Plan view on left, 3-D view on right. Notice that SAP2000 has curved frame element, in this example to model a piping bend

Friction link can be 1-point or 2-point link. In this example, .4 friction coefficient. The pendulum radius can enable the friction link to considercurved/dished couplings or saddles.

Friction link forces at each step of a thermal load in local 2 and local 3 directions. In this NL analysis case, we applied a staticthermal load in 10 steps

Multi-linear plastic link can be 1-point or 2-point, including assigned as an area boundary condition or per lineal unit. Theselinks can be used for NL Static or NL Time history dynamic analysis.

Kip-ft units below. I defined the curve such that the NL spring is very strong up to 1 Kip, then a sharp drop in stiffness

Two columns – 1 steel Wide flange and the other a 1’ X 1’ square concrete column section

Fiber hinge for steel column

Fiber hinge concrete column

Plastic hinges can be considered in static analyses as well as NL time history

NL Direct integration time history dynamic analysis