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Social Wellbeing Indicators for Marine Management
(SWIMM)
Sara Breslow, Melissa Poe, Karma Norman, Phil Levin
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAAPFMC SSC IEA Review
December 15, 2014
1. Develop a generalizable protocol for assessing human wellbeing for EBM in the US & beyond
2. Identify indicators of human wellbeing for the CCIEA & PFMC
SWIMM Goals
SWIMM Teams
Local Team◦ Sara Breslow,
NRC/NOAA◦ Karma Norman, NOAA◦ Melissa Poe, NOAA/SG◦ Phil Levin, NOAA ◦ Penny Dalton, Sea
Grant◦ Nives Dolsak, UW
Students◦ Brit Sojka, UW-SMEA◦ Raz Barnea, UW-SMEA◦ Danielle Holstein, UW-
SMEA◦ Maggie Allen, UW-SMEA
Social Science Working Group◦ Arun Agrawal, U Michigan◦ Xavier Basurto, Duke U◦ Courtney Carothers, U Alaska◦ Susan Charnley, USFS, Portland◦ Sarah Coulthard, Northumbria U◦ Jamie Donatuto, Swinomish Tribe◦ Carlos Garcia-Quijano, U Rhode Isl.◦ Christina Hicks, Stanford U◦ Arielle Levine, San Diego State U◦ Michael Mascia, Conservation Intl◦ Terre Satterfield, U British Columbia◦ Kevin St. Martin, Rutgers U
Similar process to selecting biophysical indicators
1. Define human wellbeing – for EBM2. Identify potential indicators3. Define screening criteria4. Evaluate candidate indicators against criteria5. Generate a tool for ranking & selecting
indicators6. Select suites of indicators for management
needs7. Measure and track indicators
Methods
Working Group Definition:Human wellbeing is a state of being with others and the environment, which arises where human needs are met, where individuals and communities can act meaningfully to pursue their goals, and where individuals and communities can enjoy a satisfactory quality of life.
Sources for a Typology:1. US environmental legislation, policy & management2. Best practices from wellbeing indicator projects
worldwide3. Social science recommendations 4. Local communities
Defining Human Wellbeing (HWB) for EBM
The “Wheel of Wellbeing”
Cross-Cutting
Equity/Justice Certainty/ Resilience
Future Generations
Connections
CommunityConnections
to NatureCulture
ConditionsEnvironmentEconomySafetyHealth
CapabilitiesKnowledge & Technology
Sense of ControlLivelihood & Activities
Governance & Civil Society
1. Resource Access
2. Self-Determination
Initial domains for analysis:
HWB Domains for EBM – 4 “C” Themes
1. CONDITIONS 2. CONNECTIONSEnvironment CultureEnvironmental Quality/Habitat Health Archaeological/Historic Heritage
Resource Availability & Distribution
Cultural Values/Traditions/Valued Practices
Infrastructure/Built Environment… Identity
Pollution/Waste Community/Social IntegrityEconomy Social RelationshipsCommerce/Industry/Trade/Revenue Social Capital
Jobs/Employment Tangible Connections to NatureLocal Economies/Corp. Consolidation… Resource Access & Utility
Material Wellbeing/Wealth/Prosperity… Access to Nature
Safety Conservation/Stewardship…Hazards Preparedness Non-Consumptive Uses
Safety Intangible Connections to Nature
Health Beauty/AestheticsEmotion/Attitude/Mental Health Place Attachment/Sense of Place…Food/Nutrition/Food Security Wonder/SpiritualityPhysical Health/MortalityDemographics
HWB Domains, Cont’d
3. CAPABILITIES 4. CROSS-CUTTINGKnowledge & Technology Equity & JusticeEducation/Outreach/ Awareness/… Social Justice/Equity
Science/Research/Knowledge/Tech Certainty & Resilience
Sense of Control Community Vibrancy/Stability/Adaptability
Agency/Self-Governance/Sovereignty
Certainty/Predictability/Ability to Plan
Public/Political Participation ResilienceTransparency in Government Security/Peace (Safety)Livelihood & Activities Future Generations
Livelihoods Future Generations' Wellbeing/Sustainability
Job Quality Energy Production & ConsumptionPersonal Activities/Time AllocationRecreation and TourismSubsistenceGovernance & Civil SocietyCivil SocietyConflict Reduction/ResolutionDiversity/Multiple UsersGovernance/Management/Services
3000+ potential indicators were compiled from 52 existing social-ecological indicator projects:
1. Environmental Management Projects (n = 12) 2. National Indicator Projects (n = 10)3. U.S. Federal Resource Management Projects (n = 10)4. Indigenous Projects (n = 10)5. Sustainability Projects (n = 10)
More indicators were added from lit reviews of each domain
Candidate indicators were screened against criteria
Evaluating HWB Indicators
A. General Criteria 1. Environmental linkage? 2. Conceptually valid? 3. Conforms to rules for good scales? 4. Understandable?
Screening Criteria for HWB Indicators
C. Data Considerations1. Data available? 2. Spatial scope & resolution? 3. Temporal scope &
resolution?4. Level of data
disaggregation? B. Context-Specific Criteria1. Geographically relevant and
comprehensive? 2. Socially relevant and
comprehensive? 3. Relevant for decision-making
context? 4. Sensitive and responsive to
specific, context-relevant environmental changes?
5. Sensitive and responsive to specific, context-relevant management changes?
Screening Criteria, Cont’d
D. Other Considerations1. Previously used or new?
Compatible with other projects? 2. Which domain(s) does this
indicator reflect? 3. Objective or subjective?4. Units of social organization?5. Leading or Lagging? 6. How is this indicator best
measured, reported, and integrated into an IEA?
7. Estimated cost? 8. Potential harm?
E. Suite-Level Considerations
1. Comprehensive and avoids redundancy?
2. Developed in collaboration with populations whose wellbeing is being measured?
Definition Resource access results from power that enables
actors to gain, control, and maintain use and benefits from resources
Top-Ranked Indicator Categories Harvest Shellfish closures Traditional marine and coastal use Satisfaction with access to shorelines (subjective
indicator)
-- Work of UW Student, Maggie Allen
Preliminary Results: Resource Access
Definition Self-determination means 1) freedom and power, or a
sense of control and 2) having choices regarding one’s well-being
Top-Ranked Indicator Categories Public involvement in natural resource management Land and waters co-management by indigenous and
local communities Subsistence harvesting expenses % of residents who agree they have input into marine
decisions in the area (subjective indicator)
-- Work of UW Student, Danielle Holstein
Preliminary Results: Self-Determination
Potential PFMC HWB Domains of Interest – Sojka thesis
Resource Access & UtilityGovernance/Management/Public SvcsConservation/StewardshipScience/Research/Knowledge/TechFuture Generations’ Wellbeing
ResilienceJobs/EmploymentSubsistenceArchaeological/Historic HeritageIdentityAccess to NaturePublic/Political ParticipationPlace Attachment/Sense of Place
What are NOAA’s responsibilities re: human wellbeing? Analyzed US environmental legislation & policy
US Federal Legislation (n=7) Magnuson Stevens Act 2007 - Amended Clean Air Act Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(Clean Water Act) National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) Marine Mammal Protection Act Endangered Species Act Coastal Zone Management Act US Federal Policy (n=4) National Ocean Policy 2013 Ocean Policy Task Force Final
Recommendations 2010 Executive Order on Government to
Government Relations Obama 2013 Ocean Research Priorities
Plan Update
Executive Order on Environmental Justice
US West Coast Management (n=5) CCIEA Report Summary 2012 CCIEA Scenarios 2012 CCIEA 2012 Engagement Chapter PFMC 2013 - Pacific Coast Ecosystem
Fishery Plan PFMC 2013 - Ecosystem Initiatives
Appendix US State Leg/Policy: WA, OR, CA
(n=4) California Ocean Protection Act California Coastal Act Washington Shoreline Management Act Oregon Coastal Management Program
Environmental Management Projects (n = 12)
Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme
Integrating Watershed & Coastal Areas Management in Caribbean Small Island Developing States
Nature Conservation and Human Well-Being in Bhutan
Wellbeing in Developing Countries (WeD)/Wellfish
Ocean Health Index Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Gulf Ecology Human Wellbeing Index Developing Human Wellbeing
Indicators for the Hood Canal Watershed
Vital Signs (African Monitoring System) Evaluating Social and Ecological
Vulnerability of Coral Reef Fisheries to Climate Change
Selecting Indicators to Protect and Sustain Experiences in the Eastern Arctic of Nunavut
Socio-economic drivers and indicators for artisan coastal fisheries in Pacific Island Countries & Territories
National Indicator
Projects (n = 10) Measures of Australian Progress (MAP) Canadian Index of Wellbeing UK Measuring National Well-being
Programme The State of the USA European Social Survey Round 3
Wellbeing Module Commission on the Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Progress
Bhutan's Gross National Happiness Project
Gallup Healthways Well-Being Index Hong Kong Quality of Life Index Thailand Green & Happiness Index U.S. Federal Resource
Mgmt Projects (n = 10) Large Marine Ecosystems (U.S. Federal
Resource Management; UNEP/RS; GEF) Evaluating Changes in Health and Well-
being in Communities Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Disaster
Development of Social Indicators of Fishing Community Vulnerability and Resilience in the U.S. Southeast and Northeast Regions
Fisheries Social Impact Assessment (Pollnac et al.)
Measuring the social and economic performance of catch share programs: definition of metrics and application to the U.S. Northeast Region groundfish fishery
Marine and Estuarine Goal Setting for South Florida (MARES) - Noneconomic Indicators
Puget Sound Partnership Socioeconomic Profiles of Fishers, their
Communities and their Responses to Marine Protective Measures in Puerto Rico
Community Profiles for West Coast Fishing Community
Improving Community Profiles for the North Pacific Fisheries
Indigenous Projects (n = 10)
Voices From The Bay: Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Inuit and Cree in the Hudson Bay Bioregion
Social Indicators Study of Alaskan Coastal Villages
West Coast Vancouver Island Coastal Strategy & Integrated Ocean Management Plan
Arctic Social Indicators Project Swinomish Indigenous Health
Indicators Te Kupenga Maori Wellbeing Survey Indigenous Relational Wellbeing Index First Nations Health Indicators Toolkit SARD Cultural Indicators of Indigenous
Peoples' food and agro-ecological systems
UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
Sustainability Projects (n
= 10) Toronto Vital Signs Sustainable Consumption & Production
Indicators for Developing Countries SUSTAIN Partnership Sustainable Neighborhoods for
Happiness Sustainability Monitor of the
Netherlands UNDESA Indicators of Sustainable
Development FAO Intl Guidelines on Securing Small-
Scale Fisheries Genuine Progress Index (GPI) Atlantic Sustainable Bergslagen Cultural
Indicators Measuring Wellbeing: Blythe Valley
Case Study
3000+ potential indicators were compiled from 52 existing social-ecological indicator projects
-- Work of UW Graduate, Brit Sojka
Magnu
son St
evens A
ct 200
7 - Amend
ed
Clean A
ir Act
Federal W
ater P
ollution Contro
l Act
(Clean W
ater A
ct)
National En
viron
mental
Policy Act
(NEP
A)
Marine M
ammal Pro
tection Act
Endan
gered S
pecies A
ct
Coastal
Zone
Man
agement
Act
US Federa
l Legis
lation (7
)
National Ocea
n Policy 2
013
Ocean
Polic
y Task
Force
Final
Recommen
dation
s 201
0
Obama 2
013 Oce
an Resea
rch Prio
rities P
lan Upd
ate
Exec
utive O
rder o
n Envir
onmen
tal Justi
ce
US Federa
l Polic
y (4)
CCIEA Report
Summary
2012
CCIEA Scenari
os 2012
CCIEA 2013 E
ngage
ment C
hapter
PFMC 20
13 - P
acific C
oast
Ecosys
tem Fish
ery Pl
an
PFMC 20
13 - E
cosys
tem In
itiative
s App
endix
US Federa
l Man
agement
(5)
Californi
a Ocean
Protection Act
Californi
a Coasta
l Act
Wash
ington Sh
oreline M
anag
ement A
ct
Oregon C
oastal
Man
agement P
rogram
US Stat
e Leg/P
olicy:
WA/C
A (4)
CCIEA Documen
ts (3)
Canada Fed. L
egislation (5
)
Tribal/
Indigenous (
5)
Socia
l Scie
nce L
iterat
ure (3
)
Ecosys
tem Mgm
t Projects
(14)
Susta
inable
Devo. P
rojects (4
)
Natl/Regio
nal M
easu
res (7
)
Report
Meta-ana
lyses
(5)
Total
avg c
overag
e by a
ll sourc
e categ
ories
(71)
DOMAIN Magnuson Stevens Act 2007 - AmendedClean Air ActFederal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)Marine Mammal Protection ActEndangered Species Act Coastal Zone Management Act7 National Ocean Policy 2013Ocean Policy Task Force Final Recommendations 2010Obama 2013 Ocean Research Priorities Plan UpdateExecutive Order on Environmental Justice4
Safety 36% 50%
Hazards Preparedness 1 1 29% 1 1 50%
Safety 1 1 1 43% 1 1 50%
Health 25% 44%
Emotion/Atti tude/Menta l Health 0% 0%
Food/Nutrition/Food Securi ty 1 1 1 43% 1 1 50%
Phys ica l Heal th/Morta l i ty 1 1 1 1 57% 1 1 1 1 100%
Demographics 0% 1 25%
Culture 48% 50%
Archaeologica l/His toric Heri tage 1 1 1 1 1 Beauty71% 1 1 1 75%
Cultura l Va lues/Traditions/Valued Practices 1 1 1 1 57% 1 1 1 75%
Identity 1 14% 0%
Policies & projects were analyzed for domains of wellbeing
3,000+ potential indicators in “Brit’s Matrix” – e.g.:
Theme Sub-theme Original Domain Indicator
Access to information Library
library and community center use
books checked out per capita per year
Access to Information Library Human capital library circulation rates
Access to Information LibraryPresence of Arts & Culture Library Volumes and Circulation
Access to Information Newspaper Community daily newspaper circulation
Access to Information Telecommunications Others# of Internet Subscribers per 1000 Inhabitants
Access to Information TelecommunicationsSocial Connectedness
% of households without telephone service
Access to Information Telecommunications Education % of people who use computers
Access to Information TelecommunicationsScience and Technology
Computer, internet and telecommunication
Access to Information TelecommunicationsEconomic development
Fixed telephone lines per 100 population
How are we selecting indicators of human wellbeing for marine management?
Candidate indicators for each domain are screened against criteria
Candidate Indicators Criteria
Which domains? Why not all? Working Group identified 6 “priority
domains”:1. Food Systems2. Social Integrity3. Resource Access4. Enjoyment of Surroundings 5. Capacity for Self-Determination6. Job Quality
Screening indicators for an evaluation tool
