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samecniero dialeqtologiuri sesia gaixsneba 2007 wlis
9 noembers, 10:30 saaTze iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis
saxelmwifo universitetSi (qarTuli universitetis q. #1).
r e g l a m e n t i
momxsenebels _ 10 wuTi
msJeloba gaimarTeba moxsenebaTa mosmenis Semdeg
redaqtorebi: prof. m. Cuxua, prof. m. beriZe
©arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis instituti
3
m u S a o b i s g e g m a
9 noemberi, 10:30 saaTi
sesiis gaxsna (saaqto darbazi)
1. misalmeba, iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo
universitetis reqtori prof. g . g o c i r i Z e
2. Sesavali sitKva, arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutis
direqtori l . e z u g b a i a
I seqcia 11 saaTi
sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: l. ezugbaia, r. yikaZe
1. T . u T u r g a i Z e , m . m a n J g a l a Z e , T . t e t e l o S v i l i , fo-
nologiuri interferentuli movlenebi kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli
mTis kiloTa warmomadgenlebis metKvelebaSi
2. a . a r a b u l i , SeTanxmebis kidev erTi saxeobisaTvis qarTuli
enis dialeqtebSi
3. m . C u x u a , saerToqarTveluri *wen- da osuri bcenºbwen formaTa
urTierTmimarTebisaTvis
4. r . y i k a Z e , Tedo uTurgaiZis Tvalsazrisi enobrivi kontaqte-
bis Sesaxeb samecniero-pedagogiuri moGvaweobis dasawKisSi, anu
rogor iwKeboda Tedo uTurgaiZe
5. m e r a b b e r i Z e , qarTuli sufiqsiT nawarmoebi
Turquli fuZe Kannisi
6. q . g i g a S v i l i , ~maTes saxarebis~ ori bolo redaqciis teq-
stis berZnizmebi
7. v . S e n g e l i a , qarTvelur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri urTierTobidan
8. m. f a G a v a , eqspedicia klarJeTSi
9. r . a b a S i a , qarTuli dialeqturi leqsika da saerToqarTvelu-
ri fuZe-enis rekonstruqciis zogierTi sakiTxi
10. s . a s a t u r o v a , bgeriTi SesatKvisobani sxvadasxva enobriv oJa-
xebs Soris
II seqcia, 11 saaTi
sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: a. arabuli, l. SalvaSvili
1. g . g o g o l a Z e , aleqsandre xaxanaSvili da enaTa urTierTobis
sakiTxebi (1894 w. jurnali `kvali~)
2. n . y o x o n e l i Z e , idiomebi garekaxurSi (sarTiyalis metKvele-
bis mixedviT)
3. g . g o g o l a S v i l i , dialeqturi kontaqti, rogorc cvlileba-
Ta Semaferxebeli faqtori
4. m . b u k i a , enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnil sitKvaTa
rigisaTvis qarTvelur da afxazur enebSi
5.
5
n . m a y a v a r i a n i , afxazuri aS´ˆS´kams `yianyvela~ leqsemis bge-
raTfardobisaTvis mis qarTul SesatKvisTan
6. o . m e m i S i S i , idiomis gramatikuli struqturisaTvis lazurSi
7. k . k a k i t a Z e , eTnolingvisturi paralelebi. I.
8. m . k a k a C i a , kalkirebuli frazeologizmebi megrulSi
9. r . i o s e l i a n i , nasesxebi sitKvebi svanur samSeneblo leqsikaSi
10. l . g i g l e m i a n i , erTi svanuri nasesxobis Sesaxeb megrulSi
9 noemberi, 14 saaTi
I seqcia
sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: q. gigaSvili, m. qamadaZe
1. m . b e r i Z e , l . b a k u r a Z e , dialeqturi teqstebis korpusi da
enaTa kontaqtebi
2. m . b e r i Z e, g . c o c a n i Z e , migraciebi XX saukunis saqarTvelo-
Si da masTan dakavSirebuli lingvisturi sakiTxebi
3. S . g a b i s k i r i a , qarTvelur-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi la-
zeTis toponimikuri masalis mixedviT
4. l . S a l v a S v i l i , megrulis masala Tanamedrove qarTuli ga-
zeTebis furclebze
5. n . o T i n a S v i l i , qarTul-osuri leqsikuri toponimikuri Se-
xvedrebi
6. m . r o b a q i Z e , `zoravar~ terminisaTvis qarTulsa da somxurSi
7. m . q a m a d a Z e , Turquli elementi ayaris anTroponimiaSi
8. m . k a y k a y i S v i l i , dominanti enis sakiTxi JavaxeTis enobriv
situaciaSi
9. T . z v i a d a Z e , kvlav zanizmebisaTvis imerulSi
10. T . l o m T a Z e , m . q a c a r a v a , sitKvaTa sesxebisaTvis Tanamed-
rove qarTulSi
III seqcia, 11 saaTi
sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: m. qurdiani, m. beriZe
1. n . b a r T a i a , qarTul-aGmosavluri enobrivi kontaqtebidan
2. c . b e n d e l i a n i , fonetikur movlenaTa / fonologiur cvlad-
Ta stratifikacia da `fonetikuri kompromisis~ sakiTxi enaTa kon-
taqtebis pirobebSi
3. m . q u r d i a n i , fonetikuri procesebis droiTi miJayvuloba da
maTi mniSvneloba enobrivi kontaqtebis qronologiis dadgenisaTvis
4. m . C a C a n i Z e , enobrivi kontaqtebis leqsikografiuli paramet-
rizaciis sakiTxi qeglis axal redaqciaSi
5. n . f u t k a r a Z e , enobrivi kontaqtebi da ayaruli dialeqtis
sameurneo Kofis amsaxveli leqsika
6. n . J o r b e n a Z e , qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi fonetikuri kom-
pleqsis Semcveli zogi sitKvis Sesaxeb (dialeqtTa monacemebze
daKrdnobiT)
7. n . s u r m a v a , enobrivi da dialeqturi kontaqtebi (ayaraSi mo-
povebuli uaxlesi masalebis mixedviT)
8. T . p a p i a S v i l i , tradiciuli xis xuroTmoZGvreba da masTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi imerxevis metKvelebis mixedviT
9. r . S e r o z i a , enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi-
saTvis
10. m . s a G l i a n i , svanuri da afxazur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri Se-
xvedrebi. I. nasesxobani
II seqcia, 14 saaTi
sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: g. gogolaSvili, m. bukia
1. T . v a S a k i Z e , saxelisa da gvaris Sebrunebuli wKobisaTvis
(qarTuli da araqarTuli gvarebis mixedviT)
2. a . berTlani, qarTuli anTroponimebi enaTa urTierTobebis fonze
3. n . a x v l e d i a n i , ramdenime leqsikuri erTeulisaTvis samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi
4. a . t u G u S i , megruli warmomavlobis sitKvaTa asaxvisaTvis
ucxour wKaroebsa da garemomcvel ena-kiloebSi
5. d . a n f i m i a d i , niSanTa funqciis gazrda virtualuri komu-
nikaciisas 6. n . c e c x l a Z e , sofel bazgireTis toponimebi
7. m . J G a r k a v a , nasesxebi zmnebi lazurSi
8. m . q u q C i S v i l i , k-s Semcveli sufiqsebi qarTulsa da ber-
Znul enebSi
9. m . b a r i x a S v i l i , saxelTa warmoebis sistema interferenciis
TvalsazrisiT lezgiur enebSi
10. a . b e r i Z e , arzrumis istoriuli saxelebi
4
r e v a z a b a S i a (Tbilisi) III seqcia, 14 saaTi
sxdomis TavmJdomareebi: v. Sengelia, m. qacarava
qarTuli dialeqturi leqsika da saerToqarTveluri
fuZe-enis rekonstruqciis zogierTi sakiTxi 1. m . m i q e l a Z e , nasesxebi da megzuri afiqsebis urTierTmimarTe-
bis sakiTxisaTvis (wova-TuSur-qarTuli orenovnebis masalebis
mixedviT)
2. n . n o G a i d e l i , -er da -at sufiqsebi zanur enasa da ayarul
dialeqtSi
3. g . g v a n c e l a Z e , akademikosi qeTevan lomTaTiZe dialeqtologi-
isa da enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb
4. m . m e t r e v e l i , bilingvizmis kvleva metKvelebis doneze
5. m . c i s k a r i S v i l i , kaxuri dialeqtizmebi wova-TuSebis qar-
Tul metKvelebaSi
6. c . J a n J G a v a , qarTuli saliteraturo enidan megrul dialeqt-
Si Sesuli leqsikis Sesaxeb
7. d . C x u b i a n i S v i l i , fereidnuli dialeqtis Seswavlis adreu-
li etapi, pirveli publikaciebi
8. e . g a z d e l i a n i , qarTul-svanuri enobrivi mimarTebebi kompo-
zitebSi
9. e . f u t k a r a Z e , enobrivi kontaqtebi da ayaruli dialeqtis
sameurneo Kofis amsaxveli leqsika
mdidari da mravalferovani qarTuli dialeqturi leqsi-
kis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli xdeba
ara mxolod qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sinqroniul done-
ze srulfasovani aGwera da analizi, aramed, rac aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli, amosavali viTa-
rebis rekonstruqcia.
qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi Semonaxulia iseTi leqsikac,
romelic samwerlobo qarTulSi ar dasturdeba, magram mxo-
lod misi gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli zanur-svanuri Se-
satKvisi formebis gamovlena da qarTveluri fuZe-enis doneze
arqetipebis aGdgena.
10 noemberi, 12 saaTi
plenaruli sxdoma
1. l . e z u g b a i a , T. uTurgaiZe _ axali gramatikuli koncefciis
avtori
2.
7
r . y i k a Z e , aramxolod enobrivi kontaqtebi (T. uTurgaiZe na-
studentaris TvaliT)
3. a . a r a b u l i , T. uTurgaiZe _ qarTuli gramatikuli memkvid-
reobis Semfasebeli
4. i . g i p e r t i _ qarTvelologiuri skolis TvalsaCino warmo-
madgeneli
5. m . T a n d a S v i l i _ amagdari maswavlebeli
6. m . m a n J g a l a Z e , qarTuli enis manqanuri damuSavebis saTaveebTan
7. m . C u x u a , T. uTurgaiZe da saerToqarTveluri fonotaqtikis
problemebi
8. m . m i q e l a Z e , savse qarTuli patiosnebiT
9. g . c o c a n i Z e , T. uTurgaiZe _ dialeqtologi
10. r . a b a S i a , T. uTurgaiZe da kavkasiologiis sakiTxebi
qarTuli dialeqturi leqsika saintereso suraTs gviCve-
nebs sibilantur fonemaTa ganawilebis TvalsazrisiTac ro-
gorc sakuTriv qarTuli enis dialeqtebis farglebSi, ise qar-
Tvelur enaTa da dialeqtTa urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad,
vinaidan sibilantur fonemaTa sisina da SiSina saxeobebis Se-
mcveli dubleturi fuZeebi gansakuTrebiT swored qarTuli
enis dialeqtebSia Semonaxuli.
qarTvelur enebsa da dialeqtebSi sibilantur fonemaTa
ganawileba da maT ekvivalentTa CamoKalibeba istoriulad
sxvadasxva dialeqtur areals da sxvadasxva qronologiur sa-
fexurs gulisxmobs.
aqedan, saerToqarTvelur leqsikaSi moipoveba araerTi
fuZe (resp. Ziri, morfema, afiqsi), romelic sakuTriv qarTuli
wina rigis (sisina) da zanur-svanuri rogorc wina rigis (sisi-
na), ise ukana rigis (SiSina) sibilantTa SesatKvisobaSi dia-
leqturi leqsikis gansakuTrebul rols asaxavs.
samwerlobo qarTulSic sxvadasxva qronologiur safe-
xurze damkvidrda sxvadasxva dialeqturi warmomavlobis ro-
6
gorc sisina (mag., Zv. qarT. zrzola), ise _ SiSina (ax. qarT.
jrjola) saxeoba; aseve, samwerlobo qarTulSi erTdrouladac
dasturdeba dialeqturi sisina sibilantiani (mag., leCxumuri
wKurti) da SiSina sibilantiani (z. ayaruli yKurti) fuZeebi.
am saxiT droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelur enebsa da dia-
leqtebSi (resp. TqmebSi, mikro-enobriv erTeulebSi) mkvidrde-
boda rogorc sisina, ise _ SiSina sibilantiani fuZe an, ume-
teswilad _ erT-erTi maT Soris.
maSasadame, qarTuli enis dialeqtebSic, iseve, rogorc
zanur da svanur dialeqtebSi, dasturdeba qarTveluri fuZe-
enis sisina sibilantebis rogorc sisina (identuri), ise _ Si-
Sina ekvivalentebi. qarTuli dialeqturi leqsikac metnakle-
bad cxadKofs saerTo warmomavlobisa da identuri agebulebis
fuZeebSi sisina da SiSina sibilantebis monacvleobas. rogorc
wesi, qarTul dialeqtebSic wina rigis (sisina) sibilantebis
enacvleba ukana rigis (SiSina) sibilantebi, e. i. zanur-svanur-
Si istoriulad momxdari artikulaciuri gadawevis msgavsad,
qarTuli dialeqtebisTvisac sisina sibilantTa SenarCuneba
(fuZe-enis wina rigis, sisina → qarTuli dialeqtebis wina ri-
gis, sisina) da sawarmoTqmo adgilis ukan gadaweva (fuZe-enis
wina rigi → sisina qarTuli dialeqtebis ukana rigi SiSina)
Kofila damaxasiaTebeli, da ara _ sapirispiro procesi, rome-
lic gveqneboda fuZe-enaSi Sua rigis (sisin-SiSina) sibilante-
bis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi (fuZe-enis Sua rigis, sisin-SiSina →
qarTuli dialeqtebis wina rigis, sisina), rac daarGvevda qar-
Tveluri ena-dialeqtebisaTvis bunebriv da, amdenad, mosalod-
nel saerTo Tvisebas.
sibilantebi, rogorc cnobilia, qmnian sademarkacio xazs
qarTvelur enaTa Soris (g. mayavariani). am xazs erTgvarad ane-
itralebs qarTul dialeqtebSi (da am dialeqtebis meSveobiT
samwerlobo qarTulSi) Semonaxuli saerToqarTveluri fuZeebi,
sadac wina rigis (sisina) sibilantebs enacvleba ukana rigis
(SiSina) sibilantebi, iseve, rogorc zanur-svanurSi da, amdenad,
iqmneba ufro meti safuZveli qarTveluri enebisa da dialeqte-
bis siaxlovisa da maT Soris `sademarkacio xazis~ moSlisa.
qvemoT warmodgenilia qarTuli dialeqturi (da, amas-
Tanave, dialeqtebis meSveobiT samwerlobo qarTulSi damkvid-
rebuli) leqsikis erTi nawili, sadac urTierTmonacvle sisina
da SiSina sibilantebs saxecvlilebis fonetikuri (an sxva xa-
siaTis, garda dialeqturisa) safuZveli ar uCanT (resp. cxadia, dialeqtur cvlilebebsac istoriulad _ qarTveluri fuZe-
enis diferenciaciis epoqaSi _ garkveulwilad fonetikuri mi-
zezebi ganapirobebda):
wina rigis (sisina)
sibilantiani fuZeebi:
ukana rigis (SiSina)
sibilantiani fuZeebi:
blacun-i (gur.) _ blaCun-i (ayar.), baCun-i
(z. imer.)
brwKinva (qegl) _ bryK‚nva `mcire brwKinvaleba~
(saba)
burZg-i (gur.), burZgv-
i (leCx.)
_ buJg-i (ayar.)
zlazvna (qegl) _ jranjva (gur.)
zvepa (qiziK.), zepva
(qegl)
_ jepa (qegl, qarTl., ray.)
cexva (qegl) _ mo-Cex-eb-a (gur.)
GrZ-il-i (qegl) _ GJ-il-i (gur., leCx., qegl)
da-wnex-a, da-zrex-il-
i (mox., mTiul.)
_ da-yrex-il-i (fS., xevs.)
da-wux-v-a `daxuyva~
(saba)
_ da-xuy-v-a `TvalT mokreba,
dayuxva~, da-yux-v-a `Tvals
daxurva, dawuxva~ (saba)
ga-wvreT-a (xevs.) _ yvreT-a-� (TuS.), sa-yvreT-
el-i (fS., TuS., mTiul.)
farcxva (qegl) _ farCxva (leCx.)
frcx-il-i (qegl) _ frCx-il-i (qegl)
forcx-i (qiziK.),
focx-i (qegl)
_ forCx-i (kax., imer., qegl.),
foCx-i (qarTl., ray.)
Gowial-i (imer.) _ Goyial-i (ray.) da sxv.
8 9
aseTi dubleturi fuZeebi qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi
mravlad gvxvdeba da maT umetes nawils zanursa da svanurSi
SesatKvisebi moepoveba, ris mixedviTac SesaZlebelia arqetipe-
bis aGdgena saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis doneze.
Kovelive es qarTvelur enaTa da dialeqtTa istoriis
araerTi kardinaluri sakiTxis gasarkvevad qarTuli dialeqturi
leqsikis gansakuTrebul rolsa da mniSvnelobaze metKvelebs.
d i a n a a n f i m i a d i (Tbilisi)
niSanTa funqciis gazrda virtualuri komunikaciisas
naSromSi ganxilulia enobrivi komunikaciis iseTi saxe,
rogoricaa virtualuri urTierToba. Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi
kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da internetis funqciis ga-
zrdam warmoSva e.w. virtualuri enis qvetipi, sadac verbalu-
ri narativis garda, mniSvnelovania iseTi semiotikuri niSne-
bic, rogoricaa sicilakebi da sxvadasxva saxis piktogramebi.
xSirad, virtualuri urTierTobisas sitKva Canacvlebu-
lia aseTi niSnebiT, metic, dialogic ki mimdinareobs aseT
niSanTa gamoKenebiT. am niSanTa fsiqologiuri, xasiaTobrivi,
Tematuri da konteqsturi mravalferovneba kidev ufro amar-
tivebs am saxis komunikacias.
aseTi niSnebia magaliTad: _ (gakvirveba), _ kmaKo-
fileba, _ (mowKeniloba,) _ (mentoruli toni),
_ (damarcxebis aGiareba).
_ (SeTanxmeba) da a.S.
Sinaarsis mixedviT arsebobs monopersonaluri (zemoTCa-
moTvlili) da polipersonaluri niSnebi, mag:
11
, ...
niSanTa funqciis gazrda verbalizaciis xarJze ganpiro-
bebulia mravali socialuri da fsiqologiuri mizeziT, rac
TavisTavad ganxorcielebas axdens enobriv narativSi. swored
am mizezebsa da Sedegebzea saubari naSromSi; masalad
gamoKenebulia internetkomunikaciis ramdenime programa, po-
pularuli qarTuli da araqarTuli saitebi da am saitTa
forumebi.
am masalis analizisas gamotanilia daskvnebi da
CamoKalibebulia warmodgenil niSanTa semiotikuri sistema,
sxvadasxva Jgufi, maTi urTierToba da a.S. rogorc virtualu-
ri enis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili.
a v T a n d i l a r a b u l i (Tbilisi)
SeTanxmebis kidev erTi saxeobisaTvis
qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi
1. qarTuli enis arsebiTad Kvela dialeqtis mixedviT de-
talurad aris aGwerili kninobiTis gamoxatvis mravalferovne-
ba da araerTgvarovneba rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, ise formaluri
TvalsazrisiT: -a, -ia, -ua, -in-a, -un-a, -ik-a, -uk-a, -ik-el-a, -un-
el-a, -iz-a, -iy-a, -uy-a da misT.
2. amave dros, aGmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqte-
bis monacemebi aSkarad warmoaCens, rom arsebiTi saxelis kni-
nobiTis formas Sesabamis atributul msazGvrelTa SeTanxme-
bis unari moepoveba, am msazGvreli wevris poziciisda miuxeda-
vad.
xevsuruli: qvai, qvao, mamarCine, Senam ZaGlam mikbinao (al.
yiny.)
Cqara modi, maisao, cxvarma ZuZu gaivsao, bewikuam
10
batkanama piri ziscvriT gaivsao (iqve)
fSauri: kargunela qalaia, miwis gasamtvereSeli, kargunela
pirai aqvs vajis Casatolebeli (T. razik.).
moxeuri: orai uremai purai Zliv gadioda (i. qavT.).
TuSuri: anam ra‡gver vxedov emag Sen col-Svilsav,
emag Sen qala‡sav, sviod Sen fera‡sav (n. azik.).
[Tumca umetesad: aGar SamomaKriv diida‡ Tvalebsav (iq-
ve)].
am monacemebidan sruliad naTlad gamomdinareobs da-
skvna:
a) qarTuli enis calkeuli qvesistemebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebelia SeTanxmebis movlena kninobiTobis morfologiuri ka-
tegoriis niSniT;
b) es movlena gvavaldebulebs, rom kninobiTobis katego-
rias sistemuri (fleqsia-derivaciis) TvalsazrisiT sxvagvarad
SevxedoT.
g) vfiqrobT, amgvar SeTanxmebaze SeiZleba vimsJeloT ro-
gorc arealur Taviseburebaze.
s e d a a s a t u r o v a (Telavi)
bgeriTi SesatKvisobani sxvadasxva
enobriv oJaxebs Soris
rogorc cnobilia, monaTesave enebis oJaxs Seadgens saer-
To warmoSobis enebi. savsebiT bunebrivia is garemoeba, rom
monaTesave enebi met-naklebad inarCunebs msgavsebas rogorc Zi-
riTad leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi, aseve prefiqsebsa da sufiqseb-
Sic. es msgavseba narCundeba agreTve bgeriT SemadgenlobaSi.
kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom msgavsebas adgili aqvs
aramonaTesave enebs Sorisac. ra aris amis mizezi? SemTxveviTo-
baa es, Tu aGniSnuli tipis msgavsebas sxva mizezi aqvs.
me-20 saukunis dasawKisSi daniel mecnier holger peder-
senis mier wamoKenebuli (gamoTqmuli) iKo hipoTeza imis Sesa-
xeb, rom dGemde arsebuli genealogiur klasifikaciaSi Suama-
vali enobrivi oJaxebi erT saerTo enobriv oJaxs warmoadgenen.
pedersenis mixedviT, indoevropul, semitur, uralur, Tur-
qul, kavkasiur da sxva enaTa oJaxebs win uZGvoda erTi winare
ena (`прапраязык~). aseT enas man uwoda nostratikuli.
enaTa zeoJaxis arsebobis Teorias mravali mimdevari
gamouCnda (a. dolgopovski, v. iliC-svitiCi, T. gamKreliZe da
sxva), romelTac aGmoaCines fuZeebis garkveuli msgavseba indo-
evropelebis, iukagirTa, kuSitebis enebSi.
a. dolgopolskis azriT, SemTxveviTi Tanxvdomis albaTo-
ba umniSvneloa. aseTive azrisa iKo v. iliC-svitiCi. maT
gamoiKvanes enaTa oJaxebs Soris arsebuli bgeriT SesatKvisoba-
Ta formula. es ki, Tavis mxriv, didi perspeqtivaa ara mxo-
lod lingvistikisaTvis.
fuZeTa (bgeriTi) SesatKvisobani vlindeba indoevropu-
li da qarTveluri enebis Sedarebis Sedegad, rac svams sakiTxs
qarTveluri da indoevropuli enebis saerTo winare enis arse-
bobis Sesaxeb.
n a r g i z a x v l e d i a n i (baTumi)
ramdenime leqsikuri erTeulisaTvis
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi
samecniero literaturaSi dadgenili faqtia, rom sa-
mxrulma metKvelebam, romelic garkveuli istoriuli pirobe-
bis gamo, moswKda saerTo erovnul qarTuls, mis kilokavebs,
uxvad Semogvinaxa arqauli enobrivi Taviseburebani. zogJer
12 13
mxolod am dialeqtebs SemounaxavT esa Tu is gramatikuli da
leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelic Zvel saerTo literaturul
normad iKo miGebuli, magram axal saliteraturo enas ar Seu-
Tavsebia. naSromSi saubaria leqsikur erTeulebze, romlebic
gvxvdeba lazurSi, ayarulSi, gurulSi, imerulsa da SavSur-
imerxeulSi. magaliTisTvis moviKvanT erT-erT maTgans: fun-
Cxi//furCxi.
n o m a d i b a r T a i a (Tbilisi)
qarTul-aGmosavluri enobrivi
kontaqtebidan
Serisa
funCxi _ myadis, puris, Kvelisa da misTanaTa namceci,
nafSveni ayarulSi. fuCxa//funCxa, finCxa _ megrulSi niSnavs
puris an Gomis nafSvens, fxvnils, namcecs (p. yaraia). funCxu-
li gvxvdeba gurulSic. funCxuli: 1. aramkvrivi, fxvieri, fin-
Cxebad qceuli; 2. moxarSuli Gomis marcvali, nigvziTa da ze-
TiT Sezavebuli: `zevidan gadmokidebuli eri qoTani funCxu-
li~ (gamocana = leGvi) (SaraSiZe). ayarulSi funCxi niSnavs: 1.
myadis an puris namcecs, nafxvens. `eh, me is droc momstria,
xalx yadi(s) furCxic rom enatreboda~. Sdr. : gur. finCxa. 2.
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT erTi bewo, erTi cicqna, pawawina, pa-
wawkintela (nijaraZe). gurulis msgavsad imerulSic gvxvdeba
finCa. `finCa~ _ imerulSi funCxuli, finCxali, finCa, finCqi
_ gamomcxvari pureulis an Gomis nafSveni, namceci, umniSvne-
lo ram, erTi bewo, nafoti (b. wereTeli). lazurSi `funCxa~
niSnavs namtvrevs. `ofunCxalu~ _ damtvreva, CafSvnas. finC
svanurSi gvxvdeba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: 1. bewvi da 2. namceci;
finCx _ namceci, finCxa (Tofuria). SavSur-imerxeulSi funCxi _
myadis an puris namcecebi, nafcqvenebi (S. futkaraZe). naSrom-
Si ganxilulia kidev ramdenime leqsikuri erTeuli: `koSi~,
`forCi~ da sxva.
Cveni KuradGeba miipKro `vefxistKaosnis~ mesame strofis
mesame taepis sariTmo erTeulma, romelic gamocemaTa mixedviT
Semdegi saxiTaa mocemuli: `Serisa~, `Se risa~, `Se-risa~,
`Se, risa~, `Se,-risa~. mas xan dasmuli aqvs mZime, xan kiTxviTi,
xanac _ kiTxviTi da Zaxilis niSani erTad.
moviKvanT aGniSnul taeps `vefxistKaosnis~ akademiuri
teqstis damdgeni komisiis mier (mTavari redaqtorebi: akademi-
kosebi aleqsandre baramiZe da giorgi wereTeli) poemis bolo
1988 wlis gamocemidan:
`mas, ara vici, Sevhkadro Sesxma xotbisa, Serisa?!~
rogor esmiT poemis gamomcemlebs CvenTvis saintereso
sariTmo erTeuli?
pasuxi calsaxaa, esmiT tradiciulad, rogorc kiTxviTi
nacvalsaxeli.
Cven eyvi gvepareba mis tradiciul gagebaSi.
warmovadgenT Cvens mosazrebas:
arabul enaSi aris leqsikuri erTeuli - شعر (Ser), rom-lis mniSvnelobaa _ leqsi. misgan nawarmoebia - شاعر (Sa‡er)
_ poeti. aqedan momdinareobs qarTuli Sairi. orive sitKva
identuri fonetikuri saxiTa da semantikuri datvirTviT Se-
sulia sparsul enaSi.
niko mari, `vefxistKaosnis~ sitKvaTa ganmartebisas, Sesa-
bamisad, ganmartavs Sers (Se‡r), Tumca, es poemis gamomcemle-
bis mier gaTvaliswinebuli ara Cans.
vfiqrobT, Serisa unda gavigoT ara rogorc kiTxviTi na-
cvalsaxeli, aramed rogorc qarTulSi Semosuli arabul-spar-
suli leqsikuri erTeuli _ شعر (Se‡r-) _ leqsi.
14 15
amfsoni da fsoni nabaxurevi
qarTul enaSi aris leqsikuri erTeuli nabaxurevi, ro-
melic qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT gaigive-
bulia baxusidan nawarmoeb sitKvasTan _ nabaxusevi da masTan
erTad ganmartebulia ase: naqeifari, naGvinevi.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Setanilia ori
leqsikuri erTeuli amfsoni da fsoni, sadac isini ganmarte-
bulia ase:
amfsoni - amxanagi, amKoli, avanCavani, Tanamesufre.
fsoni - 1. monawileTa mier Tanabrad gaGebuli xarJiT
gaweuli nadimi. 2. banqos zogierT TamaSSi _ bolos asaKvanad
darCenili qaGaldi.
aGniSnul leqsikonSi calkea ganmartebuli leqsema baxusi.
mosalodneli iKo, mas dawKvileboda baxuri, magram
ase ar aGmoCnda, albaT im mizezis gamo, rom am leqsikur er-
Teuls ar icnobs qarTuli ena. amfsons ar icnobs sulxan-saba orbelianis `sitKvis kona,~
magram icnobs fsons Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: amxanagni SeKrilni. ras unda niSnavdes baxuri?
arabul enaSi aris leqsema _ بخور (boxur), romelic
identuri saxiTa da SinaarsiT Sesulia sparsul enaSi. misi
mniSvnelobaa: 1. moweva, weva, (Tambaqosi, opiumisa). 1. kmeva, xrColeba, boleba. 3. gamoxda (arKisa); gundruki, sakmeveli).
n. CubinaSvilis `qarTuli leqsikonis~ mixedviT, fsoni mo-
mdinareobs berZnuli sitKvidan (fsomi) _ puri, xolo
misgan nawarmoebi Cans amfsoni, raSic eyvi gvepareba, radgan qar-
TulSi ar arsebobs sitKvaTmawarmoebeli prefiqsi `am~, xolo
berZnulisTvis, saerTod, ucxoa leqsikuri erTeuli amfsoni. Cveni azriT, qarTulSi arsebuli leqsikuri erTeuli
baxuri igivea, rac arabul-sparsuli _ بخور (boxur ). am problemasTan dakavSirebiT, Cveni KuradGeba miiqcia
erTma sparsulma prefiqsianma sitKvam - هم سن (ham sen), rome-lic sitKvasitKviT iTargmneba ase _ Tana asakis. هم (ham) aris prefiqsi _ Tana, romelic awarmoebs arsebiTsa da zedsarTav
saxelebs, xolo سن (sen) _ arsebiTi saxeli _ asaki. am saxiT
mravali sitKvaa nawarmoebi sparsulSi, magaliTad, _ هم کار
(ham qar) Tana mosaqme, amqari.
amrigad, baxusi da baxuri sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTe-
ulebi Canan. Sesabamisad, nabaxurevi ( monawevi ) da nabaxu-
sevi ( nasvami ) leqsikonSi cal-calke unda iqnas Setanili.
aseve Tavisi adgili unda daikavos leqsikonSi nasesxebma
leqsikurma erTeulma _ baxur-i.
sparsuli leqsikonebic Sesabamisad ganmartavs ham sen-s
.Tanatoli, erTi xnis, toli, kbila _ (هم سن)
aqve aGvniSnavT, amfsoni Semdegi fonetikuri variantebiTac
dasturdeba qarTul enaSi: hamsoni, amsoni, afsoni. (i. griSaSvili,
`qalaquri leqsikoni~), romelTagan hamsoni fonetikurad TiT-
qmis identurobas avlens sparsul sitKvasTan _ هم سن (ham sen).
m a i a b a r i x a S v i l i (Tbilisi)
saxelTa warmoebis sistema interferenciis
TvalsazrisiT lezgiur enebSi
amgvarad, amfsoni rogorc fonetikurad, ise semantiku-
rad, siaxloves avlens ham senTan (هم سن) da igi misgan unda modiodes, xolo, rac Seexeba leqsikur erTeuls fsoni, ramde-
nadac igi sxva enebSi ar dasturdeba, SesaZloa, miGebuli iKos
sitKvisgan amfsoni.
udiur, waxurul da muxadur enebSi arsebiTi saxelis sa-
warmoeblad ZiriTadad nasesxebi prefiqs-sufiqsebi gamoiKeneba.
aGniSnul enebSi qona-Kolis, kuTvnilebis saxelebis sa-
warmoeblad ZiriTadad gvaqvs Turqul-azerbaiJanuli luG,
16 17
Ci da sxva sufiqsebi. c i a l a b e n d e l i a n i (Tbilisi)
xSir SemTxvevaSi es elementebi arakanonzomierad nawil-
deba. Cvens xelT arsebul masalaze daKrdnobiT SesaZlebelia
iTqvas, rom -luG nasesxebi afiqsi udiur enaSi aris raimes
Senacvlebis, magivrobis gamomxatveli.
fonetikur movlenaTa / fonologiur cvladTa stratifikacia da `fonetikuri kompromisis~ sakiTxi enaTa kontaqtebis pirobebSi
magaliTad: azadluG Tavisufleba
a�elluG bavSvoba enaTa kontaqtebisas kontaqtSi imKofebian ara mxolod
lingvisturi da sociolingvisturi, aramed fsiqolingvisturi,
sociofsiqologiuri, eTnolingvisturi da a. S. sistemebic,
kulturaTa CaTvliT, rac enis kognitiur aspeqts ukavSirdeba.
kontaqtis lingvistur doneze momxdari Koveli faqti sistema-
Ta kavSirurTierTobis doneze sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba.
lazumluG sayiroeba
faxiluG Surianoba, boroteba
amave dros gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac misi fun-
qcia gansazGruli ar aris:
bmaCluG asiani
biGuG siuxve miuxedavad imisa, rom fonetika / fonologiis sfero
enis ierarqiul modelSi Kvelaze dabal safexurs warmoadgens,
fonetikuri movlena / fonemis qceva sistemis maGal sferoebSi
aisaxeba (e. benvenisti); sociolingvistur sistemaTa kontaqtis
analizisas amosavalia individis socialuri / sametKvelo qce-
va, anu: sametKvelo qceva da socialuri qceva urTierTgan-
msazGvrelia. garkveul pirobebSi vlindeba `fonetikuri kom-
promisis~ movlena. sxvadasxva sistemis enebi / dialeqtebi so-
cialuri funqcionirebisas aiZuleben individs (cnobierad an
gaucnobiereblad) sakuTari sametKvelo kodis lingvisturi
(fonetikuri, fonologiuri) aspeqtidan ugulebelKos speci-
fikuri, mxolod sakuTari fonetikuri da fonologiuri sis-
temisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi, specifikuri fonemebi da
warmoiqmneba Sereuli fonologiuri cvlilebebi. `fonetikuri
kompromisi~ komunikaciis mizniT xdeba, magram igi zogJer
scildeba am sferos da cxadad warmoaCens erTi enis / socio-
lingvisturi sistemis fonze zegavlenis mravalaspeqtovan rea-
lobas. e. sepiri `fonetikur kompromiss~ enaTa da kulturaTa
gavrcobis (difuziis) safuZvlad miiCnevda. am movlenas mrava-
li negatiuri mxare aqvs.
busluG SimSili
analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs -Ci sufiqsis SemTxvevaSic.
magaliTad: KoruGCi mevele
naxerCi menaxire
am sitKvebSi ki misi morfologiuri funqcia gaurkvevelia.
afCi tKuili
CobanCi mwKemsi
aGsaniSnavia, rom lezgiuri enebis sametKvelo fondi
metKvelebis nawilebiT, gansakuTrebiT kavSirebiT, Garibia. am
naklovanebis Sesavsebad es enebi iKeneben ucxoenovan masalas.
Tumca unda aGiniSnos, rom am movlenas pirobiTad SeiZleba
ewodos sesxeba, vinaidan sinonimuri mniSvnelobis sakuTari se-
mantikuri erTeulebi am enaTa leqsikur fondSi Znelad Tu
moipoveba.
am procesSi `msesxebeli~ enebis leqsikurma Tu morfo-
logiurma sistemam moirgo ucxo elementebi da regularulad
gamoiKeneba sxva elementTa Canacvlebis gareSe.
Cveni azriT, es movlena ubralod sesxebis faqti ki ar
aris, aramed interferenciis Sedegi.
enaTa da sametKvelo koleqtivTa istoriaSi vlindeba er-
Ti kanonzomiereba _ sociolingvisturi sistemebi ufro adre
18 19
a r s e n b e r T l a n i (Telavi) qrebian, vidre enebi (d. haimsi); amdenad, Koveli lingvisturi
faqti; fonetikuri movlena da fonologiuri cvladi _ mik-
ronebi, saSualebas iZleva sistemis Tundac fragmentul done-
ze aGdgenisa.
qarTuli anTroponimebi enaTa
urTierTobebis fonze
zogJer erTi da igive fonetikuri movlena / fonologi-
uri cvladi sxvadasxva startis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulad
funqcionirebs, romlis drosac `fonetikuri kompromisis~ ne-
gatiuroba vlindeba, an ar vlindeba.
ra mdgomeraobaSia qarTuli anTroponimebi rusul-qar-
Tuli enobrivi urTierTobebis, kerZod, rusuli artikulaci-
is (orToepiis) pirobebSi? anTroponimebis gadatanisas (`tran-
sportirebisas~) erTi sametKvelo sivrcidan meoreSi, rasac
transanTroponimias vuwodebdi, unarCundebaT Tu ara maT im
qarTuli enis niSnebi, romlis produqtsac isini warmoadgenen?
moxsenebaSi ganxilulia Z bgeris dakargva (cvlilebis
faqtebi) istoriulad, Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtur sa-
metKvelo kodebSi (sadac mas xandazmul, Seurevel dialeqtze
mosaubreni iKeneben), gansakuTrebiT _ ingilourSi, sadac Z →
z procesi naxursa da azerbaiJanul enebTan kontaqtiT ixsneba;
Z bgera Zalze Taviseburad ikargeboda / ikargeba qarTul/ru-
sul bilingva an qarTul sametKvelo kodSi rusuli mikrone-
bis mizandasaxulad momxmarebelTa mier, mag., sxvadasxva asakis,
rusulenovani an ararusulenovani ganaTlebis mqone, `presti-
juli~ Tbilisuri (qalaquri) kodiT / mosaubre Z-s dakargviT
sitKvaSi Sei(Z)leba (pirian formebSic) gadarTavda sametKvelo
kods (damaxasiaTebeli paralingvisturi niSnebiT); es `kluste-
ri~ (p. Slobinskis am termins qarTulSi `wre~ metnaklebad
Seesabameba). amjamad inglisurs rusulis msgavsi funqciiT
iKenebs, kompromisic daaxloebiT imave rigisaa, rac rusulis
SemTxvevaSi. `SezGuduli~ aseTi kodi TviT axdens gavlenas pi-
rovnebis enobriv cnobierebaze da warmarTavs mis fiqrs (b.
bernstaini). es Kovelive mis socialur qcevaSi sxvaenovani
kulturisadmi damokidebulebaSi vlindeba.
aq vawKdebiT seriozul anTroponimul cvlilebebs, rom-
lebic ZiriTadad gamowveulia xmovanTa umaxvilobiT anda ama
Tu im Tanxmovnis CanacvlebiT magari da rbili korelatebiT;
Sdr. (TvalsaCinoebis amaGlebis mizniT, rusuli artikulacia
gadmovceT qarTuli transliteraciiT, raTa rac SeiZleba ax-
los miviKvanoT realobasTan qarTulenovani mkiTxvelebis is
nawili, romelic verc erkveva da arc aris valdebuli erkveo-
des mocemul lingvistur labirinTebSi; qarTuli artikula-
ciis gadasvla rusul artikulaciaSi aGvniSnoT > simbolo-
Ti): dodo > dado / doda, Tedo > cido / wido an ceda /
weda, Temo > cimo / wimo an cema / wema, Tengiz > cingiz /
wingiz, mediko > miZiko, melano > milano / milana, oTo >
ota / ato, omar > amar, onise > anise / anisi, osiko > asi-
ko, orbeli > arbeli, soso > saso / sosa, sofo > sapo /
sopa, qeTevan > kicivan / kiwivan, SoTa > Sata, Sorena > Sa-
rena, xatia > xacia / xawia; bagrationi > bagracioni / bag-
rawioni, maTikoSvili > macikaSvili / mawikaSvili, muToSvi-
li > mutaSvili, orbeTiSvili > arbeciSvili / arbewiSvi-
li, oqruaSvili > akruaSvili, qvrivyiriSvili > kvrivCi-
riSvili, qozaSvili > kazaSvili, qoTilaiZe > kacilaiZi /
kawilaiZi, Kifiani > kipiani, CxeiZe > CxiiZi, yareliSvili >
CareliSvili...
am TvalsazrisiT aseve ganvixilavT v/†, f/† alternaci-
ebs sxvadasxva stratisa da situaciebis mixedviT, † bgeris
qarTulSi arsebobis istoriasTan mimarTebiT.
sxva SemTxvevaSi ori sxvadasxva qarTuli gvaridan viGebT
erTs da imasac _ zogJer gadagvarebuls; Sdr.:
20 21
baTiaSvili sinamdvileSi qarTuli bgerebis warmoTqmis mxriv rusebs
ara aqvT imaze meti problema, vidre, magaliTad, qarTvelebs
gviCndeba rusuli ы-s warmoTqmis mxriv.
⎬ baciaSvili / bawiaSvili
batiaSvili
es sakiTxi, TavisTavad, enaTa urTierTobebis sferodanaa,
enaTa urTierTobebi ki igive xalxTa, adamianTa urTierTobe-
bia. amitom: anTroponimTa amgvari deformaciebis kvalobaze
SeiZleboda gvelaparaka metKvelebrivi pativiscemis defici-
tis (mepade-s) Sesaxeb. sxva Tu ara, Cven Tavad mainc unda vi-
cavdeT Cvensave anTroponimebs msgavsi dazianebebisgan, roca
ucxo (am SemTxvevaSi _ rusul) enaze vmetKvelebT.
TaTilaSvili
⎬ tacilaSvili / tawilaSvili
tatilaSvili
TaliaSvili
⎬ taliaSvili
taliaSvili
anTroponimebSi, rogorc arsad sxvagan, Tavs iCens ra
umaGlesi donis fonologiuri relevanturoba, TiToeuli bge-
ris jGeradoba piris (pirovnebis) identifikaciis fardia. ami-
tom aq TiToeuli bgera tabuirebulia da, SeZlebisdagvarad,
maqsimalurad unda iKos daculi misi xelSeuxebloba.
zogJer anTroponimebis deformacia imdenad mZimdeba,
rom, gadis ra lingvisturi sakvalifikacio sivrcidan, imaze
met Sefasebas ar imsaxurebs, rac Cadebulia frangul sitKvaSi
malséant. magaliTad, daTa > data (rusulSi niSnavs TariG-s),
Tina > Тина [т’Åна] (rusulSi: `Klarti, damdgari wKlis zeda-
pirze modebuli mwvane lorwosebri masa~); levan > livan (ru-
sulSi asocirdeba Ливан-Tan, anu liban-Tan), baboSvili > ba-
baSvil (rusulSi asocirdeba dedakac-Tan, qalaCuna-sTan, la-
Car-Tan), GoGoberiZe > gogoberiZe (qarTulSi asocirdeba
gogo-sTan), lomaia > lamaia (rusulSi asocirdeba msxvreva-
sTan), mosiZe > masiZi (qarTulSi asocirdeba masa-sTan), osi-
aSvili > asiaSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba as-Tan), qoqoriS-
vili > kokoriSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba kokor-Tan), wivi-
laSvili > civilaSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba civ-Tan), ya-
ladideli > CalaZiZeli (qarTulSi asocirdeba Cala-sTan da
ZiZa-sTan), yiyiaSvili > CiCiaSvili (qarTulSi asocirdeba
CiCia-sTan), xorava > xarava (qarTulSi asocirdeba xar-Tan);
gansJis donezec ki uxerxulobas qmnis iseTi anTroponimis ru-
suli artikulireba, rogoricaa saquaSvili da a. S.
a r i n a b e r i Z e (axalcixe)
arzrumis istoriuli saxelebi
arzrumi Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritorize mdebare uZ-
velesi somxuri qalaqia. masSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxov-
robdnen somxebi, romlebic me-19 saukunis 20-30-iani wlebidan
gadmoasaxles samcxe-JavaxeTSi.
qalaqis daarsebas somexi istorikosi movses xorenaci
Semdegnairad mogviTxrobs: `samefo karisagan miGebuli brZane-
bisamebr, mxedarTmTavari anatoliosi movida Cvens qveKanaSi,
moiara Cveni mravali mxare da SearCia karinis gavari, raTa iq,
mosavlian naKofier wKaluxv adgilze gaeSenebina qalaqi. erTi
Tvalwarmtaci mTis Ziras waawKdnen ankara patar-patara wKaro-
ebs da [anatolisma] gadawKvita swored iq gaeSenebinaT qalaqi.
aseT pirobebSi TiTqmis aGaraferi rCeba qarTuli gvar-
saxelebisgan: faqtobrivad, adgili aqvs anTroponimebis sruli-
ad axali versiebis gaCenas, anu es Kovelive gvarwarmoebas uf-
ro mogvagonebs, vidre arsebuli gvarebis konstatacias.
22 23
man Semoavlo im adgils uZiro Txrili da iq CauKara saZirkve-
li galavans, romelzedac metad maGali koSkebi aago, agreTve
mTisken mimarTuli gasasvlelebi saTavsebiTurT~.
daarsebis dGidan me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebamde, qalaqma
uamravi cvlileba ganicada. igi xelidan xelSi gadadioda da
cxovrebis stils icvlida. xan somxeTis sakuTrebas warmoad-
genda, xan arabebis, xan bizantiis, xan _ saqarTvelosi. sabo-
lood ki TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi aGmoCnda.
Cveni mizania arzrumis im saxelebis kvleva, romlebic is-
toriis sxvadasxva periodSi erqva mas, kerZod: karni, astasupo-
lis arzrum, argiron, ardurum, arz, arzan, ar-rum, er-rum,
arzarum, arzerum, arzirum, arzn, arzne, el-rum, horomoc, ar-
grum, arguni, argwn, arwn er rum, artr rum, barandis, gali-
gula, garanedis, garanide, garanidide, garanitide, ereg er-
rum, ergenerum, Teodopolis, Teodosiopol, Teodosiopolis,
Teodosopolis, Teodosupol, kalikala, kaliqala, karaxpolis,
karana, karanatide, karanitis, karen, karentis, karini, karini-
tes, karinitis, karnain qalaq, karna qalaq, karnu qalaqi, ka-
runs qalaqi, karuc qalaqi, qaliqala, qarin qalaqi.
sainteresoa, rom qalaqis saxelwodeba xSirad erT av-
torTanac ramdenime formiT aris mocemuli, rasac ganapiro-
bebda misi istoriuli bedukuGmarToba, sxvadasxva periodSi
sxvadasxva dampKroblis zegavlenis qveS Kofna da maT mier qa-
laqisaTvis sakuTriv TavianTi saxelwodebis miniyeba.
radgan qalaqi daaarsa bizantielma imperatorma Teodos-
ma, amitom qalaqis pirveli saxelwodebac Teodosiopolisic
mis saxels ukavSirdeba.
me-11 saukunemde sxvadasxva saxis wKaroSi Teodopolis-
Tan erTad ramdenime sxva saxelic gvxvdeba, romelTagan Ziri-
Tad adgils karnu qalaqi ikavebs.
me-10 saukunis istorikosi i. drasxanakerteli `somxeTis
istoriaSi~ ramdenJerme exeba qalaqis istorias da mas Kvelgan
karnu qalaqis saxelwodebiT moixseniebs.
me-11 saukuneSi anatolia da mTeli maxlobeli aGmosav-
leTi momTabare Turq-selCukTa gavlenis qveS eqceva. am droi-
dan vrceldeba qalaqis erT-erTi Kvelaze cnobili saxeli arz-
er-rumi anu erzrumi. 1049 wels iq gadasaxlda selJukebis mi-
er dangreuli qalaq arzanis mosaxleoba da qalaqs ewoda ar-
zan-ur-rum.
qalaqi sxvadasxva dros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xSi-
rad Sedioda, amitom qarTul istoriul wKaroebSi mis Sesaxeb
sakmaod vrcel masalas vpoulobT.
qarTul istoriografiaSi da istoriul wKaroebSi som-
xuris da bizantiuris msgavsad qalaqis sakuTari saxeli ramde-
nime formiT gvxvdeba, romelTagan upiratesad oria erzrumi
(arzrumi) da karnu qalaqi, agreTve: adrianapoli, andriani,
endranapoli, karni. kerZod, es formebi gvxvdeba, rogorc va-
xuStisTan, aseve Tamar mefisdroindel istorikosebTan.
iv. JavaxiSvili karnu qalaqze msJelobisas askvnis, rom
Tamaris mefobis xanaSi es qalaqi ezinkiTurT saqarTvelos mo-
xarke iKo. igi SeniSnavs, rom XIII s. meore naxevarSi mesxeTis
mTavris gansagebeli iwKeboda borJomis xeobidan, taSiskaridan
da karnumde aGwevda.
karnus Sesaxeb n.berZeniSvili Semdeg Sexedulebas aKali-
bebs: `es kar-ebi (Karsi, baSkadlikarebi, kldekarni, arzrumi
da sxva karebi taoSi) SeiZleba ara marto gasavals, aramed
ufro Zvelad mosaxleobas, saxls, gvars, keras niSnavdnen... rom
es qveKana am `karebiT~ SeiZleba iKos nakvalevi qarTis tomis
gansaxlebisa uZveles dros~.
amgvarad, arzrumis saxelTagan gamovKofT ZiriTadad
sams: Teodosiopolisi, arzrumi (erzrumi) da karni (karnu qa-
laqi). TiToeuli maTgani ukavSirdeba Sesabamisad bizantiur,
somxur da qarTul istoriul sinamdviles.
24 25
m e r a b b e r i Z e (axalcixe)
qarTuli sufiqsiT nawarmoebi
Turquli fuZe Kannisi
qarTul-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebis saTave uZveles
droSia saZiebeli. Turquli toponimebi gvxvdeba samcxe-Java-
xeTSi, maT Soris aris mxolod Turquli saxelebi, Sereuli
qarTul-Turquli kompozitebi da Turqul fuZeze darTuli
qarTuli afiqsebiT nawarmoebi formebi. TiToeul maTgans Ta-
visi istoria aqvs.
Kannisi daburul xevs hqvia nasoflar erkotaSi (aspinZis
raioni). Kannisi nawilia genetiurmsazGvreliani kompozitisa.
paralelurad gvaqvs Kanni dara, Kanni xevi, Kanni wKali, Kanni.
saxeli ase daiSleba: Kann-is-i. Kan (kan) Turqulad _ sisxli.
Kannisi _ sisxlobi, sisxliani. es xevi erkotidan yobareTis
sazGvarSi rodesac Sedis, mas paralelurad mosisxle xevs da
sisxlian Geles uwodeben.
Turqul saxelSi mxolod erTi n aris. safiqrebelia,
rom am sitKvis meore n-c Turqulis niadagzea gaCenili. Kanni
miGebulia kanli-sagan, sadac Turquli -li daboloeba qarTuli
-ian sufiqsis badalia. metKvelebaSi kanli ismis, rogorc kanni (asimilaciiT nl→nn). adgilobrivTa cnobiT, xevi `saKaCaGo~
iKo. iq KaCaGebi budobdnen. analogiuri magaliTis moKvana Se-
iZleba mTiani ayaris toponimidan.
`saaTis aTze mivataneT `sisxlis GelesTan~, romelsac
Turqul saxelsac eZaxian amave mniSvnelobisas (`Kanli dere~).
xevi am adgilas saSinlad viwrovdeba, TiTqmis ikvris..
sisxlis Gele am adgils imitom darqmevia, rom adamianis
sisxli xSirad daGvrila, aq SerTvia dedamiwasa. ...firalebi am
adgils Tavis bunagad Tvlian, saimedo safarad, sadac gamvle-
lis gaZarcva da mokvlac saZnelo srulebiT ar aris maTTvis.
am sami wlis win Gele Semdegi sisxlis Gvris mowme Kofila~...
es faqti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens imis gamo,
rom fiqsirebulia me-19 saukununis bolos, Txroba axlandel
droSia, firalebis SiSi mogzauris striqonebsac emCneva da
ueyvels xdis aspinZis raionis erkota-yobarelTa mtkicebas
Kannisis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania agreTve, rom mesxursa
Tu JavaxurSi -is sufiqsi bolo saukuneebSi cocxali sufiqsia
da saxelTa sawarmoeblad gamoiKeneba.
m a r i n e b e r i Z e , l i a b a k u r a Z e (Tbilisi)
dialeqturi teqstebis korpusi da
enaTa kontaqtebi
ukve erTi welia mimdinareobs muSaoba proeqtze `saqar-
Tvelos lingvisturi korpusi~, romelic iTvaliswinebs qarTu-
li dialeqtebis korpusis Seqmnas. SedarebiT axalgazrda lin-
gvistikis dargis _ korpusis lingvistikis meTodologiiT mu-
Savdeba dialeqturi teqstebis didi masivi. korpusis Tematu-
ri anotirebis maxasiaTeblebi isea SerCeuli, rom SesaZlebeli
iKos am teqstebis lingvisturi da interdisciplinaruli
TvalsazrisiT kvleva.
saTanado anotirebis Semdeg korpusSi advilad SeiZleba
gamoiKos masala, romelic asaxavs sxvadasxva tipis enobrivi
kontaqtebis Sedegebs.
korpusSi maqsimalurad ganTavsdeba saqarTvelos farglebs
gareT gavrcelebuli dialeqtebis Sesaxeb arsebuli masala.
ramdenime saukunis manZilze sxvadasxva politikuri mize-
ziT saqarTvelos zogi kuTxis izolaciam CamoaKaliba qarTuli
enis sivrculi ganfenilobis sruliad originaluri suraTi.
saukuneze metia iranis, azerbaiJanis da TurqeTis teritoria-
ze mcxovreb qarTvelTa metKveleba iqca mecnieruli dakvirve-
bisa da dokumentirebis obieqtad.
26 27
m a r i n e b e r i Z e , g i or g i coc a n i Z e (Tbilisi) xelovnurma izolaciam erTgvar `laboratoriad~ aqcia
qarTuli enobrivi sinamdvile, sadac dakvirveba SeiZleba ro-
gorc izolaciis Tanmxleb centridanul enobriv procesebze,
ise aGdgenili kontaqtebis Tanmxleb movlenebze, romlebSic
aSkarad Cans erovnuli enis xelaxali gavlenis kvali da aSka-
raa `centriskenuli~ tendenciebi.
migraciebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi da masTan
dakavSirebuli lingvisturi sakiTxebi
1. XX saukuneSi ramdenime mZlavrma migraciulma talGam
erTianad Secvala saqarTvelos enobrivi da dialeqturi pano-
rama. masobrivi, iZulebiTi migraciebis garda qveKanaSi ar
SewKvetila da dGesac grZeldeba KofiTi, ekologiuri da sxva
saxis migraciaTa bunebrivi procesi.
dialeqturi teqstebis korpusi gulisxmobs am procese-
bis ara mxolod dokumentirebas, aramed iZleva maTi monito-
ringis saSualebas. kerZod, Cveni proeqtis farglebSi saSuale-
ba gvaqvs davakvirdeT iseT enobriv procesebs, rogoricaa:
2. proeqtebis `enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTve-
loSi~ (folksvagenStiftungi) da `saqarTvelos lingvisturi
portreti~ (saqarTvelos erovnuli samecniero fondi) mimdi-
nareobs muSaoba rogorc XX saukunis migraciuli procesebis
dokumentirebisa da kvlevis, aseve am migraciul procesebTan
dakavSirebuli enobrivi masalis mopovebis, damuSavebis da
lingvisturi da interdisciplinaruli kvlevisaTvis misi mo-
mzadebis mimarTulebiT.
. semantikuri gadanacvleba;
. ucxoenovani leqsika;
. gramatikuli inventaris Taviseburi gamoKeneba da sxv.
leqsikis kompiuteruli damuSavebis Cveni koncefcia gu-
lisxmobs monacemTa iseTi bazis Seqmnas, sadac SeiZleba calke
gamoiKos `semantikuri gadanacvlebisa~ da sinonimTa qarTul-
ucxouri wKvilebis katalogebi, rac ara marto win waswevs am
sakiTxebis tipologiur kvlevas, aramed aqtualuri iqneba
wminda praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac _ gauadvilebs mSobliuri
enis Seswavlas Cvens Tanamemamuleebs.
3. moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba dialeqturi teqste-
bis korpusis (`saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti~) SesaZ-
leblobebi da saSualebebi migraciuli procesebis amsaxveli
enobrivi masalis gamorCevisa da kvlevisaTvis.
vfiqrobT, rom katalogebis momzadeba Cveni ucxoeTSi
mcxovrebi TanamemamuleebisaTvis srulKofili saxelmZGvanelo-
ebis Seqmnis aucilebeli winapirobaa. 4. warmovadgenT monacemTa bazebs dialeqturi teqstebis
korpusisa da migraciuli procesebis kartografirebisaTvis.
(proeqti `enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi~).
moxsenebaSi ganxilulia Cvens korpusSi ganTavsebuli
testebidan moZiebuli masala da mocemulia am masalis Se-
mdgomi damuSavebis principebi. 5. moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba dialeqtebis axali
saenaTmecniero dargis _ korpusis lingvistikis meTodebiT
kvlevis perspeqtivebi da saerToqarTul samecniero sivrceSi
misi damkvidrebis mosalodneli Sedegebi. Tundac unaklo da
Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi korpusis Seqmna ar aris
sakmarisi imisTvis, rom qarTulma enaTmecnierebam dasZlios sa-
erTaSoriso lingvistur gamocdilebasTan meoTxedsaukunovani
CamorCena _ Cveni azriT, aq aranakleb mniSvnelovania korpusi-
sadmi momxmarebluri interesis da profesiuli molodinis ga-
28 29
amave rigisaa a-j°bat `furzaqi~, a-j°kambaS `furkameCi~,
sadac pirveli nawili a-j° afxazurad `Zroxis, furis~ aGmniS-vnelia, meore ki, pirvel SemTxvevaSi megruli `zaqia~, meoreSi
megrulad adaptirebuli `kameCi~ (kameCi > kambeCi > kambeSi >
a-kambaSi).
Cena saenaTmecniero wreebSi. rogorc araerTxel aGvniSnavdiT,
iqmneba ara mxolod krebuli an koleqcia dialeqturi teqste-
bisa, aramed am koleqciis dokumentirebis, sistematizaciisa da
kvlevis mZlavri instrumenti anu korpusi _ enis an dialeqte-
bis Taviseburi mikromodeli.
6. es mikromodeli, rogorc aGvniSnavdiT, asaxavs XX sau-
kunis migraciebiT gamowveul umniSvnelovanes cvlilebebs ro-
gorc lingvisturi, ise sociolingvisturi da kulturologi-
uri TvalsazrisiT.
aqve ganixileba afxazuri hibriduli kompozitebi a-c°bat
`xarzaqi~, a-c°kambaS `xarkameCi~; Sdr. a-c° `xari~. erT-erT JgufSi (kvebis produqtebis aGmniSvneli leqsi-
ka) kompozitTa erTi nawili megrulidan (resp. qarTveluri-
dan) SeTvisebuli sitKvebia, meore ingredientad warmodgeni-
lia afxazuri (a)Cafa, romlis amosavalia a-Cafara `saymlis
Sekmazva~: a-kaliaCafa `ekalas fxali~, a-x°ˆlCafa `kejera fxa-
li~, a-kamaCafa `kamis fxali~. Sesabamisad, afxazuri terminebis
zedmiwevniTi mniSvnelobaa `Sekmazuli ekala~, `Sekmazuli keje-
ra~, `Sekmazuli kama~ (es terminebi dafiqsirebulia ayaraSi
mcxovreb afxazTa metKvelebaSi).
7. moxsenebaSi gamoTqmulia azri SemoTavazebuli prob-
lematikis umaGles saswavlo procesTan integrirebisa da qse-
luri TanamSromlobis SesaZlebel ganviTarebaze.
m a n a n a b u k i a (zugdidi)
hibridul kompozitTa soliduri raodenoba gvxvdeba
rZis produqtebis aGmniSvnel afxazur leqsikaSi: a-S°rTaTa `yKinti Kveli~, zedm. `ToTo Kveli~ (Sdr. svan. ToT TaS `yKin-
ti Kveli~), a-S°yya // -S°xyya `dafSvnili Kveli~ (Sdr. yayuta
Kveli), a-S° Kvelia afxazurad. a-xarw°ˆsˆZbal `mawvnis Seyama-
di~, sadac pirveli komponenti `mawvnis~ aGmniSvneli afxazuri
a-xarw°ˆ-a, meore (a)sˆZbal ki megruli saZbeli // sawbeli (< qarT. sawebeli).
enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnil sitKvaTa
rigisaTvis qarTvelur da afxazur enebSi
enobrivi kontaqtebi ara marto leqsikuri erTeulebis
`gacvlas~ ganapirobebs, aramed xels uwKobs axali erTeulebis
Seqmnis process.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs e. w. hibriduli (orenovani) kompo-
zitebi, romlebic fonetikuri adaptaciis Semdeg axal sitKva-
Ta rigs aKalibebs enebSi.
hibriduli kompozitia afxazuri a-K°ˆdxarkale� `kirka-
ji~: a-K°ˆd `lobio~, xarkale� < xarkalia `kirkaji~ (megr.).
sxvaTa Soris, megrulSi `kirkaji~ sintagmiT aGiniSneba _ xar-
kalia lebia.
moxsenebaSi ganxilulia qarTvelur-afxazuri enobrivi
kontaqtebis Sedegad warmoqmnili orenovani kompozitebi.
xSir SemTxvevaSi kompozitis warmoqmnis mizezi xdeba sqesis
markirebis sayiroeba, mag.: anaZZe� `ZiZa, dedamZuZe~ ori ingredien-
tisagan Sedgeba. pirveli afxazuri an `dedaa~, meore ki _ qar-
Tveluridan SeTvisebuli ZiZa > (a)ZZe�; abaZZe� `ZiZis qmari,
gamzrdeli~, ab `mama~.
aTeulze meti kompoziti Seiqmna qarTveluridan, an qar-
Tveluris gziT aGmosavlurenovani samKarodan SeTvisebul
leqsikasTan afxazuri a-C´ˆ `cxenis~ SerwKmiT: a-KiarC´ˆ `Kevari
cxeni~, a-C´ˆ…ra `ura cxeni~, a-C´ˆ…arCan `oCani cxeni~, a-C´ˆna-
di `loxi cxeni~, a-CalandarC´ˆ `bargis cxeni~, a-C´ˆzardag½
30 31
`Calisferi cxeni~...
qarTvelurSi aseTi rigis kompozitTa ricxvi naklebia.
megrulSi damkvidrebulia hibriduli kompoziti xiJebja
`xseni~, sadac xiJe < xiJeJa < xiJaJa < hˆJaJa < axJaJa < afxaz. a-xJaJa `xseni~ (megrulSi daculia Kvela fonetikuri varian-
ti), bja `rZe~ (megr.).
hibriduli kompoziti gvaqvs toponimSi JoGorZaga `saZo-
vari akibos mTaze~, Sedgeba megruli JoGor-i (`ZaGli~) da
afxazuri (a)Zaga-sagan (`mlaSobi~).
hibriduli kompozitebi mravlad gvxvdeba samurzaKanos
toponimikaSi.
S a l v a g a b e s k i r i a (Tbilisi)
qarTvelur-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi
lazeTis toponimikuri masalis mixedviT
lazeTSi qarTvelur enebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ber-
Znul, Turqul, somxur enebTan hqonda urTierToba, ramac am
regionis toponimikaSic hpova asaxva. osmalTa epoqaSi lazeTis
geografiul saxelwodebaTa umravlesoba qarTveluria. Turqe-
Tis respublikad gamocxadebis Semdeg mravali maTgani Turqu-
li toponimiT Seicvala.
axal oikonimTa erTi nawili qarTul toponimTan zus-
tad miaxloebiT Targmans warmoadgens: sumJuma-‘C qardeS `sami
Zma~, otalaxe _ Camurlu `talaxiani adgili~, bulefi _ qi-
razdˆq `blovani~ da sxv. zogierTi axali adgilis saxeli fo-
netikurad Zvels aris mimsgavsebuli: papaTi (papi, papa `mGvde-
li~): fafaT�a `gvirila~, sumla _s‘mer `Sumeri~.
lazuri oikonimebi xSirad reliefis niSan-Tvisebebs asa-
xavs. maT nawils botanikur terminTagan miGebuli adgilis sa-
xelebi Seadgens: �omra (laz. Komur- // ‡omur- // omur- // omr-
`tKemali~), top. burGe-Si (p. kesarieli) bueras aGmniSvneli
lazuri sitKvaa sagulvebeli (Sdr. megr. burGi, svan. b�rG…i,
b�rG…i, burG…i, b�rGu, birG…).
lazeTis istoriuli toponimebis struqtura qarTul
toponimiur saxelTa msgavsia. SavizGvispireTis am mxaris to-
ponimebSi Semdegi tipis saxelebia dadasturebuli:
1. martivi 2. afiqsebiT nawarmoebi: a) sufiqsiT nawarmo-
ebi b) prefiqs-sufiqsiT nawarmoebi 3. sitKvaTSeerTebiT
miGebuli. geografiul saxelwodebebSi gamoiKofa rogorc
aGmosavleT qarTuli (-eT), aseve dasavlur qarTuli sufiqsebi
(-aT, -T). topoformantad qceuli (a)Sen-is darTviTaa miGebu-
li toponimi arTaSeni.
-is sufiqsuri warmoeba ufro potamonimebisTvisaa dama-
xasiaTebeli: arqab-is-i, ir-is-i (ieSilirmaqi), hal-i-s-i (qizil
irmaqi), romlis amosavalia lazuri Gal-i `Gele~.
qarTveluri geografiuli saxelebi Turquli salitera-
turo enis fonetikisa da fonotaqtikis wesebis mixedviT aris
damkvidrebuli: arqabe _ arhavi, viwe _ viCe, xofa _ hofa, ar-
TaSeni _ ardeSeni, borCxa _ borCqa da sxv.
amave wess emorCileba zogierTi `gaberZnulebuli~,
mkvlevrebis mier ufro luviurad miCneuli winaberZnuli to-
ponimic: giresun-i, trabzon-i da sxv.
32 33
e l i s a b e d g a z d e l i a n i (Tbilisi)
qarTul-svanuri enobrivi mimarTebebi
kompozitebSi
svanur enaSi xSiria kompozitebi, romlebic qarTuli
enobrivi masalisagan Sedgeba da maT kompozitad CamoKalibebis
procesSi, svanuri dialeqtebis mixedviT, garkveuli foneti-
kur-semantikuri cvlilebebi ganucdiaT. unda aGiniSnos, rom
zogJer iseTi Sedgenilobis kompozitebi, rogoric svanurSia,
sakuTriv qarTulSi ar dasturdeba.
1. svan. cxirwŠla bz., lSx. cxirwela bq., lnt. _ wvri-
li, xiwvis odena Gero. cxirwŠla desa Jispa (bz., lSx.) `xiwvi-
sodena Gero ar gadagibrunebia (araferi ar Segiqmnia. gadat.
usaqmuroba)~; cxir- zs. `xiwvi, xiyvi~ (svan. leqs.); uSg. `Cxi-
ri~ (b. nijaraZe, qarT. svan. rus. leqsikoni). kompozitis meore
nawili -wŠla / -wela bot. `wbila~ (svan. leqs.). Sdr. qarT.
wvel-i _ pureuli Gero TavTavamde (qegl). -wela fuZeSi e
xmovnis sigrZe dakarguli vØs kompensaciaa. svan. cxirwŠla < qarT. Cxiri {da} wveli leqsemebisagan.
2. svan. g…i�-bˆn�b; g…ibˆn�b bq., lnt. guiguneb lSx. _
guneba-ganwKobileba (guli buneba lSx. guneba). svan. leqs.
qarT. guli > zs., lnt. g…i uØs umlautis Sedegad. bolokidu-
ri -li dakargulia mTel svanurSi. kompozitis meore sitKva
svan. bˆn�b < qarT. buneba uØs nawilobrivi reduqciiT ˆØd da
� < ukana mimarTulebis umlautis Sedegad, Sdr. qarT. goneba
> svan. gon�b; qarT. neba > svan. n�b, laSxur formaSi guneb < guneba gvaqvs daculi.
3. svan. bz., lSx. Tal‰fa º zogJer bz-Si T‰l‰fa lnt.
Talafa `wamwami~ (svan. leqs.). b. nijaraZis leqsikonSi wamwami,
quT‘To orive ganmartebulia rogorc Talfa. Tal‰fa kompo-
zitSi SeiZleba gamoiKos Tal < Tval-i da -‰fa nawili, rome-
lic unda momdinareobdes svan. lafar-i `safari~ an TviT qar-
Tuli safari-dan, sadac prefiqsis s < sa-, an l < la Tanxmov-
nebi dakargulia da kvali darCa -‰fa nawilSi a xmovnis sig-
rZis saxiT. svan. Tal‰fa-s SevadaroT adiGuri napa _ `quTu-
To~, sadac na- `Tvali-a~, -pa _ `saxuravi~ (i. qerqaZe; a. Sagi-
rovi). svan. Tal‰fa _ sitKvasitKviT niSnavs Tvalsafars, mo-
mdinares amave qarTuli SesitKvebidan.
4. svan. c…idimoc�ld bq., cudmocald lSx., cviddimo-
cald lnt. zmns. 1. `tKuil-ubralod, usargeblod~; 2. lnt.
`abdaubdad~ (svan. leqs.). kompoziti Sedgeba ori fuZisagan
pirveli bq. c…id- lSx. cud- lnt. c…idd _ fuyi, tKuili;
amao (svan. leqs.), Sdr. qarT. cudi, saidanac umlautian dia-
leqtebSi miviGeT c…id- fuZe. lentexuri c…idd zmnisarTi
igivea rac qarT. cudad. balsqvemouri da lentexuri dialeq-
tebis formebSi daculia i `da~ kavSiri. meore komponentia _
moc�l zs., lnt. mocal lSx. _ umniSvnelo, ubralo ram, mo-
clili. moc�l mare li lnt. `umniSvnelo, ubralo~. kompo-
zitSi dacul _ moc�ld bq., lnt. mocald lSx. nawili viTa-
rebiT brunvaSi dgas, Sdr. qarT. mocaleoba, mocaleba (qegl.)
svan. kompoziti Sedgeba qarTuli cudad da moclilad leqse-
mebisagan.
moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba sxva msgavsi kompozite-
bic. mag. tarebednieri < `netarbednieri~; svan. oqrocxal <
`oqromsxali~; svan. cod�-kal…en < codvis kanoni `sacodavi,
sabralo~; svan. zˆmzˆmS… `cot-cota~, svan. zexmel < qarT. ze-ze xmeli; itKvian Zalian gamxdar da maGal adamianze. svan.
…org�m < qarT. ori gemo `momjavo motkbo ram~.
34 35
g v a n c a g v a n c e l a Z e (Tbilisi)
akademikosi qeTevan lomTaTiZe dialeqtologiisa
da enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb
akademikos qeTevan lomTaTiZis klasikuri memkvidreoba
metad mravalferovani da Grmaa. misi sruli Seswavla enaTmec-
nierebis istoriis gadaudebeli amocanaa. moxsenebaSi warmo-
vadgenT mecnieris kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis _
dialeqtologiis mokle mimoxilvas.
qarTuli saenaTmecniero skolis momaval klasikoss pir-
veli samecniero naSromi 1929 wels, studentobisas dauweria.
am naSromma, romelSic gamokvleuli iKo sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra saxiT Semoinaxa mesame obieqturi piris TavsarTebi gu-
rul da ayarul dialeqtebSi, dawerisTanave miipKro avtoris
maswavlebelTa KuradGeba. maTi rekomendaciiT aGniSnuli na-
Sromi Jer qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis sxdomas mox-
senda, Semdeg ki gamoqveKnda Tbilisis universitetis SromebSi.
dasaxelebulma pirvelive naSromma q. lomTaTiZes damsa-
xurebulad Seuqmna dinJi, dakvirvebuli da erudirebuli
mkvlevris saxeli. amitomac iKo, rom akaki SaniZem damwKeb me-
cniers ando egnate ninoSvilis moTxroba `partaxis~ akademiu-
ri gamocemis sapasuxismgeblo saqme. q. lomTaTiZem es ndoba ga-
amarTla da 1935 wels gamoica es Txzuleba a. SaniZis redaq-
ciiT. moTxrobis dedani aGudgenia, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni
daurTavs q. lomTaTiZes.
axalgazrda mecnierisadmi ndobis kidev erTi gamoxatu-
leba iKo didi ivane JavaxiSvilis mier q. lomTaTiZis miwveva
qarTuli Sinamrewvelobis amsaxveli eTnografiul-lingvistu-
ri masalebis Sesakrebad mowKobil didi eqspediciis Semadgen-
lobaSi. am eqspediciis naKofieri muSaobis Sedegad saqarTve-
los regionebSi, sofel-sofel Segrovda umdidresi da unika-
luri masala, romelsac jamTa svlasTan erTad fasi ufro da
ufro emateba. aqve aGsaniSnavia isic, rom TiTqmis naxevari sa-
ukunis Semdgom akad. q. lomTaTiZem didi Sroma gaswia da
Kovelnairad SeuwKo xeli dasaxelebuli masalebis damuSaveba-
sa da mravaltomeulis saxiT gamocemas.
qarTul dialeqtTa fonetikur-fonologiur, morfolo-
giur da leqsikur-leqsikografiul sakiTxebs, agreTve dialeq-
tebisa da samwignobro enis urTierTobis problemebs q. lom-
TaTiZis mravali naSromi eZGvneba:
`bulbulis saxelwodebis Karana-s gamo (1944w.)~
`damokidebuli winadadebis erTi Tavisebureba zog qar-
Tul dialeqtSi~ (1946w.).
`-io daboloebiani sokos saxelebi qarTulSi~ (1982w.).
`dialeqturi warmoSobis mkveTri spirantebi gurul dia-
leqtSi~ (1986w.).
`guruli `Jakelis~ semantikisaTvis~ (1990w.)
`manmeti formebis sakiTxi qarTul dialeqtSi~ da a. S.
qarTuli dialeqtologiisadmi miZGvnil naSromebSi mdi-
dar faqtobriv masalaze damKarebiT gamotanili daskvnebi da
gamovlenili kanonzomierebani metad mniSvnelovania rogorc
mTlianad lingvisturi qarTvelologiisaTvis, aseve zogadi
enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiTac.
mkvlevris memkvidreobaSi aseve faseulia afxazur-qarTve-
lur, adiGur-qarTvelur da ubixur-qarTvelur enobriv urTi-
erTobaTa kvlevisadmi miZGvnili naSromebi. Tavis monografieb-
Si Tu calkeul statiebSi akad. q. lomTaTiZe ganixilavs afxa-
zur-abazur, adiGeur-Kabardoul da ubixur enebSi qarTvelu-
ri leqsikis sesxebis fonotaqtikur kanonzomierebebs. mis mier
dadgenilia, rom aGniSnul enebSi qarTveluri leqsika ZiriTa-
dad qarTuli saliteraturo enidan da megruli dialeqtidan
aris Sesuli. saKuradGeboa mkvlevris mier gamovlenili faqti
afxazursa da abazurSi qarTveluri micemiTi brunvis niSnis
sesxebisa viTarebiT-gardaqceviTi brunvis niSnis funqciiT; ga-
msesxeblad am SemTxvevaSi megruli gamodis. zogadlingvisturi
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania gamokvleva leqsikuri erTeulis
ukusesxebis SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb da a. S.
36 37
sainteresoa, rom 1947 wels gamoqveKnebul erT-erT na-
SromSi mkvlevarma gamoTqva hipoTeza megrul gvarsaxelTa -va
daboloebis afxazuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, magram sico-
cxlis bolos sakuTari xeliT Sedgenil bibliografiaSi am na-
Sromis dasaxelebas daurTo SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, rom es mo-
sazreba sadavoa da ufro sarwmuno Cans -va daboloebian var-
saxelTa simon JanaSiaseuli axsna...
b) kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTa: `pova mona� igi misi
gankurnebuli saxiT T‚sa~ (8,13); `xolo ioseb, qmari misi, mar-
Tal iKo da ara unda ganmxileba� misi, izraxa farulad gante-
veba� misi~ (1,19);
g) mimarTebiT nacvalsaxelTa: `romlisagan iSva iesu,
romelsa hrq‚an qriste~ (1,16). `iKvnes mun dedanica mravalni,
romelni SoriT xedvides, romelni SoriT Seudges iesus ga-
lilea�T da hmsaxurebdes mas~ (27,55) ;
d) da kavSiris: `da naTel-iGo iesu da rajams aGmovi-
doda wKlisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani da ixila suli
GmrTisa� gardamomavali, viTarca tredi, movida da daadgra
mas zeda~ (3,16); q e T e v a n g i g a S v i l i (Telavi)
4. Tandebuliani formebi: `ganmeSoreniT Cemgan Kovelni
moqmedni uSJuloebisani~ (7,23). `iTqua esa�a winawarmetKueli-
sa mier~ (3,3).
~maTes saxarebis~ ori bolo redaqciis
teqstis berZnizmebi
5. windebuliani formebi: `wina-uZGoda maT~ (2,9); `ara
wina-aGdgomad borotisa~ (5,39). `maTes saxarebis~ ori bolo redaqciis teqstSi, romelic
efTvime da giorgi aTonelebis xelidan aris gamosuli da XI s-Si
aTonis qarTul lavraSia Seqmnili, araerTi berZnuli enobri-
vi movlena iCens Tavs. rogorc irkveva, Zveli da axali aGTqmis
wignTa sxva mTargmnelebis msgavsad, verc efTvimem da giorgim
daaGwies bolomde Tavi berZnulis gavlenas. maT naredaqciev
teqstSi gamovlindeba iseTi kalkebi, rogoricaa:
gansakuTrebiT xSirad ixmareba vidre windebuli: `reme-
Tu dGiTgan iovanes naTlis mcemelisa�T vidre aqamomde sasu-
feveli caTa� iiZulebis~ (11,12). `da Sekrba misa eri mravali,
vidre Sesvladmde misa navad~(13,2).
6. vidre kavSiriani formebi: `da iKo vidre igi
etKodaGa ersa mas, aha esera deda� misi da Zmani misni dges ga-
re~ (12,46). 1. uSemasmenlo winadadebebi, mag.: `xolo me getK… Tquen
ara fucvad Kovladve nuca casa, rameTu saKdari ars GmrTi-
sa�~ (5,34); `xolo me getK… Tquen: ara wina-aGdgomad boroti-
sa~ (5,39);
7. winadadebis dawKeba:
a) da iKo fraziT: `da iKo rajams daasrulna iesu
sitKuani ese...~ (7,7-8); 2. pasiuri konstruqcia: `Txovil iKo deda� misi mariam
iosebisa da vidre SerTvadmde maTa ipoa igi midgomil sulisa-
gan wmidisa~ (1,18); `iovane mieca sapKrobiled~ (4,12);
b) da aha fraziT: `da aha varskulavi igi, romeli ixi-
les aGmosavaliT~ (2,9);
g) xolo kavSiriT: `xolo iesu hrqua maT~ (19,14). `xo-
lo Tavadsa iovanes emosa~(3,4); 3. zogierTi metKvelebis nawilis xSiri gamoKeneba, rac
ucxo da arabunebrivia qarTuli sintaqsuri wKobisaTvis, mag.: d) rameTu kavSiriT: `rameTu dGiTgan iovanes naTlis mceme-
lisa�T vidre aqamomde~ (11,12); `rameTu Kovelni winaswarmetKuel-
ni da SJuli vidre iovanesamde winaswarmetKuelebdes~ (11,13);
a) piris nacvalsaxelTa: `mogagos Sen cxadad~ (6,6); `xo-
lo Tquen nu emsgavsebiT maT~ (6,8); `sarwmunoebaman Senman ga-
cxovna Sen~ (9,22);
38 39
g i o r g i g o g o l a S v i l i (Tbilisi) e) aha nawilakiT: `aha, angelozi uflisa�~ (2,13);
8. sintaqsuri kontaminacia: `naTeli gamouCnda maT ze-
da~ (4,16); `ganmeSoreniT Cemgan Kovelni moqmedni uSuloebi-
sani~ (7,23).
dialeqturi kontaqti, rogorc cvlilebaTa
Semaferxebeli faqtori
9. paronomazia: `romliTa gankiTxviTa ganikiTxvideT, ga-
nikiTxneT da romliTa sawKauliTa miuwKoT, mogewKos Tquen~
(6,2); `smeniT gesmodis da ara gulisxma-hKoT, xedviT xedvideT
da ara ixiloT~ (13,14) da sxva.
cnobili faqtia: dialeqturi (enobrivi) kontaqtis Sede-
gad erT dialeqtSi (enaSi) SeiZleba ganviTardes igive proce-
sebi, rac damaxasiaTebelia meore enobrivi erTeulisTvis da _
piriqiT.
Cveni azriT, dialeqturi kontaqtebi SeiZleba iKos mize-
zi ama Tu im enobriv nairsaxeobaSi garkveuli enobrivi proce-
sebis Seferxebisa, akrZalvisa. am kontaqtis moSla, anu enobri-
vi nairsaxeobis mowKveta saerTo enobrivi sivrcidan SeiZleba
gaxdes safuZveli `akrZaluli~ movlenebis ganviTarebisa. `ak-
rZalvis~ mizezi dialeqtTa urTierTgamiJvnis tendencia unda
iKos.
l e l a g i g l e m i a n i (Tbilisi)
erTi svanuri nasesxobis Sesaxeb
megrulSi
am Tvalsazrisis kargi magaliTia fereidnuli dialeqti:
mas Semdeg, rac igi mowKda qarTul enobriv sivrces, masSi Ta-
vi iCina iseTma procesebma, rogoric damaxasiaTebeli aris qar-
Tuli enis dasavluri dialeqtebisaTvis (mag.: au → ou; gaake-
Ten, kacma adga da sxv.).
svanuridan megrulSi sesxebis faqtebi bevri araa. svanu-
ridan nasesxebad miiCneva megrulSi damkvidrebuli le- prefiq-
si, romelic megrulSi gvarebisagan adgilis saxelebis mawarmo-
eblad gvevlineba (lebaCile, legogie, ledgebie... _ i. KifSiZe,
arn. Ciqobava...).
sakiTxis amgvarad dasma bunebrivia, radgan saTanado
afiqsi lazur dialeqtSi ar moipoveba, Tanac, megrulSi mniS-
vneloba, svanurTan SedarebiT, ufro dakonkretebuli Cans
(svanurSi le- daniSnulebis saxelebs awarmoebs). T a m i l a g o g o l a Z e (gori)
SesaZlebelia svanuridan iKos megrulSi Sesuli misTvis
arabunebrivi St- kompleqsis Semcveli foSt- fuZe, romelic
warmodgenilia sitKvaSi na-foSta `moris Camonayeri gverdis
ficari, nagverdali~, Sdr. svan. foSta `gverdis ficari~.
aleqsandre xaxanaSvili da enaTa urTierTobis
sakiTxebi (1894 w. jurnali `kvali~)
es sitKva ar miekuTvneba Zvel nasesxobebs, romlebSic me-
gruls sibilanti + dentaluri tipis kompleqsebi gaumartive-
bia (Sdr. qirse < qriste, arguso < agvisto, Seri < Steri,
sumari < stumari...).
1. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis moGvaweebma miznad daisa-
xes ra qarTveli eris wminda triadis (ena, mamuli, sarwmunoe-
ba) kvlevis, aGorZinebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis brZola, aqtiu-
ri saqmianoba gaaCaGes qveKnis, misi enisa da kulturis saerTa-
40 41
Soriso asparezze warmosaCenad. qarTvelebi (enebis codniT,
ucxouri presis misawvdomobiT) advilad axerxeben evropisa da
ruseTis wamKvani mecnierebis Sexedulebebis Seswavla-kriti-
kas. am TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania XIX saukunis cnobi-
li literaturaTmcodnis, mkvlevaris, istorikos-eTnografisa
da sazogado moGvawis profesor aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis
(1864-1911) Gvawli qarTuli enaTmecnierebis winaSec. ruseTSi
ganaTlebamiGebul filologs, enebis (franguli, germanuli,
berZnuli, laTinuri) SesaniSnav mcodnes, 1888 wels aGmosav-
lur enaTa institutSi qarTuli enis kaTedra Caabares.
2. 1894 wels jurnal `kvalSi~ Tavsdeba ori saintereso
werili, romelTagan pirveli ekuTvnis aleqsandre xaxanaSvils,
meore ki warmoadgens dawvrilebiT informacias orientalist-
Ta X saerTaSoriso kongresisa da masSi qarTveli mecnieris (a.
xaxanaSvilis) monawileobis Sesaxeb da unda ekuTnodes noe
jordanias (xelmowerilia n. j. inicialebiT). isini vrcel
warmodgenas iZleva ucxouri da qarTuli enaTmecnieruli az-
ris ganviTarebasa da masTan profesor a. xaxanaSvilis mimarTe-
bis istoriaze.
3. werilSi `azri prof. hombelisa qarTuli enis Sesa-
xeb~ (j. `kvali~, 1894 w. #35, gv. 6). a. xaxanaSvili gamoTqvams
Grma gulistkivils imis gamo, rom `qarTuli enis mcodneni
anu iberistebi srulebiT ar moipovebian~ da asaxelebs, am
TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss, miunxenis universitetis profesor
hommels, romelsac pirad saubarSi gaucnia Tavisi hipoTeza
qarTuli enis SesaZlo naTesaobisa etruskul, baskur, elami-
tur enebTan. a. xaxanaSvili miiCnevs Jer qarTuli enis safuZ-
vlian Seswavlas da Semdgom ki kvleviTi samuSaos Catarebas.
4. orientalistTa X saerTaSoriso kongresSi, q. jenevaSi
1894 wlis 23 agvistos monawileoba miuGia 400 mecniers
msoflios 18 saxelmwifodan da 97 universitetidan (j. `kva-
li~, 1894w. #42, 43, 44). imis gamo, rom `Cveni ena arcerT
krebuls ar ekuTvnis (aGmosavluri enebis 3 seqciidan) da arc
ki iKo gamokvleuli, romeli Jgufis nawils Seadgens, qarTuli
enisaTvis adgili ar aGmoCnda da qarTveli mecnierebi iZule-
buli gaxdnen eTnografiul seqciaSi mieGoT monawileoba, sa-
dac saubari da gamosvlebi dasmuli kiTxvebis irgvliv mimdina-
reobda. aq qarTveli mecnieri, profesori a. xaxanaSvili fran-
gul enaze gamovida moxsenebiT `ucxoelTa gavlena qarTul ci-
vilizaciaze~, romelic exeboda, qveKnis geopolitikuri mdeba-
reobidan gamomdinare, mis rTul istoriul warsuls, momxvdu-
rebTan, maT civilizaciebTan gamudmebul Sexeba-brZolasa da
mogvianebiT samTavroebad daqucmacebas. aqve a. xaxanaSvili See-
xo gakvriT megrul-lazuri enebis leqsikuri Semadgenlobis
sakiTxs, magram uslaris mcdar Sexedulebaze daKrdnobiT, rac
gakritikebulia redaqtor giorgi wereTlis mier informaciis
saredacio SeniSvnaSi: `mas unda scodnoda, rom megruls, la-
zurs da qarTuls myidro naTesaoba aramcTu enis leqsikur
SemadgenlobaSi etKoba, aramed gramatikuli agebuleba enisac
erTi da igivea da maSasadame imaTi erTtomoba da erTi STamo-
mavloba utKuar sabuTzea damKarebulio~.
5. 1897 wels a. xaxanaSvils q. parizSic monawileoba
miuGia orientalistTa XI saerTaSoriso kongresSi.
T a m a r v a S a k i Z e (Tbilisi)
saxelisa da gvaris Sebrunebuli wKobisaTvis
(qarTuli da araqarTuli gvarebis mixedviT)
Jer saxeli da Semdeg gvari pirovnebis dasaxelebisas
bunebrivi wKobaa: akaki wereTeli, ilia yavyavaZe, nikoloz ba-
raTaSvili... magram xSirad ama Tu im sabuTis gaformeba (anban-
uri siebi, reestrebi da sxva) sayiroebs Sebrunebul wKobas _
gvari da saxeli. aGsaniSnavia, rom amgvari SemTxvevebi (roca
gvari uswrebs saxels) arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba literatu-
rul nawarmoebebsa da KoveldGiur metKvelebaSi, mag., erTmane-
42 43
Tis paralelurad gvaqvs: SatberaSvilis zurabis, SatberaSvi-
li zurabis da SatberaSvil zurabis; dadianiT qeTevaniT, da-
diani qeTevaniT da dadian qeTevaniT; faGavasi vaxtangis da
faGava vaxtangis; ivanovis petresi, ivanovi petresi da ivanov
petresi; dolomanovasi irinesi da dolomanova irinesi; dimit-
riadis lilis, dimitriadi lilis da dimitriad lilis; paro-
nianiT genoTi, paroniani genoTi da paronian genoTi...
sax. Caikovski petre dimitriadi lili
moTxr. Caikovski petre-m dimitriadi lili-m
mic. Caikovski petre-s dimitriadi lili-s
naT. Caikovski petre-s dimitriadi lili-s
moqm. Caikovski petre-Ti dimitriadi lili-T
viT. Caikovski petre-d dimitriadi lili-d
wod. Caikovski petre dimitriadi lili
aGniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT warmogidgenT ramde-
nime rekomendacias:
2. rogor moiqceva TanxmovanfuZiani gvari win mdgomi
msazGvrelis poziciaSi _ rogorc wodeba-Tanamdebobisa da xe-
loba-profesiis aGmniSvneli saxeli (SatberaSvil zurabis),
rogorc TanxmovanfuZiani msazGvreli (SatberaSvili zurabis),
Tu dairTavs Kvela brunvis niSans (SatberaSvilis zurabis)?
vfiqrobT, Sebrunebuli wKobis SemTxvevaSi Kvelaze bunebrivi
Cans (metKvelebaSic Kvelaze xSirad swored am saxiT dastur-
deba) meore varianti (SatberaSvili zurabis, SatberaSvili
zurabiT, Sdr.: wiTeli vaSlis, wiTeli vaSliT).
1. saxelisa da gvaris Sebrunebuli wKobis SemTxvevebSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia, gvari TanxmovanfuZiania Tu xmovanfuZia-
ni. es ukanaskneli (xmovanfuZiani gvari) saxelTan brunebisas
iseve moiqceva, rogorc xmovanfuZiani msazGvreli, romelic
win uswrebs sazGvruls (mag., mwvane mindori), mxolod wode-
biT brunvaSi (mimarTvis formaSi) saxeli warmodgenili iqneba
fuZis saxiT:
sax. CxeiZe daviT-i faGava guram-i
moTxr. CxeiZe daviT-ma faGava guram-ma sax. SatberaSvil-i zurab-i dadian-i qeTevan-i
mic. CxeiZe daviT-s faGava guram-s moTxr. SatberaSvil-ma zurab-ma dadian-ma qaTevan-ma
naT. CxeiZe daviT-is faGava guram-is mic. SatberaSvil zurab-s dadian qeTevan-s
moqm. CxeiZe daviT-iT faGava guram-iT naT. SatberaSvil-i zurab-is dadian-i qeTevan-is
viT. CxeiZe daviT-ad faGava guram-ad moqm. SatberaSvil-i zurab-iT dadian-i qeTevan-iT
wod. CxeiZe daviT faGava guram viT. SatberaSvil zurab-ad dadian qeTevan-ad
wod. SatberaSvil-o zurab dadian-o qeTevan
analogiuri viTareba gveqneba araqarTuli xmovanfuZia-
ni gvarebis SemTxvevaSic:
amave wess daeqvemdebareba araqarTuli TanxmovanfuZiani
gvarebi:
sax. tkaCenko pavle axmatova ana
moTxr. tkaCenko pavle-m axmatova ana-m sax. ivanov-i petre paronian-i geno
mic. tkaCenko pavle-s axmatova ana-s moTxr. ivanov-ma petre-m paronian-ma geno-m
naT. tkaCenko pavle-s axmatova ana-s mic. ivanov petre-s paronian geno-s
moqm. tkaCenko pavle-Ti axmatova ana-Ti naT. ivanov-i petre-s paronian-i geno-s
viT. tkaCenko pavle-d axmatova ana-d moqm. ivanov-i petre-Ti paronian-i geno-Ti
viT. ivanov petre-d paronian geno-d wod. tkaCenko pavle axmatova ana
wod. ivanov-o petre paronian-o geno
44 45
3. Tu Sebrunebuli wKobis SemTxvevaSi gvari (Tanxmovan-
fuZiani Tu xmovanfuZiani) warmogvidgeba brunvis niSnebiT, sa-
xeli (ZiriTadad) gankerZovdeba (wigns gadavcem SatberaSvils,
zurabs; wigns gadavcem ivanovs, petres; davurekav faGavas, gu-
rams; davurekav tkaCenkos, pavles; es wigni aris SatberaSvilis,
zurabis; es wigni aris ivanovis, petresi; es nomeri aris
faGavasi, guramis; es nomeri aris tkaCenkosi, pavlesi; vamaKobT
SatberaSviliT, zurabiT; vamaKobT ivanoviT, petreTi; vamaKobT
faGavaTi, guramiT; vamaKobT tkaCenkoTi, pavleTi; Tavi gamoa-
cxada SatberaSvilad, zurabad; Tavi gamoacxada ivanovad, pet-
red; Tavi gamoacxada faGavad, guramad; Tavi gamoacxada tka-
Cenkod, pavled...).
wKlisae-� º wKise (imer.) : `eqimbaSobs, Zroxis wKises wamals
akeTebs (I, 174);
barJgi _ boZi, burJi, sveti (imer.) : `Cveni, oTxi qvis barJgze
SeKudebuli nalia gadaeCvia Tavisi movaleobis
Sesrulebas~ (I, 210);
megr. : barJg-i _ boZi, sari, boZkinti, orkapiani Joxi.
Cxotva _ xis foTlis krefa, xisaTvis foTlebis gacla: `naliis
gverdiT... bjolis naCxoti wknelebia~ (I, 93); `gza-
dagza waCxote es tKis xili~ (I, 217);
megr. : Cxotiri _ gakawruli, daxleCili.
Cxotºcxont _ cxontua _ totebis Camoyra, kafva;
yvaryvali _ Tvalebis xamxami (imer.)
megr. : 1) siTxis wveT-wveTad wamosvla, wkanwkari.
2) uyvaryvaluans _ Tvalebs axamxamebs.
yengero _ wengo, (kaklis, lafnis foToli daCeCqvili, mdina-
ris wKlis mosawamlad da Tevzis dasayerad); T a m i l a z v i a d a Z e (soxumi)
Zigva _ Zveli, daZonZili tansacmeli (imer.)
kvlav zanizmebisaTvis imerulSi Sdr. : Zigva _ Sarvali, Sekerili oJaxSi moqsovili
uxeSi Salis nayrisagan (z. ayar.)
imeruli kilo sakmaod vrcel teritoriazea ganfenili,
rac ganapirobebs mis nairgvarobas kilo-kavebisa da Tqmebis mi-
xedviT. es dialeqti sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi
xdeba sxvadasxva sametKvelo kodebis Sereva.
megr. : Ziqva _ Sarvali; bambis (xamelinis) Sarvali
(s. makal.);
Zikva, Zigva _ qveda sacvali (laz. n. mari). qvemoimerulSi KuradGebas iqcevs zanuri enis kvali ro-
gorc fonetikur-morfologiur da sintaqsur TaviseburebebSi,
ise leqsikaSi. zanizmebi aq dialeqtizmebad aris gaazrebuli
da amave funqciiT vxvdebiT am regionis mkvidr mweralTa Semo-
qmedebaSic. r u s u d a n i o s e l i a n i (Tbilisi)
moxsenebaSi KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime leqsikur
erTeulze: nasesxebi sitKvebi svanur samSeneblo
leqsikaSi wKise _ ZuZus avadmKofoba (megr.).
Zroxa xbos rom moigebs, zogJer Tan dahKveba
ZuZus tkivili, amitom xbos ar ikarebs. Semdeg
uxurdeba ZuZu da ewKeba anTeba. mkurnaloben
balaxiT.
svanuri enis samSeneblo leqsikis ZiriTadi nawili sakuT-
riv svanuria da saerTo-qarTveluri, Tumca dasturdeba sxva
enebidan Semosuli terminebic.
gvxvdeba rogorc qarTuli, ise berZnuli, sparsuli, Tur-
46 47
quli da rusuli enebidan Semosuli leqsemebi. a) sakuTriv megruli kilosTvis damaxasiaTebeli:
nasesxeb sitKvaTa meti nawili qarTul saliteraturo
enas miekuTvneba.
verCis gesqilada _ `xelcarielad darCena~
xorxili ficarefi Cabares sawKobiS gamge xviCias, mara
xviCiaSi xes Teq qaSandGulu do minJeq verCis qigesqid _
(daxerxili ficrebi Caabares sawKobis gamge xviCias, magram xvi-
Cias es xelSi Semoadna da patroni xelcarieli darCa).
1. qarTulidan Semosul sitKvaTagan zogi fonetikurad
ucvleli formiT damkvidrda: (s…et `sveti~, yiSkar `yiSkari~,
agur `aguri~...).
b) qarTuli saliteraturo enis eqvivalenti (samwerlo-
bo enidan Semosuli):
2. zog sitKvaSi garkveuli fonetikuri cvlileba momxdara:
a) o → …e (mag., sadg…em `sadgomi~)
kuCxi afu modgimili _ `fexi aqvs mokidebuli~ b) o → … (mag., kal… `kalo~, Sdr. lnt. kal)
Cqinwkˆma kuCxi afu modgomili xurebas (CvenTan fexi
aqvs mokidebuli xurebas).
g) a → a (mag., fica r `ficari~)...
3. ucxo enebidan (berZnulidan, Turqulidan, rusuli-
dan...) svanurSi Semosula sakmao raodenobiT samSeneblo leqsi-
ka: pala t (berZ.) `didi saxli~; kamra � (berZ.) `kamara~; da-
rba z (spasr.) `darbazi~ (svanuri sacxovrebeli saxlis meore
sarTuli); gumba T (Turq.) `gumbaTi~; buxar (Turq.) `buxari~;
balkon (rus.) `aivani~; pol `(rus.) `iataki~; pad…al (rus.)
`sardafi~. aGniSnuli leqsikuri erTeulebi svanurSi qarTulis
gziT Cans Semosuli.
guol xonarq _ `xma gauvarda~
direqtoro moCqumalirc xaTe xolo guol xonarq _
`direqtorad mogzavnils male gauvarda xma~.
g) rusulidan qarTulis gziT Semosuli sitKvaTSexamebani:
TviTkritikaSi aldaCxirc _ kritikis qar-cecxlSi
TviTkritikaSi aldaCxirc gatares melax direqtorefi
do muSakefi _ `TviTkritikis qar-cecxlSi gaatares zogierTi
direqtorebi da muSakebi~. 4. sainteresoa qarTul-rusuli `hibriduli~ forma (ru-
sulis kalki): Sa…pol `sxveni~ (qarT. `Savi~ + rus. пол). ma‡unafali rolc la‡afenc _ `wamKvan rols TamaSobs~
raxano propagandisto ma‡unafali rolc la‡afens par-
tiuli gurafaSi xarisxis amaGlebaSi saqmesini... _ `radgan
propagandisti wamKvan rols TamaSobs partiuli swavlebis xa-
risxis amaGlebis saqmeSi~. m a r i n e k a k a C i a (soxumi)
kalkirebuli frazeologizmebi
megrulSi
k o n s t a n t i n e k a k i t a Z e (Tbilisi)
megruli presis enaze dakvirveba enobrivi urTierTobis
TvalsazrisiT saintereso masalas iZleva (o. miqiaSvili).
eTnolingvisturi paralelebi. I. amJerad KuradGebas SevaCerebT sitKvaTSexamebebze (idio-
mebze), romlebic `KazaKiSi gazeTis~ mixedviT dasturdeba me-
gruli presis enaSi.
adamianebi uZvelesi droidan iKenebdnen avi sulebisa da
avi Tvalisgan dasacav sagnebs (avgarozebs, Tilismebs, amule-
tebs), romelTac isini ukavSirebdnen bednierebis, gankurnebisa
da warmatebis imedebs.
dakvirvebam cxadKo, rom sitKvaTSexamebaTa sami tipi
gamoiKofa:
48 49
avi sulebis (adjaxa, hal-anari, dedei-ol, obur, ali, al-
ki, heSm, alhabi) da maTgan dasacavi sagnebis (Sana, dav, cicabe-
ra, cimcibur, cinciber, qisabera (kisambera), xviTo, Gvinya
(GvinJa), Ginyila / Ginyilo, G‰yi, Genyi,...) saxelebi da ritu-
alebi kidev erTxel usvams xazs qarTvelur da kavkasiur kul-
turul da enobriv siaxloves.
m a k a k a y k a y i S v i l i (axalcixe)
dominanti enis sakiTxi JavaxeTis
enobriv situaciaSi
orenovani matareblis, ufro farTod, orenovani koleq-
tivis enobriv qcevebs Tavisi xelisSemwKobi da xelisSemSleli
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi gaaCnia.
fsiqologiur aspeqtebs ukavSirdeba iseTi umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxi, rogoricaa ZiriTadi anu dominanti enis raobisa da ore-
novnebis sxva komponentebTan misi urTierTmimarTebis garkveva.
imis garkveva, orenovani matareblebisTvis mocemuli ori
enidan konkretulad romelia ZiriTadi, dominanti da romelia
interferenciis ZiriTadi wKaro (Tu saerTod am Tvalsazri-
siT erTi SeiZleba iKos mTavari, meore meorexarisxovani), saki-
Txis ori sxvadasxva mxaris kvlevas niSnavs. misaGebad migvaCnia
azri, rom dominantoba warmoadgens amgvari tipis faqtorebis
rTul kombinacias, sadac TiToeul mxares Tavisi wona da
mniSvneloba aqvs. am moTxovnebis mixedviT SevecdebiT, gan-
vsazGvroT dominanti ena JavaxeTSi arsebuli enobrivi situa-
ciis Semadgenel komponentebs Soris.
enis SedarebiT srulfasovnad flobis mxriv CvenTvis sa-
intereso enobriv arealSi dominantad CaiTvleba ena, romelic
gamoiKeneba swavlebaSi, anu aris ganaTlebis miGebis ena. aseTi
erTi gamokveTili komponenti JavaxeTis enobriv situacias ar
gaaCnia. Tvali istoriasac rom gadavavloT, Kvela koloniza-
toris ena (Turquli, rusuli) garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
iqca swavlebis enad, magram mxolod mokle xniT.
Seswavlis pirobebisa da asakis mixedviT JavaxeTSi arse-
bul enobriv situaciaSi xSirad iqmneba iseTi bunebrivi gare-
mo, rodesac mSobliurisa da meore enis SeTviseba TiTqmis Ta-
nadroulad xdeba, Tanac bavSvobidanve. amis gamo dominantobis
ganmsazGvrelad verc am moTxovnas CavTvliT. rodesac urTier-
Tobebis TvalsazrisiT vcdilobdiT dominanti enis garkvevas,
ramdenime problemam iCina Tavi:
a) Zneli aGmoCnda zustad Tanabari pirobebis Seqmna,
radgan Zalian mcire, niuansuri gansxvavebac arCevanze zegavle-
nas axdenda.
b) SesaZloa enis gamoKenebis romelime sferoSi orenova-
ni matarebeli erT enas ufro xSirad sargeblobda, magram es
sfero (Tundac sferoebi) ar iKo im raodenobis da imdenad
mniSvnelovani, rom enis dominantoba ganesazGvra. am niSnis mi-
xedviT CvenTvis saintereso enobriv arealSi dominantad SeiZ-
leboda CagveTvala rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri ena.
mosaubris sazogadoebrivi winsvlis faqtori KovelTvis
sakmaod seriozulad moqmedebda da moqmedebs JavaxeTSi. sazo-
gadoebrivi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT garkveul periodSi auci-
lebelma rusulma enam mkveTrad dakarga es funqcia. dGevande-
li realobidan gamomdinare, mas enacvleba qarTuli. process
ramdenime araenobrivi da arafsiqologiuri faqtori uwKobs
xels: qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusis gamKareba,
qarTul ekonomikur sivrceSi gawevrianebis survili, qarTuli
ganaTlebis miGebis survili. am da sxva msgavs faqtorebs ema-
teba, rogorc ukve vTqviT, rusuli enis gamoKenebis sferoebis
mkveTrad Semcirebis tendencia.
Cven ar vfiqrobT, rom zemoT CamoTvlili moTxovnebi
enis dominantobis gansasazGvrad srulia. Cven mxolod is mo-
Txovnebi mimovixileT, romelTac, migvaCnia, rom meti kavSiri
aqvs fsiqologiur mxaresTan.
50 51
T a m a r l o m T a Z e , m a r i n e q a c a r a v a (quTaisi)
sitKvaTa sesxebisaTvis Tanamedrove
qarTulSi
enaTa urTierToba asrulebs udides rols adamianTa sa-
zogadoebis, kacobriobis winsvla-ganviTarebis saqmeSi. miT uf-
ro dGes, rodesac msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxe ase myidro po-
litikur Tu kulturul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. Tumca aseTi
intensiuri enobrivi kontaqtebis, globalizaciis pirobebSi
sitKvaTa sesxebis ara mxolod dadebiTi, aramed uarKofiTi Se-
degebis winaSe dadga qarTuli sazogadoeba.
sitKvaTa sesxebisas, upirveles Kovlisa, unda aixsnas moti-
vebi, romelnic aiZulebs mosaubres, maT Soris erT enaze molapa-
rakes, Tavis leqsikur fondSi miiGos axali, nasesxebi sitKvebi.
saerTod, axali sagnebis, cnebebis aGniSvna aris mTavari
mizezi inovaciebisa.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi sitKvaTa sesxeba damokidebulia
rogorc subieqtur, ise obieqtur faqtorebze. sitKvis Semo-
svlas da damkvidrebas gansazGvravs ara mxolod enobrivi, ara-
med araenobrivi garemoebebi.
Tu gadavxedavT Tanamedrove presas, movismenT sxvadasxva
saxis radio-tele gadacemas, SevniSnavT, rom uamravi ucxouri
sitKva Semovida da gabatonda Tanamedrove qarTulSi. ZiriTa-
dad es leqsikuri erTeulebi Semovida inglisuris gziT, Tum-
ca warmoSobiT SeiZleba iKos laTinuri, berZnuli, germanuli,
franguli da a.S. magaliTad, reitingi, procesori, dileri,
Trileri, granti, tranSi, imiJi, Trefiqingi, patronaji, fran-
Sizi, referi, prestiji, holdingi, piari, prezentacia, benefi-
si, TineiJeri, transferi, viqendi, konsensusi, remiqsi, pudingi,
banknoti, monitoringi, brendi, forvardi, slengi, konformiz-
mi, aparteidi, draiveri, mesiJi, buqmeikeri da sxva mravali.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi am sitKvebis gavrceleba Kovelgva-
ri kontrolis gareSe xdeba. arada, qarTuli xom saxelmwifo
enaa da konstituciur dacvas eqvemdebareba. amitom iseTi
sitKvebis gamoKenebas, romelsac qarTulSi zusti SesatKvisi
moepoveba unda moveridoT. am dros enaSi Cndeba arasasurveli
sinonimia. magaliTad, farTi da wveuleba, niusi da axali ambebi..
zogJer nasesxebi sitKvis ekvivalenti gvaqvs enaSi, magram
romelime niuansi gvaZlevs sxvaobas: kompetencia da codna,
gadaricxva da transferi... aseTi sitKvebi unda gadaisinJos ama
Tu im dargis specialistebTan erTad da, Tu sazogadoebac mi-
scems sanqcias, igi aucileblad damkvidrdeba enaSi.
xolo, Tu sitKvas Semoaqvs enaSi axali mniSvneloba, ses-
xeba aucileblad unda moxdes, radgan aseTi enobrivi kontaq-
tebiT uxsovari droidan mdidrdeboda qarTuli.
n a n a m a y a v a r i a n i (Tbilisi)
afxazuri aS´ˆS´kams `yianyvela~ leqsemis
bgeraTfardobisaTvis mis qarTul SesatKvisTan
afxazursa da qarTvelur enebs Soris kanonzomier bge-
raTSesatKvisobaTa dadgenisaTvis mniSvnelovania am enebs So-
ris bgeraTfardobaTa gamovlena.
erT-erT SesaZlo bgeraTfardobad moxsenebaSi warmodge-
nilia afxazuri winaenismieri SiSina magari spiranti S´ da
qarTul / qarTveluri winaenismieri afrikati y.
afxazurSi aS´ˆS´kams, bzif. as¶ˆs¶kams aGniSnavs yianyvelas.
svanurSi imave Sinaars gadmoscems leqsema mˆrSk.
qarTulSi _ (z. imer.) binyveli, bunyKveli, leCx. bunyveli,
ray. bunyvela, Jinyvela < *dinyveli, xevs. buyKa `matli, mweri~;
megrulSi _ ykiykitia,
yanurSi _ dimyku.
savaraudo bgeraTfardobisaTvis moxmobilia kidev ramde-
nime magaliTi.
52 53
o m a r m e m i S i S i (baTumi)
idiomis gramatikuli struqturisaTvis
lazurSi
moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba kombinaciuri wKviliT
Sedgenili idiomebi lazuri dialeqtebis monacemTa mixedviT.
wKvilSi warmodgenilia SesitKveba: saxeli saxelTan (Sinaarsis
mixedviT Kvela Jgufis saxelebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs) da
saxeli zmnasTan, nazmnar saxelTan: sawKisTan an mimGeobasTan.
samecniero literaturaSi amgvari SesitKvebebis sintaq-
suri kvalifikacia erTgvari ar aris (a.SaniZe, l. kvayaZe,
v. Tofuria, iv. imnaiSvili, a. daviTiani...)
idiomis komponentebi gramatikulad erTfunqcianni arian
da maTi danawevreba ar SeiZleba. idiomi, rogorc sintaqsuri
kategoria, SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnes winadadebis sxvadasxva
wevrad.
m e d e a m e t r e v e l i (Telavi)
bilingvizmis kvleva metKvelebis doneze
Cven vikvlevdiT bilingvizmis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebs
metKvelebis doneze. kvlevis obieqti iKo 20 Sereuli oJaxi.
maT Soris: rusul-qarTuli svanur-rusuli, megrul-rusuli,
svanur-megruli, qarTul-somxuri, qarTul-azerbaiJanuli, qar-
Tul-qurTuli, qarTul-qisturi, qarTul-bacburi, qarTul-
osuri bilingvizmiT da a. S. Cveni dakvirvebiT mtkicdeba, rom
bilingvi-aramSobliuri enebis matarebeli da bilingvi-mSobli-
uri enebis matarebeli sxvadasxvanair gadaxras akeTeben normi-
dan ucxo enis Seswavlis sawKis etapze (pirveli metad, meore-
naklebad). magaliTad, erT-erT oJaxSi rusma qmarma ufro
uSecdomod aiTvisa qarTuli ena, vidre misma megrelma colma
(romelic ruseTSi iKo dabadebuli da gazrdili, icoda me-
gruli, magram ar icoda qarTuli ena), Tumca qarTuli da me-
gruli orive qarTvelur enaTa Jgufs miekuTvneba.
dakvirvebam aCvena, rom Znelia im bgerebis aTviseba, rom-
lebic aris ucxo enaSi, da ar aris mSobliurSi, magram ufro
Znelia asaTviseblad is bgerebi, romlebsac raGac saerTo aqvT
mSobliuri enis bgerebTan da, rac ufro metia msgavseba bge-
rebs Soris, miT ufro Znelia zusti gamoTqmis miGweva. maga-
liTad, [q] da [к], [f] da [ф], [п] da [f] da a.S. qarTul-rusu-
li bilingvizmis pirobebSi.
eqsperimentis safuZvelze Cven gavakeTeT bilingvebis mier
sitKvebisa da winadadebebis gamoKenebaSi daSvebuli Secdome-
bis klasifikacia da analizi. Sedegad gavakeTeT ramdenime
mniSvlenovani daskvna. magaliTad, sitKvebisa da winadadebebis
gamoKenebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi aixsneba imiT, rom Jer kidev
kargad auTvisebel ucxo enaze saubris dros azri pirvelad
gamoixateba mSobliur enaze da amitom mosaubre inarCunebs
aramSobliur enaSi Tavisi enis leqsikur-semantikur, frazeo-
logiur da gramatikul sistemas. mxolod enis kargad Seswav-
lis Semdeg adamiani TandaTan eCveva gamoxatos Tavisi azrebi
ucxo enaze. magaliTad, rusul-kavkasiuri bilingvizmis piro-
bebSi kavkasielebis rusul metKvelebaSi gramatikuli sqesis
ar arseboba: Женщина пришел и сказал. dakvirvebis Sedegebma aCvena, rom qarTul-rusuli bilin-
gvizmis pirobebSi interferenciis sxvadasxva saxeobebs aqvT
mdgradobisa da gavrcelebis araerTgvarovani xarisxi. magali-
Tad, Kvelaze metad gavrcelebuli da mdgradia intonaciuri
interferencia (gogo, идиоошь домооой?), mas mosdevs orToepi-uri interferencia (biCi Cemi dzmaa), Semdeg modis frazeolo-
giuri da leqsiko-semantikuri interferencia (grebeni) gadata-
niTi mniSvnelobis dros. Semdeg modis sitKvawarmoebiTi da
morfologiur-sintaqsuri interferencia (rusul-qarTuli bi-
lingvizmis pirobebSi: saxls TavisTvis aSenebs), (zedsarTavi
54 55
saxelebis xarisxebis warmoeba ingilour dialeqtSi azerbaiJa-
nulis gavleniT: сансары _ Zalian KviTeli, mangari _ Zalian
magari), da bolos leqsikur-semantikuri interferencia sitKvis
pirdapiri mniSvnelobis dros. (qarTul-rusuli bilingvizmis
dros: xata), (osur-rusuli bilingvizmis pirobebSi: Шило в мешке не утаишь _ туас голладжы амбахсан най).
morfologiis sferoSi urTierTmoqmedi enebis morfo-
logiuri sistemebi eqvemdebareba `gamartivebas~. urTierTmoq-
medi enebis morfologiuri sistemebi mdidrdeba morfologiu-
ri elementebis pirdapiri dasesxebiT sxva enebidan. gansakuT-
rebiT farToa sitKvawarmoqmniTi morfemebis dasesxeba. magali-
Tad, Мой муж целый день Toxaet. enebis urTierTqmedebis procesis Sedegebis analizis
dros sintaqsis sferoSi adgili aqvs ucxo enaze winadadebebis
agebis modelebis pirdapir gadmoGebas, aseve iseTi enobrivi er-
Teulebis gadmoGebas, romlebic uSualod emsaxurebian sintaq-
sur kavSirebs. magaliTad, Semodgoma _ mosavlis aGebis dro.
rusuli winadadebis gavleniT: Осень _ пора сбора урожая. oJaxur bilingvizmze dakvirvebam aCvena, rom enebis
urTierTqmedeba orenovnebis dros xdeba maTi fsiqofiziolo-
giuri meqanizmebis urTierTqmedebis gansazGvruli kanonzomie-
rebis safuZvelze. es niSnavs imas, rom ufro metad mdgradi
Cvevebi da saSualebebi, romlebic erTi enis fsiqofiziologi-
uri meqanizmebis komponentebia, Caanacvlebs naklebad mdgrad
Cvevebs da saSualebebs, romlebic bilingvis meore enis fsiqo-
fiziologiuri meqanizmebis komponentebia. fsiqofiziologiu-
ri meqanizmebis urTierTqmedebas adgili aqvs bilingvis enobrivi
sistemebis meore saxeobis arsebobaSi (Sereuli enobrivi sisteme-
bi). aseT dros warmoiqmneba Sereuli ena ori terminiT.
magaliTad, Она кричит, cavedi, cavedi, erTi miTxari,
куда пошла. Сама не знает, ar icis. interferenciis Sedegad xdeba meore enis modelis modi-
fikacia, anu mSobliuri enidan meore enaze winadadebis agebu-
lebis da sitKvaTa SeTanxmebis modelis gadatana. magaliTad, Я
учительница есть (qarTuli: me maswavlebeli var)
eqsperimentebis Sedegad dadginda, rom umetes SemTxveva-
Si bavSvebi `fiqroben~ dedis enaze, radgan oJaxuri bilingviz-
mis pirobebSi, ufro xSir SemTxvevebSi, dominirebs is ena,
romelzedac deda metKvelebs.
m a K v a l a m i q e l a Z e (Telavi)
nasesxebi da megzuri afiqsebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis
(wova-TuSur-qarTuli orenovnebis
masalebis mixedviT)
I. idealuri bilingvizmis pirobebSi mSobliuri enidan
wKaro enaze gadarTvis xSiri sayiroeba ganapirobebs kodebs
Sors arsebuli manZilis ierarqiis moTxovnas, rac saTanado
asaxvas poulobs msesxebeli enis gramatikuli ierarqiis Kvela
doneze. orenovnebis Tanamedrove safexurze qarTulis mzardi
gavleniT wova-TuSurma mniSvnelovnad SezGuda sitKvawarmoe-
bis sakuTari saSualebebis gamoKeneba da qarTulidan isesxa
ramdenime saderivacio afiqsi (-ur, u_o, na_ar, ob←oba,
aT←ad).
II. didxans miiCneoda, rom wova-TuSuri Garibi iKo
sitKvasawarmoqmno saSualebebiT da mTeli simZime am mxriv kom-
pozitebze iKo gadatanili. gairkva, rom sinamdvileSi mas de-
rivaciis kargad CamoKalibebuli sistema aqvs, romelic
KuradGebas iqcevs Sinaarsobrivi Jgufebis simravliT.
gamoiKofa: qonebisa, uqonlobisa, kninobiTobisa, warmomavlobi-
sa, msgavsebisa, daniSnulebisa, xarisxisa, xmabaZviTi, abstraqtu-
li, CveulebiTi da lokaluri saxelebi.
ZiriTadi raodenoba warmoqmnil saxelTa Sinaarsobrivi
56 57
Jgufebisa kontaqtSi mKof enebs TiTqmis erTnairi aqvT, magram
gvaqvs garkveuli metobac rogorc wova-TuSuris, ise qarTu-
lis mxares. wKaro enasTan mimarTebiT saderivacio sistemaSi
arsebul metobas saTanado afiqsis dakargva mosdevs, danakliss _
metoba. sakiTxavia, riT aris motivirebuli sesxeba da ra gziT
mkvidrdeba ucxo afiqsebi enobrivi qsovilis im monakveTSi, sa-
dac Tanabrobaa.
n a n u l i n o G a i d e l i (baTumi)
-er da -at sufiqsebi zanur enasa
da ayarul dialeqtSi
qarTvelur enaTa urTierTmimarTebaTa sakiTxebis kvlevi-
sas gasaTvaliswinebelia dialeqtTa monacemebic. am Tvalsazri-
siT sainteresoa ayaruli dialeqti. ayarul dialeqtSi -er da
-at sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi mravali leqsikuri erTeuli das-
turdeba (Goberi, yiSeri, Cxveri... fucxata, buZgata, CiCva-
ta...). umravles amgvar leqsikur erTeulTa fuZeebi, rom ara
vTqvaT TviT -er da -at sufiqsebze, zanur-qarTuli erTiano-
bis xanisaTvis gamoKofili terminebi an zanuri substratis ni-
muSebia.
III. irkveva, rom, roca erTi Sinaarsisa da formawarmoebis
derivatebi upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, isini gansxvavebuli SeiZ-
leba aGmoCndnen mxolod im mizeziT, rom ekuTvnian enebs, ro-
melTagan erTi nakleb prestijulia, vidre meore. am motiviT
isesxa wova-TuSurma qarTulidan abstraqtulobis oba sufiqsi,
maSin rodesac mas amave Sinaarsis sakuTari ol sufiqsi hqonda.
sainteresoa, rom wova-TuSurma martivad ki ar Secvala
sakuTari sufiqsi ucxoTi, aramed daurTo mas swored e. w.
axali elferisaTvis. ase miviGeT rTuli Sedgenilobis l-ob
(← ol-oba) sufiqsi, sadac pirvel komponents meoris megzu-
ris roli daekisra. gvaqvs: nan-l-ob (dedoba), dad-l-ob (mamo-
ba), naKbist-l-ob (megobroba), masTxov-l-ob (mtroba), uCit-l-
ob (maswavlebloba)...
n i k o o T i n a S v i l i (cxinvali)
qarTul-osuri leqsikuri
IV. saderivacio sistemaTa qvecnobieri Sepirispireba bo-
lomde gagrZelda: wova-TuSuris ol daerTvoda arsebiTebsac
da zedsarTavebsac, qarTuli oba ki _ TiTqmis mxolod arsebi-
Tebs. Sesabamisad, msesxebel enaSi abstraqtul saxelTa warmoe-
bis axali modeli Seiqmna: zedsarTavebTan darCa sakuTari
warmoebis ol, arsebiTi saxelebisTvis ki gabatonda hibridu-
li l-ob. sainteresoa, rom am enaSi zedsarTavebisa da arsebi-
Tebs Soris qarTulis Targze gavlebuli es sademarkacio xazi
dGesac arsad irGveva.
toponimikuri Sexvedrebi
qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane `Zegli erisTavTa~,
romelic XII-XIV saukuneebis umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli qro-
nikaa, mogviTxrobs qarTlis mTianeTis araerT Tavgadasavals.
ZeglSi daculia Zvirfasi cnobebi didi liaxvis xeobis mTiani
nawilis, Tergis xeobis sawKisi monakveTis, qsnis xeobisa da mi-
si Senakadebis Sidateritoriuli daraionebis, ganaSenianebisa
da sxv. Sesaxeb. zemoxsenebuli wKaro gvamcnobs, rom liaxvis
saTaveebi Sedgeboda sami ZiriTadi teritoriuli erTeulisagan:
Trusavi, maGran-dvaleTi da qvemo dvalTas samosaxlo raioni.
V. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ol sufiqsis TiTqmis orsau-
kunovanma megzurobam qarTul oba-s gamoKenebis sakuTari tra-
dicia SesZina, SesaZlebeli gaxda damoukideblad ewarmoebina
mas wova-TuSuris sakuTari Zirebisagan abstraqtuli saxelebi
da sesxebac sabolood dafiqsirebuliKo.
specialur literaturaSi toponimi maGran-dvaleTi eti-
mologizirdeba, rogorc `tKiani dvaleTi~. es imitom, rom li-
axvis xeobis saTaveebis raioni maGal mTebsa da tKes warmoad-
58 59
T a m a r p a p i a S v i l i (Tbilisi) gens. `Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT aGniSnuli regioni _
`maGran dvalni~ da `qvemo dvalni~ sofel-Temebis mixedviT
arian daJgufebulni, esenia: koSkel-ioseburni, Tlevel-muGis-
velelni, zGuberel-rokaelni (qvemo dvalni), brutas Svilni,
keleur-kabuSurni, soJael-waelni da sxvebi. aqve vxvdebiT cno-
bas e. w. `Savi dvalebis~ Sesaxeb, rac faqtia da amgvar saxel-
debaze dakvirveba logikurad hbadebs azrs meore saxelwode-
bis `TeTri dvaleTis~ realurad arsebobis Sesaxeb. Kovelive
es ki faqtia, gvianfeodalur xanaSi osTa mier maGran-dvaleTi
saxeldebulia `ursTualTad~ e. i. `TeTrdvaleTad~.
tradiciuli xis xuroTmoZGvreba da masTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi imerxevis
metKvelebis mixedviT
1. saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanve ganviTarebis maGal
safexurs miaGwia xis damuSavebis xelovnebam, kerZod, xis xu-
roTmoZGvrebam. mSenebelTa xelobebi diferencirebuli da sa-
xeldebuli gaxldaT qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamo-
cxadebisa da bibliis Targmnis periodisaTvis, rasac mowmobs
berZnulidan qarTul enaze pirvelad naTargmn bibliaSi dadas-
turebuli terminebi: `xuroni xeTani~ da `xuroni qvaTani~.
ZvelTagan saqarTveloSi xis ostats xiTxuros uwodebdnen,
romelic mogvianebiT Seicvala terminiT `durgali~. dGeisa-
Tvis am mniSvnelobiT ayarasa da istoriuli mesxeTis samxreT
nawilSi, tao-klarJeTSi, gvxvdeba Turqulidan Sesuli termini
`usta~ (Turq. usta)
toponim `ursTualTaSi~ urs warmoadgens msazGvrel na-
wils, iseve rogorc maGran `maGran dvaleTSi~. toponimi ur-
sTualTa gaiazreba, rogorc `TeTri dvaleTi~. urs osuri
warmomavlobisaa, magram TviT ursTualTa, rogorc `TeTri
dvaleTi~ azrobrivad eyvs iwvevs. ratom swored TeTri? aq
ara Cans realiebi amgvari toponimebis semantikisaTvis.
toponimi ursTvalTa gaiazreba CaCnur-qisturi enebis me-
SveobiT. aris CaCnuri sitKva `oars~ rac niSnavs tKian qeds.
osur enaSi SeTvisebuli toponimebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia o-s
gadasvla u-Si (gori _ gur, roka _ ruk), amitom fonetiku-
rad dasaSvebia urs-is warmoSoba oars-idan. urs SeiZleba mi-
viCnioT maGranis paralelurad, oGond sxva enobriv niadagze
warmoSobilad. Semdgomi xanis werilobiT ZeglebSi arsad
gvxvdeba `TeTri dvaleTi~, Cvenamde ki moGweulia misi kalki-
rebuli forma `ursTualTa~. osebis mier qarTuli toponime-
bis kalkirebuli formiT SeTviseba kanonzomieri movlenaa, es
exeba, rogorc `Zegli erisTavTaSi~ moxsenebul leqsikur-to-
ponimikur erTeulebs, ise Tanamedrove geografiul nomenkla-
turas. dGesac gvxvdeba Truso-Torisqob, roka-ruk, qroni-Ciron,
qvaTeTri-ursdur, jamur-Zibir, TeTri wKali-ursdon da sxv.
2. 2007 wlis agvistoSi tao-klarJeTis erT-erT nawilSi
_ imerxevSi mowKobil eqspediciaSi monawileobisas Cveni miza-
ni iKo aGgvenusxa tradiciuli xis xuroTmoZGvrebis eTnogra-
fiuli Taviseburebani da saTanado leqsika; Cagvetarebina in-
terdisciplinuri kvlevis cda da aGniSnulis safuZvelze
gamogvevlina is saerTo, zogadqarTuli safuZveli, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia sazGvars iqiT darCenili mesxeTisa da saqar-
Tvelos danarCeni kuTxeebisaTvis.
3. imerxevis qarTul soflebSi anu, rogorc iq itKvian,
`gurJebiT~ dasaxelebul adgilebSi, tradiciuli xis xuroT-
moZGvrebidan gvxvdeba: vertikalur yrilSi warmodgenili or
an samsarTuliani ficruli saxlebi, romelTa pirvel KaTze
anu sarTulze mdebaroebs axori anu gomuri; meore sarTulze
_ saloni (igive _ misaGebi), meTuaGi anu samzareulo, defa-
ni (igive koridori), oda / wina oTaxi anu saZinebeli. samsar-
Tuliani saxlis mesame sarTulze beGela. orsarTulian saxl-
moxsenebaSi warmovadgenT dvaleTis istoriuli toponi-
mebis etimologias.
61 60
m e r a b r o b a q i Z e (Tbilisi) Si ki, meore sarTulze mdebareobs Suaoda anu sakuynao, ro-
melsac zogJer beGelsac uwodeben.
calke mdgom sameurneo nagebobaTa Soris (sabZeli, sasi-
minde, beGeli) imerxevSi gvxvdeba tradiciuli sabZeli, romel-
sac qors uwodeben.
`zoravar~ terminisaTvis qarTulsa
da somxurSi
1. daviT aGmaSeneblis istorikosi XI s-is cnobil qar-
Tvel moGvawes grigol bakurianis Zes moixseniebs `zoravarad~
(mxedarmTavrad). es sitKva qarTul wKaroebSi araerTxel fi-
gurirebs am mniSvnelobiT, amave dros farTodaa gavrcelebu-
li somxurSi amave titulis aGmniSvnel sxva sitKvebTan erTad.
xis sacxovrebeli saxlis ramdenime tipidan (wnuli _
facxa, Zeluri _ Jargvali, ficruli _ oda) warmodgenilia
ficruli odebi, romlebsac SeSis saxls uwodeben. gadasaxurav
masalad gamoiKeneba rogorc tradiciuli Kavari, aseve _ saJi.
4. xis Senoba-nagebobebTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis
Sekrebam aCvena, rom imerxevelTa metKvelebaSi daculia Zveli
qarTuli (mag.: zGve, saƒbovre, baga...) da uSualod imerxeuli
(mag.: saberavi, sagule, Suaoda...) leqsika; dasturdeba qarTu-
li enis sxva dialeqtebSi arsebuli terminebic (mag.: viriƒida /
vir(i)xida, sanarwKla�...). am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT axlosaa
imerxeuli da ayaruli dialeqtebi. imerxeulSi arsebuli
sitKvebi sxva kiloebSi dasturdeba rogorc identuri, aseve
gansxvavebuli semantikiTac, mag.: Grami (imerx., ayar., gur.) _
`naydevi~; kvanti (imerx.) _ `msxvili boZi~; (qarTl.) _ `lata-
ni~; (imer.) _ `yidaobis xerxi~. xis xuroTmoZGvrebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli leqsikidan imerxeul dialeqtSi Sesulia Turquli
terminebic (mag.: TaxTa _ tahta `ficari~; Temeli _ teme `sa-Zirkveli~; tomruli _ tomruk `mori~, romlebmac gamodevna
qarTuli SesatKvisi an dasturdeba paraleluri formebis saxiT.
2. somexi mecnierebi `zoravar-s~ somxur kompozitad
Tvlian, romelSic, maTi azriT, iranuli warmomavlobis `zor~
(Zala) sitKvasTan erTad monawileobs somxuri `varel~ zmnis
Ziri `var~ (marTva, xelmZGvaneloba). rigi qarTveli mecniere-
bic `zoravar~-s somxur sitKvad miiCneven.
3. `zoravari~ iranuli warmomavlobis sitKvadaa miCneu-
li qarTvel mecnierTa ilia abulaZisa da mzia andronikaSvi-
lis mier. maTi azriT, dabeJiTebiT somxuris meSveobiT qar-
TulSi am sitKvis Semosvlaze ver vimsJelebT.
4.`zoravari~ iranulSi gavrcelebuli sitKvaa, niSnavs
`Zliers~, `mZlavrs~ da misi morfologiuri analizic am enis
niadagze unda moxdes: `zor~ (`zur~) niSnavs Zalas, xolo kom-
pozitis meore wevri aris iranuli `avaridan~ (moKvana, mota-
na) zmnis awmKos fuZe. aseTi warmoebis zmnebi am enaSi gavrce-
lebulia. aGsaniSnavia isic, rom `zoravaris~ paralelurad
iranulSi gamoiKeneba `zorvar~, romelSic `zor~ sitKvasTan
erTad monawileobs sufiqsi `var~. qarTul wKaroebSi gvxvdeba,
somxurisgan gansxvavebiT, orive forma, rac somxuris meSveo-
biT qarTul enaSi am sitKvis sesxebas gamoricxavs.
Cven mier ganxiluli masala adasturebs imerxevis (zoga-
dad _ klarJeTis) danarCen saqarTvelosTan uwKvet kavSirs.
amasve mowmobs rogorc eTnografiuli masala, aseve Sesabamisi
leqsikac. amjamad samSoblosgan mowKvetili imerxeveli qarTve-
lebis KofaSi Jerac ar gamqrala, piriqiT, mtkicedaa daculi
xis xuroTmoZGvrebasTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebi da leqsika. 5. somxuris meSveobiT am sitKvis qarTulSi sesxebas
eGobeba somxuri enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi fonetikuri
movlenac, kerZod is, rom o xmovani, romliTac warmodgenilia
es sitKva somxurSi, momdinareobs av difTongidan, rac amosav-
lad gulisxmobs Zvel iranul `zavar~ formas. X s-is erT qar-
62 63
Tul warweraSi mowodebuli `zoravari~ somxuris meSveobis
SemTxvevaSi iqneboda `zavravari~, radgan av-is gadasvla o-Si
somxurSi XII s-mde ar xdeba.
6. somexi mecnierebi miiCneven, rom grigol bakurianis
Zis somxobis erT-erTi sabuTia am pirovnebis `zoravarad~ mo-
xsenieba qarTul wKaroebSi, magram, samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli
qarTvel mecnierTa mier, titulaturis aGmniSvneli sitKva
grigol bakurianis Zis somxobis funqcias ver Seasrulebs im
ubralo mizezis gamo, rom qarTulSic da somxurSic `mxedar-
TmTavris~ mniSvnelobiT damkvidrebuli iseTi iranuli warmo-
mavlobis sitKvebi, rogoricaa `spaspeti~, `sparpeti~, `amirspa-
salari~ erovnebaze ar miuTiTebs. es sruliad gamoricxulia
grigol bakurianis Zis mimarT, romelic mis mier Sedgenil
petriwonis monastris tipikonSi Tavis Tavs araerTxel moixse-
niebs qarTvelad, amasve adasturebs misi Tanamedrove somexi
istorikosi maTeos urhaeci.
m e d e a s a G l i a n i (Tbilisi)
svanuri da afxazur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri
Sexvedrebi. I. nasesxobani
samecniero literaturaSi gamaxvilebulia KuradGeba sva-
nurSi afxazur-adiGuri enebidan Sesul leqsikaze (s. JanaSia,
g. rogava, v. Sengelia...).
svanurSi kidev SeiZleba daiZebnos leqsikuri erTeulebi,
romelTa qarTveluri etimologia ver xerxdeba da isini
aGniSnuli enebidan Semosulad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
SevexebiT ramdenime maTgans:
1. svan. (bq.) …oGurcuz º oGurcuz º …oGurcu `boro-
ti, Suriani (adamiani)~ : adiG. …aG°ˆrcˆz `ubedurebis, waru-mateblobis momtani~, romelic Cerqezuls SeiZleba Tavis
mxriv nasesxebi hqondes.
2. svan. (zs., lnt.) g…a mi, lSx. g…ami `mZime~ : adiG.
g°a…(–) 1. `mZime (saymelze iTqmis)~, 2. `usiamovno~ (… → m,
Sdr. adiG. …–s, svan. mus `Tovli~).
3. svan. (bq.) top. q…andar : adiG. q°and º q°and(–) `buC-qi~. Tanxmovani r, rogorc cnobilia, saxelobiTi brunvis niSa-
nia adiGur enaSi.
4. svan. (zs.) q{…}el `karavi anu droebiTi Gamis saTevi
(ialaGebze, Kanasa an tKeSi)~ : afxaz. a-q�a la, bzif. aq�a l
`karavi~, Sdr. adiG. q°–s 1. `farduli, Cardaxi~, 2. `gadmonaSve-
ri~.
5. svan. (bq.) q…ef `bevri~, q…efd `blomad~ : adiG. q°ˆf `Jgufi~.
6. svan (zs.) cˆrcma `fafa (qonnarevi)~ : afxaz. c°ˆrc°ma `TafliTa da qoniT Sezavebuli Gomi~.
7. svan. (bq.) la k… `saketi, urduli (karisa, yiSkrisa...)
xisgan gamoTlili~ : afxaz. a-l¥ku `urduli, sanZali~, mag.:
aS°al¥ku ¥larS°! `kars urduli gauKare!~
8. svan. (zs.) sak. saxeli g…aSa : adiG. g°asI– / g°aS– `Tava-dis qali, kneina~, Sdr. svan. g…aSaKan da aseve adiG. g…–sInan
`Tavadis asulTa saalerso saxelTa wodeba~.
9. svan. (bq.) CileG… `curi, Jiqani~ : afxaz. a Cˆrgu.
mocemuli svanur-afxazuri fuZeebi semantikurad igiveobrivia,
xolo fonetikurad svan. i : afxaz. ˆ, aseve svan. l : afxaz. r,
svan. G : afxaz. g da svan. … : afxaz. u SesatKvisoba eyvs ar
unda iwvevdes.
svan. (bq.) JurJ{…} `kupati (saqonlis Signeulisa)~ :
adiG. Jorm– / j–r…– `nawlavebisgan gamzadebuli Zexvi~ (Sdr.
ray. Jurma). SesaZloa, svan. JurJ{…}ma fuZis gaorkecebiT iKos
miGebuli.
64 65
n a r g i z a s u r m a v a (Tbilisi)
enobrivi da dialeqturi kontaqtebi
(ayaraSi mopovebuli uaxlesi masalebis mixedviT)
1. aGniSnuli masalebi Cven mier Seikriba germanul-qar-
Tuli proeqtis (Volksvagen-Stiftung) farglebSi. proeqtis mo-
Txovnas warmoadgenda gardamavali zonis dialeqturi metKve-
lebis Cawera.
sakvlevad aGebuli gvqonda ori ubani: a) mesxeT-JavaxeTis
mosazGvre zemoayaris regioni _ soflebi danisparauli da
dioknisi mimdebare soflebiTurT, agreTve sof. vaSlovani,
romelic imave kilo-Tqmas anu sametKvelo kods miekuTvneba da
aq masalis Sekreba mizanSewonilad ar miviCnieT gardamavali
zonis metKvelebis TaviseburebaTa ukeT warmoCenisaTvis. b) me-
ore ubani iKo qvemo ayaraSi Semavali mayaxlis xeoba, romelic
amjamad orad aris gaxleCili da misi naxevari TurqeTis sa-
xelmwifos ekuTvnis. vimuSaveT soflebSi: zeda CxutuneTi, qve-
da CxutuneTi, CiquneTi, wiaxi, ayarisaGmarTi.
leqsikuri masalis amosaGebad viKenebdiT am miznisaTvis
specialurad Sedgenil kiTxvars, xolo Tematurad mravalfe-
rovani dialeqturi metKveleba iwereboda videofirze.
3. im cvlilebaTagan, rac dialeqtma uaxlesi 20-25 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ganicada (da risi Tvalis midevneba SesaZlebelia
xelnaweri da magnitofirze Cawerili adrindeli teqstebis sa-
SualebiT), upirvelesad TvalSi sacemia tendencia Turqul na-
sesxobaTa Semcirebisa. Turquli nasesxobani Kvelaze xSirad
gvxvdeboda zmnisarTebsa da e. w. funqcionalur leqsikaSi (na-
wilakebSi, SorisdebulebSi...), mag.: gerCeq, aJaf, meger, ama, iS-
te, goia, xoS da a. S. axla maTi xvedriTi wili mkveTrad Se-
mcirebulia, rac Sedegia TaobaTa Secvlisa. SedarebiT mdgra-
dobas inarCuneben nasesxobani naTesaur urTierTobaTa amsax-
vel leqsikaSi, Tumca aqac paraleluri qarTuli SesatKvisebi
sul ufro da ufro mkvidrad ikideben fexs. mag.: bibia da ma-
mida, xala da deida, dede da babua, nene da bebia...
SeiniSneba gramatikuli kalkebis klebac. magaliTad, sul uf-
ro iSviaTad gaigonebT SesitKvebebs: Cemi mamaCemi, misi dedamisi...
4. Cven mier migranti ayarlebisagan Cawerili metKvele-
bis nimuSebi saintereso masalas warmoadgens sociolingvistu-
ri kvlevisaTvis. dgeba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu salaparako ko-
dis Secvlis pirobebSi ra tipis enobrivi movlenebi (gramati-
kuli, leqsikuri) iCens SedarebiT mdgradobas da piriqiT, ad-
vilad emorCileba cvlilebas. Cveni dakvirvebiT, SedarebiT
mKarad aris gamJdari saoJaxo da sameurneo nivTebisa da ia-
raGebis leqsika da am rigis dialeqturi formebi: wadis, wa-
aqvs, dasanTobad, -da nawilaki (ar icodnen maT-da!)...
5. enobriv TaviseburebaTa TvalsazrisiT, KuradGebas
iqevs aqamde naklebad cnobili faqtebi: zamoayarulSi rigi na-
Tesaobis saxelebis mravlobiTSi fuZis xmovansa da mravlobi-
Tis niSans Soris v bgeris ganviTareba, mag.: biZavebi, xalave-
bi, siZevebi, deidavebi (Sdr. qobuleTuri _ biZanebi, deida-
nebi, siZenebi). ar dasturdeba davebi da Zmavebi.
statikuri zmnebis III piris formebi: dgars _ dgaran,
jdars _ jdaran. Tqmebis mixedviT gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli vari-
antebi: dgans _ dganan, jdans _ jdanan.
mayaxluri metKvelebis specifikas Seadgens is, rom aq dGemde
Semogvenaxa sadaurobis saxelTa -ar sufiqsiani warmoeba. davadas-
tureT, amgvarad nawarmoebi 15 saxeli. sainteresoa, rom zogierTi
maTgani nawarmoebia toponimidan, romelic miekuTvneba momiJnave qe-
dis raions: uCxiTi _ uCxiTari, milisi _ milisari, namilisevi _
namlisvari, qosofeli _ qosoflari, dologani _ dolognari.
gamovlinda bevri ucnobi leqsikuri erTeuli, zogi maT-
gani KuradGebas iqcevs, rogorc sakuTriv dialeqturi warmo-
naqmni, zogi ki moulodneli semantikuri niuansis gamovlenis
gamo interess iwvevs sitKvis istriiis Seswavlis Tvalsazri-
siT. magaliTad, gombio `gogona, qaliSvili~, gamyriaxi lam-
buCka _ `kargad ganaTebuli~, ganaTleba (giminaTle, ganaT-
lda), `ganaTeba~, fanJris kari `fanJris frTa~.
66 67
a b e s a l o m t u G u S i (zugdidi)
2. vazis megruli JiSis _ kayayi-s saxelis megruli warmomavlobis sitKvaTa asaxvisaTvis
ucxour wKaroebsa da garmomcvel ena-kiloebSi etimologiisaTvis
1. ratom uweria ptolemaioss manrali da ara magrali?
maGlari vazis megrul JiSTagan erTerTi _ kayiyi, zog
mecniers, ratomGac afxazur JiSad miaCnia da misi saxelic
afxazuri hgonia. magaliTad, k. mayavarianis cnobiT, am KurZnis
saxeli momdinareobs im afxazi piris saxelisagan kayiy º kaJi-
Ji, romelmac, is TiTqos wamoiGo bomboris ganKofilebis uf-
rosisagan da gaaSena durifSis Temis sofel abgaraSi. bombor-
Si ki Tavis droze is general raevskis gamougzavnia (k. mayava-
riani, 1888). k. mayavarianis am werilze daKrdnobiT TiTqmis
igives imeorebs o. timofeevic (o. timofeevi, 1886).
ax.w. II saukunis aleqsandrieli berZeni geografosi klav-
dios ptolemaiosi erTgan wers: `kolxeTis zGvispira nawilSi
mosaxleoben lazebi, zeviT mdebare adgilebSi manralebi
( ) da ekritikis qveKnis mcxovrebni~ (n. lomouri,
1955).
megrelTa saxelis aseTi forma, ptolemaiosis Txzulebis
garda, sxvagan arsad gvxvdeba. is savsebiT marTebulad miaCniaT
megrelTa TviTsaxelwodebis damaxinJebul saxed. damaxinJeba
grafikul niadagze Cans momxdari. saqme imaSia, rom berZnuli
grafemebi (n) da (g), am akanasknelis dazianebis (qveda bu-
nis waSlis) SemTxvevaSi Zalian emsgavsebian erTmaneTs. aso-ni-
Sani aseT SemTxvevaSi aso-niSan -s identuri xdeba. ro-
gorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSic ase moxda ewera magral da miviGeT
manrali. rac Seexeba margal- formas, is megrulisaTvis eso-
den damaxasiaTebeli metaTezisis (bgeraTa adgilmonacvleobis)
gziTaa miGebuli (Sdr. grigoli _ girgoli, petre _ per-
te...).
rogorc erTi franguli wKarodan Cans, kayiyi megruli
vazis JiSia. saqarTveloSi safrangeTis konsuli S. de kutuli
1884 wels Tavisi mTavrobis meTaurisadmi moxsenebaSi werda:
`vazi samegreloSi xeze adis. aq KurZnis mTavari da kargi JiSia
wiTeli kayiyi. garda amisa aris lagvilauri (tkbili Gvinoa),
Ceyiye (sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro adre mwifdeba. sasiamovno
sasmelia~ (i. tabaGua, 1986).
kayiyi-s afxazur JiSad miCneva, xolo misi saxelis ki
viGac afxazis saxelTan dakavSireba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Se-
cdomaa. es kagad Cans ara marto iqidan, rom am JiSis vazis na-
rgavebi afxazeTSi rvaJer naklebi iKo, vidre samegreloSi (sa-
qarTvelos ampeolografia, gv. 192), aramed uwinaresad iqidan,
rom etimologiurad kayiyi mxolod megrulad aixsneba.
ptolemaiosis TxzulebaSi damaxinJebuli megrelTa TviT-
saxelwodebis Cems mier aGdgenili saxe m-agr-al-i eTnonim
margali-s Tavdapirvel, savaraudo formad miaCnda akad. arn.
Ciqobavas (a. Ciqobava, 1942). agr-ºegr- fuZe gvaqvs kolxeTis
Zvel qarTul saxelSi egr-i-si, qarTulsave eTnonimSi m-egr-
el-i. kolxuri *agr- fuZis kanonzomieri fonetikuri SesatKvi-
sia qarTuli egr- fuZe. m-agr-al-i Tavdapirveli, arametaTezi-
rebuli saxeoba Cans megrelTa dGevandeli TviTsaxelwodebisa
m-arg-al-i, sadac Tavkiduri bgera m- da bolokiduri marcva-
li -al warmomavlobis mawarmoebel afiqsebs warmoadgenen.
KurZnis qarTuli JiSebis saxeldeba xSirad misi mar-
cvlis garegnuli saxis, mtevnis, Kunwis maxasiaTeblis, lerwmis
feris, KurZnis gemos da surnelovnebis mixedviT Cans momxdari.
akad. iv. JavaxiSvilma vazis araerTi JiSis saxelisa da
TviT Sesabamisi JiSis garegnuli Tu sxva saxis maxasiaTeblebis
Tanxvedra gamoavlina. mtevnisa da marcvlis garegnuli niSne-
bis maxasiaTeblebs vxedavT KurZnis Semdegi JiSebis saxelebSi:
68 69
meliskudi, xarisTvala, Tavkvera, mxragrZeli, Kunwmagara,
kviristava, mtredis fexa da sxv. marcvlis sidide-simcire,
moKvaniloba, feri da sxva niSnebia mocemuli KurZnis JiSebis _
KurwiTela, Citis Tvala, KornisTvala, mrgvalKurZena, mykna-
ra, oqroKurZeni, mjavela, kvawaxura, rqawiTeli, varduli...
es ukanaskneli, afxazuri varianti am JiSis saxelisa, bo-
lokidur bgeramokvecili kayiyiji n -i Cans ueyvelad. jin me-
grulad niSnavs zedars, maGlars, yiye ki mcires, pataras.
meore variantSi ajkayiy ki maGlaris aGmniSvneli sitKva
jin-i gvaqvs da erTvis afxazuri a winsarTi. rogorc Cans, is-
toriulad megrelebi vazis am maGlar JiSs eZaxdnen rogorc
*jin wkayiye-s, aseve *wkayiye jin-s. pirveli afxazuri usesxia
*kayiyijin-s saxiT, meore ki *a-jinkayiy-s formiT.
megrulSic, msgavsad qarTulisa, KurZnis JiSebis saxelde-
ba xSirad amgvaradve xdeboda. araerT megruli JiSis KurZens
swored misi mtevnis, marcvlis, kurkis, foTlis garegnul niS-
nebze, KurZnis gemoze, maGlaroba-dablarobaze, sadaurobaze
mimTiTebeli saxeli hqvia. aseTebia: magaliTad, CeyifeSi, uCa-
xardani, dedˆfaliS kiTi, yiTaSi, koloSi.
amrigad, kayiyi KurZnis saxeobis miCneva afxazur JiSad
Secdomaa.
megruli JiSis vazis saxelebi substratuli danaSrevis
saxiT Semogvinaxes qarTulis im kiloebma (kerZod, gurulma,
ayarulma da leCxumurma), romlebic kolxTa odindeli gan-
saxlebis sivrceSia gavrcelebuli. T e d o u T u r g a i Z e , m a r i a m m a n J g a l a Z e ,
T e a t e t e l o S v i l i (Tbilisi) didi ivane JavaxiSvili savsebiT marTebulad ukavSirebda
vazis guruli JiSis CupeSi-sa da ayaruli JiSis Ciyibe-s saxe-
lebs megruli JiSis saxels CeyifeºCeyifeSi (iv. JavaxiSvili,
1986), es ki friad mniSvnelovania, da vazis am megruli JiSis
did siZveleze uTiTebs.
fonologiuri interferentuli movlenebi
kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli mTis kiloTa
warmomadgenlebis metKvelebaSi
KurZnis kidev erTi megruli JiSis saxeli maykvaturi,
romelic am sivrceSi gvxvdeba, rogorc akad. arn. Ciqobavam da-
asabuTa, momdinareobs megruli mayKvaduri-dan, romelSic
Semonaxulia qarT. mowKveta masdaris megruli kanonzomieri
fonetikuri SesatKvisi moyKvadua.
1. kaxur dialeqts axmetis, Telavisa da dedof-
liswKaros raionebSa ara aqvs /ƒ/, aGmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTis dialeqtebSi ki es fonema kargad aris Semonaxuli.
/ƒ/-s xmarebis sixSire kaxeTSi Camosaxlebul mTielTa
(TuSTa, xevsurTa da fSavelTa) metKvelebaSi damokidebulia
mTqmelis asakze da dialogis monawile adresatze. Camosaxle-
bul mTielTa axali Taoba /ƒ/ bgeras TiTqmis aGar xmarobs.
iseve, rogorc zemoT CamoTvlili saxelebi vazis JiSebi-
sa, kayiyi-c misi erT-erTi maxasiaTeblis, marcvlisa da kurkis
sipataravis aGmniSvneli Cans. wka megrulad kurkas niSnavs, yi-
ye ki mcires, pataras. wka yiye sitKva-sitKviT patara kurkians. kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli mTielebi /ƒ/-s xmaroben im sitKveb-
Si, romlebSic Zvel qarTulSi iKo (es kanonzomiereba mTis ki-
loebSi a. SaniZem SeamCnia me-20 s. dasawKisSi. igi dGesac moqme-
debs). Tumca aGsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebul raionebSi mcxovre-
bi kaxelebisagan gansxvavebiT Camosaxlebuli mTielebis metKve-
lebSi ar fiqsirdeba metaTezisi Semdeg sitKvebSi: xsna, xSiri
saxel kayiyi-s amgvarad axsnis sisworeSi gvarwmunebs mi-
si afxazuri saxelis ori varianti, sadac damatebiT Semonaxu-
lia am JiSis kidev erTi maxasiaTeblis _ maGlarobis aGmniS-
vneli megruli sitKva. afxazeTSi am JiSis saxelad gvaqvs ro-
gorc kayiy º kaJiJ, aseve ajkayiy, kayiyji (saqarTvelos ampeo-
lografia, gv. 192).
70 71
(Sdr. kaxelebis sxna, Sxiri...), miuxedavad imisa, rom ƒ / x Se-
nacvlebiT miGebulia arabunebrivi /xs/ da /xS/ kompleqsebi. es
uTuod imiT unda aixsnas, rom /ƒ/-s distribucia Jer kidev ga-
cnobierebulia da substituciis drosac moqmedebs.
2. friad saKuradGeboa damaval difTongebSi monawile
[�] bgeris statusi saxelTa da zmnaTa formebSi: (a) rodesac
mTis dialeqtebi da kaxuri fonemaTa gardaqmnis gzebiT scil-
debian erTimeores, kaxuris normaTa SeGweva mTis kiloebSi
veGar xerxdeba, kerZod, {h-} (s2,o3) piris niSnis alomorfebi
zmniswinis xmovanTa momdevnod kaxurSi gadadian [�]-Si (da�wve-
bi, da�wers, da�yknebi, Sa�yams...); mTis dialeqtebSi ki {h-} iZ-leva /s/~ /S/ ~ /z/ ~ /j/ ~ /x/ ~ /G/ poziciur variantebs. mTis dialeqtebSi sitKvaTa ZirebSic ar xdeba /s, S/ fonemaTa [�]-Si gadasvla (Sdr. kax. kombo�to, mu�ti `muSti~...).
kaxeTSi Camosaxlebul mTis dialeqtis warmomadgenelTa
metKvelebaSi interferencia ver ganxorcielda, radgan fo-
nematurad SeuTavsebel kompleqsebSi fonematuri garda-
qmnebi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT wavida kaxursa da mTis
dialeqtebSi.
(b) rac Seexeba saxelTa formebSi difTongebs, romelTa
SemadgenlobaSic Sedis [�], aq xmovanTa kompleqsebis gardaqmna
analogiuri iKo kaxurisa da normebi advilad Sevida mTis ki-
loTa qvesistemebSi. kerZod: procesi dasrulebulia upauzo
poziciaSi (-i > -� > Ø), pauzis win ki procesi gaiKina mTis dia-
leqtebSi (Zma�, xe�, wKaro�), kaxurSi ki aqac dasrulda (Zma, xe,
wKaro), rac am dialeqtis gavleniT sakmaod xSirad fiqsirdeba
mTielTa metKvelebaSic. savaraudoa, rom pauzis wina poziciaSi
i-s iotizacia da dakargva mTis kiloebSic TavisTavad dasrul-
deboda, magram kaxur dialeqtTan urTierTobam igi daaCqara.
72
rogorc zemoT aGiniSna (2a), mTis dialaqtebisaTvis
ucxoa [s>�] da [S>�] gardaqmna, amitom kaxuris micemiTi da
naTesaobiTi brunvebis iotirebulma formebma ver SeaGwies
mTis dialeqtebSi. Volksvagen-is fondis mier dafinansebuli
proeqtis `enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi~ far-
glebSi mopovebuli masalis mixedviT mTielTa metKvelebSi ar
aGoCnda [Zma�] `Zmas~ da [Zmi�] `Zmis~ tipis formebi.
73
m a m i a f a G a v a (baTumi)
eqspedicia klarJeTSi
(sainformacio moxseneba)
2007 wlis 28 ivlisidan 7 agvistomde SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakul-
tetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos samecniero-kvleviTi cen-
tris mudmivmoqmedi kompleqsuri eqspedicia (xelmZGvaneli
profesori mamia faGava) muSaobda istoriuli klarJeTis (ax-
landeli arTvinis gubernia, borCxis raioni) soflebSi, ker-
Zod: araveTSi (5 km. geografiul punqtamde aqac da qvemoTac
manZils viTvliT borCxidan), SuaxevSi (valaSi, oxorjia. 9 km.),
devisqelSi (<devisKeli? _ m.f. devisqelis xeoba), baginSi
(<bageni||bagani? 19 km. baginis xeoba), ibrikliSi (10 km.), ada-
golSi (11 km. yoroxis marJvena sanapiro), qarTlaSi (22 km.),
TxilazorSi (27 km.), avanaSi (28 km.), damfalSi (<dampali? 33
km.), trapenSi (37 km.), arxvaSi (40 km. yoroxis marcxena sanapi-
ro), quraSi (23 km.), gurbinSi (27 km. murGulis marcxena sa-
napiro), kokoleTSi (8km.), geulSi (14 km.), buJurSi (13 km.),
ozmanSi (15 km.), kordieTSi (17 km.), ZancurSi (21 km.), agara-
Si (24 km.), iskebSi (28 km.), kaparyeTSi (35 km. murGulis mar-
Jvena sanapiro), qamileTSi (5 km.), JuvanSi (||Jvani. 8 km.), ere-
gunaSi (12 km.), baSqo�Si (27 km. baSqoiswKlis xeoba,
murGulis marcxena Senakadi).
eqspediciam moipova mniSvnelovani dialeqtologiuri,
folkloruli, eTnologiuri, arqeologiuri, toponimikuri,
foto, video da audio masala, romlis mimoqcevaSi SemotaniT,
vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovnad waiwevs win qarTvelologiisaTvis Jer
kidev naklebadcnobili kuTxis Seswavlis saqme, maT Soris
klarJuli dialeqtisac. Tu klarJuli kilo gasuli saukunis
50-iani wlebidan qarTuli dialeqtologiisaTvis cnobili ga-
xda meri cincaZis mier kirnaTsa da maradidSi Cawerili
metKvelebis nimuSebiT (romelsac 90-ian wlebSi daemata S.
futkaraZis mier mopovebuli masalebi), klarJeTis soflebSi
eqspediis muSaobiT gafarTovda Cveni Tvalsawieri. vitKviT,
rom klarJuli kilo (zogJer mas livanursac uwodeben, magram
livana klarJeTis nawilia oden, amitomac Cven klarJuls vani-
yebT upiratesobas), romelic gavrcelebulia yoroxis (mi-
rveTs zemoT), devesqelis, murGulisa da qlaskuris xeobebis
soflebSi, sxva samxrul kiloebTan SedarebiT ukeTaa gadarCe-
nili. KuradGebas mivaqcevT erT faqtsac, kerZod, murGulis
xeobis zogierTi sofeli dasaxlebulia muhaJiri ayarlebiT
(baSqo� da sxvebi) da, bunebrivia, maTi metKveleba ver iqneba
klarJuli dialeqti.
e l z a f u t k a r a Z e (baTumi)
enobrivi kontaqtebi da ayaruli dialeqtis
sameurneo Kofis amsaxveli leqsika
saukuneTa manZilze SeduGabebulma saxelmwifoTa urTi-
erTobam asaxva hpova ara mxolod maT socialur Tu eTnogra-
fiul Kofaze, aramed xalxis cocxal, sasaubro metKvelebazec.
enobrivma kontaqtebma Tavisi kvali datova ayaruli dialeq-
tis dargobriv leqsikazec. leqsikur-semantikuri Tvalsazri-
siT saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens ayaruli dialeqtis sa-
meurneo Kofis amsaxveli masala. am leqsikas daucavs ara oden
sameurneo Kofis amsaxveli Zveli qarTulis leqsikuri erTeu-
lebi, aramed uxvadaa warmodgenili lazuridan Semosuli da
damkvidrebuli leqsemebi Tavdapirveli an metnaklebi saxec-
vlili formiT. gansakuTrebiT ki xSiria Turquli enidan
Semosuli leqsikuri formebi. mniSvnelovania is leqsikuri er-
Teulebi, romlebic Turqulidan Jer lazurSi, xolo Semdeg,
74 75
isev enobrivi kontaqtebis safuZvelze, ayarulis dargobliv
leqsikaSi damkvidrebula da gvaqvs erTgvarad sinTezirebuli
formebi. naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba ayaruli dialeqtis same-
urneo Kofis amsaxveli ramdenime leqsikuri erTeuli: akun-
cxuleba, bondvebi, xendegi, qoqebi, bondruGi, �eGini,
KaraKilCiGi, gune adgili, birilime º birileme, iqilime º
iqileme.
n a T i a f u t k a r a Z e (Tbilisi)
eleqtronuli da realuri komunikaciebi
urTierTgavlenis erTi aspeqtisaTvis
gvinda es Tu ara, globaluri qseli _ interneti gavle-
nas axdens enaze. moxsenebaSi ganvixilavT aseTi gavlenis erT
magaliTs.
ekonomiurobis principi, romelic saerTod axasiaTebs
enas da molaparake koleqtivs, gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria vir-
tualuri komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi. realur urTierTobebSi
mosaubre sakuTar emocias xSirad mimikis saSualebiT gadmo-
scems, rasac eleqtronuli gzavnilebis eniT ver moaxerxebs.
emociis gadmosacemad sayiro gaxda virtualuri simbolos
SemoGeba; dGes ukve aqtiurad gamoiKeneba sasveni niSnebisgan
Seqmnili `emociuri xatebi~ komunikaciaSi monawile piris
ganwKobis gamosaxatavad (Sdr., :-) _ Gimili. forumebisa da Ca-
tis enaSi maT `Gimilakebs~/`sicilakebs~ uwodeben, saxelwodeba
inglisuris kalkia, pirveli `Gimilakis~ avtoric warmoSobiT
amerikeli skot falmenia (19.09.1982), romelsac Cven uSualod
davukavSirdiT am moxsenebaze muSaobisas.
moxsenebaSi ganxilulia am simboloebis warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis istoria, mocemulia realur komunikaciaSi maTi
damkvidrebis prognozirebis cdac. aGniSnulia, rom eleqtronul
enobriv sivrceSi SemuSavebuli `emociuri xatebi~ TandaTan
ifarToeben gamoKenebis ares da internet-samKarodan TiTqmis
SeuzGudavad gadadian realur komunikaciur sivrceSic. mag.,
Cven mier mopovebul xelnawer araformalur werilebSi sakma-
od xSiria e. w. `Gimilakebi~; Tumca piraduli xasiaTis weri-
lebis garda maT ukve vxvdebiT maGaziis abrebsa Tu sareklamo
dafebze, iSviaTad presis enaSic.
aGsaniSnavia isic, rom Gimilaks ZiriTadad iKenebs komu-
nikaciaSi monawile piri sakuTari emociis gadmosacemad; Jer-
JerobiT, forumebis enasa Tu xelnawer werilebSi, mesame piris
emocia ar gadmoicema.
emociis garda `Gimilaki~ SeiZleba gamoxatavdes garkve-
ul frazas, mag., `calKbad gameGima~ da sxv. . popularizaciis
SemTxvevaSi advili SesaZlebelia, mTqmelis emociis gamomxatve-
li verbaluri remarkebi misi ekvivalenturi niSnebiT Seicva-
los ara mxolod pirad mimoweraSi, aramed mxatvrul nawarmo-
ebebSi, pulicistikasa da sxva saxis teqstebSic, rac, rasakvir-
velia, arasasurveli perspeqtivaa qarTuli da, zogadad, nebis-
mieri enisaTvis;
Tumca, SesaZlebelia am e. w. `Gimilakebs~ praqtikuli
daniSnulebac mieces; mag., dialeqturi an sxva saxis zepiri
teqstebis gadawerisas respodentis emociis gadmosacemad ram-
denime sitKvis nacvlad erTi simbolo iqnes gamoKenebuli. am
SesaZleblobis gamoKenebas dialeqturi teqstebis eleqtro-
nul versiebSi dasaSvebad miiCneven am sakiTxebze praqtikulad
momuSave specialistebi (marine beriZe).
vinaidan Kvela Gimilaki ar iGimis, vfiqrobT, saxelwodeba
`Gimilakebi~(ºsicilakebi) Seusabamoa; moxsenebaSi SevecdebiT
alternatiuli, ufro misaGebi da zusti terminis ganxilvas.
moxsenebaSi ilustrirebuli masala aGebulia eleqtro-
nuli sakomunikacio sivrcidan (forumebi, `Catebi~), satele-
fono gzavnilebidan da piradi xelnaweri werilebidan.
76 77
m i x e i l q a m a d a Z e (baTumi) m i x e i l q u r d i a n i (Tbilisi)
Turquli elemeti ayaris fonetikuri procesebis droiTi miJayvuloba
anTroponimiaSi da maTi mniSvneloba enobrivi kontaqtebis
qronologiis dadgenisaTvis
ayaraSi Turquli rejimis batonobis TiTqmis samsaukuno-
van periodSi fexs ikidebda aGmosavluri warmomavlobis saku-
Tari saxelebi. am kuTxis dedasaqarTvelosTan dabrunebis Sem-
deg ki TandaTan aGdga qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sakuTa-
ri saxelebi.
fonetikuri procesebis (resp. kanonebis) moqmedeba
SezGudulia droiT. enis nebismier sinqroniul yrilSi povni-
eria fonetikuri procesebi dasrulebuli an moqmedi saxiT da
enobrivi kontaqtebis dros isini aisaxebian nasesxeb sitKvebSi,
rac sesxebis anu enobrivi kontaqtis qronologiis dadgenis
saSualebas iZleva, mag.:
amjamad ayaraSi gavrcelebul gvarebs xSirad adgilobriv
moixsenieben winapris, Tavdapirveli sacxovrebeli adgilis,
profesiis... saxelze Turq. oGli-s `Svili~ darTviT. mag., ese-
riZeebs (cxovroben Suaxevis raionSi) eserJoGlebs eZaxian.
gadmocemiT, maTi Tavdapirveli gvari Kofila zoiZe. magram,
radgan Turquli rejimis periodSi eserJoGlebs (Turq. eserJ-
xelovnebis raime nimuSis Semqmneli, xelovani) eZaxdnen, gvaric
amis mixedviT miiGes.
1. ebraul enaSi Zv. w. V saukuneSi moxda xSulTa spiranti-
zacia postvokalur poziciaSi sitKvis inlautsa da auslautSi:
B > V p > f k > x da sxv.
ganab `qurdi~ > ganav; Sepora(n) (anTr.) > Sefora(n); Enuk (anTr.) > Enox da a. S. qarTvel ebraelTa metKvelebaSi swo-
red es Zv. w. V saukunemdeli formebia SenarCunebuli, rac ai-
saxa kidec qarTulis mier pirvel ebraul diasporasTan enob-
rivi kontaqtis SedegebSi. es enobrivi faqtebi calsaxad adas-
tureben saqarTveloSi ebraelTa pirveli talGis Zv. w. VI sauku-
neSi mosvlis versias (qarTvel ebraelTa metKvelebaze, misi izo-
lirebulobis gamo ar gavrcelebula xSulTa spirantizacia).
axvlediani. eyvs ar iwvevs, rom es gvari -ian sufiqsiTaa
gaformebuli. ayaraSi axvledianebi xelvaCauris raionSi, ker-
Zod, ZiriTadad daba maxinJaurSi cxovroben. maT kirisi-
loGlebs eZaxian. savaraudoa, kirisiloGli < kiriseloGli `kir-
selis Svili~. kirsa ki sofelia nigalis xeobaSi (ix. S. futkara-
Ze. Cveneburebis qarTuli. baTumi, 1993. gv. 183), kerZod, borCxis
raionSi (amjamad TurqeTis saxelmwifo sazGvrebSia). maSasadame,
kirisiloGli aris kirseli kacis _ kirselis Svili. ebraelTa meore talGa, enobrivad arameizebuli, saqar-
TveloSi ax. w. II saukuneSi movida da moitana ebrauli (bibli-
is) sitKvebisa da anTroponimebis spirantizebuli gamoTqma:
SaqaraZe. gvaris amosavalia sakuTari saxeli Saqara. Saqa-
raZeebis erTi nawili Suaxevis raionSi cxovrobs. maT artaane-
loGlebs eZaxian. aqac aSkarad Cans, rom SaqaraZeebis es Sto
istoriul samxreT saqarTvelodan, kerZod, artaanedan arian
mosuli.
ever < eber `ebraeli~, `xizani~ < ivri "id" < ibri (qarT. Kiu-ri),
melex `mefe~ < melek da sxv. moxsenebaSi sxva gvarebis Sesaxebac iqneba msJeloba.
ebraelTa mesame talGa, enobrivad germanizebuli, saqar-
TveloSi ax. w. XIX saukuneSi movida da moitana e. w. aStenazu-
78 79
ri gamoTqma:
ksiva `wigni~ < ktiva (spirantizebuli varianti) < ktiba da sxv. 2. Kvela am nasesxobis qronologiis dadgena uproblemod
xerxdeba fonetikuri procesebis mixedviT.
sparsul enaSi ax. w. III saukuneSi adgili hqonda KruTa
gamjGerebis process, rac gaxda mizezi Zveli sparsulis tran-
sformaciisa saSual sparsulad:
p > b t > d k > g
da sxv.
Atropatakan (top.) > Adrobadagan > Adarbadagan (metaTezisiT); pitiaxš > bidiaxš da a. S. am magaliTebidan cxadi xdeba, rom
qarTuli pitiaxSi nasesxebia Zv. sparsulidan (aqemenidebis
epoqa), xolo somxuri bdeSx "id" < bidiaxS (reduqciiTa da me-taTezisiT) saS. sparsulidan (sasanidebis epoqa).
Zvel da saSual sparsuls Soris gansxvaveba aris Tanxmo-
vanTkompleqsis asaxvaSic:
Zv. spars. : saS. spars.
rd > l Sarda (Zv.) `winamZGoli~ > Salar (saS. spars.) "id" es enobrivi faqtic imaze metKvelebs, rom qarT. sardali
nasesxebia Zveli sparsulidan, somxuri salar "id" ki saSuali
sparsulidan. saS. sparsuli salar qarTulsac aqvs nasesxebi
saSuali sparsulidan rogorc kompozitebSi spasalari `armiis
sardali~ da amirspasalari `armiis sardalTa mTavari~, aseve
calkec; ix. gvarsaxeli salariZe > º saraliZe (metaTezisiT),
rac bunebrivia, radgan qarTulsa da sparsuls uwKveti enob-
rivi kontaqtebi aqvT aTaswleulTa manZilze da, cxadia, Kvela
urTierTnasesxoba garkveuli fonetikuri procesebis amsaxveli
iqneba.
3. aseve mravalaTaswliani kontaqtebi aqvT berZnul da
qarTul enebs da am kontaqtebis Kvela qronologizebadi etapi
aris asaxuli orive enaSi.
berZnul enaSi ax. w. IV saukuneSi moxda labialuri
mjGeri xSulis spirantizacia:
antik. da elinist. bizant.
b > v am saKovelTaod cnobili fonetikuri procesis magali-
Tebi kargad aris asaxuli qarTulSi, maT Soris anTroponime-
bis paraleluri formebiTac:
Zveli nasesxobebi (IV saukunemde) axali nasesxobebi (IV s.
Semdegi xanis)
basili : vasili; barbare º babale : varvara; iobi (iobaS-
vili iobaZe...) : iovi (iovaSvili) da sxv.
4. somxur enaSi, ax. w. IX s., moxda lateralis spirantizacia:
: ramac mogvca saSualeba nasesxobaTa qronologizaciisa:
a) Tu saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis qronologiur done-
ze rekonstruirebadi l-s Semcveli sitKva axal somxurSi (aS-
xarabarSi) Seicavs G bgeras, is somxuris mier nasesxebia IX sa-
ukunemde, xolo Tu l-s Semcveli qarTveluri sitKva somxur-
Sic l bgeras avlens, is nasesxebia somxurSi IX saukunis Semdeg.
b) Tu saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis qronologiur done-
ze rekonstruirebadi G-s Semcveli sitKva somxurSi (grabarsa
da aSxarabarSi) warmodgenilia x an k bgeriT, is nasesxebia
somxuris mier IX saukunemde, xolo Tu qarTveluri G somxur-
Sic G bgeriTaa gadmocemuli, nasesxoba IX saukuneTa momdevno
xanas ganekuTvneba.
g) Sesabamisad, Tu romelime saerToindo-evropulidan
somxurSi namemkvidrevi -s Semcveli sitKvebi qarTulSi l-Tia
asaxuli, nasesxoba IX saukunemdelia, xolo, Tu qarTulSi G
aris povnieri, maSin nasesxoba IX saukunis Semdgomdroindelia.
aseve maqronolizebel xasiaTs atarebs somxurSi qarTve-
luri nasesxobebi, mag. zanurSi saxelis auslautSi momxdari
r-s palataluri afrikatizacia. mag.:
s/q. *m-wer-i : qarT. m-wer-i : zan. yanJ-i <*yaJ-i <*m-yar-i
da somx. yanj `buzi~, romelSic asaxulia ara mxolod r-s pa-
lataluri afrikatizacia, aramed momdevno etapic _ proTe-
80 81
tuli n sonoris ganviTareba. m a i a q u q C i S v i l i (axalcixe)
5. Kovelive zemoTqmuli iZleva Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTe-
bis uflebas:
k-s Semcveli sufiqsebi qarTulsa da
5.1. sitKvaSi asaxuli fonetikuri procesebis mixedviT
SeiZleba misi qronologizireba (laparakia rogorc nasesxeb,
aseve dasabamier sitKvebze) da lokalizeba (laparakia foneti-
kur dialeqtizmebze).
berZnul enebSi
k-s Semcveli sufiqsebi bevr enaSi dasturdeba da sainte-
resoa, rom berZnul enaSi SemorCenil formantebs miiCneven wi-
naberZnul formebad. qarTulsa da berZnulSi -k TanxmovanTan
kompoziciaSi Sedis Kvela xmovani. maT ZiriTadad kninobiTobis
funqcia aqvT.
5.2. qarTvelur enebSi povnieri nasesxobebi calsaxad aC-
veneben, rom arc erTi nasesxoba istoriulad dadasturebuli
enebidan ar momxdara saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis qronolo-
giur doneze da isini ganekuTvnebian fuZe-enis diferenciaciis
Sedegad warmoSobili calkeuli qarTveluri enebis damouki-
debeli ganviTarebis istoriul etapebs. es nasesxobebi calkeu-
li qarTveluri enebis mier aris nasesxebi uSualod romelime
istoriulad dadasturebuli enidan an SualobiT (erTmaneTis
an romeliGac sxva enis meSveobiT).
1. 1. sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs qarTulSi -ak, -ik, -ek, -uk ma-
warmoeblebs, rac iZleva SesaZleblobas davuSvaT, rom es su-
fiqsebi qarTvelurisTvis organuli iKo (r. gordeziani).
il. abulaZis mixedviT, -ak bolosarTi Zvel qarTulSi
TiTqmis erTaderTi mawarmoebeli iKo: agar-ak-i, gali-ak-i,
dor-ak-i, dan-ak-i, Txier-ak-i, kidoban-ak-i, knin-ak-i, nigoz-ak-i,
Svil-ak-i, tabl-ak-i... axal qarTulSi ki pasiuri da iSviaTi
xmarebis gaxda, Tumca teqnikuri literaturis enam -ak sufiqsi
kvlav gaacocxla: bagir-ak-i, Tamas-ak-i, Tval-ak-i, kbil-ak-i,
lilv-ak-i, mil-ak-i, nawil-ak-i, nems-ak-i, fil-ak-i, Gar-ak-i, wil-
ak-i... Tumca es procesi xelovnur elfers atarebs, rac gansa-
kuTrebiT Cans moxmarebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamoTvlili
formebi an saerTod ar ixmareba, an ixmareba maTi araqarTuli
SesatKvisi.
5.3. arc erT istoriulad dadasturebul enaSi ar aris
arc erTi nasesxoba saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enidan da Kvela
cnobili nasesxoba asaxavs saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis dife-
renciaciis Sedegad warmoSobili istoriulad dadasturebul
qarTvelur enaTagan erT-erTis Cvenebas.
5.4. raki saerToindo-evropuli, saerTosemituri da sa-
erToqarTveluri fuZe-enebisaTvis rekonstruirebuli arqeti-
pebi samive an samidan or fuZe-enaSi povnieri ziari sitKvebisa
ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan formiT, vidre am sitKvaTa
refleqsebi dafiqsirebuli amave enaTa oJaxis diferenciaciis
Sedegad warmoSobil istoriulad dadasturebul enebSi da
ar atareben am ukanasknelTagan romelimesTvis niSandoblivi
fonetikuri procesebis kvals, SegviZlia yeSmaritebasTan maq-
simalurad miaxlovebuli albaTobiT davuSvaT, rom samive fu-
Ze-ena Tanaarsebobda drosa da sivrceSi da swored maTi enob-
rivi kontaqtebi xorcieldeboda erTmaneTTan.
1. 2. berZnuli enis kninobiTobas Kvelaze mkafiod gamo-
xatavs sufiqsi –άκι. –άκι sufiqsi axal berZnulSi gamoiKeneba arsebiTi saxe-
lis saalerso-moferebiTobis ZiriTad mawarmoeblad.
Τσοπανάκης-is ganmartebiT, igi miGebulia Zveli berZnu-
li sufiqsidan -ιον. iqmneba warmodgena, rom -άκ-ιον-ze daboloe-
bul arsebiT saxelebSi sufiqsia -άκιον, romelic Semdgom fone-
tikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad iqca sufiqsad -άκι, iseve rogorc -ιος-i da -ακ-ιος-i iqca sufiqsad -ις > ης da -άκης-ad.
r. gordeziani aGniSnavs, rom beekesis mixedviT, Jer kidev
82 83
winaberZnulsa da etruskulSi realuri Cans -ακ sufiqsis
gamoKofa.
-ak (–άκ) sufiqsi qarTulsa da berZnulSi semantikuri
TvalsazrisiT msgavsia da gamoiKeneba saalerso-moferebiTobis
ZiriTad mawarmoeblad, Tumca berZnulSi mas damamcirebeli
funqciac gaaCnia iseT mamrobiTi sqesis arsebiT saxelebSi,
romlebic aGniSnaven profesias an xasiaTis Tvisebebs. maT sa-
erTo safuZveli eZebnebaT winaberZnulsa da etruskulSi.
1. 3. sufiqsi -ik rogorc saliteraturo enaSi, ise kilo-TqmebSic pro-
duqtiulia -ik sufiqsic. is makninebelia, xolo saxels mofe-
rebiT-saalerso iers –o-s damateba aZlevs. -ik varianti fun-
qcionalurad emsgavseba –uk-i sufiqsac.
1. 4. -ίκος (-ίκας), -ίκα sufiqsebs berZnulSic sakuTari sa-
xelebis moferebiT-alersobiTi forma aqvs, romelic berZnul-
Si Semosuli unda iKos laTinuridan, laTinuri kninobiTobis
mawarmoeblidan -icu, (mdedr.) -ica. (Αντριώτης). amrigad, -ika (-ίκα) sufiqss qarTulsa da berZnulSi mo-
ferebiT-saalerso datvirTva aqvs da rogorc fonologiurad,
aseve semantikurad erTmaneTis msgavsia. 1. 5. sufiqsi -uk mravali qarTveli enaTmecnieri Tvlis, rom rogorc sa-
literaturo qarTulSi, aseve mis dialeqtebSic, kninobiT su-
fiqsTa Soris Kvelaze gavrcelebulad -a sufiqsis Semdeg -uk-a
unda CaiTvalos.
1. 6. sufiqsi –ούκα axal berZnulSi ZiriTadad saxelTa ga-
mazviadeblad gamoiKeneba arsebiT saxelebSi. garda arsebiTi
saxelebisa, es mawarmoebeli sakuTar saxelebSic aqtiurad
gamoiKeneba, rogorc saalerso-kninobiTobis mawarmoebeli. Κ. Μηνά-s azriT, -uka mawarmoebliT laTinurSi iwarmoeba mrava-
li iseTi arsebiTi saxeli, romelsac gamazviadebeli funqcia
aqvs. isini ucvlelad isesxa italiurma, berZnulma da damkvid-
rda axal berZnulSic.
amrigad, sufiqsi -uk-a (-ούκα) qarTulsa da berZnulSi
fonologiuradac msgavsia da semantikuradac. ZiriTadad arse-
biTi (rogorc sazogado, ise sakuTari) saxelebis kninobiT-
alersobiTi formas awarmoebs, Tumca qarTulis zogierT sa-
xelSi damamcirebel iersac iGebs, xolo berZnulis sazogado
saxelebSi gamazviadebeli funqcia aqvs.
l e i l a S a l v a S v i l i (Telavi)
megrulis masala Tanamedrove
qarTuli gazeTebis furclebze
saqarTvelosTvis saxasiaTo mravalerovnuloba da, maSasa-
dame, mravalenovneba farTod aisaxa dGevandel qarTul presa-
Si, kerZod _ gazeTis enaSi. masalis siuxviT gamoirCeva megru-
li, rusuli, inglisuri, xolo TiTo-orola sitKviTa Tu fra-
ziTaa warmodgenili svanuri, afxazuri, CeCnuri, osuri, somxu-
ri, laTinuri, germanuli, Cinuri enebi (mare, meSex-meSxe, af-
sua, gergar, fandarast, saribari, gnac, her, iaxSi, oTus bi-
ri, in vino veritas; astvaw, inCu hamar; daine froind ist
volf aus tambov! ki, ki, Caina, Caina! da misT.).
gazeTebSi megruli gvxvdeba:
a) saTaurebad: marwkinia, didaSmavilari;
b) leqsis masalad: sxvisi sisxli ar gadisxa gogom al-
vistanam, es ra Tqvio, goluafiro, es ra Tqvio, nana;
g) locvis adresatis saxelad: TuTa, TuTaia, yvartls
gaatane warwKmedili eSmakeulni;
d) metsaxelad: mayarali, sisa tura, Cqimi zisnaxe;
e) eTnonimad, toponimad: kiribi(Si), menCurua, papaTis
gora;
v) megrelis SegonebisTvis: rodemde, paata? mu jamSa,
Jima, rodemde?
z) saTqmelis gasasaidumloeblad: skandidavso, _ Seigina
megrulad.
84 85
sagazeTo praqtikaSi megrulad Sezavebuli qarTuli
frazebia Cveulebrivi, iSviaTad odenmegrulenovani winadade-
bebi da leqsebic ki ikiTxeba. korespondenciebSi sagangebod
dgas megrulisadmi saxelmwifos damokidebulebis, misi skola-
Si swavlebisa Tu sxva sakiTxebi.
v a j a S e n g e l i a (Tbilisi)
qarTvelur-Cerqezuli leqsikuri
urTierTobidan
qarTveluri da Cerqezuli (resp. afxazur-Cerqezuli) ene-
bi monaTesave enebia da, bunebrivia, maT mravali saerTo leqsi-
kuri erTeuli gaaCniaT, amasTan, sakmao raodenobiT urTier-
Tnasesxobanic moepovebaT. zogierT maTgans SevexebiT.
1. Cerqezul enaTa Z– `Jari~ qarTulidan nasesxebad miiC-
nia n. iakovlevma, kerZod, aGniSnuli sitKva man qarTul Zala-s
daukavSira, raSic eyvi Seitanes semantikuri gansxvavebis gamo
(g. rogava, a. Sagirovi).
samecniero literaturaSi iKo mcdeloba qarTuli Zal-a
º Zal-i sitKvis megrul-lazuri SesatKvisis moZiebisa, kerZod,
is megruli Joloket `saTrevela, berketi~ sitKvis pirvel
komponents (Jolo < Jola) daukavSirda. amrigad, es sitKva sa-
erTo-qarTvelurad warmogvidga.
vfiqrobT, Cerqezuli Z–-sa da qarTveluri Zal-is dakav-
SirebisaTvis fonetikur-semantikuri xasiaTis dabrkoleba ar
arsebobs (miT umetes, i. abulaZis leqsikonSi Zal-isaTvis `Ja-
ris~ mniSvnelobac aris dafiqsirebuli).
es sitKva Cerqezul enebSi qarTulidan aris Sesuli, Tu
qarTvelur enebTan genetikur Sexvedrebs unda mivakuTvnoT?
orive am TvalsazrisisaTvis sakmao argumenti arsebobs.
2. aseTive sakiTxi dgas qarTuli bokver-is da adiGeuri
bˆkºˆ(-r) `xbo~ sitKvis urTierTobis SemTxvevaSic: isini saer-To warmoSobisac SeiZleba iKos an erTi enobrivi erTeulidan
meores hqondes nasesxebi.
3. samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia savsebiT lo-
gikuri Tvalsazrisi, rom qristianuli leqsika Cerqezul enebs
qarTulidan an qarTulis saSualebiT SeuTvisebia: Jor º jor
`Jvari~ (aseve, SesitKveba `pirJvris gadawera~), Kab. CˆrisTan
`qristiani~, Kab. m–ri–m `mariam GvTismSobeli~, bar–sk–z¶ˆ�(–)
`oTxSabaTi~ (zedmiw. `mcire paraskevi~), b–r–sk–SxÀº(–) `paraske-vi~ (zedmiw. `didi paraskevi~), S–mb–T º s¶–b–T `SabaTi~... garda
amisa, Kabardouli enis mozdokur TqmaSi warmodgenilia
marxv– `marxva~, kº–rkº–t `korkoti~, z�–T `zeTi~.
4. a. Sagirovis Tvalsazrisi qarTulis gziT Cerqezul
enebSi `girvanqis~, `tolumbaSis~, `balis~, `zaqis~ aGmniSvneli
sitKvebis damkvidrebis Sesaxeb ufro mKar dasabuTebas sayiroebs.
r e v a z S e r o z i a (Tbilisi)
enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxisaTvis
1. `ena aris niSanTa sistema~. SeiZleboda gveTqva, mowes-
rigebul, mkacrad gansazGvrul niSan-fonemaTa sistemao, magram
`sistema~ ukve gamoricxavs nebismierobas.
sistemaSi ierarqiuli diferencireba ara gvaqvs, _ Ti-
Toeuli wevri (`enobrivi niSani~, CvenTvis _ fonema, afiqsi,
sitKva) mTliani Jayvis aucilebeli rgolia.
qarTvelur sistemaSi a fonema-wevris (aseve, sxva foneme-
bis) nebismieri kanonikuri gamoKeneba aucileblobiT aris gan-
pirobebuli (Jayvis rgolia) da ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ca Ziris
elementia, qceviT urTierTobas aGniSnavs, piris niSnis fun-
86 87
qciiTaa aGyurvili Tu sxva.
2. sistemaSi dasaSvebia niSanTa mxolod adgilmonacvle-
oba. termini pirobiTia (samuSao) da enis sistemaSi niSanTa
Senacvlebas gulisxmobs (maT Soris _ niSani: Ø). amave dros
aGsaniSnavia isic, rom igi sistemis SigniT, Sinagani, dafaru-
li SesaZleblobebis gamoKenebiT xdeba. adgilmonacvleoba Se-
iZleba iKos:
a) fonologiuri, _ roca: sistemis romelime erT ni-
Sans cvlis meore (gamomwvevi m i z e z i _ asimilacia, umlau-
ti... am SemTxvevaSi Girebuli ar aris) _ kac-koC...; an romeli-
me niSani `zedmeti xdeba, _ S2-is prefiqsebi; an niSani rTul-
deba _ Sqa : Sua...
b) morfologiuri, _ cvlileba mKofadis gamoxatvaSi
(lazurSi procesi Senelebulia), deiqturobisa da orientaci-
is orwevra sistemis samwevraTi Senacvleba...
g) sintaqsuri, _ gardamavlobis neitralizeba moqmede-
biTi gvaris samoqmedo obieqtdakarguli zmnebis Semcvel kon-
struqciebSi...
d) leqsikuri, _ roca erT niSan-formas meore enacvle-
ba (kuarTi: sacvali; sarkmeli: fanJara...), an niSnis mniSvnelo-
ba icvleba (qKveKana)...
3. sistemis wevrTa nebismieri adgilmonacvleoba salite-
raturo, normirebul variantSi SezGudulia (mas ar exeba ar-
tikulaciis sakiTxic, radgan is bazaa, mudmivad arsebuli da
makontrolebel-maregulirebeli); Tu mainc aqvs adgili, es
gamowveulia ganviTarebis tendenciebiT. zepir metKvelebaSi
adgilmonacvleobis sixSire gansazGvravs saerTo, ZiriTadi
sistemidan dialeqturi variantis gadaxris xarisxs. amasTan,
mcire gamonaklisis garda ara gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca
romelime saxis adgilmonacvleoba mxolod erTi dialeqturi
variantis kuTvnileba iKos da sxvagan ar gvxvdebodes.
4. enis mxolod komunikaciuri funqciiT gamoKenebisas
dgeba sistemis wevrTa adgilmonacvleobis sakiTxi (arsebiTad,
saliteraturo varianti komunikaciisaTvis arc moixmareba).
dialeqtur variantSi misi sixSire gansazGvravs gagebinebis xa-
risxs. amasTan, unda aGiniSnos ori mniSvnelovani faqtori: a)
dialeqturi varianti ar aris mowodebuli gagebinebis funqci-
iT iKos aGyurvili sxva dialeqtur variantTan mimarTebaSi, _
amisaTvis arsebobs saerTo, ZiriTadi varianti; b) dialeqtur
variantze mosaubrisaTvis gagebineba SeuzGudavia saerTo, Zi-
riTad variantze mosaubresTan, radgan adgilmonacvleoba xde-
ba pirvelSi, _ dialeqturi variantis `mflobeli~ ZiriTadi
sistemis gamoKenebisas ki ar `Targmnis~ saTqmels, rogorc es
xdeba sxva sistemaze saubrisas, aramed, Cveulebriv, saerTo-sa-
azrovno ZiriTad variants iKenebs sametKvelod.
5. qarTveluri sinamdvilisaTvis zemoT Tqmuli gulis-
xmobs, _ saerTo, ZiriTad, qarTvelur enobriv sistemasTan mi-
marTebiT, _ romlis amsaxveli qarTveluri saliteraturo
enaa, _ guruli, xevsuruli, ingilouri, fereidnuli, imeru-
li, lazuri, laSxuri... xasiaTdebian sistemis wevrTa adgilmo-
nacvleobis sxvadasxva sixSiriT, ar warmoadgenen sxvadasxva
enobriv sistemebs, isini erTi sistemis dialeqturi varian-
tebia, erTi genealogiuri xis sxvadasxva totebi da ara er-
Ti JiSis sxvadasxva xeebi.
m a n a n a C a C a n i Z e (Tbilisi)
enobrivi kontaqtebis leqsikografiuli
parametrizaciis sakiTxi
qeglis axal redaqciaSi
qeglis axal redaqciaSi (t. 1, Tb., 2007) warmodgenili
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis leqsikuri fondis
leqsikografiuli parametrizacia leqsikis kvlevis mraval sa-
intereso aspeqts warmoaCens. saxeldobr, axali fondiT kon-
statirebuli qarTuli enis polivalentovneba leqsikis dina-
88 89
mikis kvlevis seriozuli wKaroa.
leqsikologiuri da leqsikografiuli TvalsazrisiT,
leqsikis dinamikis arsebiTi mxareebi mkafiod vlindeba leqsi-
kuri fondis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva monakveTis Sedarebisas.
moxsenebaSi Zveli da axali redaqciis monacemTa Sedarebis sa-
fuZvelze naCvenebia:
a) enobrivi faqtebisa da rig gareenobriv movlenaTa ur-
TierToba;
b) enobrivi kontaqtebis amsaxveli leqsikis (ase, mag.,
aGmosavluri, berZnul-laTinuri, rusuli, germanuli, frangu-
li, inglisuri) leqsikografiuli parametrizaciis specifika
da obieqturi maxasiaTeblebi.
m e r a b C u x u a (Tbilisi)
saerToqarTveluri *wen- da osuri bcenºbwen
formaTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis
kolxuri (zanuri) enis lazur dialeqtSi fiqsirebuli
urTierTmonacvle eTnonimebis _ laz-i º yan-i lokalizacia
imaze migviTiTebs, rom adreul etapzeve yan- fuZiT aGiniSne-
boda mTieli lazi. msgavsi opozicia mTieli (yan-i) ~ aramTie-li (lazi) damaxasiaTebeli unda KofiliKo megruli dialeq-
tisaTvisac. kerZod, mTaSi mcxovreb megrelebs istoriulad
wan-i º yan-i unda rqmeoda, Sesabamisad, maT sacxovrebel miwa-
wKals _ wan-ia ←*wan-e-a, Sdr. Son-e `svaneTi~. es ukanaskneli
forma dGemde daculi Cans samurzaKanoul kilokavSi. amave
wan- Zirs xedaven samxreTis qaris megrul saxelwodebaSic _
wan(i)-boria (s. JanaSia).
arqanJelo lambertidan moKolebuli dGemde yan- eTno-
nims gamoKofen hidronim yaniswKlis SemadgenlobaSic, rome-
lic megrulad me-19 saukunemde yan-ˆ-wKar-i formiT gamoiKene-
boda (grigol dadiani). dGevandel megrul metKvelebaSi sabo-
lood damkvidrda wen-wKar-i `yaniswKali~. Cveni dakvirvebiT,
am hidronimSi gamoKofili yan- º wan- veranairad ver daukav-
Sirdeba lazeTis yan-eb-s, mdinaris saxeldebis safuZveli adgi-
lobrivia, anu megruli. cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTi-
sa da samegrelos mTian nawilSi mcxovreb erT-erT qarTvelu-
ri modgmis xalxs uxsovari droidan moixsenieben rogorc wan-
eb-s. ramdenadac md. yan-(i-)wKar-i swored mTian samegreloSi
iGebs saTaves, amitomac mas wan-/yan-ebis wKali ewoda, Sdr.
megr. yan-ˆ-wKar-i º wan-ˆ-wKar-i → wen-wKar-i.
qarTuli wanar-eb-is wKarodac megruli wan-ar-i unda da-
saxeldes; wan-ar-i udris wan-el-s, anu wan-is tomis erT-erT
warmomadgenels. am TvalsazrisiT saKuradGebo paralelia ukve
Zveli qarTulidan kargad cnobili afs-ar- eTnonimi, romelic
megrulad gaformebuli afs(u)-el-i Cans (q. lomTaTiZe). megru-
li wan-ar- saxeoba Cans ptolemebs berZnul
formaSic.
megruli wan- saxeobis fuZe aseve daculia afxazur a-wan
formaSic. afxazTa xalxuri gadmocemiT, afxazeTis mTebSi
cxovrobdnen a-wan-eb-i. wan-eb-i (afx. mr. r. forma wan-aa) meJo-
geebi iKvnen da mosaxleobdnen bzifidan enguramde. maTi sa-
cxovrebeli saxlebis naSTebi gvxvdeba 2133-dan 2286 metris
simaGleze, afxazebi maT sadgomebs wan-ig…ara-s eZaxian (n. al-
bovi, s. JanaSia).
Tu qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi fonetikis monacemebiT
visargeblebT, megrul-lazur wan- º yan- alomorfebs qarTul-
Si SesatKvisad wen- gaxmovanebis fuZe unda hqonoda, rac Tan-
xvdenilia saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis *wen- arqetipul mona-
cemTan. qarTulSi dGes wen- fuZe ar iZebneba, istoriulad mi-
si arsebobis kvali Cans Zv. somxur wen º yen `lazi~ eTnonimSi,
romlis wKarodac megrul-lazur alomorfebs ver vivaraudebT
im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom kolxur enaSi e gaxmovanebis wen-
º yen- ar dasturdeba da arc unda KofiliKo, Sdr. bgeraTSe-
90 91
satKvisoba qarT. e : zan. a (s.-qarTv. *e). amave saukunis dasasruls Tbiliss estumrnen Kolam-reza
xuciSvili da Kolam-hosein onikaSvili, rac agreTve saTanadod
aisaxa im drois publikaciebSi (ix. z. SaraSeniZe, `fereidneli
gurJebi~, 1969).
saerToqarTveluri (fuZeqarTuli) arqetipis rekonstruq-
ciisaTvis metad Girebuli Cans osuri folkloruli monaceme-
bi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs narTuli eposis osuri varianti, sadac
erT-erTi miTiuri xalxis aGsaniSnavad afxazuri a-wan-is (mr. r.
wan-aa) adgils osur teqstSi bwen (mr. r. bwen-Ta) forma ika-
vebs. Cveni TvalsazrisiT, osuri bwen- eTnonimisTvis amosava-
lia saerToqarTveluri *wen- arqetipisTvis savaraudo svanuri
kanonzomieri SesatKvisi, romelic gaformebuli iqneboda sa-
kuTriv svanuri mˆ- prefiqsiT da, albaT, jGerda rogorc mˆ-
yen an mˆ-wen. sitKvis TavSi fiqsirebuli svanuri mˆw- bgeraT-
Tanmimdevroba osurSi zepiris sesxebis dros *mw → bw saxeo-
bad iqna adaptirebuli.
ar SeiZleba ar aGiniSnos l. aGniaSvilis damsaxureba am
saqmeSi, ramdenadac igi pirveli iKo, vinc imogzaura fereidan-
Si da Tavisi dakvirvebebi warmoadgina monografiaSi `sparseTi
da iqauri qarTvelebi~, 1896 w.
rogorc cnobilia, fereidnuli dialeqtis mecnierul
Seswavlas safuZveli CaeKara gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi,
rac fereidnelTa Tavkacis _ seifola xan ioselianis Camo-
svlasTan iKo dakavSirebuli. qarTvelma mecnierebma (arn. Ciqo-
bavam, a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam) misgan Cawerili saKuradGebo ma-
sala gamoaqveKnes da gamoavlines manamde ucnobi fereidnuli
metKvelebis namdvili saxe, misi ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi.
amrigad, qarTveluri, afxazuri, osuri, somxuri da ber-
Znuli enebis faqtobrivi masalis mixedviT SesaZlebeli xdeba
saerToqarTveluri *wen- Ziris rekonstruqcia, romelic, al-
baT, mTiel qarTvels Tu aGniSnavda. uZveles istoriul peri-
odSi qarTvelis aGsaniSnavad *wen- terminis arsebobis utKuar
anarekls Cven vxedavT daGestnur monacemSic, sadac wor Ziri
qarTvelis tolfardia da qronologiurad win uswrebs gurJi
º gurji alomorfebs.
2. Cveni KuradGeba miipKro Kolam-hosein onikaSvilis we-
rilma, gamogzavnilma sparseTidan `Coni Tavgadasavali parse-
Tidan saqarTvelosaken mogzaurobis~ (gaz. `isari~, 1907 w.,
sul 20 gv., gadmobeydilia z. SaraSeniZis dasax. monografia-
Si), romelic seifola ioselianis teqstebze 20 wliT adrea
gamoqveKnebuli. ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara sando es publikacia,
rogorc dialeqtologiuri teqsti?
masalis analizma cxadi gaxada, rom werilis teqsti Ca-
sworebulia da SesabamisobaSia moKvanili im drois samwerlo-
bo qarTulTan. davasaxelebT oriode magaliTs:
d a r e J a n C x u b i a n i S v i l i (Tbilisi) a) TvalSisacemia hipotaqsuri konstruqciebis maqvemdeba-
rebeli kavSirebis (romelic, radganac, rodesac, sadac...) sim-
ravle, rac ucxoa fereidnulisTvis;
fereidnuli dialeqtis Seswavlis adreuli
etapi, pirveli publikaciebi 2) gvxvdeba samwerlobo qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gankerZoebuli sitKvebi da gamoTqmebi (rasakvirvelia, rogorc
viciT, imitom rom...);
1. pirveli cnobebi fereidnulis Sesaxeb qarTul presaSi
gamoCnda me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, rodesac fereidnidan
TbilisSi Camovida ioTama onikaSvili. qarTuli sazogadoebri-
oba siKvaruliTa da pativiscemiT gamoexmaura am movlenas.
3) fereidnulisTvis specifikuri leqsemebi da formebi
im droisaTvis Cveulebrivi variantebiT aris Canacvlebuli:
mgeli (geli), mTa (Ta), Tqveni (qeni), ramdeni (radgeni); pi-
92 93
rutKvi (piritKi); zmnis formebidan : vuamboT..., mosuliKvnen
(-nes); wavediT (waveliT) da sxva.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, werilis teqsti garkveul in-
teress imsaxurebs, ramdenadac masSi aqa-iq gabneulia fereid-
nulis specifikuri sitKvebi, frazebi, saxelisa da zmnis swo-
red am dialeqtisTvis niSandoblivi formebi, Tumca mTlianad
teqsti fereidnuli metKvelebis srulfasovan nimuSad ver Ca-
iTvleba. oriode magaliTi:
pirutKvebs SauwKeriT... pirutKvebs Zovna-ZovniT miuwKre-
bodiT (= mivrekavdiT); xalxis dasxletiT... cotas dasxleTiT
(= daSorebiT); cxenebi Sainaxa (= gaaCera); suniv (suKvelani);
cxeniani (= cxenosani); saweri (= werili);... im sawKal xalxma
ar daiZines... da sxv.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom fereidnuli metKvelebis namdvi-
li suraTi pirvelad mecnierebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda sei-
fola ioselianis teqstebis gamoqveKnebis Sedegad.
vfiqrobT, aGniSnulma masalamac Tavisi adgili unda da-
ikavos qarTuli dialeqturi teqstebis korpusSi (proeqti `sa-
qarTvelos lingvisturi portreti~).
n u g z a r c e c x l a Z e (baTumi)
sofel bazgireTis toponimebi
sofeli bazgireTi mdinare imerxeviswKlis marJvena Sena-
kadis bazgireTiswKlis saTaveebSi mdebareobs. mas CrdiloeTi-
dan esazGvreba karCxlis mTebi, aGmosavleTidan _ zaqieTi, sa-
mxreTidan _ ziosi da dasavleTidan _ Cixisxevi. bazgireTi xe-
obis erT-erT mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqtia. igi cnobi-
li iKo sasargeblo wiaGiseuliT (spilenZi, tKvia). aqedan
miiGeba misi dGevandeli ificialuri saxeli madenqoi (Turq.
madenkoK). warsulSi sofel bazgireTze gadioda gza rogorc
zeda mayaxlis mimarTulebiT (mTa "inawmindis" gavliT), aseve
ayaris mimarTulebiT. fafarTis mTidan erTi gza eSveboda me-
risis xeobaSi (qedis raioni), meore - miemarTeboda mareTis xe-
obisaken (Suaxevis raioni).
saxelwodeba bazgireTi (← baZgireTi) floronimia,
warmosdgeba sitKvisagan baZg-i. pirvandeli forma Cans baZgie-
ri: (baZg Ziri, ier mawarmoebeli): baZgi → baZgieri → baZgie-reTi → baZgireTi → bazgireTi. sabas mixedviT, baZgari aris
`xe ekliani yKornali~.
soflis saxelwodeba istoriul wKaroebSi, mkvlevar-mog-
zaurTa Canawerebsa da dGiurebSi, agreTve kartografiul ma-
salebSi, sxvadasxva formiT (baZgieri, baZgiereTi, baZgireTi,
bazgireTi...) dasturdeba.
dGes bazgireTi xeobis erT-erTi didi sofelia, sadac
100 komlamde cxovrobs, sofelSi sami ubania: zemo mehele, (//
zemobani), qomo mehele (// qomobani) da gameSeTi (// gamiSeTi).
sofelSi saoJaxo da saurTierTobo ena qarTulia, Cveni
KuradGeba miipKro erTma metad saintereso faqtma: soflis
uxucesebs, (gansakuTrebiT qalebs) da patara bavSvebs uyirT
Turqul enaze saubari, sofelSi SemorCenilia Zveli qarTuli
gvarsaxelebi: mesxiZe, TanToSvili, cvariZe, gamrekeliZe, kefoZe,
(// kefuenTi), gameSiZe, bolqvaZe. gameSeTSi ocdaaTidan 17 kom-
li gameSiZea.
saKuradGeboa aseve isic, rom soflis geografiuli no-
menklaturis absoluturi umravlesoba qarTvelia. toponime-
bis sawarmoeblad gamoKenebulia Kvela is topomawarmoebeli
da sitKvaTSeerTebis forma, romelic damaxasiaTebelia, kon-
kretulad rogorc imerxevis regionis geografiuli nomenkla-
turisaTvis, aseve saerTod qarTuli toponimisaTvis. xdeba
martivi (axo, cixe, Jvari...), afiqsebiT nawarmoebi: (gval-a,
laS-eT-i, kankl-ieT-i, sa-zgir-el-i...) da rTuli geografiuli
saxelebi, ZiriTadad orfuZiani (bagaTserebi, katrebiseri,
KvavinaJvari, yolopiri...), iSviaTad _ samfuZiani saxelebi
94 95
(SuagoraGele, CitiqvabiTavebi, qvakibiTavi...). rTul saxe-
lebSi gamoiKofa sitKvaTSeerTebis ramdenime Jgufi. dastur-
deba zanizmebi (oxorTi, oyivara...).
soflis toponimebSi umniSvneloa Turquli saxelebis
xvedriTi wili (iaTaGi, uCKardaSi, quCugiaTaGi, sarikala...).
toponimis fuZe Turqulia, mawarmoebeli _ qarTuli, an kom-
pozitis erT-erTi wevri Turqulia (qilis-eb-i, duz-eb-i, xo-
zanvake, gonJGele...).
Cven adgilze dawvrilebiT aGvwereT soflis toponimebi,
kerZod:
alvaniwKaro, asaxedi atianiTefe, axoseri, bagaTserebi,
bamieTi, bariseri, beyiklde, bindivri, gaGmayala, gvala,
gzapatari, gobaTi, gonJGele, didvake, didGele, duzebi, va-
kiboloTi, vaxtangivake, ziareTi, inawminda, kanklieTi, kan-
tiGele, kapanTavi, kenaTi, kvexai, kldiaTi, korkTavi, lek-
narTi, lekobniseri, mosaqcevi, mosacoxneli, morbedvali,
momwvaras wKaro, navriqedi, nakodikalo, nalKorTi, moxobni,
oyivara, oxorTi, pawa sartKelai, saburTia, sagoravTavakebi,
sadrameTi, sazgireli, sazomelaGele, saTibiwKaro, saTripi-
ri, sakupria, sarigvalafiCxebi, sarikala, sacinarai, sacxe-
nogza, sawiwmiTavi, sawkarunebelai, samayaxlovake, saxaxvia
Tefe, saxelixevi, sotiani vake, soyiqedi, suanixevi, tantra-
piTavebi // kldiTavebi, tbiTavi, tbipirTi, tKiayala saTibe-
bi, uburiaTaGi, uznafacaxi, ukankoTxi, urisaelavi, uCKar-
daSi, farTo Gele, faSisaJdomi, sionziTi, siGimiTi, tafi-
Tavi, qvakibiTavi, quCugiaTaGi, GarTi, KvavinaJvari, Suago-
raGele, wvrilmanvakeebi, wiTelKanebi, wiTluquabi, win-
saKarTi, SadGobelai, Suasotiani, Suaferdi, Citianiserebi,
CitiqvabiTavebi, yalaTi, xarisawolTi, yanyaxaTi, yolopiri,
xaviwai, xiStare, xligziTavi, xozanvake, xoxolao (saZovrebi);
arKlanTi, baqTi, boloyala, buyiai, mexrienTi, miGmiTi,
miwro ferdi, momewKina momwvarai, sameleqeTi, samxvalieTi,
sanekre, sarbolai, sasrolai, saubno, sauzniai, saqednia, sa-
wumarai, papasaTibela, ferdaTi, fosti, qasruani qaJaiqedi,
saxTomelai, singurTi, gomiskari, qvabikarTi, cicxvaTi, Cxe-
riziri (Canqeri), warmosaxedi, wKubawKaroTi, xerTvisi, xvan-
Tai, (saTibebi);
axo, baqTi, balTaKana, gobiskarTi, gogoebiKana (tba),
gonTi, salesvienTi, daburiaTaGi, defana, zedvake, SaragaTi,
GeleKana, Ginyvelivake //Ginyolivake, Kanebi, saxTanKana, xev-
bnelai, Jvariziri, cializiTi (saTesebi);
bamieTbolo, loTosana, xidiwverTi (tKeebi);
gameSeTi // gamiSeTi, zemo mehele // (zemo ubani), qomo
mehele // qomobani (soflis ubnebi);
golebi (tbebi);
karCxali, katrisebri, saCino, JanJiri (mTebi);
maGarebi (gamoqvabuli);
miwro Gele, faSiGele, KverilienTGele (Geleebi);
naqilisari; qilisebi (naeklesiari);
sartKelai (klde);
cixe //Kale (cixe);
xligza (gza);
Jvari (sasaflao)...
m a r i a m c i s k a r i S v i l i (Telavi)
kaxuri dialeqtizmebi wova-TuSebis
qarTul metKvelebaSi
1. XX saukunis dasawKisSi TuSebis barSi Camosaxle-
bis process intensiuri xasiaTi hqonda. wova-TuSebma
barSi Camosaxlebisas ukeT iswavles qarTulad metKveleba.
2. CaGma-TuSebTan myidro kontaqtis gamo mosalod-
neli iKo CaGma-TuSuri dialeqtis gavlena asaxuliKo
wova-TuSebis qarTul metKvelebaSi.
96 97
mopovebuli masalis analizma gvaCvena, rom wova-Tu-
Sebis qarTuli metKveleba mdidaria kaxuri dialeqturi
formebiT.
mag.: `mere ambaT gaagebines oJaxSi ro egre, egre, eg-
rea saqme~
ambaT: Sdr. kax. ambaT, CG. T. ambad;
`albaT roca gada�hswKvita Tavis Tavze imeda...~
Sdr.: kax. gada�wKvita da sxv.
3. wova-TuSurSi SesaZloa iKos qarTuli enis idio-
maTa kalkirebis SemTxvevebi kaxuris gziT, rogoricaa:
dok lawdar `gulis wKena~
oƒus a�ƒSekx dok dawdi�e¹ se¹
`iman tKuilad matkina guli~
dakmaq oT´ar `gulze dadgoma~
maƒo¹ bakal dakmaq oT´a¹ so¹
`puris lukma gulze damadga~
r o i n y i k a Z e (Telavi)
Tedo uTurgaiZis Tvalsazrisi enobrivi
kontaqtebis Sesaxeb samecniero-pedagogiuri
oGvaweobis dasawKisSi
anu
rogor iwKeboda Tedo uTurgaiZe
Tavs uflebas mivcemT ganvacxadoT: Tedo uTurgaiZe
iwKeboda nodar uTurgaiZidan! es iKo 50 wlis winaT...
nikoloz baraTaSvilis saxelobis goris saxelmwifo pe-
dagogiuri institutis qarTuli enisa da literaturis fa-
kultetis pirvelkurselebTan 1956-57 saswavlo wlis 1 seq-
tembers Semovida axalgazrda leqtori, romelic gagvecno no-
dar uTurgaiZed. igi gvikiTxavda qarTuli enis kurss; xelT
maqvs am leqciebis sruli teqsti, gulmodgined Cawerili Cem
mierve, ris mixedviTac SevecdebiT aGvadginoT Tedo uTurgai-
Zis Tvalsazrisi enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb.
pirvelsave leqciaze axalgazrda leqtorma gamokveTa Ta-
visi midgoma enobrivi sakiTxebis kvlevisadmi: `gramatikis Se-
swavlis meTodi aris istoriul-SedarebiTi... qarTuli sali-
teraturo enis Seswavlis dros aucilebelia vicodeT, rom
igi ar aris erTaderTi gamocalkevebuli ena; unda gaviTvalis-
winoT moZme da monaTesave enebis monacemebi, maTi Tavisebure-
bani... xSirad movlenis axsna, swori kvalifikacia ver xerxdeba
am enaTa Seswavlis gareSe~.
sainteresoa Tedo uTurgaiZiseuli terminologiuri ga-
miJvna: moZme enebad mas miaCnda qarTveluri enebi, xolo mona-
Tesave enebad _ kavkasiuri enebi. es debuleba naTelKo sai-
lustracio nimuSebiT; kerZod: qarTuli enis adreuli perio-
disaTvis niSandoblivi srulxmovnianoba axsna zanuris moSve-
liebiT (Tafli<_Tafali : Tofuri; ZaGli<_*ZaGali :
JoGori; matli<_*matali : munturi). qarTuli xmovandakargu-
li formebi intensiuri maxvilis zemoqmedebiT miviGeTo.
svanuris monacemebze daKrdnobiT ki gamoiTqva varaudi,
rom qarTulSi adreul etapze mesame subieqturi piris niSa-
nic prefiqsi iqnebodao (eJa l-i, eJa l-ˆg).
rodesac leqciis Tema iKo `zmnis piri~, Tedo uTurgaiZe
vrclad Seexo piris niSanTa geneziss da ganacxada: `piris ni-
Sani unda modiodes klasis niSnidan, romelic dGesac cocxa-
lia monaTesave kavkasiur enebSi~.
kavkasiuri enebis monacemebs ukavSirebda agreTve saxelis
brunvis niSnebis geneziss da askvnida, rom micemiTi, naTesaobi-
Ti, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSanTa TanxmovniTi
elementi s, d/T warmomavlobiT klasis niSnebiao.
T. uTurgaiZem enobrivi kontaqtebis sakiTxi gamokveTa
etimologiuri Ziebisas. leqciebze man KuradGeba gaamaxvila
98 99
mTis dialeqtebSi gavrcelebul toponimebze: `fSavSi, xevsu-
reTsa da TuSeTSi SevxvdebiT uamrav toponims, romlebis
warmoSobiT qarTuli ar Cans da modis CaCnur-bacburi enebi-
dan... magaliTad, TuSeTSi aris adgili romelsac hqvia `Jelar-
kue~: `Je~ CaCnurad aris `cxvari~, `larkar~ _ `kreya~, aqedan
adgilis saxeli `Jelarkue~ _ `cxvarsakreyi~. am adgilebis ge-
ografiul saxelebSi SeimCneva CaCnur-bacburi enis mawarmoeb-
lebis mTeli sistema: xi, lo, go, Co...
T. uTurgaiZem gagvacno `pirveli~ ricxviTi saxelis
warmomavlobis akaki SaniZiseuli varaudi, rac gaamKara bacbu-
ris monacemebiT.
Tu gadavxedavT Tedo uTurgaiZis uaGresad naKofier sa-
mecniero moGvaweobas, cxadad davinaxavT, rom misTvis, rogorc
Grmad erudirebuli enaTmecnierisaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia
TvalsazrisTa da SexedulebaTa saocari simKare. amas mowmobs
50 wlis win wakiTxuli qarTuli enis saleqcio kursi, sadac
im periodSi CamoKalibebulma debulebebma Tu gamoTqmulma va-
raudebma Tavisi logikuri ganviTareba da asaxva hpova mis mra-
val sakonferencio gamosvlebSi, samecniero statiebsa Tu mo-
nografiebSi. sanimuSod davasaxelebT erT faqts:
zmnuri kategoriebis ganxilvisas pirvelsave leqciaze
SemogvTavaza debuleba, rom `gramatikuli kategoria Kalibde-
ba toli da gansxvavebuli formebis SepirispirebiT~, rac TiT-
qmis sitKva-sitKviT gaimeora 2002 wels gamocemul monografi-
aSi `gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebisa-
Tvis qarTul zmnaSi~: `morfologiuri kategoria Kalibdeba
Tanazomian formaTa Sepirispirebis niadagze~ (gv. 9).
miuxedavad imisa, rom T. uTurgaiZe samecniero monapo-
varTa niadag damfasebelia, igi mainc ar epueba avtoritetebs
da Tavis pozicias Seuvalad icavs: Jer kidev 1957 wels waki-
Txul leqciaze eyvis qveS daaKena Tavisi usaKvarlesi maswav-
leblis akaki SaniZis mier CamoKalibebuli zmnuri kategorie-
bis uGlebisa da warmoqmnis kategoriebad daKofis marTebu-
loba da ganacxada: `uGlebisa da warmoqmnis kategoriebad
daKofa xelovnuria da arabunebrivi~. 50 wlis winandelma
Tvalsazrisma Tavisi ganviTareba da asaxva hpova zemodasaxele-
bul monografiaSi, sadac radikalurad gansxvavebuli Tvalsaz-
risiT zmnis kategoriebi daKo aqtantur, atributul da ko-
neqciur kategoriebad.
amrigad, Cven SevecadeT SeZlebisdagvarad aGgvedgina
dGes ukve saxelmoxveyili da Gvawlmosili enaTmecnieris Te-
do uTurgaiZis samecniero-pedagogiuri moGvaweobis pirveli
wlebi da 50 wlis win leqciaze mis mier CamoKalibebuli
Tvalsazrisi enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb, rac Semdgom ase
warmatebiT dagvirgvinda mis fundamentur gamokvlevebSi: `Tu-
Suri kilo~ (1960w.), `qarTuli enis mTis kiloTa zogi Tavise-
bureba~ (1966w.), `qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura~
(1976w.), `qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi~
(1986w.), `gramatikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimar-
TebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi~ (2002w.)...
n i n e l i y o x o n e l i Z e (Tbilisi)
idiomebi garekaxurSi
(sarTiyalis metKvelebis mixedviT)
sofeli sarTiyala garekaxeTSi, samgoris velze, mdinare
ivris marJvena napirze mdebareobs. es sofeli adre sagareJos,
axla ki gardabnis raions ekuTvnis. igi istoriul wKaroebSi
me-16 saukunidan ixsenieba. sarTiyalaSi XIX saukunis dasawKis-
Si germanelebi Camoasaxles, xolo Sua aziaSi maTi gasaxlebis
Semdeg aq saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camoasaxles qarTve-
lebi; Kizlaridan (Kizlarelebi), sionis kaSxlis mSeneblobas-
Tan dakavSirebiT sionelebi (fSavlebi, xevsurebi), xaragaulis
raionidan (xaragaulelebi _ imerlebi).
Tavdapirvelad germanelebTan Tanacxovrebis periodSi
100 101
sofelSi arsebobda budionisa da telmanis saxelobis ori di-
di kolmeurneoba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaerTianebuli iKo
budionis saxelobis kolmeurneobaSi, ris gamoc maT budione-
lebi SeerqvaT da dGesac ase uwodeben sxvadasxva kuTxidan
Camosaxlebulebi, Tumca saxelwodebis amosavali mniSvneloba
dGes dabundovanebulia, masSi moiazreba mxolod garekaxelebi.
Kovelive zemoTqmulis mixedviT naTelia, rom am soflis
metKvelebis Seswavla friad saintereso suraTs warmoaCens di-
aleqtTa urTierTzegavlenis TvalsazrisiT.
amJerad Cven ganvixilavT sarTiyalis garekaxurSi (budio-
nelebis) metKvelebaSi dadasturebul idiomebs.
idiomebi leqsikis erT-erTi gamokveTili da gansakuTre-
buli ubania. igi ZiriTadad xalxuri warmoSobisaa da amdenad
dialeqtebis mixedviT maTi Seswavla mraval saintereso sa-
kiTxs wamoyris.
Cven mier sarTiyalis `budionelebis~ metKvelebaSi gamo-
vlenili idiomebi Semdeg suraTs warmoaCens. rogorc mosa-
lodneli iKo, maTi umetesi nawili saliteraturo qarTulSi
gamovlenil idiomebTan Tanxvdomilia. nawili ki 1. fonetiku-
rad cvlili formebiTaa warmodgenili: ainuSi ar Caigdebs,
Sdr. ainunSic ar Caigdebs `KuradGebas ar miaqcevs, arafrad
Caagdebs~; enaze yvali ar moedeba, Sdr. enaze yali ar moede-
ba `kargi molaparakea, laparakSi araferi abrkolebs~;
guli auCoKdeba, Sdr. guli auCuKdeba `grZnoba moereva,
tirilis xasiaTze mova~;
2. saliteraturo qarTulidan cnobili idiomis romeli-
me nawili Secvlilia mTqmelis metKvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li erTeuliT.
guli dauoCndeba `guli daumZimdeba `Sewuxdeba~;
Kels gamoiGadravs `Kels gamoiyris, `daiGupeba~, `Se-
rcxveba~;
pirs mailaSqravs `pirs moxsnis `iKbedebs~, `ilaqlaqebs~;
3. SeiZleba saliteraturo qarTulSi dadasturebuli
idiomi gafarToebuli, ufro dazustebuli saxiT iKos warmo-
dgenili.
autkivar Tavs aitkivebs `Tavs aitkivebs `gairJeba~,
`Tavs Seiwuxebs~
Tavs Sors daiyers `Tavs daiyers `Tavs Seikavebs~;
guli popoqiviT gauskdeba `guli gauskdeba `Zalian Se-
wuxdeba~;
4. iSviaTad cnobili idiomebi saliteraturo qarTuli-
sagan gansxvavebuli SinaarsiTac gamoiKeneba.
yiyinaze skdeba `Surs~, Sdr. yiyinaze gaskda `ucbad mo-
kvda~;
Tvalebi auyreldeba `cudad gaxdeba, Sdr. `Tvalis ay-
releba `motKueba~, Secdena~.
5. dasturdeba iseTi idiomebic romlebic Jer ar aris
asaxuli saliteraturo qarTulSi:
Tavs Samaifrens `Zalian gabrazdeba~;
qoCorze atrialebs `CxubiT gaakeTebinebs saqmes~;
qeds gaisqelebs `qonebrivad movargdeba, gaZlierdeba~;
landi gasdis `Zalian gamxdaria~;
fleitebidan aris moSlili `Zalian nervebaSlilia~,
brazis gamo veGar saqmobs~;
KurebSi saKuresaviT gaiKris `mtkiced daimaxsovrebs~;
Tavisi sapalne ar scildeba `mouclelia~, `KovelTvis
saqme aqvs~;
cxviri piridan ar iyreba `naTesavebi arian~, `ginda
iCxubon mainc erTni arian~ da sxv.
102 103
c i r a J a n J G a v a (Tbilisi) n i n o J o r b e n a Z e (Tbilisi)
qarTuli saliteraturo enidan megrul qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi fonetikuri
dialeqtSi Sesuli leqsikis Sesaxeb kompleqsis Semcveli zogi sitKvis Sesaxeb
(dialeqtTa monacemebze daKrdnobiT)
megruls, saerToqarTveluri warmoSobis sitKvebis
gverdiT, bunebrivia, moepoveba nasesxebi leqsikuri erTeulebi,
romelTa didi nawili qarTuli saliteraturo enidan aris
damkvidrebuli. sesxebisas sitKvaTa fonetikuri saxe xSirad
Secvlilia rigi fonetikuri procesis Sedegad:
saubaria xSiri gamoKenebis oTx formaze: tipuri (tipob-
rivi), faqtobrivi, miTuri da absoluturi. qarTuli salite-
raturo enis normebis mixedviT umarTebuloa maTi amgvari va-
riantebi: tipiuri, faqtiuri, miTiuri da absolituri. pirve-
li sami formis (tipiuri, faqtiuri, miTiuri) Secdomad miCne-
vis safuZvels qarTuli enis gramatikis wesebi gvaZlevs: saxe-
lobiTis -i niSani zedmetia -ur formantis win; Sdr.: kac-i _
kac-ur-i, ZaGl-i _ ZaGl-ur-i da sxva; rac Seexeba mesame
sitKvas (absolituri), misi amosavalia absoluti, romlisganac
aseve -ur sufiqsis darTviT unda miviGoT forma absoluturi.
1. momxdara afrikatizacia (mag., garZax < ganzrax, meZo-
beli < mezobeli, Zenware < zewari... ankeci < ankesi, qurci <
qusli, sakveci < sakvesi....).
2. dezafrikatizacia (mag., Gerze < GerZi, ‡urzeni <
KurZeni, garze < gamZle...).
3. TanxmovanTkompleqsSi pirvel elementad warmodgeni-
li bagismieri xSuli dakargula (mag., saralo < sabralo, xir-
zeli < fxizeli, moTxilafa < mofrTxileba...).
qarTuli enis dialeqtebsa Tu sasaubro metKvelebaSi
(da ara marto aq) sruliad sapirispiro viTareba gvaqvs:
saKovelTaod gavrcelebulia swored tipiuri, faqtiuri, miTi-
uri da absolituri formebi. ra aris amis mizezi? gansxvave-
biT sxva SemTxvevebisagan (rodesac dialeqtebsa Tu sasaubro
metKvelebaSi zepiri gziT Semosuli da arasworad gagebuli,
damaxinJebuli variantebi gvxvdeba), aq aseTi viTarebaa: swori
formebi (qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT) fo-
netikurad arabunebrivia enisaTvis (tipuri, miTuri, absolu-
turi), zog SemTxvevaSi ki (damatebiT) ena ufro mokle da
sxart variants aniyebs upiratesobas (tipiuri _ tipobrivis,
faqtiuri _ faqtobrivis nacvlad).
4. megrulisaTvis arabunebrivi Tanxmovani + sonori ti-
pis kompleqsis superacia sxvadasxva gziT:
a) xmovnis CarTviT (mag., naTilia < naTlia, xaTri || xa-
Tiri, Zimari < Zmari...),
b) sonoris win gadasmiT (mag., mardi < madli, sarsoli
< sasroli, arqemi < aqlemi...),
g) m → v (mag., xvareba < xmareba, saqvari < saqmari, sve-
na < smena...),
d) kompleqsis gamartivebiT (mag., Jari < Javri...).
qarTuli saliteraturo enis orTografiuli xasiaTis
normebis dadgenisas KuradGeba eqceva imas, Tu romeli formaa
ufro gavrcelebuli saliteraturo qarTulSi (1 punqti) da
romelia misaGebi qarTuli enis bunebriv kompleqsTa Tvalsaz-
risiT (3 punqti). vfiqrobT, am ori punqtis mixedviT arsebo-
bis ufleba aqvT qarTuli enisaTvis bevrad ufro bunebriv da
saKovelTaod gavrcelebul formebsac: tipiuri, faqtiuri, mi-
Tiuri da absolituri.
5. aa → a (mag., sarko || sariko < saarako, aSenu < aaSe-
na, saaTi || saTi...).
6. m + Tanxmovani > n + Tanxmovani an Ø (mag., nteri <
mteri, nware < mware, nZori < mZori... tkice < mtkice, wvani-
li < mwvanili...).
7. avi > ai → ei → e (mag., naTese < naTesavi, kare <
karavi, Sve < Svavi...) da sxva.
104 105
m a r i n a J G a r k a v a (soxumi)
nasesxebi zmnebi lazurSi
megrulsa da lazurs Soris gagebinebis e. w. sirTules
nasesxobebi iwvevs, rac drois garkveul monakveTSi kontaqte-
bis darGvevisa da sxva enebTan urTierTobebis Sedegia.
bunebrivia, rom lazurSi mravlad gvxvdeba Turquli eni-
dan Semosuli sitKvebi, bevria arabulidan da sparsulidan mo-
mdinare nasesxobanic, naklebad SemogvrCa berZnuli warmoSobis
fuZeebi.
nasesxobaTa Soris Zalze cotaa zmnebi. maTi gavrcelebis
areali zogJer calkeuli kilokavebiT Semoifargleba.
moxsenebaSi ganvixilavT lazurSi sakuTriv Turqulidan
da Turqulis gziT arabulidan an sparsulidan Semosul
zmnebs (doubaxCiSuf = vCuqni, bla†af = vsaubrob, vifiSmanam =
vinanieb); berZnulidan nasesxebia: 1. xurasuv (saCuqari) _
oxarsuvu (Cuqeba, boZeba). xurasuv Ziridan nawarmoebia zmna
buxarasuvam (vCuqni, vuboZeb);
2. xoron (cekva) _ oxoronu (TamaSi, cekva) _ bxoronaf
º vixoronam (vcekvav);
3. paramiTi (zGapari) _ oparamiTu (laparaki, saburi),
oparamiToni (saubris sagani, salaparako, is, rac unda auwKon)
_ paramiTams (laparakobs);
4. Gnosi (º nosi º nose) (azri, ykua) _ diGnosu (moykvi-
anda, azrze movida).
5. tra-Godu (simGera) _ otraGodu (samGeri) _ tra-
Goduman (mGerian), matara-Goden (memGereba).
nasesxebma Zirebma SeinarCuna ZiriTadi semantika. Tavidan
isini lazurSi, rogorc Cans, Semosulia rogorc saxelebi,
Semdeg ki moxda maTi morfologiuri gaformeba zmnebad. amgva-
ri nasesxobebi megrulSi ar dasturdeba.
106