g¨V kmZoídam§Zr dmaH$è`m§À`m ‘§{XamMm nm`m KmVcm.
g¨V Zm‘Xod, Jmoam Hw§$^ma, MmoIm‘oim, OZm~mB©, EH$ZmW,
gmVm‘mir `mgma»`m g¨Vm§Zr Ë`m ‘§{Xamcm ê$n {Xco Am{U
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"" JwOamVr Xmê$ {nD$Z ~§~B©V nS>cm nm{hcm H$m?''
""~«måhU Xmê$ {nD$Z H$MoarV nS>cm nm{hcm H$m?''
"" Oo Oo Xmê$ {nVrc Ë`m§Mm ImZm Iam~ Pmë`m{dZm gmhUma
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ñ‘mOmVrc XmoZ Xwî`o S>moi`mgm‘moa C^o H$ê$Z AkmZr
Dhanraj D. Murkute88
g‘mOmVrc cmoH$ Xmê$À`m Amhmar H$go hmoVo AmhoV Xm[aÐ`mMo
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XmIco XoD$Z ñnîQ> H$arV AgV.
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H$sV©ZmVyZ ~mocVmV d g‘mOmcm {ejUmMo ‘hËd nQ>dyZ
XoVmV.?
Á`mco {dÚm Zgoc Ë`mco IQ>mß`mMm ~¡c åhQ>c Var Mmcoc!
AmVm Var gwYam AmVm Var ‘wcmco {ejU Úm n¡go Zmhr åhUmc
Va "" OodZmM§ VmQ> ‘moS>m hmVmda ^mH$ar Im, ~m`H$moco cwJS>
H$‘r ^mdM§ ¿`m, Bdm`mcm nmhþUMma H$ê$ ZH$m ~m~m§Zr
Amnë`m {H$V©ZmVyZ {dÚoM§ ‘hËd nQ>dyZ {Xco''
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JmS>Jo~m§~m§Zm Hw$îR>amo½`m§{df` H$idim hmoVm. ^«åhU H$mimV
Aghmæ` Aem Hw$îR>amo½`m§Mo Xe©Z ~m~m§Zm Pmco hmoVo
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{Zdmg Amho. VoWo ~m~m dma§dma OmV AgV amo½`m§g‘moa H$sV©Z
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Ë`m§Zr Ami§Xrcm EH$ Hw$îR>ml‘ gwê$ Ho$cm hmoVm Zm{eH$ oWo lr.
JmS>Jo ‘hmamO Hw$îR>Ym‘ g¨ñWm {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr ì`dñWm lr
Am|H$maZmW gmXm{ed Omoer m§Moda ~m~m§Zr gmon{dcr.d¥ÜXml‘mMr {Z‘uVr
{ZamYma d¥ÜXm§À`m Aml`mg~§Yr B.g. 1930 À`m gw‘mamg
~m~m§À`m ‘ZmV {dMma Amcm-Am{U Ë`m§Zr n§T>anyamV
Y‘©emioÀ`m ‘mJrc AmdmamV PmonS>`m ~m§YyZ d¥ÜXm§Zm {Zdmam
{Xcm. Hw$R>ë`mhr VrWm©‘YyZ A§Y, n§Jy, dwÜXm§Zm AmUyZ `m
d¥ÜXml‘mV ~m~m Ë`m§Mr ì`dñWm H$arV AgV J¥hË`mJmZ§Va
^Q>H$V AgVm§Zm ~m~m§Zr d¥ÜX ‘mUgo nmhrcr hmoVr. H$s Á`m§Zm
Hw$UmÀ`m Var ghm`m`mMr JaO Amho Aem {H$Ë`oH$ JaOy
d¥ÜXm§Mr godm ewlyfm ~m~m§Zr Ho$cr EH$m àg¨Jmdê$Z dcJmd
(~m~m§Mr {Zdm©U^y‘r) `oWo d¥ÜXml‘ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm
åhUyZM d§XZr` amîQ´g¨V åhUV, ""g¨V lr JmS>Jo~m~m ‘mZdVoMo
‘wVu‘§V AmXe© hmoVo.AÝZ d dñÌ XmZ
OJÊ`mH$[aVm AÝZ nm{hOo, nU Ag‘W©nUm‘wio Vo
{‘i{dVm Amco Zmhr Va Cnmer amhmdo cmJVo Aer ñWrVr
Agë`m‘wio Am§Yio, nm§Jio cwio, ‘hmamoJr cmoH§$mZm YmoVao,
MmXar, Q>moß`m, Km|JS>r, ãc±Ho$Q> d¡Jao H$nS>o Am{U dmQ>`m, ß`mco,
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‘mo{h‘ am~{dcr eoVH$è`mZo åhmVmao ~¡c H$YrM {dHy$ Z`o,
Á`m§À`m‘wio AmnUg hmOmamo I§S>`m YmÝ` {‘iVo, ImÊ`mg
{‘iVo, Á`mZo Amnë`m Kar OÝ‘^a H$îQ> Ho$co Ë`mcm åhmVmanUr
{dH$Uo hm ‘hmnmn Amho Ago JmS>Jo~m~m {ZjwZ gm§JV.
Jm`r H$gm~mcm {dH$Vm H$m‘m Z`o Jm` H$gm~mcm {dH$ë`mg
{VMr EH$Q>rMr hË`m hmoV Zmhr Va VrÀ`m nmoQ>r hmoUm-`m
Ordm§Mrhr hË`m hmoVo. Jm`r H$gm~mcm {dH$Uo ho ‘hmnmn Amho
Ago JmS>Jo~m~m CnXoe H$arV åhUyZM JmS>Jo~m~m Amnë`m
{H$V©ZmVyZ gwê$dmVrcm.
Jmonmcm& Jmonmcm& XodH$sZ§XZ Jmonmcm&& Jm`r nmim! Jm`r
nmim! Agm g¨Xoe XoV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr JmS>Jo~m§~m§Zr ~mOmamVwZ
H$gm~mÀ`m hñVo Xa AmR>dS>`mg Jm`r OmV hmoË`m Ë`m 1933
gmcr VoWrc cmoH$m§Zm CnXoe H$ê$Z JmdH$-`mÀ`m ‘XVrZo ~§X
Ho$ë`m.
newhË`m~§Xr, aoS>m ~{cXmZ~§Xr, eH$anQ>, adyZ ~¡cm§Zm Amê$Zo
Q>moMÊ`mMm àH$ma JmS>Jo~m~m§À`m CnXoemZo H$‘r Pmcm VgoM
A§YlÜXm Xya H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© JmS>Jo~m§~m§Zr Ho$co.
JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr Añn¥î`Vm {ZdmaU g{‘VrMo àMmaH$m`© 1950-
1956 Xhm {Oëh`mV JmS>Jo~m~ {‘eZÀ`m à‘wI {ejU g¨ñWm
Aml‘emim Mmodrg, ‘mÜ`{‘H$ emim AmR>, nmoñQ> ~o{gH$
{dÚmc` ~mam, dgVrJ¥h n§Yam, à‘wI Y‘©emim n§Yam,
qhgm~§Yr Ho$coë`m `mÌm§Mr {R>H$mUo gXwgîR> `odT>o ‘moR>o H$m`©
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 87-90 89
JmS>Jo~m~m§À`m hmVyZ KS>co.{ZîH$e©
g¨V JmS>Jo~m~m§Zr OJmcm Amnë`m H¥$VrVyZ ñdÀN>VoMm ‘§Ì
XoVmV. A§YlÜXm OwÊ`mê$T>r dmB©Q> na§nam§Zm Amim ~gVmo, J«m‘
ñdÀN>Vo ~amo~aM ‘ZmMr ñdÀN>Vm H$aVmV. {Zì`©gZr ìhmdo,
Jar~ ‘wcm‘wctZm {ejU Úmdo. JmS>Jo~m~m Amnë`m {H$V©ZmVyZ
{ejUmMo ‘hËd nXdyZ XoVmV. H¥$îR>ramo½`m§Mr godm, d¥ÜXm§Mr
godm, Jm`rMo ajU d Amnë`m A‘a g¨XoemVyZ OJmcm
‘mZdVoMm g¨Xoe XoVmV.
JmS>Jo~m~m§Mm g¨Xoe
^wHo$boë¶m§Zm---- AÝZ
VhmZboë¶m§Zm ---- nmUr
CKS>çmZmJS>çm§Zm --- dñÌ
Jar~ ‘wbm‘wbtZm --- {ejU
~oKam§Zm ---- Amgam
A§Y --- n§Jy amoJr ¶m§Zm ----- Am¡fYmonMma
~oH$mam§Zm ----- amoOJma
new njr ‘w³¶m àmʶm§Zm ---- A^¶
Jar~ Vê$U--- VarUtMo ----- b½Z
XþIr d {Zamem§Zm ------ qh‘Vg¨X^© J«W
H«$m§{Vgy`© JmS>Jo~m~m, àmMm`© am. Vw. JV
d¡am½`‘yVu JmS>Jo~m~m (OrdZ d H$m`©) àm. aKwZmW H$S>do
g¨V JmS>Jo~m~m, ì`ŠVr Am{U H$m`© - àm. S>m°. gm¡. Cfm
doê$iH$a
‘mZdVoMo nwOmar g¨V JmS>Jo~m~m (M[aÌ Am{U {dMmaYZ)
S>m°. CÜXd agmio
g¨V JmS>Jo~m~m {OdZ Xe©Z, àm. S>m°. Q>r. Or JoS>m‘
g¨V JmS>Jo ‘hmamO ñ‘maH$ J«W -
g¨nmXH$ àmMm`© am. Vw. JV
Dhanraj D. Murkute90
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
nÙaoIm YZH$a‘amR>r {d^mJ
gaXma nQ>oc ‘hm{dÚmc`,M§Ðnya
Ag§^dmVyZ g§^dmH$S>o EH$ AmË‘emoY
gmam§e"Ag§^dmVyZ g§^dmH$S>o' ho S>m°. {H$emoa ‘mohara ¶m§Mo AmË‘M[aÌ gm‘mݶ ‘mUgmZo KoVboë¶m Amnë¶m AmË‘emoYmMo CXmhaU Amho. ‘amR>r dmS²>‘¶ hr g§H$ënZm àM§S> ì¶mnH$ Amho. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, H$mì¶, ZmQ>H$, b{bV, M[aÌ, AmË‘M[aÌ Ago {d{dY àH$ma ‘amR>r dmS²>‘¶mV g‘m{dð> hmoVmV. ¶m à˶oH$ gmhr˶ àH$mamMo Amnbo ñdV:Mo JwU d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. à˶oH$ gm{h˶ àH$ma ‘amR>r ‘mUgmda amÁ¶ H$aUmam Amho. ¶m gmè¶m àH$mamV AmË‘M[aÌ hm gm{h˶ àH$ma Amnë¶ A§J^yV d¡{eîQ>çm§Zr bmoH$m§À¶m H$miOmÀ¶m A{YH$ Odi nmohMUmam Amho.
~rO eãX : Ag§^d, g§^d, AmË‘M[aÌ, M[aÌ, AmË‘emoY
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 91-93
àñVmdZm :-‘amR>r gm{h˶mMr ì¶mßVr nhmVm ˶m A§VJ©V ¶oUmè¶m {d{dY gm{h˶ àH$mam§Mo Amnbo ñdV:Mo JwUd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. H$mX§~ar, H$Wm, H$mì¶, M[aÌ, AmË‘M[aÌ ¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aVm§Zm ˶m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço bjmV ¿¶mdr bmJVmV. Ag§^dmVyZ g§^dmH$S>o ho S>m°. ‘mohara ¶m§Mo AmË‘M[aÌ Amå‘M[aÌmÀ¶m H$gm¡Q>rdma CVaUmao Amho. AmË‘M[aÌmMm Aä¶mg H$aVm§Zm AmË‘M[aÌmMo AmË‘M[aÌ åhUyZ gm{h˶‘yë¶ H$m¶? EH$ H$bmH¥$Vr åhUyZ Vr H$er Amho. Am{U ‘mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m n[aàojmV {VMo Cn¶mo{JVm ‘yë¶ H$m¶? Aem VrZ nmVitda {VMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo."Am°Q>mo~m¶m°J«m’$s' ¶m B§J«Or g§kobm n¶m©¶r åhUyZ ‘amR>rV AmË‘M[aÌ qH$dm AmË‘H$Wm hr g§km dmnabr OmVo. M[aÌ Am{U AmË‘M[aÌ ho nyU©V: {^ÝZ Amho. M[aÌmV B{Vhmg AgVmo. nU H$Wm hr g§km doJir AgVo. M[aÌmV H$Wm A§V^y©V AgVo nU H$WoV M[aÌ AgVoM Ago ‘mÌ Zmhr. AmË‘M[aÌ åhUyZ Zo‘H§$ H$m¶ AgV§. AmË‘M[aÌmV ñdV: boIH$ Amnë¶m JVOrdZmMr H$Wm ñdV:M {ZdoXZ H$aV AgVmo. nU ho {ZdoXZ Ho$di {ZdoXZmÀ¶m nmVirda ZgVo Va ¶m {Z{‘˶mZo Vmo Amnbm AmË‘emoY KoV AgVmo. dV©‘mZmÀ¶m {d{dY Q>ß߶mdê$Z ^yVH$mimMm doY KoV AgVmo. ˶mMr ñdV:Mr ¶m ^yVH$mimH$S>o Am{U Amnë¶m OrdZmH$S>o ~KʶmMr {d{eï> ^y{‘H$m ¶mZ AgVo. Amnë¶m gmo~MV ñdOrdZmer à˶mà˶jnUo {ZJS>rV Agboë¶m 춳VtMohr {MÌR> AmË‘M[aÌH$ma H$aV AgVmo. AmË‘emoYH$ d¥ÎmrVyZ Vmo Amnë¶m OrdZmVrb {d{dY diUo {ZdoXZ H$arV AgVmo. ¶m{edm¶ AmË‘M[aÌH$mamZo ho gmao A˶§V àm‘m{UH$nUo d Ogo KS>bo Vgo g˶ {bhmdo hr AmË‘M[aÌ boIZmMm A{b{IV H$m¶Xm AgVmo. ¶m gmè¶m Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aVm "Ag§^dmVyZ g§^dmH$S>o' ho AmË‘M[aÌ Amnë¶m gm‘϶mªZo gd©H$f CVaUmao Amho.¶m AmË‘M[aÌmV AZoH$ nmÌ Amho. ‘moR>m ^mD$, am‘, d{hZr, bhmZ ^mD$ amOy, bhmZ ^mdO¶, ~m~r, Cëhmgamd, h[a^mD$, R>³H$a gmho~, R>³H$a gmho~m§Mr gyZ Aem AZoH$ ì¶{³VaoIm Agë¶m Var ñdV: boIH$ Am{U ˶m§Mr AmB© ¶m XmoZ ì¶{³VaoIm OmñV ‘hËdmÀ¶m AmhoV.{dn[aV n[apñWVrVhr AmH$m§S>Vm§S>d Z H$aVm A˶§V g§¶‘mZo gVV g§Kf© H$aV amhUo d nwT>Mr dmQ>MmbH$aV amhUo ho boIH$mÀ¶m ñd^mdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. dS>rbm§À¶m {ZYZmZ§Va EH$m CZmS> nmoamM§ ~Xbbob§ ê$n Amnë¶mbm {XgV§. dS>rbm§Mm ‘¥Ë¶y Pmë¶mda dS>rb boIH$mÀ¶m ñdßZmV ¶oVmV. Voìhm boIH$
Hw$‘mad¶mV AmhoV. Am{U dS>rb ñdßZmV T>gT>gm aS>VmV.ñdßZmMm boIH$ ñdV: Agm AW© bmdVmV H$s dS>rb OUyH$mhr åhUV AmhoV H$s ""AmVm ‘r Zmhr VwPo AnamY ‘m’$ H$amb¶m. Voìhm Vy AmVmVar gwYa'' Am{U VmoM boIH$mÀ¶m OrdZmMm Q>{ZªJ nm°BªQ> R>aVmo.S´>m¶ìha nmgyZ àmܶmnH$n¶ªVMm àdmg : ho AmË‘M[aÌ EH$m ‘°Q>°S>moAada S´>m¶ìha åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aV AgUmè¶mZo AVrd H$ï>mZo H$Yr AmB©gmo~V H¡$Úm§Mo H$nS>o {edwZ H$Yr dV©‘mZnÌmÀ¶m JmS>rda JÇ>o ^aʶmMo H$m‘ H$ê$Z H$Yr gm‘mZ Zo AmU H$aʶmgmR>r ‘oQ>°S>moAaMm Q´>rn ‘mê$Z H$Yr R>³H$a gmho~mH$S>o S´>m¶ìha åhUyZ Va H$Yr J«m‘n§Mm¶V‘ܶo S´>m¶ìha åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVm H$aVm àmܶmnH$ n¶ªVMm Ho$bobm àdmg ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmV Amho. d¡{eîQ>ço : ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmMm Aä¶mg H$aV AgVm§Zm H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço bjmV Úmdr bmJVmV.1) H$Yr ‘oQ>°S>moAa H$Yr Ord H$Yr Hw$UmÀ¶m H$mada S´>m¶ìha åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m ‘mUgmZo àmܶmnH$ nXM Zmhr Va EH$m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoMm Aܶj hmoʶmn¶ªVMm IaVS> d A{Ve¶ H$ï>H$maU àdmg åhUOo ho AmË‘M[aÌ Amho.2) EH$m CËH¥$ð> Aem IoimSy>À¶m n[al‘mMr hr H$Wm Amho.3) EH$m g‘Õ¥ ZQ>mZ o d H$bmdV§ mZ o H$o bbo r ZQ>œo amMr AmamYZm åhUOo hr H$Wm Amho.4) EH$m CËH¥$ð> amOH$maUnQy>Mr hr H$Wm Amho.5) {Z¶VrZo gVV ‘mJm©V H$mQ>o ngabo Var {Z¶VreaU Z OmVm gVV OrdZ‘mJ© MmbV amhUmè¶m ‘wemw’$samMr hr H$Wm Amho.6) boIH$mMm Amd Z AmUVm EH$m gXñ¶ ‘mUgmZo àm‘m{UH$nUo ‘m§Cbobr H¡${’$¶V hr H$Wm Amho.7) AmB©bm gd©ñd ‘mZUmè¶m {VÀ¶m H$ï>mMr OmUrd AgUmè¶m nwÌmZo AmB©àVr 춳V Ho$bobr hr H¥$VkVm Amho.8) ‘¡ÌrgmR>r gd©ñd XoUmè¶m {‘ÌmMr hr H$Wm Amho.9) g‘Õ¥ OrdZmMr dmVmhmV d AVrd H$ï>mZ o nÝw hm g‘Õ¥ rH$S> o Ho$bobr hr dmQ>Mmb Amho.AmB©Mr ì¶{º$aoIm : ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmV AmB©Mr ì¶{º$aoIm AVre¶ R>gR>erV d gd©ì¶mnr Amho. amï´>^mfm g{‘VrMo OiJmd ¶oWrb Aܶj AgUmè¶m EH$m H$V©~Jma nwê$fmMr Vr AYmª{JZr Amho. boIH$mZo ho nwñVH$ AmBªZm An©U H$ê$Z AmB©~ÔbMr H¥$VkVm 춳V Ho$br Amho. nVr {ZYZmZ§Va Amnbr ‘wb§, g§gma A˶§V H$ï>mZo Am{U ñdm{^‘mZmZo hm ‘mD$br
Padmarekha Dhankar92
gm§^miVo.KaMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr BVH$s dmB©Q> H$s eoOmaÀ¶m ~§Jmbr ñHw$b‘Yë¶m {ejH$m§Zm ^oQy>Z Amnë¶mH$Sy>Z Mhm KoʶmMr {dZ§Vr AmB© H$aVo, Mhm V¶ma H$aʶmgmR>r Ho$Q>br {dH$V ¿¶m¶bm {Vbm KamVrb {nVit~ {dH$mdm bmJVmo. hmoñQ>obda amhUmè¶m ‘wbtgmR>r Vr S>~o V¶ma H$aVo. H¡$Úm§Mo H$nS>o {edyZ XoVo. nwT>o ‘{hbm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ‘hm‘§S>imÀ¶m ‘XVrZo H$bo³Q>a Am°’$sg‘ܶo Q>rñQ>m°bMo H$m‘ ñdrH$maVo. ho gma§ H$aV AgVm§Zm boIH$mbm {ejUmgmR>r CÚw³V H$aVo. Aer A˶§V VoOñdr Am{U ñdm{^‘mZr AmB© ¶m AmË‘H$WoMm AmË‘mM dmQ>Vo.gmam§e : ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmMm Aä¶mg H$aVm§Zm EH$m gd©gm‘mݶ ‘mUgmMr Hw$R>bmhr Amd Z AmUVm ˶mZo ‘m§S>bobr ñdV:Mr àm‘m{UH$ H¡${’$¶V Amho Ago ‘r åhUoZ AmË‘M[aÌmV boIH$ Amnbm AmË‘emoY KoV AgVmo. OrdZmH$S>o ~KʶmMr ˶mMr Ñï>r {dH${gV hmoV OmVo. n[apñWVrer g§Kf© H$aVm§Zm boIH$ ^{dî¶mMm doY KoV Jobo¶ Amnbo VËd Amnbr OrdZ{df¶H$ gH$mamË‘H$ y{‘H$m V¶ma H$aV Jobo¶ ho ¶m boIH$mMo ¶e hmo¶. ‘mZdr OrdZmÀ¶m n[aàojmV {VMo ‘yë¶ R>adVm§Zm ho AmË‘M[aͶ A˶§V AZ‘mob Amho. AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmnmgyZ àoaUm {‘iy eH$Vo. ho ¶m AmË‘M[aÌmMo ¶e åhUmdo bmJob.g§X^© J«§W Ag§^dmVyZ g§^dmH$S>o - {H$emoa ~miH¥$îU ‘mohara godm àH$meZ A‘amdVr
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 91-93 93
Isolation and Detection of the Enzymes Amylase, Protease and Lipase, Produced by Neurospora Intermedia
MTCC 1230 and Rhizosporus Oligosporus MTCC 556
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Department of Microbiology, �Guru Nanak College of Science, Ballarpur (M.S.), India.
Email: [email protected]
Kumbhare P.H.
Abstract
It has been reported that, the molds, Neurospora intermedia and Rhizosporus oligosporus produce extracellular,
amylase, protease and lipase enzymes. Amylase enzyme degrades complex carbohydrates to simple sugar,
Protease degrades protein to amino acids and Lipase enzyme degrades lipids to free fatty acids. The molds N.
intermedia and R. oligosporus are also widely employed for the industrial production of many commercially
valuable products and Oriental foods by solid state fermentation.
The present study was carried out to detect the production of the enzymes amylase, protease and lipase by the
molds, N. intermedia MTCC 1230 and R. oligosporus MTCC 556. To detect the production of amylase, protease
and lipase enzymes the selected mold cultures were cultivated on, Starch Agar (HIMedia M107), Skim Milk Agar
(HIMedia M763) and Spirit Blue Agar (HIMedia M445) respectively.
It has been noted that, the mold, N. intermedia MTCC 1230 produce higher amount (++) of the enzymes amylase,
protease and lipase whereas R. oligosporus MTCC 556 produce higher amount (++) of protease and lipase but
less amount (+) of amylase enzyme.
Key Words : Amylase, Protease, Lipase, Neurospora intermedia, Rhizosporus oligosporus
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 94-98
INRODUCTION
Fungal food fermentations in the Orient are
recognized as the “indigenous or traditional
fermentations" which include the very important soy
sauce, miso and tempeh. From this traditional food
fermentation processes, modern sophisticated enzyme
industries and the manufacture of avoring agents
such as monosodium glutamate and nucleotides have
been developed (Blain, 1975; Miall, 1983).
Most of the fungal food fermentations are reported to
be the Solid State Fermentations (SSF). Most practical
substrates used for SSF processes are the starchy
materials, grains, cereals, tuber-roots, pulses and
oilseeds. Degradation of complex constituents of the
solid substrates by extracellular enzymes to simpler
compounds becomes a key step in SSF process.
Complex carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in solid
substrates are degraded to simpler sugars, amino acids
and free fatty acids by the extracellular enzymes
Amylase, Protease, Lipase etc. released by fungi and
enhance digest ibi l i ty of s tart ing materials
(Arasaratnam et al., 2001). Many microorganisms
such as bacteria, yeasts and molds are used to prepare
Oriental fermented foods however only lamentous
fungi can grow to a signicant extent in solid
substrate. Among the lamentous fungi, N. sitophila,
N. intermedia and R. oligosporus have gained
practical importance in solid state fermentation.
An investigation was carried out (Kumbhare et al.,
2000) to study the biochemical changes occurring in
the solid state fermentation of peanut press cake
(Oncom) by using the mold cultures, N. intermedia
MTCC 1230 and R. oligosporus MTCC 556. The
physicochemical and nutritional property of PPC
changes signicantly due to solid state fermentation
by the molds (Van Veen et. al.,). Major changes in
color, avor, texture, increased digestibility and
nutritive value in fermented PPC are brought about by
metabolic and enzymatic activities of the cultivated
mold cultures (Steinkraus, 1983). It has been noted
that the enzymes amylase, protease and lipase
produced by the inoculated molds degrade PPC
constituents i.e. carbohydrates, protein, lipids and
making it more digestible and at the same time more
avorful (Beuchat, 1987; Kovac, 1997).
In our investigation more emphasis was given to study
the activity of extracellular enzymes amylase protease
and lipase produced by the selected mold cultures and
the biochemical changes occurring in laboratory scale
fermentation of peanut press cake (Kumbhare, 2011).
The present study was carried out to detect the
production of the enzymes amylase, protease and
lipase by the molds, N. intermedia MTCC 1230 and R.
oligosporus MTCC 556. To detect the production of
amylase, protease and lipase enzymes the selected
mold cultures were cultivated on, Starch Agar
(HIMedia M107), Skim Milk Agar (HIMedia M763)
and Spirit Blue Agar (HIMedia M445) respectively.
It has been noted that, the mold, N. intermedia MTCC
1230 produce higher amount (++) of the enzymes
amylase, protease and lipase whereas R. oligosporus
MTCC 556 produce higher amount (++) of protease
and lipase but less amount (+) of amylase enzyme.
Materials and Methods:
Mold cultures: The mold cultures N. intermedia
MTCC 1230 and R. oligosporus MTCC 556 were
selected to detect the production of the enzymes
amylase, protease and lipase. These mold cultures
were obtained from Microbial Type Culture
Collection (MTCC), Insti tute of Microbial
Technology (IMTech), Chandigarh, India.
Mold cultures were maintained by growing on the
slants of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA, HI media
MO96), containing (gm./liter.), Potato infusion, 20;
Dextrose, 20; Agar, 20; pH 5.5. Mold cultures were o
stored in the refrigerator at 4 C and sub-cultured
monthly.
Culture media and Reagents:
i) Amylase production was tested on Starch Agar
(HIMedia M107) containing (gm/liter.)- Peptone,
5gm; Sodium chloride, 5gm; Yeast extract, 1.5 gm;
Beef extract, 1.5gm; Starch , 2gm; Agar, 20gm;
Distilled water, 1000 ml; pH, 5.6. Reagent - Lugol's
Iodine solution (Iodine, 1gm; Potassium iodide, 2gm;
Distilled water, 300 ml).
ii) Protease production was tested on Skim Milk
Agar (HIMedia M763) containing (gm/liter.)- Skim
milk powder, 28; casein, 5; Yeast extract, 2.5; Agar, 20;
Kumbhare P.H. 95
Distilled water, 1000 ml; pH, 5.6. Reagent – Trichloro
Acetic Acid (TCA)- 10 % , (10 gm of TCA dissolved in
100 ml distilled water).
iii) Lipase production was tested on Spirit Blue Agar
(HIMedia M445) containing (gm/liter)- Casein, 10;
Yeast extract, 5; Spirit blue, 0.15; Agar, 20; Distilled
water, 1000 ml; pH, 5.6. After sterilization, 10 ml of
lipase enzyme substrate i.e. Tributyrin (glycerol
tributyrate, HIMedia FD081) was added, mixed and
poured in to the sterile petri dishes. Reagent:
Saturated copper sulfate solution.
The Culture media, reagents and chemicals were
obtained from HIMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.,
Mumbai; S. D. Fine Chem. Ltd. Mumbai and Loba
Chem. Ltd., Mumbai (India).
The particular culture media required to detect the
production of particular enzyme was prepared as per
the given composition and sterilized in the autoclave at o
121 C for 15 min. Sterile culture media plates were
prepared by transferring sterilized media aseptically
into the sterilized petri dishes and allowed to solidify
at room temperature. After proper solidication
appropriate culture medium was used to cultivate the
selected molds to detect the production of particular
enzyme.
Production of Amylase, Protease and Lipase
enzymes:
A) Detection of amylase production: The production
of the enzyme amylase by N. intermedia MTCC 1230
and R. oligosporus MTCC 556 was detected using the
method of Staple (1987).
The mold cultures were cultivated separately on
Starch agar medium (HIMedia M107) in Petri plates
by streaking with inoculating needle at the center and O
incubated at 28 C for 48hr. One sterilized un-
inoculated starch agar medium in petri plate was kept
as Control. After incubation about 5 ml of Lugol's
iodine reagent was added in to the culture plate. The
production of amylase enzyme was indicated by clear
zone around mold growth against blue background.
The results of detected amylase activity are shown in
(Table 1), (Fig. A1-A3).
B) Detection of protease production: The
production of the enzyme protease by N. intermedia
MTCC 1230 and R. oligosporus MTCC 556 was
detected using the method of Staple, (1987)
Mold cultures were cultivated separately on Skim
Milk Agar (HIMedia M763) in petri plates by
streaking loop full culture with inoculating needle at o the center and incubated at 28 C for 48 hr. One
sterilized un-inoculated starch agar in petri plate was
kept as Control. After incubation about 5 ml of 10%
TCA solution was added in to the culture plate. The
production of protease enzyme was indicated by clear
zone around mold growth against whitish background.
The results of detected protease production are shown
in (Table 1), (Fig. B1 - B3)
C) Detection of lipase production: The production of
the enzyme lipase by N. intermedia MTCC 1230 and
R. oligosporus MTCC 556 was detected using the
method of, Seely and van Demark, (1975).
Mold cultures were cultivated separately on Spirit
Blue Agar (HIMedia M445) in petri plates by
streaking loop-full culture with inoculating needle at o
the center and incubated at 28 C for 48 hrs. One un-
inoculated spirit blue agar in petri plate was kept as
Control. After incubation about 5 ml of saturated
copper sulfate solution was added into the culture
plate. The production of lipase enzyme was indicated
by the formation of greenish-blue insoluble copper
soap with liberated fatty acids around the mold growth
against greenish background. The results of detected
lipase production are shown in (Table 1), (Fig. C1- C3).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe mold cultures selected to detect the production of enzymes found to produce, amylase, protease and lipase in a variable range when tested on appropriate culture media
oafter 48 hr. of incubation at 28 C.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 94-9896
The results shown in (Table -1), (Fig. A1 – A3, B1 – B3, C1 – C3) revealed that N. intermedia MTCC 1230 show higher production (++) of all the three enzymes (Fig. A1, B1, C1), whereas R.oligosporus MTCC 556 exhibited higher production (++) of protease and lipase, (Fig. B2, C2) but lower production (+) of amylase enzyme (Fig. B1) (Kumbhare et al., 2000, 2014).
Table 1. Comparison of production of the enzymes Amylase, Protease and Lipase by the molds.
Note:(++) = More clear zone - More enzyme production. (+) = Less clear zone - Less enzyme production ( – ) = No zone of clearness - no enzyme production.
Fig. A1. Amylase production
Fig. A2. Amylase production
Fig. A3. Control
by N. intermedia MTCC 1230 by R. oligosporus MTCC 556 (Un-inoculated)
Fig.B1. Protease production by N. intermedia MTCC 1230 (Un-inoculated) Fig.B2. Protease production by R.oligosporus MTCC 556 Fig.B3. Control
Fig.C1. Lipase production by N. intermedia MTCC 1230Fig. C2. Lipase production by R. oligosporus MTCC 556Fig.C3. Control (Un-inoculated)
These results coincided with those of Wang and
Heseltine (1965); Beuchat (1976, 1983) who reported
that, N. intermedia and R. oligosporus as active
amylase, protease and lipase enzyme producers. They
further noted that R. oligosporus produce more
amounts of protease and lipase enzymes but less
amount of amylase enzyme, whereas N. intermedia
produce more amount of amylase enzyme but less
amount of lipase enzyme. Arasaratnam et al. (2001)
repor ted the product ion of Glucoamylase
(Amyloglucosidase EC 3.2.1.3) and acid protease (EC
2.4.23.6) by R. oligosporus. Metabolic activities of
amylase, protease and lipase enzymes cause
degradation of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
respectively, resulting in to the formation simple
sugar, amino acids and fatty acids during solid state
fermentation of Peanut Press Cake (Quinn et al., 1975;
Kovac, 1997).
Conclusion
Our results concluded that, the metabolic activity of
the enzymes amylase, protease and lipase produced by
inoculated mold cultures enhance avor and
digestibility in solid state fermentation of Peanut Press
Cake (Oncom) due to the release of specic simple
sugars, amino acids and free fatty acids.
References1. Arasaratnam, V and Mylvaganam, K et al.
(2001), Glucoamylase production by A. niger in
SSF with Paddy husk as support. Jr. Food Sci.
Techno. 38(4), Pp. 334-338.
2. Beuchat L. R. (1976), Fungal fermentation of
peanut press cake. Jr. Economic Botany. 30,
Pp. 227-234.
3. Beuchat L. R. (1983), Indigenous fermented
foods. Biotechnology of food and feed
production with Microorganisms. Verlag
Chemie Weinhelm Vol. 5. Pp. 477-528.
4. Blain J. A. (1975), Industrial enzymes
production Filamentous fungi Vol.1, Edward
Arnold Publisher London. Pp. 193-211.
Kumbhare P.H.
97
5. Kovac, B. (1997) Use of the mold Rhizopus
ol igosporus in food product ion. Food
technology and Biology, National Academy
Press, Washington DC, USA.
6. Kumbhare P. H. and Khandwekar P. V. (2000),
Biochemical studies on “Oncom”, Orient fungal
food fermentation. Jr. of Microbial World. Vol. 3
No. 1, Pp. 31-35.
7. Kumbhare P. H. (2011). Utilization of peanut
press\cake for the production of protein-rich
Food, Oncom and Acid protease, a commercially
valuable enzyme. Jr. of Microbial World. Vol.-
13, No.1, Pp. 44 – 49
8. Kumbhare P. H. (2014). Analysis of Nutritive
Value of Peanut Press Cake fermented by N.
sitophila NCIM 899 and R. oligosporus NCIM
1215 International Jr. of Researches in
Biosciences, Agriculture and Technology
(IJRBAT). Issue-2 Vol.-II, Pp. 272 – 280.
9. Miall, L.M. (1983) Historical development of
the fungal fermentation Industry. Filamentous
Fungi. Edward Arnold Publisher, London Vol.1.
Pp.104-121
10. Quinn M.R. and Beuchat L.R. (1975), Functional
property changes resulting from fungal
fermentation of Peanut our. Jr. of Food Science.
40, Pp- 475-478.
11. Seely H.W. and van Demark, P.J. (1975).
Microbes in action, A laboratory manual of
Microbiology. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.
12. S tap le D . G . (1987) , In t roduc t ion to
microbiology. MacMillan Education Ltd., New
York.
13. Steinkraus, K. H. (1983), Industrial application
of Oriental fungal fermentation. Filamentous
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 94-98
fungi. Edward Arnold Publisher London. Vol.
IV. Pp.171-190.
14. Van Veen, A. and Graham D. (1968), Fermented
peanut press cake. Jr. Cereal Science Today. 13,
Pp.96-99.
15. Wang H.L. and Heseltine, C.W. (1965), Studies
on extra cellular proteolytic enzymes of R.
oligosporus. Canadian Jr. of Microbiology. 11,
Pp. 727-732.
98
Study of Physical Properties of Soil Affected by Coal Mining Activities Near Gouring OPC in Chandrapur Dist. of Maharashtra
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Department of Physics
Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur
E-mail : [email protected]
Varsha C. Thakare
Abstract
Coal is the most important and abundant fossil fuel in India. India ranks third in world coal production. The study
area ( Gouri Deep OCP) is located at Ballarpur in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra and run by Western Coal
Field Ltd. India. The present study has been undertaken to assess the physical impacts of mining activities on the
adjacent area. The soil samples of seven different sites near Gouri were analyzed for physical properties like soil
moisture, pH, bulk density, conductivity, particle density, and porosity. Inconsistencies were found in the above
soil parameters. This variation may be due to the various mining activities and subsequent coal transportation in
the nearby area. Above parameters at some locations show more or less variation which indicates contamination
of soil due to mining activities. This study may prove essential for reclamation and effective land management for
agriculture use.
Key Words : Coal mining, soil pollution
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 99-102
Introduction:
Environmental pollution has now reached a crisis
point in world. Industrial sector is one of the point
source of pollution in addition to those mining
activities that affect the environment. Coal mining in
general and open cast mining in particular may lead to
severe environmental degradation. Lack of proper
planning and negligence of regulation, has caused
appreciable amount of environmental degradation and
ecological damage to water, air and soil [1].
Paradoxically from an environmental point of view
coal mining is a major habitat transforming activity
which as number of detrimental environmental
consequences namely soil erosion, acid mine drainage
and increased sediment load as a result of abandoned
and unreclaimed mined land. Beside, considerable
amount of solid waste piled in the form of huge
overburden dumps, destruction and degradation of
forest and agriculture land and discharge of efuents
from mines into nearby water bodies, noise pollution,
mine res and occupational health hazards are some of
the other associated problems that have adverse
environmental impact. Continuous monitoring of
these lands is therefore essential for their effective
reclamation and management. The upper most cover
of the soil of mining area is contaminated with ne and
coarse coal dust which is almost about two to ve
inches thick and unsuitable for the cultivation and
agriculture crops. In view the above background the
present investigation have been under taken to study
impacts of coal mining on physical properties of soil.
This subject has been studied by many researchers
[2,6] .
Study area:
The Chandrapur district of Maharashtra state is one of
the mineral rich district with huge reserves of high
grade iron and coal. Chandrapur district is situated in
the eastern part of Maharashtra state, in 'Vidharba' 0 0region and is located between 19.30 N to 20.45 N
0latitude and 78.46 E longitudes. Physiographically,
the district is situated within the Wainganga and
Wardha river basins. Coal reserves in Chandrapur
taluka alone are estimated to be 1,22,70,00.000
tonnes. There are total 35 working WCL coal mines
in the district. Gouri deep OCP is one of the WCL
mine in Chandrapur district. The proposed rated
capacity of this mine is of 0.4 mtpa from mining area
of 356.11 ha [7,8].
Materials and methods:
The study of soil physical properties has been done
between different seven sites at different distance
around the project area. From each site sample was for
0-30 cm depth were collected using a stainless steel
shovel. Soil samples were stored in plastic bags,
properly packed so they were air dried and carefully
brought to laboratory for different soil study. A freshly
packed soil samples are used for determining soil
moisture while the rest samples were are dried in paper
plates at room temperature for determining remaining
parameters. Soil pH and Ec values were determined in
sole past extract using a pH-meter and conductivity
Bridge. Bulk density, Particle density and porosity of
soil were measured.
Varsha C. Thakare100
Result and Discussion:
The physical properties of soil at different seven sites
around the project area are shown in given table 1.
Table1: Physical properties of soil moisture, pH,
bulk density, conductivity, particle density,
porosity and texture at different seven sites around
the project area.
Bulk density: Changes in soil bulk density affect a
host of other properties and processes that inuence
water and oxygen supply. The present study revealed
that the bulk density of the soil varies signicantly
between the sites as shown in the table 1. The
calculated bulk density for different sites and
adjoining areas are site 1 (1.28), site 2 (1.11), site 3
(1.25), site 4 (1.27), site 5 (1.29), site 6 (1.34), and site
7 (1.23). The bulk density was found to be highest at
site 6 (1.34) while it was found lowest at site 2 (1.11).
Porosity: Soil porosity is redundant in some respects,
but a separate measure of the ratio of non-capillary and
capillary porosity may be a sensitive indicator of
management-induced physical change that leads to
water and air imbalance. The present study porosity
ranged from 60.46% to 50.17%
Electrical Conductivity: Electrical conductivity has
a measure of ion concentration and the potentially
negative effect of salinity on the osmotic potential(i.e.
water relation) and nutrient imbalance is primarily use
in agricultural soils. its application to forest soils is
usually limited to very specic circumferences (e.g.
Reclaimanation of mine soils) where highly
concentrated soil solution are known or suspected to
inhabit forest growth and productivity (Burger et al.,
1994). The present study electrical conductivity -1
ranged from 0.24 to 0.16 ds.m . High electrical
conductivity value in soil is due to the concentration of
salt in the soil.
Texture: The soil texture percentages for different
sites are represented in Table 1. The maximum sand
percentage of texture is 85.52% and minimum is
53.52% while the maximum and minimum percentage
of silt and clay are 2-20% (silt) and 12.48-46.48%
(clay). The percentage of sand fraction was found to be
higher while the percentage of silt and clay was
comparatively found in low range. The soil texture of
the restored mine site came out to be sandy as they
have high percentage of sand type. The soil texture is
dominated by sand with a smaller fraction of clay and
silt. The low content of silt and clay was found in the
sampling sites which may be due to the presence of
coal, stones or rock forming materials.
Moisture: The maximum moisture content was found
7.7% at site 2 and the minimum moisture content was
2.2% at site 4. Moisture content in a uctuating
parameter which is inuenced by the time of sampling
height of slope of soil stone content amount of organic
carbon, texture and thickness of litter layers on the
soil. Overburdens soil was reported to be as low as
2.3% ( maiti el. Al 2002). Maiti and ghose (2005)
reported average eld moisture content of all the soil
was 5%.
pH: The pH scale goes from 0 to 14 with pH 7 as the
neutral point. As the amount of hydrogen ions in the
soil increases the soil pH decreases thus becoming
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 99-102 101
more acidic. From pH 7 to 0 the soil is increasingly
more acidic and from pH 7 to 14 the soil is increasingly
more alkaline or basic. The pH classes of soil sampling
were found ranged from 8.1 to 9.4, Hence more
alkaline or basis. The average pH for soils under all
types of land use ranged from medium acid to neutral.
The greater range in pH of forest soils indicates a
greater range of rainfall in that area.
Conclusions
The study area (Western coal eld Gouri Deep OCP) is
located at Ballarpur in Chandrapur district of
Maharashtra. The soil samples of seven different sites
near Gouri were analyzed for physical properties like
soil moisture, pH, bulk density, conductivity, particle
density, and porosity. Inconsistencies were found in
the above soil parameters. This variation may be due to
the various mining activities and subsequent coal
transportation in the nearby area. Above parameters at
some locations show more or less variation which
indicates contamination of soil due to mining
activities. This study may prove essential for
reclamation and effective land management for
agriculture use.
References
Dhar, B.B, Rolterdem, Environment Management
and Pollution Control in Mining Industry (1993).
Singh, T.B. and Singh, D., Indian J Environment
and Ecoplan, 8(1), 69-74 (2004).
Ghose MK, Kundu NK.(1999). Probable impact
on land due to open-cast coal mining.Journal of
Environ Std Policy.2(2).87-96.
Wadhate. S. R, Yenke. M.K.N, Choudhri, M.D,
Pokale.W.K (2006) Impact of mining activities on
soil. Journal of environment science and Engg
48(2) 81-96.
Chitade A. Z. International Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology Vol. 2(12), 2010, 7171-
7176.
Manasah A. K., International Journal of
Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 7(2), 2015,
57-80.
Environmental Status and Action Plan for control
of Pollution at Chandrapur.
No. J- 11015/179/2014 IA II(M), Government of
India , Ministry of Envirnmemt, Forests and
Climate Change IA-II (Coal Mining) Division.
Varsha C. Thakare102
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
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àñVmdZm ^maV Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mnydu VgoM OmJ{VH$ ‘mZdA{YH$mamMm OmhraZm‘m V`ma hmoÊ`mnydu ‘mZdmMo g¨nyU© A{YH$ma {ZgJ©V: àmá AgVmV Vo H$moUrhr {hamdyZ KoD$ Z`o. OÝ‘mZo gd© ‘mZd ho gmaIoM AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm OrdZ OJÊ`m‘Ü`o Hy$R>crhr Cƒ{ZƒVm ~miJy Z`o hm ‘mZdr ‘yë`m§Mm ‘mZdVmdmXr {dMma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a m§Zr OJmnyT>o ‘m§S>co hmoVo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñdV: Añn¥í`VoÀ`m XmhH$ Jwcm‘rMo MQ>Ho$ ghZ Ho$co hmoVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m Jwcm‘rMr OmUrd hmoVr Am{U Ë`m§Zr Ë`m Jwcm‘r{dê$ÜX emo{fV cmoH$m§‘Ü`o OmUrd {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm‘m{OH$ Jwcm‘r{dê$ÜX cT>m nwH$macm. eoH$S>mo dfm©À`m gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ Jwcm‘r{dê$ÜX g¨Kf© H$aUmao S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho ‘hmZm`H$ hmoVo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$di amOH$s` Zìho Va gd©H$f Jwcm‘rÀ`m {dê$ÜX g¨Kf© Ho$cm hmoVm. hr ~m~ àË`oH$ ^maVr`mZo cjmV KoVcr nm{hOo. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñÌr`m§À`m gj‘rH$aUmgmR>r AZoH$ H$m`© Ho$co. H$maU maVr` ñÌr`m§Zm nyamVZ H$mimnmgyZ Xwæ`‘ ñWmZ XoD$Z {VÀ`mda AZoH$ ~§YZo cmXÊ`mV Amcocr hmoVr. Ë`m‘Ü`o X{cV ñÌr`m§daMo ~§YZo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Añn¥í`Vm, An{dÌVm, Ag‘mZVm, ê$T>r-na§naoMm nJS>m mgmaIo H$R>rU OrdZ Ë`m§Zm OJmdo cmJV Ago, na§Vw 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1956 amoOr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Y‘mªVam§Mr Xrjm {Xcr. m Yå‘ H«$m§Vr‘wio X{cV ñÌr`m§‘Ü`o AZoH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Amcoco Amho. Yå‘H«$m§VrVrc `mdfu 60 df© nwU© hmoV Amho. VgVgo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Mo {dMma, VËdkmZ, gm{hË` m§Mo ‘hËd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho g‘mOmcm Z{dZ àoaUm, M¡VÝ` Am{U COm© {Z‘m©U H$arV Amho. Ë`m§Mo VËdkmZ Am{U H$m`© ho maVr` g‘mOmcm àoaUmXm`H$ Amho.S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr maVr` g‘mOmV ‘yc^yV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo {deof à`ËZ Ho$co AmhoVo. Ë`m§Zr maVr`
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 103-106
g‘mOmcm ZdrZ X¥îQ>r {Xcr. g‘mOmVrc X{cV, emo{fV, nr{S>V g‘mOmcm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr VËdkmZ {Xco. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnco g¨nyU© Am`wî` Zì`m ^maVmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrgmR>r XrS>eo dfm©À`m Jwcm‘rVyZ maV ñdV§Ì ìhmdm, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. nU Ë`mM~amo~a eoH$S>mo dfm©nmgyZ gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Ym‘uH$ Jwcm‘r‘Ü`o pIVnV nS>cocm X{cV, emo{fV, nr{S>V g‘mOmgwÜXm ñdV§Ì Pmcm nm{hOo. hr Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr XoemVrc gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ Jwcm‘r{dê$ÜX ~§S> nwH$maco hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo ho gm‘m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ Jycm‘r{dê$ÜXMo ñdmV§Í``wÜX B§J«Om§À`m amOH$s` Jycm‘rnojm A{YH$ ‘hËdmMo hmoVo. B§J«OmÀ`m amOH$s` nmaV§Í`m§‘Ü`o Agcoë`m ^maVr` cmoH$m§Zm amOH$s` Jwcm‘rMr OmUrd hmoVr. na§Vw gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ Jwcm‘r‘Ü`o Agcoë`m cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m Jwcm‘rMr OmUrd ZìhVr. CcQ> AmnU Y‘m©Mo nmcZ H$aVmo. X{cV, Am{Xdmgr Am{U BVa ‘mJmgcoë`m cmoH$m§Zr Amho Ë`mM n[apñWVrV amhUo, hmM Ë`m§Mm XoemVrc Y‘© Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo åhUyZ XoemVrc gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ Jwcm‘rÀ`m g¨X^m©V ’$mago ~§S> Hw$Ur Ho$co ZìhVo. ~rO eãX : Yå‘H$« mV§ r, X{cV dñVr, gm‘m{OH$, gmñ§ H$¥ {VH$ n[adVZ© g¨H$ënZm :- X{cV - ""X{cV åhUOo H$ï>H$ar OZVm, H$m‘Jma, ^y{‘hrZ eoV‘Oya, Jar~ eoVH$ar, AZygy{MV OmVr-O‘mVr ^Q>Š`m O‘mVr, Am{Xdmgr.'' - Zm‘Xod T>gmi ""X{cV åhUOo dU© ì`dñWocm Am{U {VÀ`m g‘J« d¡Mm[aH$ ì`dñWocm CÜdñV H$ê$ ~KUmam, X{cV åhUOo ho OJ Am{U OrdZ Zì`mZo ‘m§Sy> ~KUmam, X{cV åhUOo m wJmZo Á`mMo hmV àkmd§V, àc`H$mar Ho$coco AmhoV Am{U Á`mÀ`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ eñÌo Am{U emñÌo CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcocr AmhoV Vmo Agm dV©‘mZmVrc H«$m§VrH$mar AW© gm§JyZ nwT>o ~m~yamd ~mJycm§Zr `m AWm©V A{Vì`máVm AmUcr Amho. Vo åhUVmV - `m Amnë`m X{cVm§À`m ì`m»`oV A‘o[aHo$Vrc H$mim, Jmoam, Vm§~S>m, Am’«$moE{e`m`r XoemVrc H$mim-Jmoim-{ndim `oVmV.'' - ~m~yamd ~mJyc
Yå‘H«$m§Vr :- g¨emoYZmVrc AÜ``ZmV Yå‘H«$m§Vr åhUOo 14 Am°ŠQ>m|~a 1956 amoOr ZmJnya oWo {Xjm^y‘rda S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`mgh cmImo X{cV ñÌr-nyê$fm§Zr Amnco ñdBÀN>oZo Y‘mªVa Ho$co. BVŠ`m ‘moR>`m g¨»`oZo Y‘mªVa hmoÊ`mMr OJmVrc hr EH$‘od Y‘© n[adV©ZmMr H«$m§Vr hmo`. åhUyZ Y‘m©VamÀ`m n[adV©ZmcmM Yå‘H«$m§Vr `m AWm©Zo AÜ``ZmV Cn`moJ Ho$cm Amho.
CXXo²e (Objective) : 1) J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm§Mm gm‘m{OH$ XOm©MmAä`mg H$aUo.2) J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm§‘Ü`o Pmcoco gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z OmUyZ KoUo. 3) J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm§‘Ü`o Pmcoco gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo. CnH$ënZm (Hypothesis) :-1) J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm§Mm gm‘m{OH$ XOm© C§Mmdcm Amho.2) J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm§‘Ü`o cmoH$emhr AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, gm§ñH¥${VH$aU BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U gm‘m{OH$ na{dV©ZmMm ghg¨~§Y Amho. 3) J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm§‘Ü`o X{cV gm{hË` g¨JrV, H$cm m§À`m‘yio gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z Pmcoco Amho. g¨emoYZmMo joÌ :- àñVwV g¨emoYZ ho M§Ðnya {Oëh`mH$arVm ‘`m©{XV Amho. M§Ðnya {Oëhm ho g¨emoYZmMo joÌ Amho. g¨emoYZmMo {díd M§Ðnya {Oëh`mVrc g¨nwU© 15 VmcyŠ`mVrc EHy$U 1660 IoS>oJmd AgyZ m JmdmmV amhUmè`m J«m‘rU X{cV dñVrVrc ‘{hcm m g¨emoYZmMo {díd Amho. Z‘yZm {ZdS> nÜXVr :- àñVwV g¨emoYZm‘Ü`o Z‘wZm {ZdS> n§ÜXVrMm dmna XmoZXm Ho$cm OmUma Amho. EH$Xm JmdmMr {ZdS> H$aVm§Zm Am{U Xwgè`m§Xm CËVaXmVo/EH$H$mMr {ZdS> H$aVm§Zm. àñVwV g¨emoYZmV g¨^mì`Vm Z‘wZm {ZdS> àH$mamVrc gmYm `mX¥pÀN>H$ Z‘wÝ`mVrc cm°Q>ar V§Ì nÜXVrMm dmna H$ê$Z JmdmMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV oB©c. M§Ðnya {Oëh`mV 15 VmcyHo$ AmhoV Am{U 15 VmcyHo$ {‘iyZ 1660 Jmdo AmhoV. àË`oH$ VmcyŠ`mVwZ 6 Jmdm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV `oB©c. àË`oH$ VmcyŠ`mVrc JmdmMr g¨»`m Am{U oWo amhUmè`m J«m‘rU X{cV ‘{hcm ho g¨emoYZmMo {díd amhrc. {dídmMr g¨»`m {ZpíMV Zgë`m‘yio `mZ§Va g¨emoYZmV
Kalpana M. Kawade104
J¡ag¨^mì`Vm Z‘wZm {ZdS> àH$mamVrc ghoVyH$ Z‘wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm dmna H$ê$Z àË`oH$ JmdmVyZ 5 EH$H$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV `oB©c. 5 EH$H$ ho ‘{hcm CËVaXmVo amhVrc d Ë`m§Mm d`moJQ> 20 Vo 50 df} amhrc. àñVwV g¨emoYZmV àË`oH$ JmdmVyZ 5 EH$H$ mà‘mUo 6 JmdmVwZ 30 ‘{hcm CËVaXmVo åhUyZ {ZdS>ë`m OmVrc. åhUOoM àË`oH$ VmcyŠ`mVyZ 30 J«m‘rU X{cV ‘{hcm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV `oB©c. `mZwgma M§Ðnya {Oëh`mVrc 15 VmcyŠ`mVrc EHy$U 450 J«m‘rU X{cV ‘{hcm§Mr Z‘wZm åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV oB©c. VÏ`g¨H$cZ nÜXVr :-àñVwV g¨emoYZmV ‘wcmIV AZwgw{MMm dmna H$ê$Z ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. Yå‘H«$m§Vr‘yio gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Amco m {dYmZmer gh‘Vr Xe©{dUmar gmaUr
Yå‘H«$m§Vr‘wio X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV/amhUr‘mZmV Pmcoco gm‘m{OH$ n[adV©Z Xe©H$ gmaUr
g¨emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© :-
1) X{cV ‘{hcm§‘Ü`o Yå‘H«$m§Vr‘yio Ë`m§À`m OrdZ‘mZmV
n[adV©Z Pmcoco {XgyZ oVo.
2) Yå‘H«$m§Vr‘yio gm‘m{OH$ XOm© gwYmacm, g‘mOmV, Hw§$Qy>§~mV
^oX^md Xwæ`‘VoMr dmJUyH$ VgoM H$m¡Qy>§~rH$ AË`mMmamMo
à‘mU H$‘r Pmco.
3) X{cV ‘{hcm§À`m amhUr‘mZmV, ~mocr^mfoV gwYmaUm
Pmcr.
4) OwÝ`m ê$T>r, àWm, na§n§am, A§YlÜXm H$‘r Pmë`mV.
5) nan§ amJV ì`dgm`mMr ~Y§ Z§ o H$‘r PmcrV dU© Xo mdê$Z
MmH$ar ZmH$maVm Amcr.
6) X{cV ‘{hcm§‘Ü`o X{cV gm{hË`, g¨JrVmMm à^md
{XgyZ oVmo.
7) ~m¡ÜX Y‘m©Zygma AmMaU H$aVmV Am{U S>m°.~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$am§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md {XgyZ oVmo.
g¨X^©J§«W gwMr
1) Am§~oS>H$a ~r. Ama. (2004)- X{cVm§Mo {ejU
g[aVm à{Xn Jm`H$dmS> àH$meZ, ZmJnya
2) Hy$cH$Uu nr. Ho$. (2012)-
X{cVm§Mo Am{U Am{XdmgtMo g‘mOemñÌ
S>m`‘§S> npãcHo$eZ, nyUo
3) H$mogmao EM. Ec. (2012)-
{dX^m©Vrc X{cV MidirMm B{Vhmg
Zohm àH$meZ, ZmJnya
4) JmoIco X. Z. (2006) -
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo A§Va§J, ‘m¡O àH$meZJ¥h
IQ>mddmS>r {JaJm§d, ‘w§~B©
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 103-106 105
5) ‘Zmoha ed§V (2005) -
g‘mO n[adV©ZmMr {Xem Yå‘^y‘r àH$meZ, ¶dV‘mi
6) gmZo JrVm -
^maVr` ñÌr OrdZ
‘m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, {JaJmd ‘w§~B©.
7) ‘wi OmYd gw{ecm-
^JdmZ ~wÜX, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
Am{U maVr` ñÌr
H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, hþS>H$mo Am¡a§Jm~mX
8) ‘wZ {‘Zmjr (2002) - ’y$co Am§~oS>H$a ñÌr Midi g‘Vm àH$meZ, ZmJnya9) ‘m{gH$ cmoH$amÁ` - 16 E{àc 1990 ‘m{hVr d OZg¨nH©$ ‘hmg¨MmcZmc` ‘hmamîQ´ emgZ ‘w§~B©
Kalpana M. Kawade106
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
aUYra gmR>o g‘mOemñÌ {d^mJ
gaXma nQ>oc ‘hm{dÚmc`, M§Ðnya
^maVr¶ g‘mOì¶dñWoV Am{XdmgtÀ¶m MidirMo ¶moJXmZ
àñVmdZm
‘mUgm§Mr ^«‘Vr g¨në`mZ§Va Vmo H$moR>o Zm H$moR>oVar pñWa hmoD$ cmJcm. {ZpîMV Afr CXa{Zdm©hmMr gmYZo cm^ë`mZ§Va ‘mUgmÀ`m
Am`wí`mcm pñWaVm cm^cr. OJmÀ`m H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`mVar y^mJmda Ë`mZo Amnco nm` amodco. H$mht§Zr {ZgJm©Mo daXmZ cm^coë`m
‘moOŠ`m cmoH$dñVrMr IoS>r ng¨V Ho$cr Va H$mhtZr CÚmoJY§Úm‘wio fha g¨nÝZ Ho$cr, nU H$mhr y{‘nwÌm§Zr m gd© cmoH$dñVr nmgyZ Xya
XwJ©‘ Agcoë`m S>m|a H$nmè`mV, ZÚmZmë`mV, H$S>oH$nmè`m§V Vi R>moH$cm. "YaVrMr coH$ao' åhUyZ Á`mMm gdm©Wm©Zo C„oI H$aVm oB©c
Afm Am{Xdmgr g‘mOmZo {ZgJ© gm{ZÜ`mV Amncr Xw{Z`m WmQ>cr. Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmV amhUmè`m Am{XdmgtZm H$moUr "O§JcMo amOo'
åhUVmV Va H$moUr Ë`m§Zm "^w{‘nwÌ' ‘mZVmV. [agco, c°ñgr, EcdrZ, ‘m{Q©>Z Ë`m§Zm "AJXr àmMrZ' qH$dm "AJXr ‘wiMo a{hdmgr'
(Aborigines) åhUVmV. hQ>ZZr Ë`m§Zm "AmX AJa Am{Xdmgr Ago Zm‘m{^YmZ Ho$co Amho. S>m°. Yw`} Ë`m§Zm "VWmH$WrV ‘wiMo
a{hdmgr d ‘mJmgcoco qhXy åhUVmV. maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ë`m§Mm C„oI AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Agm Ho$co Amho.''
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 107-113
AZoH$ Zmdm§Zr AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m Am{XdmgtZm OmUyZ
KoÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$moUr ‘ZmnmgyZ H$arV Zmhr. CcQ> Ë`m§À`m
{de`rMo J¡ag‘O Vao Imocda ê$Mcoco BVa H$moUË`mhr
g‘mOmnojm hm g‘mZ Jm¡U d {ZH¥$íR> Amho. dm hm g‘mO åhUOo
AJXr ‘yiÀ`m a{hdmî`m§Mm Amho. AfmVèhoZo J¡ag‘O ñníQ>nUo
Xf©{dVmV H$s, Ë`m§Zm OmUyZ KoVco Joco Zmhr. nU Á`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm
OdiyZ Ýhmhmico Amho Ë`m§Zm hr àVrVr Amcr H$s Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
H$mhr AmXf© ~m~r AmhoV. crnr Zgcoë`m Ë`m§À`m ~mocr meoV
dmS²>‘` Zmhr ho Iao; nU H$cm, kmZ, cmoH$H$Wm Z¥Ë`o, åhUr d
dmH²$àMma ho gm¡íR>d Ë`m§À`m ^meocm cm^coco Amho.
CX{Zdm©hmMr ^«m§V Agcoë`m gm‘y{hH$ {OdZ narnyU© Amho.
aŠVg¨~§YmZm {dfoe ‘hËd XoUmao ho Am{Xdmgr gm‘y{hH$ {OdZmV
d¡`pŠVH$ AmH$m§jm S>moH$mdy XoV Zmhr. XmoZ KamÊ`m§Zm EH$Ì
~m§YUmam Xwdm åhUyZ Vo {ddmhmH$S>o nmhVrc; Va gm‘y{hH$ OrdZ
JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo Agmdo åhUyZ Y‘m©MaU [aVr[admO BË`mXrMo
nmcZ H$Q>mjmZo H$aVrc, ñd¡a OrdZ Va Ë`m§Zm g¨‘V Zmhr åhUyZ
Va Ë`mÀ`m {OdZmMm g‘Vmoc H$Yr T>iV Zmhr. CcQ> amZQ>r d
am§JS>`m Am{XdmgtMo md{dîd g¨nÝZ Pmco Amho.
g¨nyU© O§JcmV Am{XdmgrMr cmoH$g¨»`m 30 AãOmMm KamV
OmB©c. KZXmQ> O§Jco ZÚm-Zmco S>m|JaH$nmao, AmS>diUrMr
EH$mH$s ~oQ>o, `m‘Ü`o Ë`m§Mm dmna AgVmo. Jwhm ho {ZdmgñWmZ
~hþg¨»`mMo, Ë`mV àJVr åhUOo JdVmMo, ~m§~w§Mr d ‘mVrMr Kao
AmO Am{XdgmrÀ`m naJÊ`mV {XgyZ `oVmV. {ZgJm©‘Ü`o
CncãY AgUmè`m gmYZm§da JwOamU H$aUmao Am{Xdmgr
OrdZmÀ`m àma§^rH$ AdñWoV Amho. EH$m ~mOwZo Am¡ÚmoJrH$
g‘mOmMr g¨nÝZVoH$S>o KmoS>Xm¡S> Mmccocr {XgVo. Xwgè`m ~mOwZo
àma§{^H$ AdñWoV OJUmao Am{Xdmgr XwX£dmÀ`m ’o$è`mV ê$VyZ
~gcoco {XgVmV. AOwZhr XJS>mMr d cmH$S>mMr AdOmao Vo
dmnaVmV. XmoZ doiocm nmoQ>^a ^mH$ar Z {‘iÊ`mMm fmnM OUy
Am{XdmgtZm {‘imcm Amho.
O§JcmVrc dñVwMm Cn^moJ ho "O§JcMo amOo' AmO ‘wŠVnUo Kody
fH$V ZmhrV. OJc{de`H$ H$m`ÚmZo Ë`m§À`m H$íQ>mV ^aM
nS>cocr {XgVo. ‘wÐmàYmZ AW©ì`dhma {de`H$ AkmZ d EHy$U
AJ{VH$Vm m§Mm J¡a’$m`Xm ì`mnmar, ‘hmOZ, gmdH$ma, Xcmc,
O‘rZXma `m§Zr CR>{dcm Amho. O{‘ZrMo hñVm§VaU Va {~Zm
{XŠH$VnUo H$ê$Z Am{XdmgtZm XofmoKS>rcm cmdÊ`mMr AZoH$
CXmhaUo AmhoV. ‘hmamíQ´mV dmacr O‘mVrV {H$Ë`oH$ {nT>`m
gmdH$mamÀ`m Kar H$O© ’o$S>Ê`mgmR>r am~V AgVmV.
gmam§e : Ho$di ^mH$arMm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{XdmgtZm
Amnë`m g¨nyU© OrdZmMr qH$‘V ‘moOmdr cmJVo. JS>{MamocrV
‘m{S>`m Jmo§S>m§Zr O§JcmVrc nfy, ‘mH$S>o, cm§S>Jo, Hw$Ìr BË`mXr
Amnë`m nmoQ>mÀ`m dUì`mV g¨ndyZ Q>mH$coco AmhoV. ì`mnmar
cmoH$m§Zm Am{Xdmgr åhUOo Amncr amIrd Hw$aUo dmQ>VmV. Ë`m§Zm
H$igwÌr ~mhþcrà‘mUo ‘Z Mmcoc Voìhm Jm`cm cmdVmV,
ZmMm`cm cmdVmV Ë`m§À`m V§Ì‘§ÌmMm H$cmH$m¡fë`mMm ~mOma
‘m§S>VmV d AmnU ñdV: n¡go H$‘mdVmV. ‘mÌ Am{Xdmgr
{Od§VnUr ‘aU `mVZmM ^moJmV AgVmo. hm Ë`m§Mm cT>m
gmVË`mZo {Od§V amhÊ`mgmR>r Mmccocm Amho. åhUyZ Va Ë`m§Mr
hmoV AgUmar A‘mZwe cyQ> AJXr Aghmæ`VoZo Vo nmhV
AgVmV.
‘hËdmMo eãX : Am{Xdmgr, Midi, O§Jc, O‘rZ, g‘mO
doR>{~Jmar d H$O©~mOmarnUm :-
gd© OJmVrc Am{Xdmgt‘Ü`o AmT>iyZ `oUmam hm EH$ H«$m°{ZH$
àîZ Amho. n¡fmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoZo Ë`m§À`m ~§XrñV d ñdV§Ì
OrdZmda gai gai AmH«$‘U Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§À`m AkmZmMm
nwaonya ’$m`Xm ì`mnmar, ‘hmOZ, gmdH$ma d Xcmc m§Zr CR>{dcm
Amho. Ë`m§À`m AS>MUrÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zm H$O© XodyZ Ë`m§À`m
O{‘Zr {Ji§H¥$V Ho$ë`m AmhoV. AmJ{VH$ d Aghmæ` Agcoë`m
Am{XdmgtZm doR>{~Jmar åhUyZ am~{dco OmVo. Jwcm‘m§À`m
dmQ>`mcm oV Agcoco chmZgo ñdmV§î`hr Ë`m§Zm cm^V Zmhr. hr
nÜXV {H$Vr Imocmda ê$Ococr Amho ho Am{XdmgtZr `m
nÜXVrcm {Xcoë`m {d{dY Zmdmdê$Z {XgVo. Am§Y«àXofm‘Yrc
H$mo`m Xmoam, H$m|S>m Q>oS²>S>r Ë`m nÜXVrcm "JmoVr, doQ²>Q>r',
{~hma‘Yrc H$moadm, ‘wB©Mm Ë`mcm "H$‘cm' JwOamV‘Yrc Xw~im
AgUmar "Xmir' ‘hmamíQ´mVrc R>moQ>H$moir, H$mVH$ar, dmacr,
{^„ m nÜXVrcm "doR>{~Jma' åhUVmV.
`m doR>{~Jma nÜXVrMm n[aUm‘ Am{X‘ OrdZmda Pmcocm Amho.
doR>{~Jmar hm H$igwÌr ~mhÿcrà‘mUo ‘mcH$mMr H$m‘o {~ZmVH«$ma
H$arV AgVmo. Ë`mcm ñdV:Mo ‘V ZgVo. {nT>`m§Z {nT>`m
{dZm‘mo~Xcm Ë`mZo gmdH$mam§Mo C§~aR> {POddm`mMo AgVo.
BVHo$M Zìho Va Ë`mcm Ë`mMo gd©ñd J‘dmdo cmJVo Ë`mMo
d¡`pŠVH$ OrdZ d¡`pŠVH$ amhV Zmhr. Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo ‘wcr
Randhir Sathe108
~{hUr mda Ë`mMo {Z`§ÌU amhV Zmhr. Amnë`m H$O©’o$S>rgmR>r
Ë`m§Mr Ë`mcm {dH«$r H$amdr cmJVo. O‘rZXma d gmdH$ma Ë`m§Mm
Cn^moJ {ZcmOaonUo KoV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm doî`m ì`dgm`mcmhr
àd¥ËV Ho$co OmVo. Ë`mVyZM m {ZgJ©nwÌr‘Ü`o JwáamoJmMr cmJU
‘moR>`m à‘mUmV Pmcr Amho. doR>{~Jmarda H$m`Xm H$ê$Z hm àîZ
gwQ>V Zmhr ho ñníQ> Pmco Amho. {dcjU CXmgrZVm d ñdmWu
nmoIacoë`m Amnë`m g‘mOmVrc hm KQ>H$ gVV Cno{jV am{hcm
Amho.
{dH$mg moOZmMo {ZK©¥U AmH«$‘U :-
àJV g‘mOmMo AmH«$‘U `m Zm Ë`m H$maUmgmR>r hmoV OmVo nU
Ë`m‘wio {H$Ë`oH$ hOma dem©Mr Am{X‘ g¨ñH¥$Vr ZíQ> hmoV Amho,
`mZo H$moUmMo {MËV {dMcrV hmoV Zmhr. H$moc§{~`m§À`m {gEam
ZodmS>m `m XwJ©‘ ^mJmVrc Amê$AmH$m d H$moJwB© Am{XdmgtZr
`wamo{n`Z dgmhVdmÚm§Zr hmHy$Z cmdco Amho. "‘oar hþAmZm' `m
A‘§cr PwS>nm§Mr cmdU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VoWrc Am{XdmgtZm
hÿgH$mdyZ cmdÊ`mV oVo. nZ‘mVrc aIm`Ìr B§{S>`ÝgZm nZm‘m
^mJ [aVm H$amdm cmJcm. H$maU VoWrc Vm§ã`mÀ`m àM§S>
gmR>`mH$S>o OJmMo cj do`mco Joco, {’$crnmBÝgÀ`m S>m|Jami
^mJmVrc ~§Qw>H$ d H$ctJ Q>moi`m VoWrc Oc{dÚwV àH$ënm‘wio
XofmoYS>rcm cmJ§ë`m AmhoV.
`m mD$~§XmgmaIrM XwX£dr H$hmZr maVr` Am{XdmgtMr Amho.
S>hmUy-C§~aJmdMm dmarc, IZXofmVrc {^„, M§Ðnya ~ñVaMm
‘m{S>`m, X§S>H$maÊ`mVrc Jm|S>, qgh^y‘-g¨Wmi naJÊ`mVrc
g¨Wmir, moQ>r`m, ZmJm, Ahmo‘m Am{X Am{Xdmgr ho XofmoYS>rcm
{‘iV Amho. O§JcmVrc dñVy§da ho Am{Xdmgr AmO JwOamU
H$aVmV. `m àH$ënm‘io n{hcm AmKmV Amnë`m na§nam OVZ
H$aUmè`m Am{X‘m§da hmoUma Amho d Xwgam AmKmV Z¡g{J©H$
g¨nÎmrda hmoUma Amho. ~m§~y, gmJ , {fcdr, EoZ, ~rO, V|Xy Am{X
PmS>m§À`m ZmgYw{g‘wio M§Ðnya‘Yrc ~„manya H$mJX {JaUr d
{~S>mo CÚmoJY§Xo YmoŠ`mV `oUma AmhoV. BVHo$M Zìho Va, O§Jcr
àmÊ`m§Mo Or{dV ‘¥Ë`yÀ`m ImB©V T>H$cco OmUma Amho.
Am{XdmgtÀ`m g‘ñ`m§H$S>o {dMmad§VmMo cj doYco Amho ho EH$
gw{MÝh Amho. lr. ~m~m Am‘Q>o `m§Zr JS>{MamoVrc nmM hOma
‘m{S>`m Jm|S> `m§Mm H$mT>cocm ‘moMm© àM§S>M åhUmdm cmJoc.
cmcfm‘ fmh `m Ë`m§À`m ZoË`mZo Amnë`m ~m§Ydm§Zm
Am°ñQ>´o{c`mVrc Am{XdmgtMm g¨hma H$gm Pmcm ho gm§JyZ "ImoQ>m
{dH$m d n¥ÏdrMo hmoV AgUmao {ZXm©cZ' `m{damoYr AmdmO
CR>{dcm nm{hOo. ho R>a{dco. m ‘oimì`mZo {dMmad§V, amOH$maUr
d Am{X‘m§Zm EH$Ì AmUco hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ Am{XdmgtÀ`m
àîZm§g¨Y~r H$mhr hc hmoB©c d {dH$mg H$m`mªZm ‘mZdr ñnf©
cm^oc. {dH$mg à{H«$`m gwê$ H$aVm§Zm g‘mO CÜdñV hmoÊ`mÀ`m
à{H«$`oV gwadma hmoV Agoc Va Vr {dH$mg ’$gdr Amho. ‘m°{Z`a
åhUVmV Ë`mà‘mUo ""àJVrÀ`m dmQ²>`mcrV Vw‘À`m `moOZm§gmR>r
KoVcoë`m H$S>H$ `moOZm§Zr H$moUmÀ`mhr dmQ²>`mcm `mVZm `oVm
H$m‘m Z`oV. BVHo$M Zìho Va CÝZVrgmR>r ’$ma ‘moR>r qH$‘V Úmdr
cmJUma Zmhr.''
O§JcMo H$m`Xo :-
Am{XdmgtMm gIm gmo~Vr O§Jc Amho, ho {dgê$Z MmcUma
Zmhr. O§Jc hoM Ë`m§Mo Ka d O§Jc hoM Ë`m§Mo Cn{OdrHo$Mo
gmYZ Amho. H§$X‘wio, ’$io, ‘wio, ‘Y AmXr dñVw§Mr McVr
Am{XdmgrOdi Zoh‘r Agmd`mMrM. {ZgJm©À`m gmpÝZÜ`mV
amhUmè`m Am{XdmgtZm {OdZ{de`H$ X¥píQ>H$moZ, Y‘©{de`H$
H$ënZm, OmXwQ>moUm, ‘§Ì-V§Ì AmXr O§JcmZo KS>dcocm Amho.
{ZgJ© d Am{Xdmgr `m§À`m‘Yrc {Oìhmi`mMo ZmVo O§JcmZo
{Z‘m©U Ho$coco Amho. O§Jcmg¨~§YrMr H$moUVrM ~§YZo Zgë`mZo
Am{Xdmgr O§JcMo AZ{^{eËËH$ amOoM hmoVo. nU O§Jc{de`H$
H$m`Úm§Zr Am{XdmgtMr Zmi O§JcmnmgyZ VmoS>ë`mgmaIrM
Pmcr Amho. 19 ì`m fVH$mÀ`m ‘Ü`mZ§Va àJV g‘mOmMo
AmH«$‘U O§Jcmdahr hmoD$ cmJco Amho. Ë`mMo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§î`
g¨n{dÊ`mV O§JcMo H$m`Xo d O§JcMo gaH$mar A{YH$mar
O~m~Xma AmhoV. `m H$m`ÚmV ~ir nS>Umè`m Am{XdmgtMm
{dMma H$moUrM H$arV Zmhr `m‘wio Am{Xdmgr O§JcmVcm
Ag¨Vmoe IXI§XVmo Amho. H§$ÌmQ>Xma, ‘hgyc d O§Jc Am{YH$mar
O{‘ZXma `m§À`m XS>nfmhrZo Am{X‘m§À`m ‘ZmV d¡’$ë`mMr
^mdZm àH$em©Zo {Z‘m©U hmoV Amho.
O§JcMo H$m`Xo H$ê$Z O§Jc A{YH$mè`m§Zm A‘`m©XrV A{YH$ma
cm^coco Amho. Ë`m§ZmM H$m`ÚmMo gd© VèhoZo g¨ajU cm^co
Amho. Am{Xdmgtda AÝ`m` H$aUmam d Ë`mMm Ajaf:
{nidUyH$ H$aUmam O§Jc H$ÌmQ>Xmahr Amho. Vmo ñdV: H$arV
Agcoë`m àM§S> O§JcVmogmR>r YyV©nUo Am{XdmgtMm ~ir KoV
AgVmo. H$m`XogwÜXm ‘mZdmMo Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ d B{Vhmg Xwc©jy
fH$V Zmhr. ho Iao Amho H$s, g¨nËVrÀ`m àmÊ`m§Mm d dZñnVrÀ`m
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 107-113 109
X¥pîQ>H$moZmVyZ O§JcmMo ‘hËËd O§JcImË`mZo OmUco Amho. nU
`m g¨nËVrMm fmoY ñdV: VoWrc ahrdmfm§ZrM KoVcm nm{hOo.
H$m`ÚmZo g¨nËVrcm AdmñVd ‘hËËd XoVmZmM VoWrc
a{hdmfmÀ`m H$ë`mUmH$S>o H$mZmS>moim H$aVm H$m‘m Z`o.
gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${‘H$ g‘ñ`m :-
`mhr àîZmMo ñdê$n ‘moR>o d Am{Xdmgr {OdZmda XyaJm‘r
n[aUm‘ H$aUmao Amho. Am{XdmgtMr OJÊ`mMr {OÚhr Zmhrfr
hmoV Amho hr YŠH$mXm`H$ dñVwpñWVr Amho. N>moQ>m ZmJnya‘Yrc
"hmo' cmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m [aVr[admOm§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$cm. Amnë`m BVa
^mB©~§XmZm XwamdV àJV g‘mOmnmgyZ ho cmoH$ Xya amhrco.
Ë`mVyZM Ë`mÀ`mV {dcjU Ý`wZJ§S>mMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U Pmcr.
Ë`m§À`m {OdZmV h¡Xmog KmVcm Vmo Y‘© àMmaH$m§Zr.
Am{XdmgtÀ`m ’$anQ>rH$S>o gmè`m OJmMo cj Ë`m§Zr ~oKco. ho
Oar Iao Agco Var Am{XdmgtMo EH${OZgr OrdZ Y‘mªVamZo
g¨nco `m ~m~r Am{Xdmgr pI«ñVr Am{Xdmgr Va H$mhr qhXy
Am{Xdmgr åhUyZ AmoiIë`m Omdy cmJco.
àJV g‘mOmÀ`m g¨nH$m©Zo H$mhr A{ZíQ> àWm Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV
{facoë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m AY:nVZmMr Vr gwadmV Amho.
~mc{ddmh àWm, O~aXñV dYw‘yë`m KoÊ`mMr arV, ñÌr-
nwê$em§À`m g¨~§Y{de`r gHw$MrV d¥ËVr Ë`m§À`m g‘mOmg `oD$
cmJë`m AmhoV. ào‘mBVH$s Mm§Jcr d ‘hËdmMr ~m~ Xwgar
H$moUVrhr Zmhr Ago Vo ‘mZrV. Ë`m‘wio {ddmhnyd© d {ddmh~mh`
g¨~§YmH$S>o V CnhmgmZo nmhV ZgV. nU Am{XdmgtZr Ë`mdahr
nmUr gmoS>co. gJi`mV qMVZr` ~m~ åhUOo Ë`m§Mr g¨ñH¥$Vr
{Od§V R>odÊ`mMo ‘hËV‘ H$m`© H$aUmar `wdmJ¥ho AmO Zm‘foe
hmoV AmhoV. Am{X‘ {OdZmda Y‘© d OmXw `m§Mm à^md Ho$di
AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. Acm¡{H$H$ fŠVtfr g¨~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z
Vo gd© àîZm§Mo CËVa {‘idrV AgV. OÝ‘, ‘¥Ë`w d ‘mZdmMo
ApñVËd d Ë`mÀ`m dmQ>`mcm `oUmao gw:I-Xw:I² ho Acm¡{H$H$
fŠVrÀ`m BÀN>oZo R>aV AgVo. hr Ë`m§Mr YmaUm Agë`mZo AZoH$
g¨H$Q>m§Zm gm‘moao OmÊ`mMr VmH$X d ‘mZ{gH$ C^mar Ë`m§Zm {‘iV
Ago. nU àJV g‘mOmÀ`m g¨nH$m©Zo Ë`m§À`m {OdZmVrc Y‘© d
OmXwMo ‘hËd g¨ny cmJco. Ë`m{de`r Ë`m§À`m ‘ZmV g¨^«‘ {Z‘m©U
hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`mV {dcjU ‘mZ{gH$ nmoH$ir {Z‘m©U Pmcr Amho.
Am{Xdmgr OrdZmMo Ago H$moUVohr joÌ am{hco Zmhr H$s Á`mda
àJV g‘mOmMr nmdco C‘Q>cocr ZmhrV. nU Ë`mVyZ gd©X¥íQ>rZo
~cmT>` AgUmam g‘mO Am{Xdmgr {Ji§H¥$V H$arV Amho. qhXy
g‘mOmÀ`m g¨nH$m©Zo Am{X‘m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ {OdZmV ~Xc hmoV
AmhoV. nU m ~m~VrV pI«ñVr ‘{fZar A{YH$ nÜXVfra nmdco
’$ma nydunmgyZ Q>mH$V Amho. AmO nÝZmg Q>ŠHo$ ZmJm§Mo d
{‘Pm|Mo, {dg Q>ŠHo$ ‘w§S>mMo d Amoam`ÝgoM Y‘mªVa Pmcoco Amho.
Ë`m§À`m pI«ñVrY‘m©À`m ñdrH$mamZo Ë`m§À`m nwamUH$Wm, lÜXm,
d«Vd¡H$ë`o, cmoH$JrV, åhUr AmXr CISy>Z {ZKV AmhoV.
Am{Xdmgr g‘mOmVrc gm‘m{OH$ EH${OZgrnUm PnmQ>`mZo
Zmhrgm hmoV Amho.
ñdV:À`m ñdmWm©nm`r AmYw{ZH$ g‘mO Am{Xdmgtda {ZK¥©U
AmH«$‘U H$arV AmhoV. O§JcmMr cm§S>JoVmo§S> H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m
g¨ñH¥$Vrda JmT>dmMm Zm§Ja {’$adë`m OmV Amho. Jw§S>m§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo Ë`m§Zm hþgH$mdyZ Ë`m§À`m O{‘ZrMo AnhaU ‘moR>`m
à‘mUmV Ho$ë`m OmV Amho. gmam§f, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU ho Am{Xdmgr g‘mOmcm fmn R>aV AmhoV. XofmMo
{OdZ‘mZ dmR>dì`mÀ`m à`ËZmV Am{XdmgtMm d§fg¨hma hmoV
Amho. {d{dY àH$ënmgmR>r Am{X‘m§À`m {ZdmgmMr ‘moS>VmoS>
{~Z{X~H$VnUo Ho$cr OmVo. nU Ë`m§À`m nwZd©gZmMm {dMma
J§^ranUo H$moUrM H$arV Zmhr. {d{dY {R>H$mUr {dIwacoë`m d
AÝZmgmR>r dZdZ {’$aUmè`m Am{XdmgrMo dmcr H$moUrM ZmhrV.
Ë`mM§ r ñdñWVm gncco r Amh.o AñdñWVMo m dUdm Ygw ‘V AgVm.o
Am{Xdmgr AñdñWVm :-
Am{XdmgtMo àîZ S>m|JamEdT>o ‘moR>o AmhoV. nU Vo gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUr ‘Z:nwd©H$ à`ËZ Ho$coM ZmhrV. hr dñVwpñWVr {demX
{Z‘m©U H$aVo. {~«{Q>f amÁ`H$Ë`m§©Zr Am{XdmgrZ§m OmUrdnyd©H$ Xya
R>odco. pI«îMZ {‘fZar d àfmgH$ O‘rZXma d gmdH$ma m§ZmM
Ho$di Am{Xdmgtfr g¨nH©$ gmYZo gå‘V hmoVo. B§Vam§Zm ‘‚mmd
Ho$cm Jocm hmoVm. BVHo$M H$m`, XofmVrc amíQ´r` MidirZohr
Am{XdmgtZm cjmV KoVco ZìhVo. Iao åhUOo B§J«Om{damoYr
Am{XdmgtZr fñÌ gd©àW‘ CMcoco hmoVo d ñdmV§î`mÀ`m
MidirV Am{XdmgtZm ’$ma ‘moR>m Ë`mJ Ho$cm hmoVm `m§Mr Zm|X
B{VhmgH$mahr KoV Zmhr. g¨Wmc d ‘w§S>m Am{XdmgtZr 1855-
56 gmcr {~«Q>rf dgmhVdmXm{damoYr aŠV gm§S>co hmoVo. g¨Wmc d
‘w§S>mMo ~§S> ‘moSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r {~«Q>rfm§Zr Amnco ~i nUmcm
cmdUo mJ nmS>co. {H$Ë`oH$ hOma g¨WmcrMm Ë`mV ~ir Jocm.
{~«Q>rem§{damoYr X§S> R>moH$Uo ho gm^mì` H$m‘ ZìhVo. Ë`m‘Ü`o
Randhir Sathe110
g¨WmcmÀ`m ‘Zwí` fŠVrMr hmZr Pmcr. nU CÐoH$ ñníQ>nUo
Xf©{dVmo H$s Am{Xdmgrdarc AÝ`m` d {nidUyH$ `m§Zr H$S>
JmR>cr hmoVr. àM§S> Ag¨VmoenUo noQ>coë`m g¨Wmcm§Zr H$mZw d
{gÜX ‘y‘w© gaH$ma m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr OyZ 1855 amoOr gaH$mar
ZmoH$a, O‘rZXma, gmdH$ma d {~«Q>rf gaH$ma m§À`m{damoYr cT>m
C^m Ho$cm. g¨WmctZm Zm‘moah‘ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~«Q>rfm§Zm Amnco
A’$mQ> g¡Ý`~i dmnamdo cmJco. Am{XdmgtZr Ho$coco ho ~§S>
EdT>o àM§S> hmoVo H$s {~«Q>rf gaH$ma H$mhr H$mi Var hmXê$Z Joco
hmoVo. `m ~§S>mMr Zm|X H$mc© ‘mŠg©Zr KoVcr hmoVr. à{gÜX H$dr
aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoam§Zr g¨Wmcr ZoV¥ËdmMr nmR> Wmoncr hmoVr. hm cT>m
g¨Wmc hQ>Uo H«$‘àmá hoVo {dO` H$moUmMm? hm àîZ `oWo
‘hËdmMm Zmhr. nU AÝ`m` d {nidUyH$ m§Mm H$S>ocmoQ> fodQ>r
Am{Xdmgtgma»`m fm§VVmào‘r cmoH$m§Zm fñÌ qhgmMmamcm d
àd¥ËV H$aVmo. {~«Q>rfm{damoYr Ë`m§Zm noQy>Z CR>ë`mMo H$maU H$moUVo
ho cjmV KoVë`mg AmO Am{XdmgtZm Á`m àîZm§Zr Koaco Amho.
Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo, ho amíQ´r` H$V©ì` dmQ>oc. g¨WmcmÀ`m
AmH«$‘H$VoMo H$maU ho hmoVo H$s Ë`m§Zm {OdmhÿZ {à` Agcocr
O‘rZ O‘rZXma YwV©nUo ~iH$mdV hmoVo. O‘rZ åhUOo Ho$di
CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ Ago Vo ‘mZrV ZmhrV. nU O‘rZ nyd©Zm§fr
g¨nH©$ R>odë`mMo EH$ gmYZ Amho, Afr Ë`m§Mr lÜXm Amho.
Ë`m‘wio Ë`m §À`m O{‘Zrdarc AmH«$‘U ho Ë`m §À`m
^md{dîdmdarc AmH«$‘U hmoVo d Amho.
‘w§S>m Am{XdmgtZr {~«Q>rfm§Zm AfmM H$maUmgmR>r Koaco hmoVo hohr
cjmV KoVco nm{hOo. 19 ì`m fVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©n`ªV gaH$mamÀ`m
Am{YnË`mImcr ‘w§S>m fm§VVoZo d g‘mYmZmZo {OdZ ì`VrV H$arV
hmoVo. nU foOmaÀ`m qhXy amÁ`H$Ë`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m à^mdmZo ‘w§S>m
cmoH$m§Zr qhXy MmcrarVtMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm. nU àJV g‘mOmZo
Amnco ‘mohOmc nga{dV Ë`m§À`m O{‘Zr {Ji§H¥$V Ho$ë`m.
Ë`m§VM B.g. 1806 gmcr {~«Q>rf amÁ`H$Ë`m§ªZr O{‘ZXmam§Zm
nmocrg~i dmnaÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xcr. gmh{OH$M O{‘ZXmam§Mo
AË`mMm dmTy> cmJco. `mVyZ ‘w§S>m‘Ü`o ~Xcm KoÊ`mMr àd¥ËVr
~imdcr. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ fñÌm§g‘moa ‘w§S>m§Mm cT>m hV~c R>acm.
nU {nidUyH$ d Am{W©H$ H$m|S>‘mam AVr Pmcm Va H$m` hmoD$
fH$Vo Vo ‘w§S>m§À`m cT>`mdê$Z ñníQ> hmoVo.
ZmJ d {‘Pmo Am{XdmgtMo ~§S> ho doJiçm H$maUmgmR>r hmoVo.
Ë`m§Mo Xm[aÐç d ‘mJmgconU ho BVa Am{Xdmgtà‘mUoM Amho.
Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m g¨ñH¥$VrMm A{^‘mZ AOyZhr jU^a Pmcocm
Zmhr. lr Aë‘oMrZm§ Amo ZmdmMm ZmJZoVm åhUVmo Ë`mà‘mUo
''S>m|Jam‘Ü`o Am{XdmgrÀ`m JaOm H$moUË`m AmhoV ho H$iyZ Z
KoUo d àË`j Am{Xdmgr|~Ôc nwaofr ‘mhrVr ZgUo, hoM AmOÀ`m
g¨Kem©Mo H$maU Amho.""
ZmJ cmoH$m§à‘mUo {^Pmoa‘‘Yrc cwfmB© cmoH$m§À`m AdñWVoMr
H$maUo, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm‘m{OH$ d amOH$s` AmhoV. ^maV
gaH$maÀ`m XjVoZo `m XmoÝhr O‘mVtMr doJir ^mem AmO
W§S>dcocr Amho. XmoÝhr amÁ`m‘Ü`o Ë`mÀ`mM cmoH$m§Mo amÁ` Mmcy
Amho. Ë`m‘wio ~hþg¨»` ZmJm d {‘Pmo m§À`mVrc {damoYmMr Yma
~moWQ> Pmco Amho. nU `m Am§XmocZmdéZ EH$ ~m~ ñníQ> hmoVo
H$s, ^maVmgma»`m {d{dYVm AgUmè`m Xofm‘Ü`o gº$sMo
g{‘crH$aU {ZpîMVM YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho. àJV g‘mOmMo hmoV
AgUmao AmH«$‘U ho Ë`m§Mr g¨ñH¥$Vr g¨ndUma Amho. hr Ë`m§À`m
‘ZmVrc mdZm AdmñVd Zmhr.
amOH$s` njm§Mo moJXmZ :
ñdV§Í`mZ§Va XoemVrc amOH$s` nj Am{XdmgtZm g¨K{Q>V
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ gVV H$arV AmhoV. ‘hmamíQ´mVrc dmactZm
EH$Ì AmUyZ Ë`m§À`m AÝ`m`m§Zm g¨KQ>rV Vm|S> ’$moS>Ê`mMo H$m‘
`fñdrarË`m H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u H$arV Amho. Am§Y«‘Yrc H$moamnya
{Oë`mVrc Am{Xdmgrhr H$å`w{ZñQ>m§À`m P|S>çmImcr EoH$ÌrV
`oV Amho. AcrH$S>o H$å`w{ZñQ>m§À`m A{VaoH$s JQ>mVhr ZjcdmXr
MidirV Am§Y«àXofmVrc gmAmoam d BVa Am{Xdmgr O‘mVrhr
gm‘rc Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. m Am{XdmgtZm Xm[aÐçmÀ`m ImB©V
cmoQ>Umao O‘rZXma, H§$ÌmQ>Jma, gmdH$ma, ‘hmOZ d gaH$mar
A{YH$mar Am{X cmoH$ `m Am{XdmgrÀ`m hë`mMo cj Amho.
ZjcdmXr Midi hr ‘ycV: Am{XdmgtgmR>r Zmhr nU Ë`m‘Ü`o
AmO Am{Xdmgr gm‘rc hmoVmV hr qMVoMr ~m~ {ZpîMVM Amho.
ho cT>o d Ë`mÀ`m Midir ho ñníQ> H$aVmV H$s, Am{Xdmgr AmVm
A{YH$ AÝ`m` ghZ H$aUma Zmhr. aº${nnmgy d ñdmWu
àñWm{nVm§{damoYr hm Ë`m§Mm cT>m AI§S>nUo Mmcy ahUma Amho.
BVHo$M Zìho Va hm cT>m A{YH$ ì`mnH$ H$aÊ`mMohr à`ËZ hmoV
AmhoV. `m‘Ü`o a§Ococo d Jm§Ococo gd©M g‘m{díQ> H$ê$Z `m
cT>çmMo {jVrO ê$§XmdÊ`mMo à`ËZ hmoV Amho.
Am{X‘ g¨ñH¥$Vr H$s {dH$mg :
Am{Xdmgtda hmoV AgUmao Mhþ~mOwMo AmH«$‘U d Ë`m§À`m
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 107-113 111
OmJ¥VrMo OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ `m‘wio Am{XdmgtÀ`m àîZm§H$S>o
gmè`mM cmoH$m§Mo cj doYco Joco Amho. nU àîZ Amho Vmo hmM H$s
Am{XdmgrMo àîZ gmoS>dm`Mo H$go ? Ë`m§Mr Ho$di m¡{VH$ àJVr
H$ê$Z àJV g‘mOmV Ë`m§Zm gm‘rc H$ê$Z KoÊ`mZo Ë`mo§M àîZ
gwQ>Vrc H$m ? Ë`m§À`m doJi`m nma§nm[aH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {OdZmMo
doJionU H$go {Q>H$Uma ? Ë`m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmcm YŠH$m Z
cmdVm Ë`m§Mr CÝZVr H$aUo fŠ` Amho H$m ? `m gd© àîZmMr
CËVao fmoYcr nm{hOoV.
‘Ü` àXofmVrc Am{X‘ {dîdmV a§JyZ Jocoë`m ’$mXa ìho[aAa
EhdrZ `m§Zr Am{X‘ g‘mOmcm àJV g‘mOmnmgyZ nyU© doJio
R>odmdo, ho ‘V ‘m§S>co. Ë`m§À`mH$arVm ñdV§Ì {d^mJ ñWmnmdoV.
Ë`mcm Vo "amíQ´r` CYmZ' åhUVmV. `m {d^mJmV BVam§Zr
T>dimT>di H$amd`mMr Zmhr. àJV g‘mOmÀ`m g¨nH$m©Zo Am{X‘
OrdZmV dmXir g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. àJV g‘mOmÀ`m
qhXyÀ`m g¨nH$m©Zo Ë`m§À`m g‘mOmV A{ZñQ> àWm AmUë`m. åhUyZ
EhdrZ `m§Zm Am{X‘ g‘mO àJV g‘mOmnmgyZ AcJ
R>odÊ`mIoarO n`m©` Zmhr Ago dmQ>Vo.
lr EëdrZ m§Zr hm gwM{dcocm Cnm` H$mc~mÜ` R>aVmo. BVHo$M
Zìho Va AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$moUVmhr g‘mO EImÚm ~oQ>mgmaIm
amhrc, Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. AcJVoMo YmoaU ho à{VJm‘r ñdê$nmMo
Amho. Am{X‘ g‘mOmcm Om{Udnyd©H$ Xya R>odë`mZo Ë`m§À`m
{ZH$mon à{H«$`oV JVr {‘ioc. OJmVrc AZoH$ g¨ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg
AZoH$ g¨ñH¥$VrÀ`m ‘rcZmVyZ Pmcm Amho. ho Eo{VhmgrH$ gË`
{dgaVm H$m‘m Z`o.
S>m°. Ywd} d R>ŠH$a ~mßnm m§Zr "gm{‘crH$aUmMo YmoaU' {hararZo
‘m§S>co. amíQ´r` EoŠ`mÀ`m X¥íQ>rZo ^maVr` g‘mOmnmgyZ
Am{X‘m§Zm AcJ R>odUo ho hr EH$ ^`§H$a Cnm``moOZm Amho.
Am{X‘ Oa Acrá R>odco Va Vo A{YH$ Xwc©{jV hmoVrc.
Am{X‘m§À`m MmcrarVr qhXy MmcrarVtfr {‘iË`m OwiË`m
AmhoV.Ë`m‘wio ^maVr` g‘mOmV Am{X‘m§Zr {‘giyZ OmUo
Ho$ìhmhr lo`ñH$a Amho nU ImocH$a {dMma H$aVm
gm{‘crH$aUmZo Am{X‘m§Mo àîZ gwQ>Vrc nU AmXr‘ OrdZ
g¨nwíQ>mV `oB©c ho ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr. àJV g‘mOmfr g¨nyU©nUo
A{^ZËd gmYyZ Ë`m§Mo ñdñV g¨n{dUo hohr `mo½` Zmhr. Ë`m
Ñï>rZo hm EH$ amZQ>r Cnm`M hmoB©c.
ho XmoÝhr Cnm` Q>moH$mMoM åhQ>co nm{hOo. Am{X‘m§Zm AcJ
R>odÊ`mZo Am{X‘m§Mo OrdZ OVZ hmoB©c nU Vo amíQ´r`
OrdZàdmhmnmgyZ AcJ amhVrc. Ë`mM~amo~a gmH$‘crH$aUmZo
^maVr` g‘mOmfr Ë`m§Mo A^rZËd gmYco nU Am{Xdmgr
{OdZmMo H$m` ? hm àîZ CaVmoM.
`m O‘mVrMr àVríR>m‘yë`ohr ~XcV Mmccr AmhoV. O‘rZ
Ow‘cm OZmda, d` d X¡drfŠVr `m AmYmamda ì`ŠVrMr
à{VíR>m R>aV AgVo. nU hr ‘wë` ~XcyZ {fjU, g‘mOgodm,
amH$s` ZoV¥Ëd ho Ë`mMo AmYma ~Zco AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a
Ë`m§À`mVrc nma§nm[aH$ ZrVr‘yë`ohr PnmQ>`mZo ~XcV Mmccr
Amho. Am{XdmgtÀ`m nam§namJV OrdZmVhr ~Xc PnmQ>`mZo hmoV
AmhoV, ho {dMma H$aÊ`mgmaIo Amho. XiUdiU gmYZm§Mr
CncãYVm, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d {d{dY àH$ënm§Mm {dH$mg `moOZm
`m‘wio àJV g‘mOmfr g¨nH©$ Am{Xdmgr Q>miy fH$V Zmhr nU
Ë`m§Mm n[aUm‘ Ë`m§À`m EH§$Xa OrdZmda Pmcm Amho, hohr
ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.
Q>m°cH$Q> nmg©Ýg åhUVmV Ë`mà‘mUo g¨ñH¥$Vr hm EH$ gm‘m{OH$
dmagm Amho. g¨ñH$maìXmam g¨ñH¥$Vr nyT>rc {nT>rg {fH${dVm `oV
Agë`mZo g¨ñH¥$VrM A^§JËd {Q>H$Vo. ì`ŠVr d {nT>`m Oar
~Xcë`m Var g¨ñH¥$Vr hm gm‘m{OH$ dmagm AI§S>nUo MmcyM
amhVmo. Voìhm EImÚm g‘mOmMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ {OdZ g¨nUo ho H$fmMo
ÚmoVH$ Amho ? g‘mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r Ë`m g‘mOmfr g¨ñH¥$Vr
{Od§V amhUo Amdî`H$ AgVo åhUyZM Am{Xdmgr g‘mOmMm
{dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUVm§Zm Ë`m§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ g¨nUma Zmhr
`mMr XjVm KoVcr nm{hOo.
gmam§e :
^maVr` OrdZmer Am{X‘ OrdZ {‘giVm§Zm Am{X‘
{OdZnÜXVrcm YŠH$m ~gVm H$m‘m Z`o hr XjVm KoVcr nm{hOo.
Ë`mgmR>r Am{X‘m§Zm g¨ajUmMr JaO Amho ho àm. hQ>Z `m§Zr
‘m§S>coco ‘V {dMmamV KoVco nm{hOo. Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg g¨ajUmÀ`m
N>m`oVM hmoUo Ë`m g‘mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r AJË`mMo Amho.
Ë`m§Zm g¨ajU {Xco VaM Vo Amnë`m nm`mda C^o amhVrc,
ñd`§fmgZ H$ê$ fH$Vrc d EHy$U amíQ´r` OrdZmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r
H$mhr `moJXmZ H$ê$ fH$Vrc. Ë`m§À`mVrc A{ZíQ> àWm,
ñWmZm§V[aV foVr, O§Jc g¨nËVrMm hmoUmam Zmf `mg¨~Yr Ë`m§Mo
à~moYZ H$aVmZmM Ë`mÀ`m na§nam, H$cm, dmS²>‘`, ^mem `m§Mo
g¨ajU H$aUo Ë`m§À`m X¥íQ>rZo {hVH$maH$ R>aUma Amho.
Randhir Sathe112
`m g¨X^m©V Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU H$m`©H«$‘m§Zr {Zamfm
Ho$cr Amho {dH$mgmMo Oo {ZH$e Ë`mV {XgyZ `oVmV Vo gd©
Am{W©H$ AmhoV. ^m¡{VH$ ~Xcmcm {dH$mg ‘mZyZ hm H$ë`mU
H$m`©H«$‘ Ë`mVrc ‘mZdr KQ>H$mH$S>o nyU© Xwc©j H$aVm.o g‘mOmÀ`m
{dH$mgmV gm‘m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Zmhr ‘hËd AgVo, ho
doirM cjmV KoU Oê$a Amho. AÝ`Wm {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘mcm
`m§ÌrH$s ñdê$n oVo d {dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘mVrc H|$Ðq~Xy '‘mUyg' hm
JwX‘ê$ cmJVmo. åhUyZM Am{Xdmgr {dîdmV a‘coë`m ‘mZd
fmñÌkm§Mm gh^mJ m H$ë`mU H$m`©H«$‘mV hmoUo Amdî`H$ Amho.
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘mÀ`m doXrda ‘mZdr ‘yë`m§Mm ~ir KoVcm Omdy
Z`o. hr ‘mZd fmñÌkm§Mr AmM cjm KoVcr nm{hOo. åhUyZM
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$‘mÀ`m gmÜ`m ~amo~aM {dMma H$aUo H«$‘àmá
Amho. H$maU ZwgË`m gdcVrÀ`m dem©dmZo Am{X‘ g‘mO
~XcUmahr Zmhr d Am{X‘ g¨ñH¥$VrMo McZhr hmoUma Zmhr.
^maVm§‘Ü`o AZoH$ d§fmMo, Y‘m©Mo cmoH$ Ogo amhVmV
VgoM AZoH$ g¨ñH¥$VrMo amhVmV. ‘wñcr‘, nmgu, pI«íMZ, d qhXy
cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m OrdZnÜXVrZwgma OJÊ`mMo ñdmV§î` Amho.
‘J Am{XdmgtZm Amnë`m OrdZnÜXOrZo ‘J XoÊ`mV AS>MU
H$m dmQ>mdr ? gd© X¥íQ>rZo Xw~içm AgUmè`m Am{XdmgtZm
g¨ajUmMr JaO Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m ‘yë`mda d g¨ñH¥$Vrda
hmoV AgUmao AmKmV Wm§~co nm{hOoV hr OmU XofmVrc
{dMmad§Vm‘Ü`o {Z‘m©U Pmcr nm{hOo. n§.Zohê$ åhUVmV
Ë`mà‘mUo, cmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m ~wÜXrà‘mUo ñdV: {dH$mg H$amdm.
Ë`mÀ`mda ~mhç ‘yë`o cmXUo Q>mico nm{hOo.
g¨X^©J§«W
1. S>m°. à{Xn AmJcmdo, "Am{XdmgrMo g‘mOfmñÌ' lr
gmB©ZmW àH$mfZ ZmJnya, ’o$~«. 2011.
2. S>m°. {~. E‘. H$amS>o, "Am{XdmgrMo g‘mOfmñÌ'
qnnimnyao àH$mfZ ZmJnya, 2014.
3. KZî`m‘ fhm, "^maV ‘o gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmocZ', amdV
àH$mfZ O`nya, 2009.
4. JmoqdX Jmoao, "ñdmV§î` cT>`mVrc Am{Xdmgr
H«$m§VrH$maH$', {dÚmàH$mfZ nyUo, 2004.
5. K.S. Singh, “Tribal Society in India”
Manohar Publication, Delhi, 1985.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 107-113 113
Major Problems of Women Faces in India Society
ISSN 2277-3908
CADA EF MO IL CA RN ER SU E
O AJ R
CM HPS
Sardar Patel College, Chandrapur
Jyoti B. Deogirkar
Summary
The culture and tradition of India is considered as old and great all over the world where people used to worship
various female goddesses, saints and poets. India is also a powerful nation and famous worldwide for being the
largest democracy in the world however, women backwardness is also very clear in the Indian society because of
the social issues, problems and lots of restrictions against women. Women belong to the lower and middle class
family suffers more than the women of higher class family. Women in the Indian society generally face problems of
sex discrimination, high percentage of illiteracy, female infanticide, dowry system, etc.
Taking birth as a woman in the Indian society can be said as curse for the women. Women in India face lots of
social issues and problems all through the life which are big struggle for them right from their beginning of life.
Female infanticide is the most common practice of killing girl child in mother's womb in the Indian society.
Women in India are considered as burden for their parents and husbands as they think that women are here only to
consume money whole life without earning a little bit.
Another common problem for women is sex discrimination which they face from their birth and continues till
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 114-118
their death. Illiteracy, lack of proper education,
responsible for household works, rape, sexual
harassment at workplace, etc are some big issues for
the women in India. However, a lot of positive changes
has occurred in the women status as the number of
educated people is increasing in the country.
Introduction:-
Women in the Indian society have been considered as
inferior than men for many years. Because of such type
of inferiority they have to face various issues and
problems in their life. They have to go extra miles than
men to prove themselves equivalent to men. People in
the middle age were considering women as key to
destruction so they never allowed women to go outside
and participate in the social activities like men. Still in
the modern age, women have to face many more
problems in their daily life and struggle a lot to
establish their career. Still there are many parents who
prefer to have only boy baby and allow education to
boys only. Women for them are only medium to keep
family happy and healthy.
A woman is seen in the society with more intense
ridicule sight and become at higher risk of honor
killing if she is involved in the love marriage or inter
caste love marriage. Women face a lot of challenges
because of the existence of patriarchal society, child
bearing and family care roles, deep rooted cultural
norms, etc in the Indian society. Women in India do not
have equal access to autonomy, mobility to outside the
home, social freedom, etc than men. Some of the
problems faced by the women are because of their
domestic responsibilities, cultural and social specied
roles, etc.
Data Collection:-
History:-
Social problems are the problems which are created:-
By the society
For the society
Within the society
Our rst Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru said, " you
can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the
status of its women."
Condition of Indian Women:-
Our country is on the high road of success, but still for
a women her life is a battle for survival and dignity
from her birth to her death.
Problems faced:- Selective abortion and female infanticide : It is the act of aborting a fetus because it is female.
Foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by
medical professionals has today grown into a Rs.
1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social
discrimination against women and a preference for
sons have been promoted .According to the decennial
Indian census, the sex ratio in the 0-6 age group in
India went from 104.0 males per 100 females in 1981,
to 105.8 in 1991, to 107.8 in 2001, to 109.4 in 2011.
The ratio is signicantly higher in certain states such
as Punjab and Haryana (126.1 and 122.0, as of 2001). Dowry and Bride burning : Marriage very often is a nancial transaction in India.
With economic prosperity our greed has only grown.
Rich and poor alike expect to make a small fortune
when they get their sons married. Demands are often
made on the bride's family with not the least amount of
compunction. It is no surprise then that this is one of
the main reasons why families prefer to put girls to
sleep in the womb. The cavernous greed of the groom's
family is sometimes not even satiated with the booty it
acquires on marriage and iterative demands are made
thereafter. The worst casualty in this is the dignity of
the young woman as well as her family. Non
fulllment of demands sometimes spells death for the
woman. According to the Indian National Crime
Bureau reports there were about 6787 dowry death
cases registered in India in 2005, a 46% jump over
1995 level of 4,648, which was 10-fold more than the
gure of 400 deaths a year in the 80s. Domestic violence :It is endemic and widespread. Around 70% of women
in India are victims to domestic violence according to
Renuka Chowdhury junior minister for women and
Jyoti B. Deogirkar 115
child development. National Crime Records Bureau
reveal that a crime against a women is committed
every three minutes, a women is raped every 29
minutes, a dowry death occurs every 77 minutes and
one case of cruelty committed by either the husband or
relative of the victim. Disparity in education : Girl education is another area that is languishing in our
country. According to last census held in 2001, female
literacy in the country stood at 54.16%, the highest
ever. However the gure is still a good 20 percentage
points less than that of their male counterpart. The
disparity is even higher in rural areas where over 63%
or more women remain unlettered.
Child Marriages: Many people marry their daughters off as children to
escape dowry.In rural India,70% girls are married
before 18 and 56% of those married bear children
before 19.
Inadequate Nutrition:One of most understated problems facing the Indian
girl child is that of poor nutrition. Girls belonging to
the lower middle class and poor families suffer the
most. Because of limited incomes it is an unsaid rule
that while the male siblings are provided with milk,
fruit and eggs, the girl but has to make do with the
regular rice and lentil or sometimes even less. It is for
this reason that girls are more susceptible to poor
h e a l t h a n d d i s e a s e .
Various surveys indicate that women's caloric content
is about 100 calories (per women per day) less than
they spend, whereas men show an 800 caloric surplus
intake. Women expend a great deal of energy working
inside and outside the house, whereas they often have
insufcient food.It has also lead to many cases of
Death During Childbirth. Sexual harassment: Among the worst countries in crime, India has an
abhorrent track record in all forms of sexual
exploitation. In homes, on streets, in public transports,
at ofces, even on vacations. No place is safe. And the
most terrible fall out of this is the lack of self worth and
feeling of degradation following the emotional and
physical trauma that constant harassment creates.
Such is the recurrence of these incidents that Delhi has
earned the ignoble nickname of the 'Rape Capital'.
While most cases go unreported as it is considered an
act that puts one to shame, only 20% of the registered
cases for sexual harassment reach actual conviction. In
every 10 rape cases,6 are of minor girls. Every 7
minutes, a crime is committed against women. Every
26 minutes, a women is molested. Every 34 minutes, a
rape takes place. Every 42 minutes, a sexual
harassment incident occurs. Every 43 minutes, a
women is kidnapped. Every 93 minutes, a women is burnt to death over
dowry. A shameful plight!!! Domestic violence and status in the family: Marital bliss, certainly not. A study conducted in 2004across spectrum showed that 60-80% women face
some sort of abuse or violence in marriage. Worse still,
over half the women in India feel this to be perfectly
normal. Physical abuse immediately relegates a wife
to an inferior status where her main purpose is to serve
than to be a partner. A paper published in International
Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory
shows that in 2007 there were 20,737 reported case of
rape, 8,093 cases of death due to dowry, 10,950 cases
of sexual harassment with total crime of 185312.A
U.N. Population Fund report claimed that up to 70
percent of married women aged 15–49 in India are
victims of beatings or coerced sex. Status of widows: The genesis of the problem lies in the culture of our
country where a widow is considered worthless and
inauspicious. While the practice is on the decline,
women who have lost their husbands are still forced to
don only white garments and shave their heads etc.
They are treated poorly, hardly given proper food and
sometimes altogether abandoned as one can witness in
the streets of Vrindavan and Varanasi.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 114-118116
Military Service: Women are not allowed to have combat roles in the
armed forces. According to a study carried out on this
issue, a recommendation was made that female
ofcers be excluded from induction in close combat
arms, where chances of physical contact with the
enemy are high. The study also held that a permanent
commission could not be granted to female ofcers
since they have neither been trained for command nor
have they been given the responsibility so far. Equal pay for equal work: While there have been
several court rulings guaranteeing the right of earning
the same pay for the same amount of work, it remains a
distant reality in practice. This is particularly true of
the unorganized sector especially dealing with manual
labour where the Minimum Wage Act norms are often
violated. Besides these women get no maternity leave,
or proper transportation facilities especially in the
night shifts. Unequal pay for the same job happens to
be one problem that men sometimes face as well. Property rights: While the law of the land enshrines equal property
distribution to the family of the deceased in the
absence of a will irrespective of the sex, this is again
normally just on paper. In practice most families leave
daughters out of property rights and payment or dowry
is symbolic of the girl's disinheritance vis-à-vis
nance. Besides different religions have different
takes on the matter.
Acid throwing:
A Thomas Reuters Foundation survey says that India
is the fourth most dangerous place in the world for
women to live in. Women belonging to any class,
caste, creed or religion can be victims of this cruel
form of violence and disgurement, a premeditated
crime intended to kill or maim permanently and act as
a lesson to put a woman in her place. In India, acid
attacks on women who dared to refuse a man's
proposal of marriage or asked for a divorceare a form
of revenge. Acid is cheap, easily available, and the
quickest way to destroy a woman's life. The number of
acid attacks have been rising.
Honor killings: Honor killings have been reported
in northern regions of India, mainly in the Indian states
of Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, as a
result of people marrying without their family's
acceptance, and sometimes for marrying outside their
caste or religion. Haryana is notorious for incidents of
honour killings, which have been described as "chillingly common in villages of Haryana". In
contrast, honor killings are rare to non-existent in
South India and the western Indian states of
Maharashtra and Gujarat. In some other parts of India,
notably West Bengal, honor killings completely
ceased about a century ago, largely due to the activism
and inuence of reformists such as Vivekananda,
Ramakrishna, Vidyasagar and Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
In 2010, the Supreme Court of India issued notice in
regard to honor killings to the states of Punjab,
Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand,
Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Objectives:-
To study and analyze the major problems
women face in Indian society.
Highlighting the condition of Indian
Women's.
To study number of problems women face.
Jyoti B. Deogirkar 117
Hypothesis :-
The research has formulated following Hypothesis in
relation to present doctrinal study.
The major problems of Indian women is
Comprehensive nor effectual to aware society in India.
Due to various modes it is easy to communicate
effectively regarding the problems of women's in daily
life.
Methodology:
Methods of Collection:-
I have selected the Primary and Secondary data
collection. But most effective methods are direct
communicated with the people.
Conclusion:-
Taking birth as a woman in the Indian society can be
said as curse for the women. Women in India face lots
of social issues and problems all through the life which
are big struggle for them right from their beginning of
life. Women in the Indian society have been
considered as inferior than men for many years.
Because of such type of inferiority they have to face
various issues and problems in their life. Our country
is on the high road of success, but still for a women her
life is a battle for survival and dignity from her birth to
her death.
It is necessary for us to maintain the dignity, pride and
honour of our Indian women's. Who are our mother,
our sister, our wife, our daughter. Instead of raising
your hands on a women, raise your voice for the
respect of your women.
Volume 6, Issue 1, 2017 : 114-118118
Dr. R. P. IngolePrincipal and Managing Editor
SPM Journal of Academic ResearchSardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Ganj Ward, Chandrapur - 442 402 (M.S.)
Mob: 09422137556 E-Mail: [email protected]
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