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Sampling Techniques, Safety, and
Sample Quality Control
Ohio Department of Transportation
Hazardous Materials Training
December 5, 2006
Introduction
Bill Biehl, PG
Senior Project Manager
Hull & Associates, Inc.
Three Areas to Cover:
• Collecting a Representative Sample
• Sampling Safety
• Sampling Quality Control
Introduction
• Typical Waste Streams include:– Soil– Sediment– Sludges & Slurries– Waste Piles– Drums or Containerized Wastes– Surface Water– Surficial Contamination
(C&D considerations)• Others (Air, Soil Gas, Biota)
Collecting a Representative Sample
Waste Streams Common To ODOT Facilities
Collecting a Representative Sample - Sampling Methodologies
A. Non-Submerged Solids / Sludges / Sediment
Examples:• Soil• Waste Piles• Drums• Catch Basin Sludges• Surface Run-off Areas
Collecting a Representative Sample - Sampling Methodologies (con’t)
Non-Submerged Soils / Sludges / Sediments
• Sampling Spoon, Trowel, or Scoop
• Encore Sampler*• Shovel• Hand Auger w/ Sampler• Trier• Soil Recovery Probe /
Grain Sampler
Collecting a Representative Sample - Sampling Methodologies (con’t)
B. Submerged Solids / Sludges / Sediment
Examples:• O/W Separator Sludge• Outfall Sediments• Drums
Collecting a Representative Sample - Sampling Methodologies (con’t)
Submerged Soils / Sludges /
Sediments
• Sampling Spoon, Trowel, or Scoop
• Sludge Sampler• Dredge Sampler
Collecting a Representative Sample- Sampling Methodologies (con’t)
C. Water / LiquidsExamples:• O/W Separators• UST Observation Well• Drums• ASTs• Spill Containment Cells• Surface Waters
Collecting a Representative Sample - Sampling Methodologies (con’t)
Liquids / Water
• Bailer
• COLIWASSA
• Drum Thief
• Peristaltic Pump
• Weighted Bottle
• Lab Sample Container
Collecting a Representative Sample - Sampling Methodologies (con’t)
D. Surficial Contamination
- Chip or Wipe Samples
Examples:• Lead paint on
concrete• Battery acid spill on
concrete• PCB-contaminated oil
Collecting a Representative Sample – Sampling Strategy
Sampling Strategy - making sure the sample reflects the characteristics of the population or media being sampled
a. Biased Sampling (looking for “worst case”)b. Composite Sampling (looking for “average”)c. Grab Samples (specific location / time)d. Random Sampling (unknown or variable
concentrations)i. Simpleii. Stratified (sampling based on varying
colors/grain size)iii. Systematic (grid pattern)
Sampling Safety
• Up to date H&S Training• Recommend a H&S Plan (incl.
physical hazards)• Familiar with chemical, MSDS,
routes of exposure• Proper PPE
– Consider Exposures and probability for spillage
– Level D: long sleeves, protective glasses, proper sampling gloves (e.g. nitrile is most universal)
– Level C: Tyvek, boots, face shield, respirator
Sampling Safety
Sampling QA/QC
A. Sampling Procedures1. Sample Collection Practices
2. Sample Documentation
B. Custody Procedures1. Samplers Objective
2. Lab Objective
Sampling QA/QC
A. Sampling Procedures1. Sample Collection Practices
• Sample Containers & Preservatives– Zero headspace
• Sample Labeling• Sample Identification
– ODOT-specific– Unique & Descriptive
• Sampling Equipment Preparation and Decontamination
• Sample Storage and Transportation
Sampling QA/QC
A. Sampling Procedures1. Sample Collection Practices
a) Sample Containers & Preservatives• VOCs require “zero-headspace”
- VOA vial test
• Minimize volatilization• Minimize cross-contamination (“in-situ
sample”)• Pay close attention to preservatives
(special note about nitric acid)• Plenty of Sample! (sand & gravel ≠ clay)• Note Holding Time Requirements
Sampling QA/QC
A. Sampling Procedures2. Sample Documentation
• Field Notes (ODOT-specific form)• Sample Identification (double-check
notes/COC/sample bottle)• Chain-of- Custody
Sampling QA/QC
B. Custody Procedures1. Samplers Objective
• Site / Project Information• Sample ID / Number of sample
containers• Preservation• Requested Analyses• Special Notations (i.e., HOLD, report
to MDL)• Custody Signatures
Sampling QA/QC
What is “Custody”?
• The National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) of the U.S. EPA defines custody as:
• 1. The sample is in your physical possession;• 2. The sample is within view after being in your
physical possession;• 3. The sample was in your possession and then
you locked or sealed it to prevent tampering; and/or• 4. The sample is placed in a designated secure
place with limited access to authorized personnel only.
Sampling QA/QC
B. Custody Procedures1. Lab Objective
• COC is the master document of communication between sampler and lab
• COC used to catalog sample and assign a unique lab ID number
• Lab will notify of problems or discrepancies (identification discrepancies, shipping problems, preservative problems)
Thank you!
www.hullinc.com
Hull & Associates, Inc.3401 Glendale Ave. Ste 300
Toledo, Ohio 43614(419) 385-2018