Stationary source applications for

PM measurement

© Dekati Ltd.

Elina Nieminen

Sales Director

Dekati Ltd

© Dekati Ltd.

Dekati Ltd. – 20-years in 2013

• Company founded in 1993

• Privately owned technology spin-off from TUT Aerosol Physics Lab

• Core competence and know-how – Fine particle sampling and measuring

technologies

• 20 highly educated employees

• Exports ~ 90 % of sales – Distributors in ~35 countries worldwide

– Thousands of instruments sold

Dekati Ltd is located in Tampere, Finland.

What do we do?

• Instrumentation for fine particle sampling

and dilution for demanding

measurements

– e.g. different parts of the power plant or

engine exhaust

• Accurate Instrumentation for high-end

particle measurements

– Particle concentration

– Particle size distribution

– Advanced particle properties

• Electrical charge

• Chemical composition

• Shape and structure

Dekati is one of the world’s leading

companies in advanced particle

measurements

Stationary source applications for

PM measurement

• Combustion – Optimization of fuel use incl. new fuels

– Reduction of emissions

• Flue gas cleaning systems – Meeting new emission limits w/ optimization

– Lower power consumption

– Lower water consumption

– Sorbent injection optimization

• Stack measurements – CEMs calibration

– Source apportionment

© Dekati Ltd.

Combustion – what can we do?

Detailed PM measurement directly after

combustion zone allows

• Optimization of fuel use – Reduced fuel consumption for lower fuel costs

– Co-firing of different fuels to reduce CO2 emissions

• Reduction of emissions – Evaluation of primary emissions to optimize cleaning

system operation

© Dekati Ltd.

CO2

Combustion

• PM size distribution and

concentration is the most

sensitive marker for combustion

process

– Fuel quality

– Air/Fuel ratio

– Incomplete combustion

• Real-time measurement of PM

allows fast detection of changes

and quick optimization cycles

© Dekati Ltd.

Combustion

• Representative

measurements have to be

carried out right after

combustion zone

• Heat exchangers affect

flue gas temperature and

PM formation

– Fouling of heat exchangers

– Loading of flue gas cleaning

systems

© Dekati Ltd.

Flue gas cleaning systems

• Representative measurements have to be carried out

right before and after flue gas cleaning equipment – Preferably simultaneously to achieve real-time size resolved

penetration efficiency data

• Particles below 10 µm of main interest – High collection efficiency for large particles, settling after emission

– Particles above 10 µm can be analysed from impactor pre-cut and/or

from cyclone

© Dekati Ltd.

Flue gas cleaning systems I

• Meeting new emission limits with existing technology – Optimization of operation parameters incl. tuning for lowest possible

penetration, rapping cycles etc.

• Lower power consumption – Baghouse penetration vs. Pressure drop

– ESP power consumption vs. Plant power output/fuel use

© Dekati Ltd.

Flue gas cleaning systems II

• Lower water consumption – Scrubber droplet size

– Scrubber droplet charge

– Water injection vs. Penetration

• Sorbent injection optimization – Sorbent particle size

– Sorbent particle charge

– Size resolved analysis of mixing

© Dekati Ltd.

Stack measurements

• CEM calibration

– Measurement of PM size distribution across

the stack to ensure representative

measurement position

– Measurement of PM size distribution and

real-time concentration during PM spiking

– Reduces the need for gravimetric samples

– Simultaneous measurement of PM fractions

from PM10 to PM0.006 in 14 size classes

• Source apportionment

– Fingerprinting stack emissions through size

resolved chemical analysis

– Ambient measurements using the same

instrument

© Dekati Ltd.

Sample conditioning

• Critically important in PM

measurements and especially

in real-time size resolved

measurements

– Use conductive lines

– Aim is to transfer the sample with

minimal losses - no need for

rinsing

– Typical setup two stage dilution

with heated first stage

• Sample conditioning can also

be used to estimate secondary

PM emissions

© Dekati Ltd.

© Dekati Ltd.

ISO23210 setup

1. Isokinetic nozzle

2. Two-stage impactor

3. Suction tube

4. Drying column

5. Manometer

6. Pump

7. Flow meter

8. Gas volume measurement device with thermometer

9. Temperature measurement device

10. Pitot tube with differential pressure meter

© Dekati Ltd.

PM10 Setup for combustion measurements

• PM10 and PM2.5

According to ISO23210 – Preferred setup: impactor

inside the stack

• Full setups available – Impactor heater

– Pump with flow control

– Collection substrates

– Filters (47mm)

– Isokinetic nozzles

© Dekati Ltd.

DLPI Setup for combustion measurements

• Wide size distribution

measurement – 30 nm to 10 µm in 13 size

classes

• Full setups available – Pump + pressure meter +

connections

– Impactor heater

– Al and polycarbonate foils,

filters for fs

– Isokinetic sampling nozzles

ELPI+ setup for combustion measurement

• Real-time wide size

distribution and

concentration

measurement – 6 nm to 10 µm in 14 size

classes

– Collected particles can be

analyzed

• Sample dilution and

conditioning system – Customized to suit the

sampling location

© Dekati Ltd.

Particle Charge measurement

© Dekati Ltd.

Electrometers

Vacuum

pump

Known charge

Number size distribution Charge distribution

Electrometer

s

Vacuum

pump

Unknown charge +-

Charger OFF

© Dekati Ltd.

ESP efficiency studies

Data courtesy to TUT

PC (Peat) ESP

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.01 0.1 1 10

Particle diameter [µm]

Theory

ELPI

PC (Coal) ESP

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0.01 0.1 1 10

Particle diameter [µm]

Q/N

, ele

men

tary

ch

arg

es

Theory

ELPI

Results – COAL ESP charging efficiency

© Dekati Ltd.

Selected customer references - combustion

© Dekati Ltd.

Energy&Combustion • VTT Process Technology x2

• Tampere University of Technology x3

• CEA Saclay x3

• Supelec

• FORTH/CPERI

• AIST Tsukuba West, Research Institute for Env. Management Technology

• Hitachi nuclear engineering x2

• Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel development Co, x2

• Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute x3

• Department of Radiology Institute for env. Sciences

• National Institute of Radiological Sciences x2

• Hitachi Ltd

• National Institute of Measurement

• InnogyOne Environment

Energy&Combustion • SP

• Växjö University

• National Institut of Standards and Technology

• Tsinghua University x2

• Onera

• Teijin Aramid B.V.

• Korea Institute of energy

• Desert Research Institute

• TU Graz

• Univesidad del Pais Vasco

• Enel Produzione SpA

• Hitachi Ltd., Power & Industrial Systems R&D Lab.

• LECES Comapny/EU Project

• Zheijiang University

• EDF

• Fortum

Selected customer references - combustion

© Dekati Ltd.

Energy&Combustion • ARPA

• LCPC

• Arcelor x2

• Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) of sinopec

• Japan Petroleum Energy Center

• CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission)

• SINTEF Energiprocesser AS

• CEA (French Atomic Energy Commission)

• Estonian Environmental research Center

• University of Nancy

• University of Joensuu

• Aerosol Research Group S.L.

• Zhejiang Feida

• INC-CNR

• CRAES

• TRI Energy Oy/Lahden Yrityspuisto

• Shandong University

• Universitá Degli Studi di Napoli

• Italcementi Group Spa

• Xi'an Jiaotong University

• Högskolan Dalarna

Energy&Combustion • Southeast University

• Kanazawa University

• BLT, Wieselburg

• CIEMAT

• PSI

• University of Alberta

• Corus Narrow Strip

• Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology

• Hitachi Research Laboratory

• Saint Gobain

• FM Global Research

• ENEA - AFI - ESTERO

• Technical University Hamburg-Harburg

• ETC, Energitekniskt Centrum i Piteå

• Veolia Environment

• Polytechnico di Milano (LEAP)

• Poujoulat Company

• Ineris x 2

• Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

• F.L. Smidth Airtech A/S

• FORCE Technology, Brondby