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Salvia: Today’s Legal Salvia: Today’s Legal HallucinogenHallucinogen
2009 ACHA2009 ACHASan Francisco, CASan Francisco, CA
Dr. Lori Dewald, EdD, ATC, CHES, F-AAHEDr. Lori Dewald, EdD, ATC, CHES, F-AAHEDept. of Health and Physical EducationDept. of Health and Physical Education
Salisbury UniversitySalisbury UniversitySalisbury, MDSalisbury, MD
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Salvia: what is it?Salvia: what is it?• Salvia has been prominent for decades as an herb in the Sierra Salvia has been prominent for decades as an herb in the Sierra
Mazatecca area of Mexico, and Central and South America. Mazatecca area of Mexico, and Central and South America.
• It is from the sage family.It is from the sage family.
• Used in traditional spiritual and ethnopharmacological practices by Used in traditional spiritual and ethnopharmacological practices by the Mazatec Indians of the Oaxaca, Mexico.the Mazatec Indians of the Oaxaca, Mexico.
• They use it to treat headaches, diarrhea, and rheumatism.They use it to treat headaches, diarrhea, and rheumatism.
• Also use to treat “swollen belly” which is a curse from an evil Also use to treat “swollen belly” which is a curse from an evil sorcerer.sorcerer.
• In the USA, it has been used by landscapers as a ground cover. In the USA, it has been used by landscapers as a ground cover.
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Salvia PlantsSalvia Plants
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Salvia: what is it?Salvia: what is it?
• Salvia is the new LSD for today’s Salvia is the new LSD for today’s young people who are entering young people who are entering into recreational drug use. into recreational drug use.
• Why?Why?
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Why?Why?
• It is It is legallegal in 44 US states! in 44 US states!
• It is only illegal in:It is only illegal in:• DelawareDelaware• LouisianaLouisiana• MissouriMissouri• New JerseyNew Jersey• New YorkNew York• TennesseeTennessee
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A Legal HighA Legal High
• However, it has become better known in US However, it has become better known in US adolescents and teenagers as a cheap (less adolescents and teenagers as a cheap (less then $15.00) and legal hallucinogen.then $15.00) and legal hallucinogen.
• Its usage among adolescents, teenagers, Its usage among adolescents, teenagers, and college students has exploded in and college students has exploded in popularity in the USA. popularity in the USA.
““If you are into hallucinating, then ‘shrooms’ If you are into hallucinating, then ‘shrooms’ are out and Sally D is in”….stated an SU are out and Sally D is in”….stated an SU
student in my classroom on March 27, 2009.student in my classroom on March 27, 2009.
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Why is it so popular? Why is it so popular?
• The drug is available in stores The drug is available in stores without an age requirement for without an age requirement for purchase.purchase.
• Retail stores in many locations even Retail stores in many locations even
advertise it in the store front advertise it in the store front windows with neon signs claiming:windows with neon signs claiming:
““We have Salvia!”We have Salvia!”
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Legally HighLegally High
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Controlled and Not Controlled and Not ControlledControlled
• It is It is NOTNOT a controlled substance in the USA! a controlled substance in the USA!
• It is a controlled substance in:It is a controlled substance in:• AustraliaAustralia• BelgiumBelgium• DenmarkDenmark• EstoniaEstonia• FinlandFinland• GermanyGermany• ItalyItaly• South KoreaSouth Korea• SwedenSweden
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Drug Enforcement Agency Drug Enforcement Agency ClassificationClassification
• The Drug Enforcement Agency lists salvia The Drug Enforcement Agency lists salvia as a Schedule I drug, just like LSD. as a Schedule I drug, just like LSD.
• It is on the DEA’s list of “drugs of concern”.It is on the DEA’s list of “drugs of concern”.
• Valdes, et al. states that “salvia is the most Valdes, et al. states that “salvia is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen potent naturally occurring hallucinogen thus far”.thus far”.
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Also Known As…Also Known As…
• Magic MintMagic Mint
• Ska Maria PastoraSka Maria Pastora
• Tripping on Sally DTripping on Sally D
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How usedHow used
• It is chewed, swallowed, and It is chewed, swallowed, and smoked.smoked.• Chewed as fresh leaves or in a quid Chewed as fresh leaves or in a quid
and kept in the mouth.and kept in the mouth.• Swallowed when eaten raw or in a Swallowed when eaten raw or in a
brewed liquid like tea.brewed liquid like tea.• Smoked like marijuana.Smoked like marijuana.
• Large bowled pipe, bong, or water pipe.Large bowled pipe, bong, or water pipe.• Rolled into a “Sally D” cigarette.Rolled into a “Sally D” cigarette.
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Salvia LeavesSalvia Leaves
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Sold in Various PotenciesSold in Various Potencies
• 5x5x• 10x10x• 15x15x• 20x20x• 30x30x• 40x40x
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Effectiveness Depends Upon Effectiveness Depends Upon UsageUsage
• Chewing or sucking or drinking results in a Chewing or sucking or drinking results in a slower onset hallucination, BUT a deeper and slower onset hallucination, BUT a deeper and more sustained experience.more sustained experience.
• Smoking or snorting results in an immediate Smoking or snorting results in an immediate effect.effect.
• Using a bong, water pipe, or bowl is a more Using a bong, water pipe, or bowl is a more effective and less wasteful method.effective and less wasteful method.
• The leaves are smoked alone and not mixed The leaves are smoked alone and not mixed with tobacco…in fact, it is not recommended with tobacco…in fact, it is not recommended that it be mixed with tobacco into a cigarette.that it be mixed with tobacco into a cigarette.
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HallucinationsHallucinations
• The hallucinations include: The hallucinations include: • psychedelic experiences with vision psychedelic experiences with vision
and body sensations.and body sensations.• a decreased ability to interact with a decreased ability to interact with
one’s surroundings.one’s surroundings.• a perception of overlapping realities, a perception of overlapping realities,
anxiety, discontent, and impaired anxiety, discontent, and impaired speech. speech.
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Length of Length of HallucinationsHallucinations
• The “high” lasts 1 minute to 2 The “high” lasts 1 minute to 2 hours depending upon the hours depending upon the potency.potency.
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Amount of UsageAmount of Usage
• Less than 200 grams will result in a Less than 200 grams will result in a 1 minute to 30 minute 1 minute to 30 minute hallucination.hallucination.
• 200-500 grams will result in a 30 200-500 grams will result in a 30 minute to 2 hour hallucination.minute to 2 hour hallucination.
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Youtube videosYoutube videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYxkp62veWE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWeVExX3Bf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jI_e3XJ0ir8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGphHpSpPQE
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How Common is it’s UseHow Common is it’s Usein College Students?in College Students?
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Research StudiesResearch Studies• Lange, et al. April 2008Lange, et al. April 2008• LocationLocation
• Large public university in the southwestern USA.Large public university in the southwestern USA.• MethodMethod
• Online survey.Online survey.• SubjectsSubjects
• 1516 respondents.1516 respondents.• ResultsResults
• 4.4% of students reported using salvia in the past 12 months.4.4% of students reported using salvia in the past 12 months.• Subpopulations of the typical user.Subpopulations of the typical user.
• Whites.Whites.• Males.Males.• Fraternity members.Fraternity members.• Heavy episodic drinkers.Heavy episodic drinkers.• Typically most at risk for drug use within college students.Typically most at risk for drug use within college students.
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• Miller (in press, June 2009)Miller (in press, June 2009)• LocationLocation
• Southeastern university.Southeastern university.• MethodMethod
• Survey.Survey.• SubjectsSubjects
• 826 undergraduates.826 undergraduates.• ResultsResults
• 6.7% of those surveyed were using salvia.6.7% of those surveyed were using salvia.
Research StudiesResearch Studies
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Media Attention in Local Media Attention in Local Newspapers that Newspapers that
Documented Salvia Usage in Documented Salvia Usage in College Students College Students
• Ohio State UniversityOhio State University• University of KansasUniversity of Kansas• Ball State UniversityBall State University• University of OklahomaUniversity of Oklahoma• Northern Illinois UniversityNorthern Illinois University• Ohio UniversityOhio University• University of North DakotaUniversity of North Dakota• University of FloridaUniversity of Florida• Salisbury UniversitySalisbury University
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Ephedra’s Demise = Ephedra’s Demise = Salvia’s RiseSalvia’s Rise
• When ephedra was banned in May When ephedra was banned in May of 2004, salvia overtook ephedra of 2004, salvia overtook ephedra as the most common substance as the most common substance available over the internet.available over the internet.
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Treatment ProtocolsTreatment Protocols
• Short and long term effects of Short and long term effects of salvia usage are not yet known.salvia usage are not yet known.
• Overdose treatment protocols Overdose treatment protocols have not yet been developed.have not yet been developed.
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Drug Testing?Drug Testing?
The active compound is (The active compound is (Salvinorin ASalvinorin A) or its metabolites ) or its metabolites (the substances broken down by the body) can’t (the substances broken down by the body) can’t detect by:detect by:
Standard Drug Tests = NoStandard Drug Tests = NoExtended Drug Tests = NoExtended Drug Tests = No
Can it be tested for? Yes, but only through complicated Can it be tested for? Yes, but only through complicated and expensive lab tests.and expensive lab tests.
• by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in blood and urine. blood and urine.
• by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in blood, by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in blood, urine, and saliva.urine, and saliva.
• by high performance liquid chromatography-by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in blood atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in blood and urine.and urine.
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Half LifeHalf Life
• Less than an hour after the Less than an hour after the hallucination.hallucination.
• Detection window is less than 12 Detection window is less than 12 hours.hours.
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Future “Legal” Drugs…Future “Legal” Drugs…
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Legal Herbs/DrugsLegal Herbs/Drugson the Horizonon the Horizon
Sinicuichi
Lion’s Tail
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More Legal Herbs/DrugsMore Legal Herbs/Drugson the Horizonon the Horizon
Sweet Flag
Blue lotus
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What Can We Do About What Can We Do About Salvia and these Future Salvia and these Future
Drugs?Drugs?• Collaborate with your state and regional ACHA Collaborate with your state and regional ACHA
affiliates.affiliates.• Contact your state legislator and set up a meeting with Contact your state legislator and set up a meeting with
them.them.• Ask them to develop legislation to ban it at your state Ask them to develop legislation to ban it at your state
level.level.• Contact your US senator(s) and US house of Contact your US senator(s) and US house of
representative(s) and ask them to ban it at the federal representative(s) and ask them to ban it at the federal level.level.
• Meet with your city council and ask that they ban it at Meet with your city council and ask that they ban it at the city level.the city level.
• Work with the business community to stop selling it.Work with the business community to stop selling it.• Ban it on and from your campus by working with Ban it on and from your campus by working with
student affairs and the institution’s administration.student affairs and the institution’s administration.
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The following legislative bill template is The following legislative bill template is provided by Dr. Greg Yeakel, PharmD from Iowa provided by Dr. Greg Yeakel, PharmD from Iowa State University’s Student Health Center. State University’s Student Health Center. Email address: [email protected] address: [email protected]
This bill adds hallucinogenic substances to the list of schedule I controlled This bill adds hallucinogenic substances to the list of schedule I controlled substances. The bill adds “salvia divinorum” and “salvinorin A”, also known as substances. The bill adds “salvia divinorum” and “salvinorin A”, also known as “divinorum A”, to the list of schedule I controlled substances. A schedule I “divinorum A”, to the list of schedule I controlled substances. A schedule I controlled substance is considered to have a high potential for abuse and no controlled substance is considered to have a high potential for abuse and no medical purpose in treatment in the USA. The bill makes it a class “C” felony medical purpose in treatment in the USA. The bill makes it a class “C” felony pursuant to Code section ______________ for any unauthorized person to pursuant to Code section ______________ for any unauthorized person to manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture or deliver, salvia manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture or deliver, salvia divinorum or salvinorin A, including its counterfeit or a simulated form, or to act divinorum or salvinorin A, including its counterfeit or a simulated form, or to act with, enter into a common scheme or design with, or conspire with one or more with, enter into a common scheme or design with, or conspire with one or more other persons to manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture other persons to manufacture, deliver, or possess with the intent to manufacture or deliver salvia divinorum or salvinorin A. The bill also makes it a serious or deliver salvia divinorum or salvinorin A. The bill also makes it a serious misdemeanor pursuant to Code section _____________, for any unauthorized person misdemeanor pursuant to Code section _____________, for any unauthorized person to possess salvia divinorum or salvinorum A. A class “C felony is punishable by to possess salvia divinorum or salvinorum A. A class “C felony is punishable by confinement for no more than 10 years and a fine of at least $1,000.00 but not confinement for no more than 10 years and a fine of at least $1,000.00 but not more than $10,000.00. A serious misdemeanor is punishable by confinement for more than $10,000.00. A serious misdemeanor is punishable by confinement for no more than one year and a fine of at least $315.00 but not more than $1,875.no more than one year and a fine of at least $315.00 but not more than $1,875.
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ReferencesReferences 1. Dalgarno, P. June 2007. Subjective Effects of Salvia Divinorum. 1. Dalgarno, P. June 2007. Subjective Effects of Salvia Divinorum. Journal of Journal of
Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs. 39(2): 143-149.. 39(2): 143-149. 2. Gonzalez, D., Riba, J., Bouso, J., Gomez-Jarabo, G., Barbanoj, M. 2006. 2. Gonzalez, D., Riba, J., Bouso, J., Gomez-Jarabo, G., Barbanoj, M. 2006.
Pattern of Use and Subjective Effects of Salvia Divinorum Among Pattern of Use and Subjective Effects of Salvia Divinorum Among Recreational Users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Recreational Users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Drug and Alcohol Drug and Alcohol DependenceDependence. 85:157-162.. 85:157-162.
3. Griffin, O., Miller, B., Khey, D. June 2008. Legally High? Legal 3. Griffin, O., Miller, B., Khey, D. June 2008. Legally High? Legal Considerations of Salvia Divinorum. Considerations of Salvia Divinorum. Journal of Psychoactive DrugsJournal of Psychoactive Drugs. . 40(2):183-191.40(2):183-191.
4. Hoover, V., Marlowe, D., Patapis, N., Festinger, D., Forman, R. July 2008. 4. Hoover, V., Marlowe, D., Patapis, N., Festinger, D., Forman, R. July 2008. Internet Access to Salvia Divinorum: Implications for Policy, Prevention, Internet Access to Salvia Divinorum: Implications for Policy, Prevention, and Treatment. and Treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse TreatmentJournal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 35(1):22-27.. 35(1):22-27.
5. Lange, J., Reed, M., Croff, J., Clapp, J. April 2008. College Student Use of 5. Lange, J., Reed, M., Croff, J., Clapp, J. April 2008. College Student Use of Salvia Divinorum. Salvia Divinorum. Drug and Alcohol DependenceDrug and Alcohol Dependence. 94(1-3):263-266.. 94(1-3):263-266.
6. Khey, D, Miller, B., Griffin, O. Salvia 2008. Divinorum Use Among A College 6. Khey, D, Miller, B., Griffin, O. Salvia 2008. Divinorum Use Among A College Student Sample. Student Sample. Journal of Drug Education.Journal of Drug Education. 38(3):297-306. 38(3):297-306.
7. http://www.npr.org/story/salvia/ March 20, 2006.7. http://www.npr.org/story/salvia/ March 20, 2006. 8. Prisinzano, T. 2005. Psychopharmacology of the Hallucinogenic Sage 8. Prisinzano, T. 2005. Psychopharmacology of the Hallucinogenic Sage
Salvia Divinorum. Salvia Divinorum. Life SciencesLife Sciences. 78:527-531.. 78:527-531. 9. Singh, S. 2007. Adolescent: Salvia Substance Abuse. 9. Singh, S. 2007. Adolescent: Salvia Substance Abuse. AddictionAddiction. 102:823-. 102:823-
824.824.10. Valdes, L., Seymour, R. 2008. Salvinorin A is Not Your Usual Cup of Tea. 10. Valdes, L., Seymour, R. 2008. Salvinorin A is Not Your Usual Cup of Tea.
Psychopharmacology UpdatePsychopharmacology Update. 9(7):3-4.. 9(7):3-4.
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Thank youThank you
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Questions?Questions?
Contact information:Contact information:
[email protected]@yahoo.com