Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
saqarTvelosa da msoflios geografia
geografiis saxelmZRvanelo mecxreklaselTaTvis
grifi mieniWa s.s.i.p ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
(brZaneba N 375, 18.05.2012).
9geografiamaia bliaZe, gia Wanturia,
daviT kereseliZe, zurab seferTelaZe
saqarTvelosa da msoflios
moswavlis wigni
geografiuli mdebareoba
Sinaarsi
1. 8
2. 12
3. 16
4. 20
5. 26
6. 31
7. 34
8.
36
9. 38
40
ITavi
saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba
qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis istoria
vaxuSti bagrationi – qarTuli geografiis fuZemdebeli
saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba
saqarTvelos teritoriis farTobi da sazRvrebi
saqarTvelo da kavkasia
saqarTvelo da msoflio
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba da
saxelmwifo simbolika
saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli mowyoba
Semajamebeli samuSao I
bunebrivi pirobebi da resursebi
10. 44
11. 48
12. 53
13. 58
14. 61
15.
64
16. 70
17. 74
18.
77
19. 81
20. 88
21.
90
22. 95
23. 88
104
24. 108
25. 112
26. 114
27. 119
28. 122
29. 127
132
I ITavi
bunebisa da sazogadoebis urTierToba saqarTveloSi
mineraluri resursebi
saqarTvelos reliefi – zogadi niSnebi
saqarTvelos umTavresi geomorfologiuri erTeulebi
reliefis tipebi
reliefTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi,
reliefis sameurneo aTviseba
Savi zRva
Savi zRvis sameurneo gamoyeneba da dacva
saqarTvelos hava da ZiriTadi
klimatwarmomqmneli faqtorebi
havis ZiriTadi elementebi
havis ZiriTadi tipebi
havasTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi.
atmosferos gaWuWyianeba da dacva
saqarTvelos Siga wylebi
wyalTan dakavSirebuli stiqiuri movlenebi.
wylis resursebis gamoyeneba da dacva
saqarTvelos niadagebi
miwis resursebi da niadagis dacva
saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari da cxovelTa samyaro
tyis resursebis sameurneo gamoyeneba da dacva
bunebis dacva da saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebi
saqarTvelos landSaftebi
Semajamebeli samuSao II
IIITavi
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
30. 136
31. 138
32. 141
33. 145
34. 148
35. 153
36. 160
37. 165
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis demografiuli warsuli
mosaxleobis dinamika
mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba
mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba
mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi da socialuri struqtura
mosaxleobis erovnuli da religiuri struqtura
mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba da simWidrove
urbanizacia. saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebi
IVTavi
saqarTvelos meurneoba
38. 176
39. 180
40. 187
41. 193
42. 201
43. 205
44. 211
45. 215
220
saqarTvelos adgili msoflio ekonomikaSi
saqarTvelos mrewveloba
soflis meurneoba
saqarTvelos transporti
momsaxurebis sfero
turizmi da rekreaciuli meurneoba
tradiciebis geografia
sagareo kavSirebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi
Semajamebeli samuSao III
VTavi
saqarTvelos mxareebi
46. 224
47. 229
48. 233
49. 237
50. 241
51. 246
52. 251
53. 255
54. 259
55. 263
56. 267
57. 272
277
279
Tbilisi
kaxeTi
qvemo qarTli
Sida qarTli
mcxeTa-mTianeTi
samcxe-javaxeTi
imereTi
raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi
samegrelo-zemo svaneTi
guria
aWara
afxazeTi
Semajamebeli samuSao IV
danarTebi
!+!
!+!!.
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+! !+!
!+!
!+!
!.
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!.
!+!
!.
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!.
!+!
!+!
/
0 14 28 42 56
E
E
E
E
E
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
xobi
qeda
xoni
foTi
gali
vani
xulo
vale
abaSa
gagra
jvari
senaki
cageri
soxumi
baTumi
mestia
baRdaTi
tyibuli
Terjola
gudauTa
zugdidi
WiaTura
quTaisi
Suaxevi
lentexi
aspinZa
adigeni
qobuleTi
Cxorowyu
martvili
lanCxuTi
oCamCire
gulrifSi
ozurgeTi
wyaltubo
axalcixe
tyvarCeli
xaragauli
samtredia zestafoni
Coxatauri
walenjixa
xelvaCauri
ambrolauri
axali aToni
T u r q e T i
qvemo aJara
m. xino2598
#
m. kenWauli2992
m. uSba4730
m. Sxara5068
m. fSiSi3790
m. lahili4010
m. WuTxaro3562
m. agefsTa3256
m. arabika2656
m. Saviklde2850
m. TeTnuldi4851
m. sayornia2755
m. mefiswyaro2850
m. samecxvario2642
m. dombai-ulgeni4046
maruxis uR.2748
kluxoris uR.2781
nenskris uR.3202
beCos uR.4012
goderZis uR.2025
riwis tba
amtyelistba
jvriswylsc.
galiswylsc.
rioni
mtkvar
i
tyibuliswylsc.
Saoriswylsc.
gumaTiswylsc.
varcixiswylsc.
paliastomistba
xozafinis tba
cxeniswy ali
k
a
v
k
as i
on
i
s
ga
gr
is
qe
di
b z i f i s q e d iCxa
l
Tis
qedi
k o d o r i sq e d
i
e g r is
is
q
e
di
sv
a n e T i s q e d i
leCxumis qedi
r
a
W
i s
q
m
es x e T
i s q e di
S a v S e T i s qe d i
ko
l
x
eT
is
da
b
l
o
bi
imereTis
maRlobi
T r
eruSeT
is
m
TianeTi
Savi zRva
km
1 sm = 14 km
kodori
CxalTa
enguri
rioni
aWariswyali
Woroxi
enguri
xobi
cxeni
swya
li
bzifi I Tavi
geografiuli mdebareoba
Seityob:
u sad gadis sazRvari evropasa da azias Soris;
u sad mdebareobs saqarTvelo da rogoria misi fizikur-
geografiuli, ekonomikur-geografiuli da geopolitikuri
mdebareobis faqtorebi;
u sad gadis saqarTvelos sazRvrebi;
u rogor xdeboda saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba;
u rogoria saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli
mowyoba.
SeZleb:
u imsjelo sazRvrebis gatarebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb da
maT mniSvnelobaze;
u aRniSno konturul rukaze saqarTvelos sazRvrebi
sxvadasxva epoqis mixedviT;
u axsna geografiuli mdebareobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli
faqtorebi;
u Seadaro saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis geografiuli
mdebareoba.
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!.!+!
!Q
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!+!
!.
!+!
!+!
E
E
E
E
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
oni
java
gori
kaspi
wnori
walka
axmeta
mcxeTa
xaSuri
duSeTi
Telavi
saCxere
TianeTi
yvareli
Tbilisi
siRnaRi
bolnisi
borjomi
dmanisi
rusTavi
cxinvali
lagodexi
marneuli
gurjaani
axalgori
sagarejo
xaragauli
gardabani
ninowminda
axalqalaqi
TeTriwyaro
stefanwminda
dedofliswyaro
s o m x e T i
az
er
ba
ij
an
i
ru
se
Ti
qareli
m. civi1991
m. Sani4451
m. Soda3609
m. udabno878
m. amugo3840
m. xalawa3938
m.WanWaxi4461
cxrawyaros uR.2454
m. tebulosmTa4493
m. emliqli3054
m. samsari3284
m. yazbegi5047
m. Saviklde0
m. arjevani2757
m. Savi klde3578
m. diklosmTa4285
m. tinovroso3374
m. didi abuli3301
m. didi borbalo3294
mamisonis uR.2820
rokis uR.2995
jvris uR.2370
yvirila
mtkvari
mejuda
li
axvi qsani
alaz
aniior
i
arag
vi
xrami
mtkvariiori
alazani
rioni
erwos tba
yelis tba
Jinvaliswylsc.
sioniswylsc.
Tbilisiswylsc.
walkiswylsc. algeTis
wylsc.
jandaris tba
faravnistba
madas tbaxanCalis
tba
saRamostba
tabawyuristba
m
T
a v a r i
q
e
d
i
e d i
l
ix
is
q
ed i
imereTis
maRlobi
S id
a
qa
rT
l
i
s
va
ke
r
sa
ms
ar
is
qd
.
ja
va
xe
Ti
s q
d.
i a l e T i s q e d i
q v e m o
q a r T l i s
v a k e
iv
ri
s
z
e
g
an i
S
eldaris
veli
iraqis vake
a la
z
n
i
s
v
a
k
e
go
mb
o
ri
s
qe
di
ka
xe
Ti
sqed
i
qa
rT
li
sq
ed
i
gu
da
ma
yr
is
qe
di
alevis q
ed
i
xa
ru
li
sq
ed
i
saqarTvelo
zogadi cnobebi:
1. farTobi – 69 700 kv.km
2. dedaqalaqi – Tbilisi
3. mosaxleoba – 4,6 mln kaci (2002 wlis aRweriT)
4. mosaxleobis simWidrove – 64 kaci 1 kv.km-ze
5. saxelmwifo ena – qarTuli, afxazeTis avtonomiur
respublikaSi aseve afxazuri
6. saxelmwifo wyoba – respublika
7. saxelmwifos meTauri – prezidenti
8. fuladi erTeuli – lari
9. erovnuli dResaswauli – 26 maisi,
damoukideblobis dRe
10. religia – qristianoba, marTlmadidebloba
11. mTavari qalaqebi – quTaisi, rusTavi, Telavi,
baTumi, soxumi, WiaTura, gori, foTi, zugdidi
12. administraciuli dayofa – samxareo
(12 samxareo erTeuli)
13. sasaaTo sartyeli – me-4
14. internetkodi – ge
8
ge
og
ra
fi
ul
i m
de
ba
re
ob
a
ITavi
nax. 1.1. saqarTvelo Zv.w. VI-II ss.
vasali qveyana – qveyana, romelic damokidebulia sxva ufro did da Zlier
saxelmwifoze.
suvereniteti – saxelmwifos damoukidebloba
saqarTvelos teritoria istoriuli drois ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad icvleboda.
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos da IU aTaswleulis dasawyisSi istoriuli sa-qarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi Camoyalibda ori gaerTianeba: diaoxi (tao, taoxi) md. Woroxis auzSi da kolxa (kolxeTi) Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. mezobeli teritoriebidan SemoWrili mtrebis ieriSebma diaoxisa da kolxas Zlierebas bolo mouRo.
Zv. w. VI s-Si Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori politikuri gaer-Tianeba Camoyalibda: dasavleT saqarTveloSi – egrisi, igive kolxeTis samefo da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlis, igive iberiis samefo. kolxeTis same-fo sakmaod vrcel teritorias moicavda.
leqsikoni
1. saqarTvelos teritoriis formireba
1. nax. 1.1-is mixedviT amoiwere egrisisa da qarTlis samefoebis:
a) dedaqalaqebi; b) saerisTavoebis centrebi; g) xuTi dasaxlebuli punqti.
2. moZiebuli informacia Seadare saqarTvelos Tanamedrove rukas (danarTi 2)
da daadgine dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebSi: a) romelma dasaxlebulma
punqtma Seicvala saxeli; b) romeli maTgani aRar arsebobs.
davaleba
9
qarTuli saxelmwifoebis teritoriis sidideze udides gavlenas axdenda mezobeli saxelmwifoebis agresiuli politika. bizantia da sparseTi erTma-neTs ecileboda gavlenis mopovebisTvis. VII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi araboba damyarda da saxelmwifos didi nawili arabTa saxalifos daeqvemdebara, ramac X saukunis dasawyisamde gastana, Tumca, ukve VIII s-is bolos qveynis ganapira provinciebSi damoukidebeli qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna daiwyo.
unda aRiniSnos, rom axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis aRmocenebis, aseve, bizantielTa, arabTa, Turq-selCukTa Tu sxva mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebis fonze, qarTvelebi, miuxedavad teritoriuli danakargebisa, ZiriTadad mainc inarCunebdnen TavianT sacxovrebel miwebsa da teritoriebs.
X-XI ss-is mijnaze saqarTvelos samefoebi gaerTianda, xolo XI–XII ss-Si, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris mefobis xanaSi, es procesi Zlieri, erTiani saxelmwifos SeqmniT dasrulda. amave droidan damkvidrda termini `saqarTve-lo~. imdroindeli saqarTvelos teritoria nikofsiidan darubandamde (der-bendi) da oseTidan (alania) aragawamde (somxeTi) iyo gadaWimuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am dros kavkasiis TiTqmis mTeli teritoria saqarTvelos mefis morCilebisa da mfarvelobis qveS moiazreboda.
monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg (XIII s.) saqarTvelo umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda da misi teritoriac TandaTanobiT Semcirda. saqarTvelo or nawilad gaiyo da, amavdroulad, samcxe uSualod monRolebs daemorCila. ase gastana giorgi V brwyinvales (1314-1346 ww) mefobamde. swored man SeZlo samcxis kvlav SemoerTeba da qveynis xanmokle, magram xelaxali gaerTianeba.
Temurlengis laSqrobebma (1386-1404 ww), mogvianebiT iranelebisa da Tur-qebis agresiulma politikam, CrdilokavkasielTa Semosevebma da, amasTanave, Sidapolitikurma rRvevebma erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSla gamoiwvia da XVI s-is bolos qveyana samefo-samTavroebad daiyo.
nax. 1.2.
saqarTvelos
teritoriis
cvlileba
saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
(aTasi kv. km)
Zv. w. I aT. II naxevari
140.4
145.0
134.2
134.0
131.0
69.7
XIII saukune XVIII saukunis II naxevari XX saukune
ax. w. I-IV ss IX-X ss
3. nax. 1.2 mixedviT aage grafiki `saqarTvelos teritoriis cvlileba~.
davaleba
10
ge
og
ra
fi
ul
i m
de
ba
re
ob
a
ITavi
nikofsia
biWvinTa
cxumi
foTi
baTumi
artanuji
varZia
axalcixe
quTaisi
ufliscixemcxeTa
Tbilisi
Telavi
laSarisjvari
xornabuji
dmanisiTmogvi
axalqalaqi
geguTi
loreganja
yarsi
anisiolTisi
xufaTiyabala
Sirvani
mahmadabadi
baqo
darubandi
naxWevani
anakofia
bardavigelaqunis
tba
dvini
kerasuntitrapizoni
erzinjani
vanivanis tba
Tavrizi
yivCaRebi
ji
qe
Ti
afxazeTi
afSileTi
od
iS
i
svaneTi
alaniaZurZukeTi
xunZeTi
di
do
eT
ilekeTi
Sarvani
hereTi
kaxeTi
Sida qarTli
raWa
argveT
i
guria
klarjeTi
tao
taSiri
rani
saqarTvelos erTiani samefo
saqarTvelos gavlenis sfero
saqarTvelos moxarke qveynebi
trapizonis
imperia
nax. 1.3. saqarTvelo XIII saukunis damdegs
XVI-XVIII ss-Si saqarTvelos teritoria iran-osmaleTs Soris ganawilda, ra-sac Tan mohyva mosaxleobis ZaldatanebiTi islamizacia. daikarga teritoriis garkveuli nawili.
XVI s-is meore naxevarSi osmaleTma saqarTvelos Camoacila samcxe-saaTaba-gos feodaluri samTavro, Sah-abasma (XVII s) – lores veli da mdinare debedas xeoba (qarTli), kaxeTSi ki kak-eniselis mxare (saingilo) miitaca.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi mTeli saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. ruseTSi monarqiis damxobas da iq komunisturi reJimis damyarebas saqarTvelos gasabWoeba mohyva. am dros saqarTvelom teritoriis garkveuli nawili dakarga.
1991 wels saqarTvelom aRidgina suvereniteti da qveynis teritoria im sazRvrebSi, romelic mas ssrk-s (sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kav-Siri) SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas hqonda.
4. gaaanalize nax. 1.3. gadaixaze da Seavse cxrili:
sakuTriv saqarTvelos teritoria saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis qveS myofi qveynebi
davaleba
11
nax. 1.4.
saqarTvelo
XX-XXI
saukuneebSi
u Zveli welTaRricxvis III s-Si, farnavazisa da misi memkvidris saurmagis mefo-
bisas, qarTlis samefo sakmaod Zlieri iyo da igi ara marto mTel Tanamed-
rove aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, aramed mosazRvre olqebsac ki moicavda.
swored am dros moxda erTi Ziridan warmoSobili qarTveli tomebis swrafi
SekavSireba da erTiani qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibeba. savaraudod, qarTuli
ena oficialur, saxelmwifo enad farnavazis mefobis dros gamocxadda.
fes
sainteresoa
5. nax. 1.4-is mixedviT daadgine, romeli teritoriebi dakarga gasabWoebis Semdeg
saqarTvelom.
6. waikiTxe p. ingoroyvas sityvebi: a) imsjele, Tu rogor gesmis teqstis pir-
veli abzaci. b) axseni saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli erTobis mniSvneloba.
g) rogor fiqrob, ra faqtorebi ganapirobebda saqarTvelos teritoriul
cvlilebebs? d) aRniSne konturul rukaze teqstSi moxseniebuli rva provincia
da maTi centrebi.
`saqarTvelos teritoria klasikurad damTavrebuls, mTlians warmoadgens –
istoriulad, geografiulad, ekonomikurad da eTnografiulad. saqarTvelos
sazRvrebi amoxaza oci saukunis istoriam; saqarTvelo aris erTi istoriuli sxeuli,
SekavSirebuli mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrivi da kulturuli erTobiT...
saqarTvelos politikuri sazRvrebi xSirad icvleboda warsulSi, magram saqarTvelo
yovelTvis erTsa da imave teritorias erqva. es aris rva provincia, romelzedac
qarTveli eri mosaxleobs mTeli misi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze: qarTli,
kaxeTi, samcxe-javaxeTi, imereTi, guria, samegrelo, svaneTi da afxazeTi~.
`saqarTvelos teritoriis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~
pavle ingoroyva
7. aRniSne konturul rukaze saqarTvelos sazRvrebi XIII da XXI saukuneebSi.
davaleba
12
ge
og
ra
fi
ul
i m
de
ba
re
ob
a
ITavi
saqarTvelos gacnoba da Seswavla xdeboda rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ucxo-el mkvlevarTa mier. Cveni qveynis geografiuli Seswavlis istoria 5 periodad iyofa: 1. antikuri; 2. Sua saukuneebis; 3. aRorZinebis; 4. axali; 5. uaxlesi.
antikuri periodi Zv. w. VI s-dan axali w. IV s-mde grZeldeboda. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb erT-erT pirvel geografiul Sromad iTvleba berZeni istorikosisa da geografis, hekate miletelis (Zv. w. VI-V ss) naSromi `miwis aRwera~, sadac igi moixseniebs kolxebs, kavkasions, Sav zRvas.
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb aseve mniSvnelovani geografiuli informaciaa Tavmo-yrili berZeni mecnierebis SromebSi: hipokrate (Zv. w. V-IV ss, `haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb~), qsenofonte (Zv. w. V-IV ss, `anabasisi~), skilak kariandeli (Zv. w. IV s, `periplusi~), herodote (Zv. w. V s, `istoria~), apolon rodoseli (Zv. w. III s, `argonavtika~), straboni (Zv. w. II – ax. w. III ss, `geografia~) klavdios pto-
leme (ax. w. II s, `geografiis saxelmZRvanelo da msoflios ruka~) da sxv. maTs TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli da aRwerilia sxvadasxva geografiuli obieqti (mdinareebi, mxareebi, qalaqebi, tbebi da a. S.).
Sua saukuneebis (IV-XVI ss) mecnierTa da mogzaurTa Soris, saqarTvelos geografiis, istoriisa da eTnografiis Sesaxeb, yvelaze mniSvnelovan cno-bebs italieli mogzauri marko polo iZleva. aseve, aRsaniSnavia bizantieli istorikosi prokopi kesarieli, somexi mecnieri anania Siraqaci, italieli ambrojo kontarini da sxvebi.
nax. 2.1. marko polo da misi mogzaurobis marSruti
2. qarTuli geografiuli
azrovnebis istoria
1. nax. 2.1-isa da msoflios politikuri rukis (danarTi 3) gamoyenebiT aRwere
marko polos mogzaurobis marSruti.
davaleba
13
aRorZinebis epoqa XVI-XVIII saukuneebs moicavs. am pe-riodSi kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos geografiuli kvle-vebi da Seswavla kvlav grZeldeba. saqarTvelos bunebis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitanes dasavleT evropelma da rusma mogzaurebma da mkvlevrebma. maT Soris gamoir-Cevian arqanjelo lamberti, Jan Sardeni da Jozef piton
turnefori, iohan-anton giuldenStedti, stefane burna-
Sevi da sxva. maT SromebSi aRwerilia qalaqebi, cixe-sima-greebi, mTebi, mdinareebi da sxva. ramdenjerme imogzaura saqarTveloSi Turqma evlia Celebim.
axali periodi moicavs XIX saukunes da XX s-is dasawyiss. am dros saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSia da, politikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-loSi geografiuli xasiaTis kvlevebs awarmoebs. swored am periodSi ixsneba mravali specialuri dawesebuleba, maT Soris, Tbilisis observatoria, Tbilisis botanikuri baRi, ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis gan-yofileba, kavkasiis muzeumi; daiwyo qveynis geodeziuri agegmva, myinvarebis Seswavla, gamoica rukebi da sxva.
uaxles, anu Tanamedrove periodSi, geografiuli kvle-vebi intensiurad mimdinareobs. ixsneba axali samecniero da saswavlo centrebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa geografiuli prognozireba, bunebrivi resursebis dacva da racionaluri gamoyeneba, mdgradi ganviTarebis problemebi da sxva.
qarTuli geografiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas mra-valsaukunovani istoria aqvs. igi Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukunidan iwyeba. pirveli qarTuli saero Tu saekle-sio wyaroebi, faqtobrivad, pirvel qarTul geografiul wyaroebs warmoadgenen, radganac mTel rig geografiuli xasiaTis cnobebs Seicaven.
nax. 2.2.
Turqi mogzauri
evlia Celebi
nax. 2.3.
CaxruxaZis
mogzaurobis
marSruti