sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~ Tbilisi 2009dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/15714/1/Saqartvelos... · 2020. 7. 4. · UDK (uak) 338(47922) a 871 rozeta asaTiani. saqarTvelos ekonomika:

sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi 20092009200920092009

UDK (uak) 338(47922) a 871

rozeta asaTiani. saqarTvelos ekonomika: axali epoqa.Teoria, praqtika, analizi. I nawili. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba`siaxle~, 2009. – 240gv.

monografiaSi, romelic sam nawilad gamodis, gaSuqebulia saqarTve-los ekonomikaSi uaxles da erT–erT yvelaze saintereso periodSi –1991_2008 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da procesebi, rac ganmtki-cebulia statistikuri masalebiTa da sxva faqtobrivi monacemebiT.naSromSi TiToeuli Tema ganxilulia Teoriul_meTodologiur aspeqtSic.

wigni daxmarebas gauwevs saqarTvelos ekonomikis sakiTxebiT dain-teresebul umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebsa da akademiur per-sonals, agreTve qveynis politikosebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. vfiqrobT,igi saintereso iqneba mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvisac.

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnu-li akademiis wevr-korespondenti avTandilsilagaZe; ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi,profesorebi: iakob mesxia, nodar WiTanava,mixeil jibuti; ekonomikis akademiuri doqto-rebi: ioseb arCvaZe, merab gvelesiani, je-mal kaxniaSvili.

vladimer papava - saqarTvelosmecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespon-denti;

leo Ciqava – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaerovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti.

ISBN 978–99940–875–1–8

© r. asaTiani, 2009;© gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2009.

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recenziis magier

mkiTxvelis winaSea axali wigni saqarTvelos ekonomikisSesaxeb, romlis avtoricaa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori rozeta asaTiani.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis, misi calkeuli dargebis Sesaxebuamravi naSromi gamodioda jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi. maTisamecniero Rirebuleba dRes TiTqmis nulis tolia. es gan-pirobebulia ara marto da ara imdenad imiT, rom am kvlevissafuZvels marqsizm-leninizmi warmoadgenda. xSir SemTxvevaSimarqsizm-leninizmis klasikosTa da komunisturi partiis, misiliderebis citireba ufro ritualuri xasiaTisa iyo, radga-nac amas saxelmwifo ideologia moiTxovda. aseT pirobebSisaqarTvelos ekonomikis, Tu misi calkeuli dargebisadmi miZRv-nili naSromebi ar Seicavda aranair axal samecniero ideas da,rogorc wesi, ganvlili periodis primitiuli empiriuli analizismcdelobas warmoadgenda. gamonaklisi iyo ekonomikur mec-nierebaTa doqtoris, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentis, profesor valerian melqaZis gamokvlevebi,romelmac miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo ar iyo damoukide-beli qveyana, misi ekonomika Seiswavla im parametrebiT, rom-lebiTac ikvleven damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa ekonomikas.

XX saukunis bolos, saqarTvelos mier saxelmwifoebrividamoukidebelobis aRdgenis Semdeg, araerTi wigni daibeWdasaqarTvelos ekonomikis Sesaxeb, romelTa avtorebi cdilobdnennawilobriv mainc SeevsoT komunistur periodSi gamocemulimsgavsi naSromebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xarvezebi.

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom Tanamedrove epoqis saqarTve-los ekonomika, rogorc aseTi, ar aris saqarTvelos ekonomikuriistoria, arc ekonomikuri geografiaa! amitom dRevandel saqarTve-los ekonomikaze samecniero naSromi verc erT SemTxvevaSiver daiwereba, Tu avtori kvlevaSi ar gamoiyenebs da Sesabami-si interpretaciiT ar gaaSuqebs ekonomikuri Teoriis Sesaba-mis debulebebs.



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Tanamedrove saqarTvelos ekonomika _ es, uwinares yov-lisa, gardamavali periodis ekonomikaa, xolo am ukanasknelisSesaxeb Teoria jer kidev formirebis stadiaSia. mraval um-wvaves sakiTxze jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli saerToazri da mecnier-ekonomistTa Soris diskusia mimdinareobs. eski mniSvnelovnad arTulebs saqarTvelos ekonomikis Sesaxebsamecniero naSromis daweras.

avtoris sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom man warmatebiT gaarTvaTavi mis winaSe mdgar rTul amocanas. gardamavali periodisekonomikis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero publikaciebisa dasaqarTvelos ekonomikis Sesaxeb ukve gamocemuli naSromebisgamocdilebis gaziarebis safuZvelze man mkiTxvelis samsjav-roze gamoitana wignis _ “saqarTvelos ekonomika: axali epoqa”_ pirveli nawili. is Tavisi bunebiT monografiuli xasiaTisaa,Tumca warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli rogorc sax-elmZRvanelo. samwuxaroa, rom dRes saqarTvelos yvela uni-versitetSi ar iswavleba sagani “saqarTvelos ekonomika”, racaSkara Secdomaa.

winamdebare naSromi mniSvnelovani SenaZenia ara martoekonomikuri sazogadoebisa da studentobisaTvis, aramed sain-teresoa mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvisac, xolo JurnalistTakorpusisaTvis samagido wigni unda gaxdes.

dasasrul, imeds gamovTqvam, rom wignis gagrZeleba ar daigvi-anebs da misi momdevno nawilebis gamosvlis Semdeg mkiTxvelsSeeqmneba sruli suraTi, Tu ra gza ganvlo saqarTvelos ekonomi-kam, dRes ra mdgomareobaSia, ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas da ramimarTulebiT unda ganviTardes.

vladimer papavaekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTaerovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti

2 oqtomberi, 2009 weli



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winasityvaoba

nebismieri naSromi, romelic miznad isaxavs qveynis ekonomikisSeswavlas, misi warsulisa da awmyos Sejamebis cdaa, amasTan,erTgvari samomavlo orientiricaa. mTavaria daculi iyos op-timaluri Tanafardoba maT Soris. aqedan yvelaze mcire naw-ili, rogorc wesi, warsuls eTmoba, ramdenadac misi etapobriviganxilva, Tundac mimoxilvis saxiT, mniSvnelovania dRevande-lobis mecnierulad Sefasebisa da analizisaTvis, agreTve mo-mavlis sworad ganWvretisaTvis. ilia WavWavaZe brZanebda: ̀ war-suli _ mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo – momav-lis. es sami sxvadasxva xani, sxvadasxva Jami... cxovrebisa, iseaerTmaneTzed gadabmuli, rom erTi umeorod warmoudgeneli,gaugebari da gamoucnobia... es samTa JamTa erTmaneTzed damok-idebuleba kanonia iseTive Seuryeveli da garduvali, rogorcyovelive bunebiTi kanoni~. amasTan, wminda ilia marTali dasZenda:ùwarsulod awmyo ufesvo nergia, Tav-gautaneli, fexmoukide-beli... eri Tavisi gmirebis cxovrebiTa da magaliTebiT undahsuldgmulobdes, Tu marTla eroba hsurs da agrec aris sacaeri erobs~. amitom, vinaidan monografia Tanamedrove damoukide-beli saqarTvelos ekonomikas eZRvneba, aucileblad miviCnieTwina epoqebis – dasabamidan, vidre 1991 wlamde periodis _mokled gaSuqeba, rac aisaxa kidec naSromis SesavalSi.

marTalia, wignSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos ekonomikuriganviTarebis uaxlesi istoriuli movlenebi da procesebi, mag-

v u Z R v n isruliad saqarTveloskaTolikos-patriarqs,

uwmindessa da unetaress–ilia II-s

mokrZalebiTa da pativiscemiT



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ram igi erovnuli ekonomikis istoria rodia. es periodi Tana-medrove epoqaa, epoqa, romelic savsea winaaRmdegobebiT, mkveTrida amave dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, siaxleebiT, mou-lodnelobebiT...

saqarTvelos aRorZineba, misi keTildReoba Tu tkivili or-ganulad ukavSirdeba Zvelidan SemorCenil Tu axal socialur-ekonomikur problemebs. erovnuli aRorZineba SeuZlebelia ekonomi-kuri aRorZinebis gareSe. verc erTi saxelmwifo veraviTar prob-lemas ver gadawyvets, Tu igi ekonomikurad sustia. ekonomikaqveynis ganviTarebis qvakuTxedia. amitom rogori saxelmwifoiqneba saqarTvelo momavalSi, bevrad aris damokidebuli imaze,Tu rogori ekonomika Camoyalibdeba dRes. ̀ ekonomikis avkargiano-baze aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis yoveli fenis da mTelisaxelmwifos arseboba~ (uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II).

ra Tqma unda, gardamavali periodi ar iqneba mudmivi, mag-ram misi damTavrebis Semdeg ukeTes mdgomareobaSi is qveynebiaRmoCndebian, romlebic maqsimalurad gaiTvaliswineben erovnulTaviseburebebs, sworad gaerkvevian sabazro ekonomikis universa-lur meqanizmebSi, adekvaturad aageben ekonomikur politikas.

ukve Tvrameti welia saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs rTuli,winaaRmdegobebiT savse procesebi. metad mZime aRmoCnda warsu-lis memkvidreoba. aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi msoflioekonomikur izolaciaSi yofnas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. axaliekonomikuri azrovneba Znelad ikafavs gzas. arada, dro ariTmens. dRevandel reformatorTa erTgvari diletantizmimoufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebisa da gaumarTlebeli daskvnebismizezi gaxda, ramac qveyana seriozul Secdomebamde miiyvana.saqarTvelo Tavisi arsebobis manZilze erT-erT yvelaze sapa-suxismgeblo etapze aRmoCnda. arsebuli araordinaruli so-cialur-ekonomikuri situacia saqarTveloSi mraval rTul prob-lemas warmoSobs ekonomikis konversiis TvalsazrisiT. mimdinarereforma naklebad aris qveynis Sinagani tendenciebis adekva-turi, rasac adasturebs CixSi moqceuli ekonomika. aseT eqstre-malur situaciaSi gardamavali periodis ekonomikis mecnierulanalizs (misi wina periodis logikuri Sefasebisa da mosalod-neli Sedegebis CaTvliT), warmoqmnili mikro-, makro- da mega-ekonomikuri problemebis siRrmiseul gaSuqebas, romlebic mWidro

winasityvaoba



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kavSirSia politikur, socialur da sxva problemebTan, didiTeoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

Cven davadeqiT sabazro ekonomikisaken mimaval rTul gzas,sadac yoveli nabiji – es iqneba samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmna,sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba, sabazro infrastruqturisCamoyalibeba Tu sxva, ara mxolod organizaciul siZneleebs,aramed ekonomikuri ganviTarebisadmi axlebur midgomas ukav-Sirdeba. swored es daedo safuZvlad winamdebare gamokvlevas.igi eZRvneba ekonomikur literaturaSi sistemuri saxiT nakle-bad Seswavlil, zeaqtualur da amasTan, masStabur problemas.

vfiqrobT, monografia Tavisi arqiteqtonikiT originaluria.igi erTdroulad ori istoriuli procesis _ poli-tikuri Tavisuflebis mopovebisa da sabazro ekonomika-ze gadasvlis kataklizmebiT savse periods moicavs.

sazogadoebas ara mxolod ainteresebs damoukidebelsaqarTveloSi elviseburad ganviTarebuli kataklizmebi, gan-vlili Tu mimdinare movlenebi da procesebi, qveyanaSi momxdariarsebiTi Zvrebi, miRweuli warmatebebi Tu Cavardnebi, aramed igimovalec aris erkveodes am sakiTxebSi da flobdes saTanadoinformacias Tavisi qveynis ekonomikis, miTumetes, 1991-2008wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb.

ekonomika metad dinamikuri mecnierebaa, romelic sxvadasxvadoniTa da kuTxiT asaxavs ekonomikur urTierTobebSi cvli-lebebis tendenciebs. metad rTulia postkomunisturi gardamavaliperiodis Sefaseba, saqarTveloSi misi pirveli da momdevnoetapebis gaSuqeba.

politikur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobrivi proces-ebisa da maTi urTierTzemoqmedebis Taviseburebebis axsna, in-stituciuri reformebis analizi, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare Ziri-Tadi metamorfozebis gaTvaliswinebiT ekonomikuri progresiskonkretul-istoriul garemosTan kavSirSi warmoCena, saqarTve-loSi mewarmeobis axali tipis formirebasTan dakavSirebulisakiTxebisa da ekonomikis realuri seqtoris sabazro urT-ierTobebTan adaptaciis Taviseburebebis gaanalizeba, momsax-urebis seqtoris ganviTarebis Taviseburebebisa da qveynis re-kreaciuli potencialis Seswavla, faqtoruli bazrebisa dafaqtoruli Semosavlebis, valutis bazrisa da savaluto poli-tikis gaSuqeba, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo valis, sagareo vaWrobisa

winasityvaoba



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da erovnuli usafrTxoebis mwvave problemebis gamokvleva, ax-ali socialuri sakiTxisa da saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulisocialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis globaluri procesis pozi-tiuri da negatiuri Sedegebis ganxilva da a.S. – ZiriTadad imsakiTxTa farTo wrea, romlebic etapobrivad unda aisaxosmonografiul gamokvlevaSi.

wigni Sedgeba 18 Tavisgan da sam nawilad gamoicema, racganapiroba drois mier dasmuli amocanebis kvlevis sirTulemda mniSvnelobam.

naSromis pirveli nawili moicavs eqvs Tavs. yovel Tavswin uZRvis Sesabamisi saprogramo sakiTxebi, xolo bolosdarTuli aqvs gamoyenebuli da sarekomendacio literaturissia. es moTxovna daculia Sesavlis mimarTac.

mkiTxvelisaTvis naTeli rom iyos gamokvlevis sruli Si-naarsi, naSroms boloSi davurTeT momdevno nawilebSi gansaxil-veli sakiTxebi.

kvlevis mizanma (axal epoqaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganvi-Tarebis sistemuri analizi) da amocanebma (razec naSromisarqiteqtonika migvaniSnebs) gansazRvra sakvlevi problemismasStaburoba. aman, Tavis mxriv, moiTxova TiToeuli Temis gaSu-qeba Teoriul-meTodologiur aspeqtSic. amitom winamdebarenaSromi Teoriisa da praqtikis erTgvari sinTezia.

sakiTxebis Teoriul–praqtikuli gamokvleva eyrdnoba mec-nieruli abstraqciis, SedarebiTi analizis, istoriulisa dalogikuris erTianobis, statistikuri dajgufebebisa da a.S.meTodebs.

kvlevis sainformacio bazas warmoadgenda rogorc qarTu-li, ise ucxouri statistikuri masalebi – erovnuli statis-tikuri samsaxuris (jer _ respublikis socialur-ekonomikuriinformaciis saxelmwifo komitetis, Semdeg – saqarTvelos statis-tikis saxelmwifo departamentis, amis Semdeg ki _ saqarTvelosekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamen-tis), saqarTvelos finansTa saministros, saqarTvelos parla-mentis sabiujeto ofisis Sesabamisi monacemebi; saqarTveloserovnuli bankis yovelkvireuli biuletenebi; perioduli gamoce-mebis (`biuleteni~. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa daganviTarebis centri; `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~.ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul–

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evropuli sakonsultacio centri da a.S.) masalebi; gaeros,saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, evrogaerTianebis, sxva saerTa-Soriso ekonomikuri da statistikuri organizaciebis, saeqsper-to samsaxurebis monacemebi; calkeuli qveynebis statistikurisamsaxurebis mier gamocemuli krebulebi (aSS–is sagadasaxde-lo balansis statistikuri weliwdeulebi, germaniis saxalxomeurneobis institutis sainformacio samsaxuris publikaciebi),agreTve rogorc calkeul mkvlevarTa, ise avtoris mier mo-povebuli faqtobrivi monacemebi da damatebiTi gaangariSebebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dRes saqarTvelos mxolod ramdenimeumaRles saswavlebelSi ikiTxeba ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikis~ sas-wavlo kursi, axali epoqis Sesabamisi literatura ki naklebadmogvepoveba. arada, sauniversiteto swavlebaSi `saqarTvelosekonomikis~ saswavlo disciplinis SemoReba drois moTxovna-caa da obieqturi aucileblobac. igi msoflioSi ganviTarebu-li movlenebis gamoZaxilicaa da erovnuli dakveTac. aseT vi-TarebaSi, vfiqrobT, `saqarTvelos ekonomikam~ saTanado adgiliunda daikavos sauniversiteto fakultetebis saswavlo prog-ramebSi. igi, rogorc savaldebulo kursi, unda iswavlebodesekonomikuri specialobebis bakalavriatis maRal kursebze (2semestri, 10 krediti). rac Seexeba axalbeda studentebs, rom-lebic jer kidev naklebad arian dauflebulni ekonomikuriazrovnebis wess da saTanadod ver erkvevian ekonomikur katego-riebSi, terminebsa da cnebebSi, gauWirdebaT `karis SeReba~ amdisciplinaSi.

winamdebare naSromi, vimedovnebT, ar iqneba interesmokle-buli ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramed araekonomikuri profi-lis fakultetebis studentebisTvisac.

wigni samsaxurs gauwevs agreTve saqarTvelos dRevandelimdgomareobiTa da samomavlo SesaZleblobebiT dainteresebulyvela mkiTxvels, Caafiqrebs sazogadoebis im warmomadgenlebs,romlebic mimdinare transformaciuli procesebisadmi zedmetadpesimisturad an naklebkritikulad arian ganwyobilni, uaryofensaqarTvelos ekonomikis reformirebaSi miRweul warmatebebs andaSvebul seriozul Secdomebs. naSromi Caafiqrebs agreTve impirebsac, romlebic xotbas asxamen qveyanaSi usistemod, frag-mentulad ganxorcielebul cvlilebebsa da, aqedan gamomdinare,im friad negatiur tendenciebs, romlebic aferxebs saqarTve-

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los demokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas, realur safrTxesuqmnis mis ganviTarebasa da ubiZgebs qronikulad CamorCenilqveynad darCenisaken.

gasagebia is imedgacrueba, rac sabazro ekonomikaze gadas-vlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram praqtika WeSmaritebis krite-riumia. ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba metyvelebs im didSesaZleblobebze, rasac sabazro meqanizmze dafuZnebuli ekonomikaiZleva. aseT pirobebSi erovnuli ekonomikis stabilizaciis gzamxolod regulirebadi, socialurad orientirebuli sabazroekonomikisaken midis. amitomacaa aucilebeli axali epoqissaqarTvelos ekonomikis Seswavla-gaanalizeba, naklovanebebisgamovlena da msoflioSi aprobirebuli gamocdilebis gaTval-iswinebiT ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosvlisa da jansaRi saba-zro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis gzebis dasaxva.

warmodgenili sqemis mixedviT ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikis~ agebadakavSirebulia rogorc Teoriul-meTodologiuri, ise praq-tikuli xasiaTis siZneleebTan. uinston CerCili werda: `gambe-daoba – es aris upirvelesi saTnoeba, imitom rom igi SesaZle-bels xdis yvela danarCens.~ amitom Cvenc gavbedeT xeli mogvekidaam metad rTuli saqmisTvis.

cnobilia, rom dRes qarTul ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, poli-tikur Tu farTo sazogadoebriv wreebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaaqveynisTvis saWirboroto mraval sakiTxze. am mxriv, SeiZlebaCveni msjeloba yovelTvis ar emTxveodes sxvaTa Sexedule-bebs. Cven SevecadeT logikur-istoriulobis principis dacviTSegveswavla da saTanado daskvnebis safuZvelze piruTvneladSegvefasebina arsebuli viTareba.

did madlobas vuxdi wignis saredaqcio kolegiasa da re-cenzentebs gaweuli Sromisa da saqmiani SeniSvnebisaTvis. min-da gamovyo cnobili statistikosis ioseb arCvaZis Tanadgoma`statistikur qaosSi~ gzis gakvlevaSi.

bunebrivia, naSromi gamoiwvevs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, Sesa-Zloa kamaTsac, raSic ibadeba WeSmariteba. igi elis mecnierulkritikul Sefasebas.

mkiTxvelis obieqtur SeniSvnebsa da winadadebebs madlierebisgrZnobiT miviRebT da gaviTvaliswinebT Semdeg gamocemaSi.

RmerTma dalocos sruliad saqarTvelo da qarTveli eri!

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Sesavali

(saqarTvelos ekonomika qvis xanidan axal

epoqamde)

mokle mimoxilva

Zveli berZeni, romaeli, bizantieli da sxva evropeli avtore-

bi, arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalebi, Zveli istoriogra-fia da qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze

winagvarovnuli da gvarovnuli sazogadoebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

qvis xanis uZvelesi etapi – Selis epoqa – saqarTvelos eko-nomikuri istoriis dasawyisi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebis

kavSiri aSelis epoqasTan. musties, paleoliTis, mezoliTis, neoliTisa

da eneoliTis epoqebi. brinjaos xana – kavkasiuri metalurgiissaTave. pirveli qarTuli vercxlis moneta `kolxuri TeTri~_

msoflios uZvelesi moneta (Zv. w. VI_III saukuneebi). iberiisa da

kolxeTis samefoebi – adremonaTmflobeluri saxelmwifoebi.elinuri civilizaciis roli saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganvi-

TarebaSi. `strabonis geografia~ – cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

didi abreSumis gza. pirveli qarTuli oqros moneta _ `kolxuristateri~ (Zv.w. Is. – ax.w. IIIs.).

axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebis saqarTvelos

ekonomika. IV saukunidan monaTmflobelobis wiaRSi feodaliz-mis Casaxva. feodaluri ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba

saqarTveloSi VI saukuneSi.

saukuneebis manZilze qarTuli kul-tura araerTi uZlieresi imperiis gavlenasganicdida, magram RvTis gangebiTa da CvenswinaparTa ZalisxmeviT arasdros dagvi-kargavs TviTmyofadoba.

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II



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XII saukune – ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebisumaRlesi safexuri feodalur saqarTveloSi. XIII saukunisZnelbedobis uaryofiTi gavlena saqarTvelos sameurneo cxov-rebaze. XIV saukunis xanmokle gamococxleba da amave periodi-dan saqarTvelos ekonomikis xangrZlivi daqveiTeba.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis aRmavloba XVIII saukunis meore na-xevridan. qarTuli ekonomikuri azris ganviTareba.

XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos ekonomikur istori-aSi carizmis aneqsiur–kolonizatoruli eqspansia da saqarTve-los ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli gzis Secvla. saqarTve-los gadaqceva ruseTis ekonomikurad CamorCenil mxared. XIXsaukunis meore naxevridan saqarTveloSi sasaqonlo–fuladiurTierTobebis ganviTareba. 1864–1871 wlebis saglexo refor-mis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mniSvneloba saqarTvelos ekonomiki-saTvis. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri struqturis Secvla da qvey-nis ekonomikaSi ucxouri kapitalis gabatoneba. XIX saukunisbolos kapitalizmis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi.

XX saukunis dasawyisis ekonomikuri krizisi. 1905–1907wlebis revoluciis Semdgomi depresia. I msoflio omiT gamowveu-li ekonomikuri zarali.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisa da damoukideb-lobis sami weli – erovnuli sulieri kulturis amaRleba daekonomikuri kulturis krizisi. agraruli reformis ganxor-cieleba da glexobisaTvis miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacema.social–demokratiuli eqsperimentis kraxi da kvazisocializmismodelis damkvidreba.

saqarTvelo _ `yazarmuli socializmis~ 70–wliani ekonomi-kuri eqsperimentis Tanamonawile. sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri

krizisi da daSla.

Sesavali

arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalebi, Zveli istori-ografia da qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebi adasturebs saqarTve-los teritoriaze winagvarovnuli da gvarovnuli sazogadoe-bebis arsebobas. sayuradReboa, rom pirveli cnobebi saqarTve-los Sesaxeb antikur xanas ganekuTvneba. Zvel berZen da roma-el avtorebs (herodote – Zv. w. Vs., qsenofonti – Zv. w. Vs.,hipokrate – Zv.w. IVs., aristotele – Zv.w. IVs., straboni –Zv.w. Is., plinius ufrosi – ax.w. Is., plutarqe – ax.w. I–IIss.,amiane – ax. w. IVs. da a.S.) aRwerili aqvT ara mxolod



13

saqarTvelos buneba, aramed qarTvel tomTa (mesxebi, tibarenebi,mosinikebi, makronebi, xalibebi, kolxebi, sasperebi da a.S.) yofa–cxovreba, wes–Cveulebebi, rac mniSvnelovan masalebs iZlevamaTi sameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb. qronologiurad mravalfero-vania agreTve bizantiel avtorTa cnobebi, evropel mogzaurTa(flamandieli vilem rubruki – XIII s., italieli marko–polo– XIV s., germaneli iohan Siltbergeri – XV s., venecielikatarino zeno – XV s. da a.S.) Canawerebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria qvis xanis uZvelesietapidan – Selis epoqidan iwyeba. amas mowmobs uZvelesidrois adamianis nakvalevi mis teritoriaze, sadac, gansakuTre-biT zRvispireTSi, kidev ufro farTod saxldeba adamiani aSe-lis epoqaSi*. amas adasturebs soxumis maxloblad mdebareiaSaTxvis nabinavari, yvirilis auzSi mopovebuli iaraRebi,kudaros mRvimeTa jgufi, wonis gamoqvabuli erwos tbis max-loblad Sida qarTlis maRalmTian zolSi da a.S. am periodSiiswavla adamianma cecxlis gamoyeneba, xolo misi ZiriTadiSromis iaraRi xelnajaxi iyo. gansakuTrebiT farTod arisaTvisebuli saqarTvelos dasavleTi nawili momdevno mustiesepoqaSi (100–35 aTasi wlis winaT), rodesac gaumjobesdaSromis iaraRebis damzadebis teqnika da adamianma iswavlacecxlis xelovnurad miReba. am periodSi koleqtiuri nad-iroba da gareul mcenareTa nayofis Segroveba adamianTa Zir-iTadi saqmianoba iyo.

paleoliTis epoqis winagvarovnuli sazogadoebis war-moebis iaraRebi aRmoCenil iqna dasavleT saqarTveloSi(xaragaulis, Terjolis, zestafonis raionebSi), xolo mezoliTisada neoliTis epoqebis gvarovnuli sazogadoebis warmoebisiaraRebi – rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.paleoliTis epoqaSi Seiqmna qvis damuSavebis axali teqnika,

* 1991–2005 wlebSi saqarTveloSi, kerZod, dmanisSi (samxreT–dasavleTsaqarTvelo), arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoaCines adamianis Tavisqala da Sromis iaraRebi. rogorc specialistebi varaudoben, es aRmoCenamiuTiTebs, rom am teritoriaze adamiani jer kidev 1,8 milioni wlis winaTbinadrobda. ix.: m. nioraZe, g. nioraZe, a. iustusi, d. Jvania. dmanisisadrepaleoliTuri adgilsamyofelis II fenis monapovari qvis masala. dmanisiIV. Tb., 2003; g. nioraZe. uZvelesi hominidebis adgilsamyofeli dmanisSi.samecniero seriis masalebi. baTumi, 2003.

saqarTvelos ekonomika qvis xanidan axal epoqamde



14

gavrcelda Zvlisa da rqis iaraRebi, gaumjobesda nadirobiswesebi. mezoliTis epoqaSi winagvarovnuli sazogadoebidangvarovnulze gadasvliT daiwyo axali etapi warmoebis iaraReb-is ganviTarebaSi, rac safuZvlad daedo neoliTs. es periodiumniSvnelovanesi etapia rogorc mTlianad kacobriobis, isesaqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi. Camoyalibda meurneobrivi saqmiano-bis axali formebi – miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba, pirveladgaCnda Tixis WurWeli. neoliTis dasasrulidan da eneoliTisepoqaSi miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba meurneobis wamyvandargebad iqca. eneoliTis (spilenZ–qvis) xana saqarTveloSi Zv.w. VI–IV aTaswleulia, xolo brinjaos xana – III–II aTaswleuli.Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis Sua periodidan saqarTvelos teritori-aze daiwyo spilenZ–brinjaos metalurgiuli warmoeba, rac gan-sakuTrebiT III aTaswleulidan ganviTarda. liTonis sagnebisdasamzadeblad iyenebdnen adgilobriv dariSxnian spilenZs. sworedam periodSi daedo saTave kavkasiur metalurgias, riTac aseganTqmuli iyo saqarTvelo. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos da IaTaswleulis dasawyisidan fexs ikidebs rkinis warmoeba. igifarTod gavrcelda Zv. w. VIII–VII saukuneebSi, riTac dasrul-da xelosnobis calke dargad Camoyalibebis procesi. gansakuTrebiTganviTarda meTuneoba, mWedloba, rTva da qsova, saiuvelirowarmoeba. damuSavebis maRali ostatobiT gamoirCeoda ZvirfasiliTonebisagan nakeTebi nivTebi, sakmaod maRal doneze avidabrinjaos damuSavebis teqnika, ganviTarda rkinisa da samTamadnometalurgia. amas mohyva vaWrobis ganviTarebac. aRsaniSnavia,rom am periodis kolxeTis liTonis, gansakuTrebiT oqromWed-lobis mravalferovani nawarmi da selis qsovilebi ganTqmuliiyo mTel msoflioSi. Zv. w. VII–VI saukuneebis kolxeTis SavizRvis sanapiroze Camoyalibebulma axalSenebma – trapezundma,kerasuntma, fasisma(foTi), dioskuriam(soxumi), petiuntma(biWvinTa)da a.S. didad Seuwyves xeli ucxoeTTan vaWrobis gacxovele-bas. liTonisa da selis nawarmis garda, gahqondaT xe–tye, gahyavdaTtyveebi, SemohqondaT umTavresad fufunebis sagnebi, romlebsacsazogadoebis zeda fena moixmarda.

imdroindel kolxeTSi aReb–micemobis ganviTarebazemetyvelebs qarTuli vercxlis moneta – `kolxuri TeTri~,romelic Zv. w. VI–III saukuneebiT TariRdeba da msofliosuZvelesi monetebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

Sesavali



15

liTonis fulis warmoSobamde fulis magivrobas rqosanipirutyvi asrulebda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba arc iyosSemTxveviTi is garemoeba, rom `kolxur TeTrze~ xaris Tavicaris gamosaxuli.

ekonomikis ganviTarebam, rasac, miwaTmoqmedebis, mesaqonle-obisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, xeli SeuwyosavaWro urTierTobebis gaZlierebam, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pir-veli naxevris bolosaTvis Seqmna winapirobebi saqarTvelosteritoriaze pirveli klasobrivi sazogadoebis – monaTmflo-beluri ekonomikuri sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis.

Zv. w. pirveli aTaswleulis dasawyisSi istoriul saqar-TveloSi diaoxisa da kolxas gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebam,xolo Zv. w. IV saukunis bolos qarTlis samefos aRmocenebamgaaZliera savaWro urTierToba gare samyarosTan. qarTlissamefo (iberia), iseve rogorc kolxeTis samefo, iTvlebaadremonaTmflobelur saxelmwifod, pirvelyofil–Temuri sa-zogadoebis Zlieri gadmonaSTebiT.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi garkveuli rolielinurma civilizaciamac Seasrula. Zv. w. V–IV saukuneebisberZnuli nawarmi aRmoCenilia saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs is mravaliuZvelesi samimosvlo–savaWro gza, romlebiTac igi gare sam-yaros ukavSirdeboda. Zv. w. IV–III saukuneebSi arsebuli aR-mosavleTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebeli didi savaWro gzasamxreT kavkasiaze gadioda. es gza indoeTidan iwyeboda: mdinareoqsosiT (amudaria) didZali induri saqoneli SemohqondaThirkaniis (kaspiis) zRvaSi, xolo aqedan mdinare mtkvriT, suramisuReltexiliTa da rion–yvirilis magistraliT Sav zRvamde(evqsinis ponto) gadahqondaT.1 garda amisa, aRmosavleTidandasavleTisaken Tu samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mimavali kidevmravali savaWro–satranzito gza gadioda saqarTvelos ter-itoriaze. Tu erTi didi savaWro gza bardav–Sanqor–xunanisgavliT mcxeTa–Tbilisisaken miemarTeboda, meore aranaklebimniSvnelobis gza samxreTis Zvel qalaq artaqSatsa da javax–samcxis miwa–wyalze gadioda, zekars gadaseravda da fasisze


1 yauxCiSvili T. strabonis geografia. cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.Tb., 1957, gv. 149.



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gavliT dioskuriisaken, xolo, iqidan meotiis (azovis) zRvisada CrdiloeTis velebisaken miemarTeboda. es gza uZvelesi iyoda, ekonomikuris garda, didi samxedro mniSvnelobac hqonda.

am gzis arsebobisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobe-bia mocemuli ̀ strabonis geografiaSi~. igi gadmogvcems, rom aorsebs,romlebic mdinare tanaisis(doni) maxloblad saxlobdnen da sir-akebs, romlebic kavkasionis mTebidan gamomdinare aqardeonis* ax-los binadrobdnen, didZali induri da babilonuri saqoneli Semo-hqondaT aqlemebiT artaSatze gamavali meotia–kolxeTis gziT,romelzec mTavari qalaqebi — fasisi da dioskuria mdebareobda.

aRsaniSnavia transkontinenturi savaWro–saqaravno gza anuabreSumis didi gza, romelsac dasabami mieca Zv. w. II sauku-neSi. es gza CineTs dasavleTTan akavSirebda. misi erTi ganStoebakaspiis zRvis gavliT ukavSirdeboda kavkasias, gadakveTda saqar-Tvelos da fasisidan Savi zRviT bizantiasa da roms aRwevda.

amrigad, saqarTvelos saxmeleTo, samdinaro da sazRvaogzebi odiTganve saerTaSoriso savaWro gzaTa Semadgenelinawili iyo, rasac adasturebs romaeli geografis kastoriu-sis mier Sedgenili msoflio sagzao rukac. saqarTvelo aRmo-savleTisa da dasavleTis saqonlis ubralo gamtar auzs kiar warmoadgenda, aramed igi TviTonac iyo Cabmuli saerTa-Soriso vaWrobaSi da rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise sxva saxelm-wifoebTan gacxovelebul vaWrobas awarmoebda.

qarTuli oqros moneta – `kolxuri stateri~** iWre-boda Zv. w. I saukunidan ax. w. III saukunemde***.

axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebis saqarTvelosekonomika xasiaTdeba misi tradiciuli dargebis – miwaTmo-qmedebis, mesaqonleobis, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis swrafi ganvi-TarebiT, rasac Tan axlavs sazogadoebis qonebrivi diferenci-aciis gaRrmaveba.

* cnobili qarTveli mecnieris simon janaSias azriT, es mdinare yubania.

** aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli oqros monetebi epizodurad iWreboda, isicmcire raodenobiT da garda fuladi mimoqcevisa, gaiTvaliswineboda mefeebisada didgvarovanTa saCuqrebisaTvis.

*** cnobilia am uaRresad iSviaTi monetis mxolod ori egzemplari.erTi daculia parizSi, meore – TbilisSi, s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelossaxelmwifo muzeumSi.

Sesavali



17

IV saukunidan, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Sedegad,ekonomikur urTierTobebSi momxdarma cvlilebebma xeli Seu-wyo monaTmflobelobis wiaRSi feodaluri urTierTobis Casaxvas.evropisa da aziis mraval qveyanaSi feodalurma ekonomikurmasistemam, monaTmflobelobis gverdis avliT, pirvelyofili sa-zogadoeba Secvala, saqarTveloSi ki igi, monaTmflobeluriekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebis safuZvelze, VI saukuneSiCamoyalibda.

V saukuneSi, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis dros, qarTlissamefom did sameurneo aRmavlobas miaRwia. gaumjobesda sami-waTmoqmedo teqnika, daiwyo rkinis guTnisa da sarwyavi teqnikisgamoyeneba, farTod gavrcelda vazis kultura, ganviTarda vaWroba.*

istoriuli wyaroebi adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos ekonomi-kuri urTierToba sxva qveynebTan SenarCunebuli hqonda Sidakonfliqtebisa Tu ucxoel momxdurTa batonobis drosac. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva dampyrobTa, gansakuTrebiT kiarabTa SemosevebiT saqarTvelo ekonomikur da politikur Sevi-wroebas ganicdida, qveyanaSi sameurneo cxovreba swrafad vi-Tardeboda. maTma Semosevebma ver Sewyvita feodaluri urTier-Tobebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. amis dadastureba isic aris,rom saqarTveloSi farTod daiwyo fulis moWra. VI–VII sauku-neebSi iWreba qarTul–sasanuri draqmebi (sasanuri draqmis tipisqarTuli moneta), VIII–X saukuneebSi – Tbilur–arabuli dirheme-bi, X–XII saukuneebSi – vercxlis qarTuli monetebi bizanti-uri titulebiT, qarTul–bizantiuri monetebi da a.S.

XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da erTiani samefosuflebebis Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvamde gavrcelebis Semdeg,kidev ufro gaRrmavda misi sagareo–ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.

feodalurma saqarTvelom ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganvi-Tarebis umaRles safexurs XII saukuneSi miaRwia. am periodSiSeiqmna tirifonis, ruis–urbnisis, muxranis, alaznis, samgoris,Sida kaxeTis sarwyavi arxebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roliSeasrula saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobis, mebaReobisa da mebambeobis

* cnobil qarTvel mecniers simon yauxCiSvils mohyavs VI saukunisistorikosis prokopi kesarielis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu iberias rogorhqonda ganviTarebuli aReb–micemoba gare samyarosTan. saqoneli SemohqondaTsparseTidan, indoeTidan, romaelebis qveSevrdomi qveynebidan da gahqondaTamave qveynebSi. ix. s. yauxCiSvili. georgika. t. II, Tb., 1934, gv. 61.


2. r. asaTiani



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ganviTarebaSi. swrafad ganviTarda xelosnoba da gaRrmavdaSromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba. meTuneebis, kalatozebis,memadneebis (oqros, vercxlis, rkinis, spilenZis damamzadeblebi),mWedlebis, feiqrebis, oqromqandakeblebis, meabjreebis, mexmale-ebis, memSvildeebis, etratis (saweri tyavi) damamzadeblebis,ferweris ostatebis, oqronemseulis moxelsaqmeTa, cxenis iar-aR–saWurvlis mWedel–mqsovelTa da a.S. nawarmi sul ufrofarTod eqceoda savaWro brunvaSi, gadioda sazRvargareT. amperiodSi Seqmnili materialuri dovlaTis mniSvnelovani nawi-li saqonlur xasiaTs atarebda. imxanad, rogorc ivane javaxi-Svili SeniSnavs, àr moipoveboda iseTi sagani, romelic bazar-ze ar trialebda, romelic sofladac ki ar gayiduliyos.~ 1

daviT aRmaSeneblis aqtiurma sagareo politikam didadSeuwyo xeli saerTaSoriso satranzito vaWrobis SemdgomganviTarebas. saqarTvelo did saqaravno vaWrobas eweoda iran-Tan, erayTan, siriasTan, egviptesTan, bizantiasTan, ruseTTan daa.S. gahqondaT: bamba–abreSumi, oqronemsuli farCa, bewveuli,Zvirfasi samoseli, matyli, Rvino, kakali, Tafli, gahyavdaTcxenebi da a.S. SemohqondaT: Zvirfasi qsovilebi da WurWeli,iaraR–saWurveli, samoseli, bewveuli, Tval–margaliti, nel-sacxeblebi, saneleblebi, xmeli xili, Tevzeuli da a.S. vaWro-bis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo qalaqebis zrdas. XII saukuneSiganviTarebis maRal dones miaRwia qarTulma feodalurma kul-turam. rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise mis sazRvrebs gareT arse-bul kulturul kerebSi nayofieri samecniero–literaturulisaqmianoba gaiSala. XII saukunis bolos Seiqmna SoTa rusTave-lis genialuri poema – `vefxistyaosani~, romelSic aisaxakidec am periodis socialur–ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi.

XIII saukuneSi dawyebulma Znelbedobam metad uaryofiTigavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos sameurneo cxovrebaze. qveynisekonomikur ganviTarebas didi dartyma miayena monRolTa Se-mosevebma da batonobam, ris Sedegadac feodaluri meurneobadaeca, vaWroba Cakvda, qalaqebi gapartaxda.

qveynis ekonomikis gamococxleba daiwyo XIV saukunis30–iani wlebidan, giorgi V brwyinvalis mefobis dros, rode-sac gadagdebul iqna monRolTa uReli da aRdga saqarTvelos

1 javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria. wigni I. tf., `qar-Tuli wigni~, 1930, gv. 31.

Sesavali



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teritoriuli mTlianoba. am periodSi vaWrobis ganviTarebasxeli Seuwyo vercxlis monetis – `giorgaulis~ gamoSvebam.gamococxlda sagareo vaWrobac, Tumca aRorZinebis es proce-si Temurlengis Semotevebis gamo xangrZlivi ar yofila.

1386–1403 wlebSi Temurlengis rva laSqrobas saqarTveloSimosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili Seewira. dampyroblebma xelTigdes xalxis qoneba, daangries eklesia–monastrebi, cixesimagreebi.qarTveli xalxis gmiruli winaaRmdegobiT gaborotebuli mterikafavda venaxebs, anadgurebda naTesebs, baRebs, sarwyav arxebs,pirutyvs, sacxovrebel saxlebs, rom darCenili mosaxleobi-saTvis saarsebo wyaro moespo. saqarTvelo kvlav daqveiTdaekonomikurad.

osmaleTi gabatonda Sav zRvasa da im gzebze, romlebicerTmaneTTan akavSirebda aRmosavleT da dasavleT qveynebs.saqarTvelo moswyda saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebs, daqveiTdavaWroba, xelosnoba, moiSala sameurneo cxovreba.

XV saukune kidev ufro mZime aRmoCnda saqarTvelos eko-nomikisaTvis. jer yara–yoiunlus (SavbatknianTa) TurqmanebmaSearyies isedac Zlier Selaxuli misi ekonomikuri cxovreba,xolo Semdeg osmalebma moamwyvdies CixSi.

ucxoel dampyrobTa ganuwyveteli Semosevebisa da ekono-mikuri daqveiTebis Sedegad, XV saukunis meore naxevarSisaqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiis politikurad daSlam(qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebad da samcxe–saaTaba-gos samTavrod), romelic XVI–XVII saukuneebSi kidev ufrogaRrmavda (damoukidebel samTavroebad Camoyalibdnen odiSis,guriis, afxazeTisa da svaneTis samTavroebi), metad uaryofiTigavlena moaxdina mis ekonomikaze. miuxedavad amisa, qveynisekonomikuri ganviTareba ar Sewyvetila da arc SeiZlebodaSewyvetiliyo, radgan amas moiTxovda qarTveli xalxis sasic-ocxlo interesebi. saqarTvelos madliani miwa iZleoda sof-lis meurneobis ganviTarebis saSualebas. magaliTad, kaxuriyurZniT damzadebulma Rvinom swored maSin gaiTqva saxelimTel saqarTveloSi da mis farglebs gareT, aseve, qarTuliabreSumi rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo vaWrobis umniSvnelov-anesi sagani gaxda. Savi zRvis sanapiroze farTod ganviTardameTevzeoba. mTaSi gavrcelda tyavis damuSaveba, fardagebisa




20

da Saleulis qsova, qurqis, nabdis, yabalaxis damzadeba. yove-live amis miuxedavad, XVI–XVII saukuneebSi dasavleTsaqarTveloSi yma glexTa ucxoelebisaTvis tyved miyidva an-grevda ara mxolod qveynis meurneobas, aramed safrTxes uqm-nida TviT eris arsebobas. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSiSah–abasis gaugonari sisastikis Semosevebma udidesi dartymamiayena aRmosavleT saqarTvelos. aiCexa baR–venaxebi, gawydapirutyvi, TiTqmis mTlianad gaCanagda meurneoba. amas mohyvaqalaqebis ngreva, mosaxleobis aqtiuri nawilis, gansakuTrebiTvaWrebisa da xelosnebis ganadgureba.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaze damangreveli zegavlena moaxdinamis aRmosavleT nawilSi XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi os-malTa da sparsTa batonobam. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridanmSvidobiani cxovrebisaTvis SedarebiT xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna,ramac JamTa siavisagan Seferxebuli sameurneo cxovreba kvlavTavis kalapots daubruna. am periodidan iwyeba ekonomikis gamo-cocxleba da aRmavloba, rasac mohyva qalaqebisa da soflebisaRdgena. fexi moikida daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebam, gafar-Tovda vaWroba. iransa da osmaleTSi didi raodenobiT gadiodaRvino, abreSumi, ganviTarda samTamadno warmoeba. Seiqmna manu-faqturuli tipis sawarmoebi – Tof–zarbaznis qarxana, samefozarafxana, stamba, marilsaxdeli, sapnis qarxana, samRebroebi,Tofiswamlis qarxana da a.S. kvlav gaixsna didi xnis ganmavlo-baSi Caketili darialis savaWro gza. gacxovelda saqaravnovaWroba ruseTTan, imata savaWro da savaxSo kapitalma.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTa-rebis gzebis Ziebas. qarTul enaze iTargmneboda evropel ganmanaT-lebelTa naSromebi. 1799 wels ioane batoniSvilma italiuri-dan qarTul enaze Targmna wigni `politikuri ekonomia, anusaxelmwifo meurneobis Sesaxeb~. qarTuli ekonomikuri azrisganviTarebaSi didi wvlili Seitana sulxan–saba orbelianma*.

Sesavali

* aRsaniSnavia, rom –sulxan saba orbelians fiziokratuli skolisfuZemdebelze, frang ekonomist fransua keneze (1694–1774) gacilebiT adrehqonda Camoyalibebuli fiziokratuli Sexedulebebi Tavis cnobil naSromSi`sibrZne sicruisa~ (kenes ̀ ekonomikuri tabula~ 1758 wels gamoqveynda, xolosulxan–saba orbeliani zustad 100 wliT adre daibada). am samsaukunovansaidumloebas farda axada da gamoikvlia gamoCenilma qarTvelma mecniermavasil CantlaZem.



21

ekonomikuri winsvlis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos ar hqondasakmao potenciali gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebisagan Tavis dasacavad.amasTan, feodaluri saqarTvelo Sevida Tavisi ganviTarebis gvi-andel periodSi. sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTareba TandaTan moeqcawinaaRmdegobaSi feodalur–batonymur ekonomikur urTierTo-bebTan. gamwvavda feodaluri ekonomikuri sistemis krizisi.

XIX saukunidan saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv–ekonomikuristoriaSi axali da uaRresad rTuli etapi iwyeba. istoriu-li movlenebi imgvarad warimarTa, rom am epoqis uSualoganmsazRvreli ruseTis carizmis aneqsiur–kolonizatorulieqspansia gaxda*.

saqarTvelos moqcevam ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi(1801 w.) sruliad Secvala qveynis rogorc politikuri, iseekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli procesi. ruseTTan SeerTe-biT saqarTvelom, marTalia, Tavi daaRwia aRmosavleTis mezobe-li agresiuli qveynebisagan mudmiv Semosevebs, magram dakargadamoukidebloba, saxelmwifoebrioba da faqtobrivad ruseTiskoloniad iqca. mefis ruseTi cdilobda saqarTveloSi baton-ymobis ganmtkicebas. amasTan, kavkasiaSi mis mier warmoebuliomebis TiTqmis mTeli xarji, sasursaTo begaris saxiT, saqarTve-los glexobas daekisra. xalxi ver egueboda carizmis kolo-niur politikas, rasac mohyva ajanyebebi, erovnul–ganmaTavisu-flebeli moZraobis farTod gaSla. yovelive es did ziansayenebda qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. ar viTardeboda pri-mitiul teqnikaze dafuZnebuli soflis meurneoba, Cakvda sam-Tometalurgiuli warmoeba. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTve-lo ruseTisTvis saintereso iyo mxolod Tavisi arakonkuren-tunariani saqonlis sarealizaciod da misi mravalferovanibunebrivi resursebis misaTviseblad. amitom ruseTi dainter-esebuli iyo mxolod imiT, rom saqarTvelo gadaeqcia iafinedleulis wyarod Tavisi fabrika–qarxnebisaTvis. meabreSumeobissusti ganviTarebis gamo, daixura manufaqturuli tipis abre-

* saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebs Svidtomiani monografi-uli gamokvleva miuZRvna akademikosma paata guguSvilma. misi monografia– `saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis kolonizacia 1801–1920 ww.~ – daiwerarogorc sadoqtoro disertacia, romlis erT–erTi oficialuri oponentiivane javaxiSvili gaxldaT.




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Sumis Zafsaxvevi sawarmoebi. analogiuri bedi ewia 1828–1830wlebSi saeqsporto RvinisTvis minis WurWlis warmoebasac.iranTan da TurqeTTan daZabuli urTierTobis gamo, ruseTmaakrZala qarTuli saqonlis gatana am qveynebSi. Tavad eko-nomikurad CamorCenilma ruseTma ki ver SeZlo dauflebodasaqarTvelos bazars. amas daemata konkurencia inglisis mxri-dan, romelic mTeli aRmosavleTis bazrebs flobda. carizmissaimperio–sabaJo sistemis gavrcelebam saqarTveloSi didadgazarda fasebi Semozidul saqonelze. mokled, saqarTvelogadaiqca ruseTis ganapira, CamorCenil mxared. carizmis damp-yrobluri politika ar upasuxebda qveynis socialur–ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis interesebs. aseT pirobebSi xalxi ganagr-Zobda brZolas carizmis koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg.

XIX saukunis 30–iani wlebidan qveyana TandaTan damSvid-da, aRorZineba iwyo soflis meurneobam. saxeli gaiTqva qarTulmaRvinom*. kaxuri Rvino gavida ruseTis bazrebzec. dasavleTsaqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda meabreSumeoba. 40–ianwlebSi gaCnda abreSumis axali Zafsaxvevi sawarmoebi. 50–ianwlebSi Zafsaxvevi fabrikebi aigo quTaissa da zugdidSi. gan-viTarda xis dammuSavebeli warmoeba, romlis produqcia saqarTve-los farglebs gascda. muSaoba daiwyo Zvirfas saSen qvaTadammuSavebelma fabrikam, agreTve Tambaqos fabrikebma, ganviTar-da tyavis warmoeba, xe–tyis mrewveloba da a.S. saqveynodgaiTqva saxeli xelosnobis zogierTma nawarmma. magaliTad,saqarTveloSi damzadebuli foladis xmali ruseTisas sjob-da. amas adasturebs is faqti, rom ruseTis mTavrobam zla-toustis metalurgiuli qarxnis ostatebi gamogzavna Tbilis-Si foladis xmlis damzadebis saidumlos Sesaswavlad.

TandaTan safuZveli ecleboda karCaketil naturalur meur-neobas. sasaqonlo–fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam kidevufro Searyia feodaluri ekonomikuri sistema da gza gauxsnakapitalisturi urTierTobebis aRmocenebas saqarTveloSi.

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT rkinis kustarul warmoebas,romelic saqarTveloSi uxsovari droidan arsebobda, SaviliTonebis saqarxno warmoeba daiwyo 1862 wlidan CaTaxis

Sesavali

* gansakuTrebiT saxeli gaiTqva Telavis mazram, saidanac, magaliTad, 1895wels 1 mln–mde saTli qarTuli Rvino gaiyida.



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(foladauri) metalurgiul qarxanaSi. 1879 wlidan daiwyoWiaTuris manganumis sabados eqspluatacia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli xalxi odiTganve iyenebdamineralur wylebs, zRvisa da mTis havas sxvadasxva daavadebissamkurnalod, kurortebi saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I nax-evridan iqmneba. XIX saukunis II naxevridan borjomi ruseTissamefo sagvareulos xelSi gadavida. amave periodSi gaSendaabasTumani, sazafxulo agarakebi – kojorSi. XIX saukunisdamlevidan iwyeba SavizRvispireTis sakurorto resursebisaTviseba. maRali samkurnalo Tvisebebis mqone zRvispira kuror-tad iqna aRiarebuli soxumi, aSenda gagris samkurnalo ko-mpleqsi, aWaris sanapiroze – qobuleTi, maxinjauri, cixisZiri,mogvianebiT, XX saukunis 20–30-ian wlebSi – biWvinTis ko-mpleqsi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi pirveli turistuli trasagaxda saqarTvelos samxedro gza, romelmac 20–iani wlebidandasabami misca turizmis ganviTarebas qveyanaSi.

1864 – 1871 wlebis saglexo reformas, rasac uaRresaddadebiTi movlena – saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmeba mohyva,glexobis mier iuridiuli uflebebis mopovebis miuxedavad,maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ar gauumjobesebia, piriqiT,glexobam dakarga im miwebis mniSvnelovani nawili, romliTacis sargeblobda. meurneobisTvis vargisi miwebis 78% SerCaTavad–aznaurobas, danarCeni ki ganawilda saxelmwifoze, ekle-sia–monastrebsa da glexobaze. umiwod darCa glexobis isnawili, romelic reformamde miwis nakveTiT ar sargeblobda.agrarul urTierTobebs saqarTveloSi kidev ufro amwvavebdaruseTis koloniuri politika: axali gadasaxadebi didad aRemate-boda reformamdels; mTavroba ucxo tomis xalxs asaxlebdasoflis meurneobisTvis gamosadeg miwebze, mkvidr mosaxleobaski – Waobian, mTagorian da mwir adgilebze; ruseTs gansakuTrebiTafxazeTze eWira Tvali. miuxedavad qarTveli sazogadoebiswinaaRmdegobisa, carizmis xelisufalni jiutad asaxlebdnenam teritoriaze araqarTveli erovnebis xalxs.

saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebam daaCqara burJuaziiswarmoqmna, ramac xeli Seuwyo kapitalizmis aRmocenebasa daqveynis ekonomikuri struqturis Secvlas. Tumca am cvlilebe-bis mizezi rusuli kapitali naklebad iyo. saqarTvelos ekonomi-




24

kaSi gabatonda sazRvargareTuli kapitali. magaliTad, Tbi-lisSi qarTuli kapitalis wili warmoebasa da vaWrobaSi mxo-lod 13,5%–s Seadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTul burJua-zias ar SeeZlo ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis erovnuli elf-eri mieca. arsebuli ekonomikuri politika ar upasuxebdasakuTari resursebis xarjze erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnasa daganviTarebas. miuxedavad amisa, kapitalizmis aRmocenebamfeodaluri yofiT dabeCavebuli glexi cxovrebis axal sar-bielze gamoiyvana. amas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli rkinigzisganviTarebam. saqarTveloSi pirveli rkinigza 1871 wels gaix-sna. es iyo foTi–yvirilis (zestafoni) ubani. 1872 welsdaiwyo sarkinigzo mimosvla Tbilissa da foTs Soris, 1883wels ki rkinigzis magistraliT erTmaneTs daukavSirda ba-Tumi, Tbilisi da baqo, 1889 wels – Tbilisi da yarsi, xolo1901 wels _ borjomi da bakuriani. 1890 wels gaixsna wifisgvirabi, 1894 wels – xaSur–borjomis rkinigza, 1895 wels –Sorapan–WiaTura_saCxerisa, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba hqon-da manganumis warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis. 1915 wels gayvaniliqna navTluR_gurjaan_Telavis, gurjaan_wnoriswylis sarkinigzoSto da a.S. XIX saukunis 80–ian wlebSi TbilisSi, amierkavkasiisrkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoebSi 3500–ze meti muSa dasaqmda.

1875 wels ilia WavWavaZis iniciativiT frTebi Seesxa dim-itri yifianis ideas _ saqarTveloSi, kerZod, TbilisSi saTavad-aznauro saadgilmamulo bankis Seqmnas. ilia WavWavaZem didienergia Sealia qarTuli bankis ganviTarebis saqmes, romelicgadaiqca qarTvelTa Soris wera–kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sa-zogadoebis, qarTuli gimnaziis, qarTuli Teatrisa da sxvakulturul–saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa arsebobis safuZ-vlad. 1887 wlis bolos ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT saqarTveloSi,kerZod, TbilisSi aSenda pirveli eleqtrosadguri.

1896 wels saqarTveloSi Seiqmna pirveli monopolisturigaerTianeba, sindikati `Savi qva~, romelic 200–ze met adgi-lobriv mrewvels aerTianebda. 1898 wels mrewvelobaSi 16aTasamde muSa muSaobda, 1902 wlisTvis ki – 21 aTasze meti.amrigad, XIX saukunis bolos kapitalizmi, Tavisi klasikuriformiT, mtkiced damkvidrda saqarTveloSi, rasac mohyva fab-rika–qarxnebis raodenobis zrda da, Sesabamisad, samrewvelo

Sesavali



25

proletariatis Camoyalibeba–ganviTareba. TviTmpyrobelobiswinaaRmdeg brZolam Searyia saqarTvelos isedac sustad gan-viTarebuli ekonomika. maqsimalurad Semcirda WiaTuris manga-numis warmoeba. ixureboda sawarmoebi, nadgurdeboda adgilo-brivi sarewebi rusuli saqonlis konkurenciis gamo, ecemodarkinis, spilenZis, oqro–vercxlis, Tixis, tyavisa da a.S. da-muSaveba, romlebic gacilebiT iafad mzaddeboda ruseTSi daiyideboda saqarTveloSi; sagrZnoblad iklo baTumidan navTob-produqtebis gatanam, imata umuSevrobam, mas daemata didimousavlianoba. qveyana siRaribem moicva.

saqarTvelo XX saukunes Rrma ekonomikuri krizisiT Sexvda.mkveTrad Semcirda qvanaxSiris mopoveba, ganaxevrda manganumiswarmoeba, romlis produqciis 92–99% inglisSi, germaniaSi, aSS–Si, safrangeTsa da belgiaSi gahqondaT. am periodSi gaZlierdaqveyanaSi marqsistuli ekonomikuri mecnierebis gavlena.

1905–1907 wlebis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTvelos ekonomikadepresiam moicva. 1910 wlidan, marTalia, daiwyo gamococxle-ba, magram msoflio omma didi dartyma miayena mas. ommasaqarTvelodan 200 aTasze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.mrewvelobas daaklda kvalificiuri muSaxeli, sofeli ki Zir-iTadad qalebis, bavSvebisa da xeibrebis amara darCa. mrewvelo-bis militarizaciis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad daeca warmoebismoculoba samTamadno mrewvelobaSi, manganumis madnis mopove-ba 1917 wels, 1913 welTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis 80%–iT Semcir-da. kidev ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda soflis meur-neoba, Cakvda baTumisa da foTis navsadgurebi, sagrZnobladSemcirda sagareo savaWro–ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.

omis Semdgom, ruseTis imperiidan saqarTvelos gamoyofisSemdeg, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisa da damoukide-blobis periodSi (1918–1921 ww.) qveyanaSi mZime ekonomikurimdgomareoba Seiqmna. erovnuli sulieri kulturis amaRlebamver SeZlo qarTuli ekonomikuri kulturis gamoRviZeba. XXsaukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos hyavda inJinrebi, iuristebi,eqimebi, pedagogebi, agronomebi Tu samxedro pirebi, magram nak-lebad hyavda specialistebi ekonomikis dargSi. moiSala trans-porti, Sewyda ruseTidan xorblis Semotana, glexobam daiwyobaR–venaxebis Cexa da am adgilebis gamoyeneba marcvleulis




26

mosayvanad, ramac gaanadgura mrewvelobis sanedleulo bazada, saerTod, gaapartaxa ekonomika.

1920 wlis bolos saqarTvelo Rrma ekonomikurma krizis-ma moicva. metad arasaxarbielo iyo qveynis sagadasaxdelobalansi. es garemoeba uaryofiTad moqmedebda qarTuli boniskursze, romlis emisia 1919–1920 wlebSi ganxorcielda oTxjer,xolo mexuTed 1921 wlis ianvarSi daiwyo. am periodis metadmniSvnelovani movlena iyo agraruli reformis ganxorcielebada glexobisaTvis miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacema. Tu 1918wels sagareo vaWrobis balansi aqtiuri iyo (+12,1 mln maneTi),1919 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos aqtiuri saldo mxolod somxeTTan(+53,3 mln maneTi) hqonda.

1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiisganxorcielebisa da social–demokratiuli eqsperimentis Sew-yvetis Semdeg qveynis sazogadoebriv–ekonomikur cxovrebaSi da-iwyo axali, winaaRmdegobebiT savse epoqa, gabatonda ̀ yazarmulisocializmis~ modeli, romlisTvisac miuRebeli iyo mSvidobianiTanaarseboba ucxo ekonomikur koncefciebTan Tu modelebTan.

marTalia, sabWoTa kavSirs, warmoebis zrdis tempebis Tval-sazrisiT, garkveuli warmatebebi hqonda 60–ian wlebamde daman gaiara kavis qveynis atomur qveynad gardaqmnis urTulesiprocesi, magram Semdgom periodSi ver SeZlo globalizaciispozitiur procesebTan adaptireba. sabWoTa kavSirma `sabazrofilosofiis~ ignorireba moaxdina, klasikurma kapitalizmma kialRo auRo globalizaciis mkacr moTxovnebs da swrafadmoaxdina sistemis SigniT transformireba. maSin rodesac ker-Zo kapitalistur sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli `veluri~ kapita-lizmi gardaiqmna sakuTrebis pluralizmze dafuZnebul Sereulekonomikur sistemad, sabWoTa kavSiri myarad icavda formiTsazogadoebriv, magram SinaarsiT saxelmwifo–monopolistursakuTrebaze agebul da civilizebuli samyarosagan rkinis fardiTizolirebul ekonomikur sistemas. `perestroikamac~ ver uSve-la Zvel sabWour ideologiaze dafuZnebul imperias. xelisuf-leba TandaTan kargavda Zalauflebas. 80-iani wlebis bolosgaZlierda dezintegraciis procesebi, romlebic faqtobrivadumarTavi gaxda. qveyana, romelic msoflios sTavazobda sabWo-Ta modelis damkvidrebis strategias, politikurma da ekono-mikurma krizisma moicva. igi spontanurad daiSala.

Sesavali



27

saqarTvelo aRmoCnda XX saukunis udidesi ekonomikuri(da ara mxolod ekonomikuri) eqsperimentis monawile, romel-ic 70 wels grZeldeboda da kraxiT dasrulda.

sabWoTa kavSiris – am udidesi monstris daSlam Secvalamsoflios ruka. 1991 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaRdgenam da saxelmwifoebriobis aRiarebam, rasac mohyva Zveliekonomikuri sistemis ngreva, sruliad axali epoqa SeqmnasaqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi.

gamoyenebuli da sarekomendacioliteratura

abesaZe c. liTonTa warmoeba amierkavkasiaSi Zv. w. III aTas-wleulSi. Tb., 1969;

abesaZe c., baxtaZe r., dvali T., jafariZe o. spilenZ–brinjaos metalurgiis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1958;

asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika: warsuli, awmyo, perspeqti-va. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2002;

asaTiani r. kavkasiis ekonomikis istoriis zogierTi aspeqtida Tanamedroveoba. èkonomika~, #12, 1996;

axvlediani b., SixaSvili g., bakaSvili n. marTlmadideb-luri Teologiuri ekonomikisa da marTvis safuZvlebi. Tb.,`meridiani~, 2009;

berZeniSvili n. qvis xanis axali Zegli wyalwiTelas xe-obaSi. Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1964;

gabunia m. TrialeTis mezoliTuri kultura. Tb., `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1979;

gamyreliZe a. amiane marceline da misi cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb. ̀ georgika~, I tomi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1961;

gogolaZe d. kapitalisturi sawarmoebi soflis meurneobasada mrewvelobaSi reformamdel saqarTveloSi (1830–1864).Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1959;

guguSvili p. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuriganviTareba XIX–XX ss. I tomi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1949;




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Todua g. XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuriazris istoriis sakiTxebi. nawili pirveli. Tb., `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1983;

Todua g. XIX saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuriazris istoriis sakiTxebi. nawili meore. Tb., `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1987;

kalandaZe a. qvis xana saqarTveloSi. `saqarTvelos istori-is narkvevebi~. I tomi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1970;

kapanaZe d. fuli Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1950;

kapanaZe d. qarTuli numizmatika. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1969;

kaxniaSvili j. social–demokratiuli ekonomikuri eqsperi-menti damoukidebel saqarTveloSi (1918–1921 ww.). ̀ saqarTve-los ekonomika XXI saukunis karibWesTan: problemebi, per-speqtivebi~. II samecniero–praqtikuli konferenciis masalebi.2000 wlis 17 maisi. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 2000;

kobaxiZe e. saqarTvelos ssr sakurorto meurneoba da turizmi.Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1971;

lorTqifaniZe m. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaer-Tianeba (IX–X ss). Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem-loba~, 1963;

lorTqifaniZe o. strabonis cnoba iberiis mosaxleobis pirveligenosis Sesaxeb. `saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiismoambe~, # 3, 1957;

malaSxia g. saqarTvelos ekonomika. saukunovani panoramisStrixebi. Tb., 2002;

masalebi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriisTvis. n. berZeniS-vilis gamocema, wgn. 1–3. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1938–1955;

melqaZe v. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1987;

metreveli r. didni saqmeni. XI saukunis II naxevrisa da XIIsaukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriis zogi-erTi sakiTxi. Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~,1978;

miqelaZe T. qsenofontis ̀ anabasisi~ (cnobebi qarTveli tomebisSesaxeb). Tb., `mecniereba~, 1967;

Sesavali



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nebieriZe l. dasavleT amierkavkasiis neoliTi. Tb., `mecniere-ba~, 1972;

nioraZe m., nioraZe g., iustusi a., Jvania d. dmanisis ad-repaleoliTuri adgilsamyofelis II fenis monapovari qvismasala. dmanisi IV. Tb., 2003;

nioraZe g. uZvelesi hominidebis adgilsamyofeli dmanisSi.samecniero seriis masalebi. baTumi, 2003;

ramiSvili a. kolxeTis materialuri kulturis istoriidan.baTumi, 1974;

saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1959;

saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi. Tb., 1966;

saqarTvelos ssr saxalxo meurneoba 1921–1961 wlebSi. p. gugu-Svilis redaqciiT. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1961;

saqarTvelos kaTolikos_patriarqi ilia II socialur_eko-nomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb(1977_2004ww.). Semdgeneli g. SixaSvili. Tb., pdp, 2004;

siWinava m. oqros sawmisi: erT–erTi pirveli oqros monetadedamiwaze. ̀ ekonomika~, #9–12, 1974;

siWinava m. sasaqonlo–fulad urTierTobaTa kanonzomieriistoriuli ganviTarebis safexurebi saqarTveloSi. ̀ ekonomi-ka~, #12, 1966;

tabaRua i. saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso arenaze XVIII sauku-nis meore naxevarSi. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamom-cemloba~, 1979;

tyeSelaSvili n. narkvevebi saqarTvelos mrewvelobis is-toriidan (1864–1920 ww.). Tb., `Tbilisis universitetisgamomcemloba~, 1958;

qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. saqarTvelos ssr. Tb., `mec-niereba~, 1981;

qoriZe d. kolxuri kulturis istoriisTvis. Tb., `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1965;

yauxCiSvili T. strabonis geografia. cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb. Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1957;




30

yauxCiSvili T. herodotes cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb.,`mecniereba~, 1960;

yauxCiSvili T. aristotele fasisis Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wya-roTmcodneoba~. II tomi, Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1968;

yauxCiSvili s. georgika. `bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb~. II tomi, Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1934;

SevardnaZe e. didi abreSumis gza. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1999;

CantlaZe v. finansebi reformamdel aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-Si (1801–1864 ww.). Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem-loba~, 1975;

CantlaZe v. SoTa rusTavelis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi. Tb.,`Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1992;

javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria. wgn. I, tf.,`qarTuli wigni~, 1930;

javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria. wgn. II,tf., ̀ federacia~, 1934;

javaxiSvili iv. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis Zegle-bi. wgn. I. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1967;

herodote. istoria. Targmani berZnulidan (berZnulidan Targmna,winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo T. yauxCiSvilma). t.1–2, Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1975–1976;

Asatiani R. Issues of Economic Development of the Caucasus. “Caucasica”.The Journal of Caucasian Studies. Vol. 1, 1998. Tbilisi Ivane JavakhishviliState University. “Tbilisi University Press”, 1998;

Asatiani R. Caucasus and Georgian Economy: Past, Present, Prospects. "Cur-rent Politics and Economics of the Caucasus Region".Vol 2, Issue 4. New-York, 2009.

Меликишвили Г. А. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., "Мецниереба", 1959;Панцхава А. Я. Очерки аграрной истории Картли–Кахети конца XVIII

века. Тб., "Издательство тбилисского университета", 1965;Пахомов Е. А. Монеты Грузии. Тб., "Мецниереба", 1970;Соболевский С. И. Ксенофонт Афинский. Сократические сочинения. М.–

Л., 1935.

Sesavali



31

I Tavi

kvazisocialisturi sistemis

transformacia – axali epoqis dasawyisi

saqarTveloSi

kvazisocialisturi sistemis transformaciis wanamZRvrebi.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi - axali epoqis dasawyisi saqarTve-

EloSi. ekonomikis konversiis logika:arsi, obieqturi aucileb-loba, ganxorcielebis winapirobebi.

I.1. kvazisocialisturi sistemis transformaciiswanamZRvrebi

XX saukunis bolo periodSi (90–iani wlebidan moyole-buli) msoflios politikur da ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi udidesicvlilebebi moxda, rac postkomunistur transformacias ukav-Sirdeba. 26 qveynisa da 400 milioni mosaxleobis winaSe iseTirTuli da araordinaruli amocanis gadaWris aucileblobadadga, romelic ucnobi iyo msoflio istoriisaTvis – mbrZa-neblur–administraciuli ekonomikuri sistemidan sabazrodemokratiaze dafuZnebul ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvla. amasTan,Tu aRmosavleT evropisa da aziis zogierTi qveynisTvis kvaziso-cialisturi sistema SedarebiT mokle periodi arsebobda (IImsoflio omis Semdgom periodSi warmoiSva), ruseTSi misi daw-yeba didi oqtombris socialistur revoluciad monaTlul,sinamdvileSi istoriuli ganviTarebis Carxidan am qveynis amomgdebrevolucias ukavSirdeba. jer ruseTSi, Semdeg ki sabWoTa kav-

saqarTvelo aris wilxvedri yov-lawmindisa RvTismSoblisa, igi tax-tia wmidisa samebisa.




32

1 Бюкенен Д. М. Минимальная политика рыночной системы. «Вопросыэкономики», № 12, 1990, с. 8.

I Tavi

SirSi (aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSic) es periodi 70-wlianisocialisturi eqsperimentis saxiTaa cnobili.

sabWoTa kavSirSi Camoyalibebulma `socializmma~ saxeligautexa socializmis TavisTavad sakmaod mimzidvel ideas. ama-Si subieqturi faqtorebis roli arcTu umniSvnelo iyo, magramgadamwyveti misia mainc obieqturma faqtorebma Seasrula.

socializmis mSenebloba mxolod enTuziazmiT, volunta-ristuli meTodebiT, qveynis socialur–ekonomikuri pirobebisgauTvaliswineblad, dauZlevel winaaRmdegobebs waawyda. qveyana,sadac manqanuri industriac ki ar iyo formirebuli, axalidilemis winaSe dadga. gasabWoebis Sedegad totalurma gasax-elmwioebrivebam uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina sazogadoebriviprogresis mTel procesze. socializmad wodebuli adminis-traciul–centralizebuli sistema emyareboda warmoebis saSu-alebebze formiT sazogadoebriv, xolo SinaarsiT saxelmwifosakuTrebas. sakolmeurneo–kooperaciuli sakuTreba faqtobri-vad saxelmwifo sakuTrebis danamats warmoadgenda. aikrZalakerZo sakuTreba, mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba. cen-tralizebulma direqtiulma dagegmvam, romelic TiTqmis gamor-icxavda regulirebis sabazro meqanizms da romlis ZiriTadisaaRmsruleblo instrumentic xuTwliani gegma iyo, gamoiwviaekonomikis marTvis biurokratizacia. vertikalur da horizon-talur ierarqiul doneebze faqtobrivad erTiani ekonomikuricentris funqcionirebam, rasac Tan axlda gaTanabrebiTi ganaw-ileba, gamoiwvia miTvisebis procesis deformaciac.

rogorc nobelis premiis laureati j. m. biukeneni aRniSnavs,ama Tu im saxis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze paternalisturifasebis dawesebam momxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada puri,rZe, saqalaqo transporti, sabavSvo baRi, ganaTleba, samedicinomomsaxureba da a.S., magram igi miRweul iqna ara moTxovna–miwodebis urTierTzemoqmedebis, aramed politikuri gziT, poli-tikuri fasebis dawesebis safuZvelze.1 amiT Ziri gamoeTxarasazogadoebrivi warmoebis mamoZravebel ekonomikur interesebs,ramac warmoSva iseTi negatiuri movlenebi, rogoricaa pirovneb-is gaucxoeba warmoebis saSualebebisagan, Sromisadmi indifer-



33

1 mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb., `Tbili-sis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996, gv. 8.

kvazisocialisturi sistemis transformacia...

entuli damokidebuleba, mecnierul–teqnologiuri progresismiRwevebis warmoebaSi danergvis stimulebis daqveiTeba, codnismiRebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebisadmi interesis dakargva,korufcia da a.S. amis Sedegad Camoyalibda deficituri ekonomikada `dakanonda~ warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis abso-luturi umravlesobis dabali xarisxi. amasTan, erT qveyanaSigamarjvebuli socializmi ar iZleoda ekonomikis optimaluridargobrivi struqtris Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. erovnuli Se-mosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili kapitalistur qveynebTan samxedroparitetis xarjebma STanTqa. aseT viTarebaSi centralize-bulma ekonomikam ver SeZlo ekonomikuri triadis (ra? rogor?visTvis?) efeqtiani gadaWra. saboloo angariSiT, miviReT kvazi-socialisturi ekonomika kvazisocialisturi sazogadoebiT.

administraciul–centralizebuli dagegmva iTvaliswineb-da produqciis gamoSvebis moculobis met–naklebad zustadgansazRvras, romelic Semdeg gegmuri davalebis saxiT naw-ildeboda sawarmoo erTeulebze. aseTi davalebebi 60–ianwlebamde dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda, magram Semdgom man Tanda-Tan gamoavlina Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebi. ver sruldebodarogorc mokle-, ise grZelvadiani gegmebi. wliur gegmur dafaqtobriv maCveneblebs Soris sxvaoba saSualod 40–50%–saRwevda, xolo xuTwlian gegmebSi – 15–20%–s.1 aRniSnulmaCveneblebs Soris daSoriSoreba gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan.

centri faqtobrivad uZluri iyo daecva kvlavwarmoebisproporciebs Soris wonasworoba. centralizebulma dagegmvampraqtikulad dakarga ekonomikis marTvisa da misi regulire-bis funqcia. gamoikveTa direqtiuli dagegmvis uperspeqtivobada misi sabazro urTierTobebiT Secvlis obieqturi aucile-bloba. resursebis centralizebuli ganawileba, romelicdafuZnebuli iyo materialur–teqnikuri momaragebis sistemaze,ganapirobebda momxmarebelTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, maT sruldamokidebulebas mwarmoeblebze. 80-iani wlebidan moyolebu-li, sabWoTa kavSiri, faqtobrivad, navTobisa da gazis eqsportidan

3. r. asaTiani



34 I Tavi

miRebuli SemosavlebiT met-naklebad axerxebda arsebuli cxov-rebis donis SenarCunebasa da funqcionirebas.

1990 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis erT sulzemTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) maCvenebeli (5,5 aTasi dolari)TiTqmis 3,5-jer CamorCeboda dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qvey-nebis Sesabamis maCvenebels (19,8 aTasi dolari) da 4,5-jeraSS-isas (24 aTasi dolari), Tumca 2,5-jer uswrebda ganvi-Tarebadi qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels (2,15 aTasi dola-ri).1 am periodisTvis sabWoTa kavSiri saSualo ganviTarebisindustriul-agrarul qveynad iyo miCneuli, magram mas arhqonda momavali da ganviTarebis perspeqtiva imis gamo, rom amqveyanaSi uaryofil iqna sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis iseTicivilizebuli formebi, rogoricaa kerZo sakuTreba, konkuren-cia, Sromis motivaciis meqanizmi, yairaTianoba, pasuxismgebloba,Tavisufali azrovneba, sabazro koordinacia, religiac ki daa.S. samagierod gabatonda saxelmwifo sakuTreba (90%) mkac-ri administraciul-mbrZanebluri koordinaciis vertikaluristruqturiTa da diqtatoruli reJimiT, horizontaluri kav-Sirebis ararsebobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, logikurad Camoyal-ibda Caketili, deficituri ekonomika, upiratesad eqstensiuritipis resurstevadi warmoeba dabali ekonomikuri zrdiT. mar-Talia, calkeul sferoebSi (ganaTleba, mecniereba, kultura daa.S.) iyo garkveuli progresic, ganxorcielda industrializa-cia, mopovebuli iqna warmatebebi kosmosis aTvisebaSi, atomurenergetikaSi, qimiur warmoebaSi, metalurgiaSi, aviaciaSi, samxedrosferoSi da a.S., magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi imisTvis, romsocializmsa da kapitalizms Soris arsebuli Sejibrebis bedipirvelis sasargeblod gadawyvetiliyo.

ssrk-Si mimdinare procesebi, bunebrivia, Cvens respublikaSicpovebda asaxvas. saqarTvelo Rrmad integrirebuli aRmoCnda ssrk-is èrTian sameurneomeurneobriv kompleqsSi~. mas sxva respub-likebidan Semohqonda navTobis 96%, bunebrivi airis 100%, SaviliTonebis, naglinisa da foladis milebis 93%, xe–tyis 80%,xorcis 40%, rZis 75%, marcvleulis 90%, Saqris 98%. marTalia,saqarTvelodan gahqondaT Cai, koniaki, Rvino, citrusebi, manganumi,

1 Болотин Б. Международные сравнения: 1990–1997гг. "МЭиМО", № 10, 1998,с. 120.



35

1 Статистический ежегодник стран-членов СЭВ. М., 1986, с. 305.2 cxrili Sedgenilia statistikuri krebulis – Народное хоэяйство

Грузинской ССР в 1985г., Тб., 1986 da saqarTvelos respublikis socialur–ekonomikuri informaciis saxelmwifo komitetis masalebis safuZvelze.

maCveneblebi 19871985 1986 1988 1989 1990

erToblivi sazogado-ebrivi produqti

warmoebuli erovnuliSemosavali

materialuri warmoebissferos produqcia

ekonomikis yvela dargissawarmoo fondebi

kapitaluri dabandeba

mrewvelobis produqci-is mTliani moculobiszrdis tempebi

sazogadoebrivi Sromismwarmoebluroba

104,8

104,5

105,6

106,8

106,9

121,0

102,7

100,7

98,5

98,9

106,5

98,2

102,0

97,5

101,3

98,1

97,2

103,6

107,5

105,0

98,4

103,7

100,9

110,6

103,5

101,0

108,0

107,3

97,9

96,6

97,6

103,3

98,8

109,0

98,6

96,1

95,7

95,6

102,7

70,4

102,0

96,2

qimiuri produqcia da a.S., magram, miuxedavad amisa, wlebis ganmav-lobaSi saqarTvelos uaryofiTi sagadasaxdelo balansi hqonda.

sabWoTa saqarTvelos bolo xuTwledebis, gansakuTrebiT kiXII xuTwledis socialur–ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadimaCveneblebi, faqtobrivad, ssrk–is mTeli ekonomikis – ̀ erTianisaxalxomeurneobrivi kompleqsis~ – degradirebis magaliTia.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaze uaryofiT gavlenasaxdenda dabali meqanizacia da avtomatizacia. 1985 welssaqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi xeliT Sromobda dasaqmebulTa 39%(kavSiris masStabiT – 35%), soflis meurneobaSi, Sesabamisad,95,9 da 73,3%.1 ssrk-is `daCqarebis kursis~ miuxedavad, res-publikis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba TandaTan uaresdeboda, razecnaTel warmodgenas iZleva # 1 cxrili.

# 1 cxrili

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadimaCveneblebi 1985-1990 wlebSi (%-iT wina welTan)2




36

1 saqarTvelo cifrebSi 1990 wels. mokle statistikuri krebuli. Tb., 1991.

I Tavi

rogorc # 1 cxrilidan Cans, saqarTvelos ssr ganviTare-bis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis dinamika bolo, XII xuTwledSi gauare-sebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom mrewvelo-bis TiTqmis yvela strategiul sferosa da dargSi aRiniSnazrdis tempebis dacema: mZime mrewvelobaSi Tu igi 1985 welsSeadgenda 129%–s, 1990 wels Seadgina 104%, msubuq mrewvelobaSi,Sesabamisad, – 121 da 104, kvebis mrewvelobaSi – 115 da 99,metalurgiul warmoebaSi – 104 da 77, saTbob–energetikulkompleqsSi – 79 da 74, manqanaTmSeneblobaSi – 154 da 112,saamSeneblo masalebis warmoebaSi – 132 da 106, qimiur danavTobqimiur mrewvelobaSi – 140 da 120, xisdamamuSavebel daceluloza–qaRaldis warmoebaSi – 146% da 93%. sagrZnobladiklo qvanaxSiris mopovebam. am periodSi TiTqmis ganaxevrdamisi moculoba da 1860 aTasi tonidan 956 aTas tonamde davi-da. navTobis amoReba 3186 aTasi tonidan (1980 wels) daeca 186aTas tonamde 1990 wels da a.S.1 mdgomareoba ar gaumjobesebu-la arc saqarTvelos ekonomikis iseT wamyvan dargSi, rogoricaasoflis meurneoba. sasoflo–sameurneo produqciis warmoebisSemcirebis mniSvnelovani mizezi, dabali agroteqnikuri donisada sxva faqtorebis garda, naTesi farTobis Semcirebac iyo.Sesabamisad iklo saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis moculobamac.

aRniSnul periodSi ar gaumjobesebula momsaxurebis sfe-ros (sabWoTa periodSi egreTwodebuli arawarmoebiTi sfe-ros) ekonomikuri maCveneblebic. kerZod, transportisa da kav-Sirgabmulobis faqtobrivi maCveneblebi sagrZnoblad CamorCe-boda sagegmo davalebebs. gansakuTrebiT gauaresda rkinigzistransportis muSaoba (rogorc tvirTzidvis, ise mgzavrTbrun-vis mxriv). Seqmnilma siZneleebma negatiuri gavlena moaxdinasocialuri infrastruqturis dargebis ganviTarebaze. marTa-lia, ganaTlebis zogad maCveneblebs (magaliTad, saxalxo meur-neobaSi dasaqmebul umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri ga-naTlebis mqone pirTa raodenoba da a.S.) zrdis tendenciahqonda, magram xarisxi aSkarad moikoWlebda. ar SesrulebulazogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis, sabavSvo baga–baRebis, saavad-myofoebis da a.S. mSeneblobis sagegmo davalebebi.



37

1 asaTiani r. arawarmoebiTi sfero erTian saxalxo–sameurneo ko-mpleqsSi. Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1987, gv 138–139.


saqarTvelos merve adgili eWira mokavSire respublikebsSoris industriuli ganviTarebis donis mixedviT, meeqvse adgili– mosaxleobis erT sulze erovnuli Semosavlis warmoebis mxriv,xolo pirveli adgili arawarmoebiT sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTiwonis mixedviT. dasaqmebis aseTi maRali wili arawarmoebiT sfe-roSi ar iyo mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da ar Seesabamebodarespublikis ekonomikis ganviTarebis dones. gansakuTrebiT maRa-li iyo dasaqmebis done administraciul–sameurneo sferoSi,sauwyebo kvleviT institutebSi, sxvadasxva sammarTvelo–Su-aledur rgolebsa da a.S. arawarmoebiT sferoSi dasaqmebiszrda ar gamomdinareobda obieqturi procesebidan, aramed massafuZvlad edo subieqturi mosazrebebi. magaliTad, iqmnebodasakvlevi institutebi an laboratoriebi, sadac saStato er-Teulebi ramdenime aTeuls aRwevda, rodesac samecniero Sedege-bi da maTi saxalxo meurneobaSi gamoyeneba dasaqmebulTa xelfa-sis naxevarsac ki ver anazRaurebda. amrigad, efeqtianobis prin-cipi ar iyo gamoyenebuli maT mimarT, aseve, arawarmoebiTi sfe-ros sxva dargebis mimarTac. es xels uSlida sazogadoebrivprogress da iwvevda Seqmnili dovlaTis mflangvelur gamoy-enebas. mgegmavi organoebisTvis ki es cnobili iyo maSin, rode-sac dafinansebisa da Statebis sakiTxi daismeboda da StatebisSemcirebis gegmas iZleodnen ganukiTxavad imisa, Tu romel in-stituts ra mniSvneloba hqonda saxalxo meurneobisTvis.1

veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebda saqarTvelos mosaxleo-bis mTlian ricxovnobaSi mTiani raionebis mosaxleobis xvedriTiwonis dacemisa da calkeul raionebSi absoluturi Sekvecistendencia, romelmac bolo xuTwledebSi kanonzomieri xasiaTimiiRo da dabla dasca respublikis ekonomikuri potenciali.

Seqmnili situaciidan gamosvlis mizniT, 70–iani wlebidan,rodesac gamoikveTa aseTi ekonomikis araefetianoba, kavSirismasStabiT mravaljer scades misi `SekeTeba~, rasac dadebiTiSedegi ar mohyolia, vinaidan mizezebi kompleqsurad ar iyogaazrebuli. komunisturma partiam araerTxel scada ùZrao-bis periodis~ ekonomikur politikaSi cvlilebebis Setana,magram `ganviTarebulma socializmma~ ver SeZlo xelovnuri



38

1 mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb.,`Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996, gv. 8.

2 gaangariSebulia aSS-is centraluri sadazvervo samsaxuris mier. ix.:Советский экономический рост: официальные данные и алтернативные оценки."Вопросы экономики", № 10, 1995, с. 106.

* etatizmi – politikuri mecnierebis cneba, romelic niSnavs saxelmwi-fos aqtiur da uxeS monawileobas sazogadoebis ekonomikur saqmianobaSi.

I Tavi

inieqciebiT, ̀ sisxlis gadasxmiT~ arsebuli socialur–ekonomikurimdgomareobis gamosworeba. magaliTad, 1982 wels SemuSavdasasursaTo programa, romelic iTvaliswinebda arsebiT ZvrebssursaTis warmoebis mimarTulebiT, magram realurad 1985 welsaRniSnuli warmoebis moculoba nacvlad gegmuri 20%–iTgazrdisa, 25%–iT Semcirda.1 saqarTveloSi, rogorc mTel sab-WoTa kavSirSi, dawyebuli krizisi TandaTan mwvavdeboda, ekonomi-kaSi Rrmavdeboda disproporciebi, destabilizacia da ecemodacxovrebis done.

`meti socializmis~ lozungze agebuli ̀ perestroika~ uper-speqtivo da blefi gamodga. amis dasturia Tundac is faqti,rom 1990 wels sabWoTa kavSiris mTliani erovnuli produq-tis (mep) zrdis tempi (1982 wlis fasebiT) uaryofiTi iyoda –2,2%-s Seadgenda.2

sabWoTa sivrceSi, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSic, ver ganviTar-da kacobriobis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili same-warmeo gamocdileba, maSin rodesac civilizebuli samyaromartivi gacvlidan didi xania gadavida avtomatizebul daeleqtronul bazrebze.

zemoaRniSnulisa da sxva negatiuri faqtorebis gamo, 80–iani wlebis bolos etatikur*–biurokratiuli organoebisdemontaJis, kvazisocialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis ngrevisaucilebloba dRis wesrigSi dadga. amas Tavad sazogadoebaiTxovda. am procesebis paralelurad safuZveli Seerya TviTsabWoTa kavSirs. 1991 dekemberSi oficialurad gamocxaddamisi daSla. es udidesi imperia swrafad daingra, xolo so-cializmsa da kapitalizms Soris istoriuli metoqeobis das-rulebiT, faqtobrivad Camoyalibda erTiani msoflio sistema,romelic aRiarebulia logikur, Tumca XX saukunis uprece-dento movlenad.



39kvazisocialisturi sistemis transformacia...

I.2. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi - axali epoqisdasawyisi saqarTveloSi

1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis safuZvelze, 9 aprilis2 wlis Tavze saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaRdgenis gamocxadebis Semdeg, arc meti arc naklebi, kacobrio-bis xnis qarTveli eris saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi axaliepoqa daiwyo. epoqa, romelic savsea gare Tu Siga faqtorebiTgamowveuli winaaRmdegobebiT, sirTuleebiT, kataklizmebiT, ma-gram mainc udidesi pozitiuri ZvrebiT xasiaTdeba, ramac radikalu-rad Secvala saqarTvelos ganviTarebis kursi ara mxolodpolitikuri, aramed ekonomikuri da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT.

saqarTvelos winaSe imTaviTve rTuli amocana dadga – sa-xelmwifo–monopolisturi socializmidan sabazro ekonomikazerac SeiZleba umtkivneulo gadasvlisTvis saTanado pirobebisSeqmna. Tavis mxriv, es moiTxovda qveynis sameurneo meqanizmis,ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvela mxarisa da wesis radikalur Secvlas.

dRes msoflio civilizaciasTan miaxloebis ZiriTad mima-rTulebad regulirebadi sabazro ekonomikis, ufro zustad,socialurad orientirebuli sabazro meurneobis Seqmnaa aRi-arebuli. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mxolod igi uzrunvelyofssazogadoebriv progress, sakmaod aprobirebulia msoflioSida warmatebiT funqcionirebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi.* aRniS-nul process xeli Seuwyo, XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidanmoyolebuli, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri Teoriebis ganviTarebamda, rac mTavaria, maTi gamoyenebis masStabebis zrdam dResganviTarebuli, magram amave saukunis 30–ian wlebSi Rrma so-cialur–ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe mdgomi qveynebisekonomikur politikaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, mecnierul–teqni-kuri revoluciis safuZvelze sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi mim-dinare mZlavrma progresulma struqturulma cvlilebebma. amorma erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulma, magram erTmaneTTan mWidroddakavSirebulma movlenam ganapiroba Tvisebrivad axali ekono-

* Tumca dasavleTis zogierT warmatebul qveyanaSi (magaliTad, germaniaSi)dRis wesrigSi dgas socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis socialursabazro ekonomikad gardaqmnis sakiTxi. socialuri sabazro ekonomika momavlisekonomikaa.



40

1 Lipowsky A. Towards Normality. Overcoming the Heritage of Central Planning Economyin Poland in 1990-1994. Warsaw, Adam Smith Research Center, Center of Social andEconomic Research, 1998; papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis

makroekonomika. Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005 gv. 18-19.

I Tavi

mikuri sistemis formireba sabazro ekonomikis saxiT. aqedangamomdinare, sruliad axali amocanebi daisaxa am gziT mimavaliqveynebis socialur–ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi, vidre es hqondawminda kapitalistur urTierTobebze agebul ekonomikur siste-mas. amitom, bunebrivia, ise rogorc sxva postkomunisturi qvey-nebisTvis, saqarTvelosTvisac, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg,mxolod es gza iyo misaRebi. aqedan gamomdinare, gasuli aTaswleulisbolos `mcdari gziT ganviTarebul~1 qveynebSi qartexiliviTmovardnili movlenebi drois moTxovna iyo. mas humanizaciismsoflio procesis obieqturi aucilebloba ganapirobebda.

am uaRresad rTuli evoluciuri (da ara revoluciuri)procesis axsna Cvens pirobebSi axal ekonomikur azrovnebasada SemoqmedebiT midgomas moiTxovs. aucilebelia kompleq-surad SeviswavloT meurneobriobis efeqtiani meqanizmi – ba-zris fenomeni, romelic kacobriobam SeimuSava Tavisi mraval-saukunovani arsebobis manZilze da sruliad axal ampluaSiCamoyalibda sabazro ekonomikaSi.

mocemuli sakiTxis axsnisaTvis mizanSewonilia zogad as-peqtebSi gavaanalizoT XX saukuneSi msoflioSi mimdinaresocialur–ekonomikuri procesebi da maTi Sedegebi, avxsnaT amprocesebis logikuri kavSiri saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis90–ian wlebSi dawyebul procesebTan.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom dasavlur civilizaciaSikapitalisturi ekonomikuri sistemis ganmtkicebasa da ganvi-Tarebas ukavSirdeba industriuli epoqis Camoyalibeba, romel-ic moicavs XVIII–XIX saukuneebis mijnidan XX saukunis 60–iani wlebamde periods. industriulma epoqam dasabami miscasazogadoebriv gardaqmnaTa xangrZliv istoriul cikls. mis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo kerZo interesebis prioriteti sa-zogadoebrivTan SedarebiT, ùxilavi xelis~ meSveobiT. misiideologia adamians ganixilavda rogorc ekonomikur fenomens,rogorc warmoebis saSualebas da ara rogorc sazogadoebrivi



41

* j. m. keinzis es mtkiceba, Cveni azriT, metad sayuradRebo iyo reformebisdawyebisTanave CixSi moqceuli saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis. amitom mi-zanSewonilad migvaCnia masze SevaCeroT mkiTxvelis yuradReba.


warmoebis mizans. es periodi aRiniSna korufciis zrdiTa dasxva antisocialuri movlenebiT.

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis individualuri koncefciisbatonobis epoqa aseTi TviTdinebiT mimdinareobda `keinzianurrevoluciamde~, vidre XX saukunis 30–iani wlebis Rrma ekono-mikurma krizisma biZgi ar misca arsebiTi Zvrebis dawyebas kapi-talisturi qveynebis ekonomikaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, j. m. kein-zis(1883_1946) cnobili naSromi `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fu-lis zogadi Teoria~(1936) am qveynebSi wamoWrili mZime soci-alur–ekonomikuri problemebis Taviseburi gamoZaxili iyo. msof-lios wamyvani ekonomistebis umravlesoba am naSroms gani-xilavs rogorc Semobrunebis etaps ekonomikuri azrisistoriasa da aRniSnuli qveynebis ekonomikur politikaSi.aseTi Sexeduleba, pirvel yovlisa, efuZneba im garemoebas, romkeinzma uaryo ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli mikroekonomikuri midgomada upiratesoba makroekonomikur Teoriasa da, aqedan gamom-dinare, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebas mianiWa. keinzi aq-cents efeqtiani moTxovnis meqanizmze akeTebs.* es meqanizmigansazRvravs ekonomikaSi dasaqmebis dones da ewinaaRmdegebamanamde gabatonebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviT umuSevro-bis maRali done axsnilia maRali xelfasiT da eyrdnoba Semdegmsjelobas: Tu xelfasi Semcirdeba, Sesabamisad daecema moTxov-na, xolo dasaqmeba gaizrdeba, vinaidan firmis mier gamoyenebuliiqneba meti Sroma SedarebiT dabali fasiT. dasaqmebis gazrdaxels Seuwyobs danazogis gazrdas, rac ganapirobebs investici-ebis gadidebas. keinzi ki `zogad TeoriaSi~ amtkicebs, rom xel-fasis dacema dasaqmebis gazrdas ki ar gamoiwvevs, aramed daT-rgunavs moTxovnas da umuSevrobis gadidebas gamoiwvevs. misisafuZvliani mtkicebiT, dasaqmebis done ganisazRvreba ara re-aluri xelfasis doniT, aramed erToblivi moTxovnis doniT,romelic, Tavis mxriv, Zalze mgrZnobiarea investiciebis doni-sadmi. keinzis azriT, saxelmwifo Tu SeZlebda erToblivi mo-Txovnis amaRlebas, amiT gaafarToebda warmoebas, moizidavda inves-ticiebs, romelic ekonomikas sicocxlisunarianobas daubrunebda.



42 I Tavi

ekonomikis krizisuli procesebis analizisadmi miZRvnilikeinzis Teoria umTavresad ikvlevs sawarmoTa qronikuli dau-tvirTaobis, masobrivi umuSevrobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis da-bali tempebis gamomwvev mizezebsa da maTgan Tavis daRwevisgzebs, amitomac igi imTaviTve metad yuradsaRebi iyo analogiursituaciaSi myofi saqarTvelosaTvis.

makroekonomikuri regulirebis keinzianurma modelma uaryoekonomikur Teoriasa da politikaSi gabatonebuli smiTiseu-li koncefcia, romelic saxelmwifos ganixilavda rogorc`Ramis darajs~, saxelmwifo saqmianobas ki – aramwarmoeblurSromad, da adgili dauTmo ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulire-bis Teorias. es modeli safuZvlad daedo mowinave kapitalis-turi qveynebis ekonomikur politikas da warmatebiT gamoiy-eneboda 70–iani wlebis Sua periodamde. `keinzianurma rev-oluciam~ didi roli Seasrula am qveynebis ekonomikur zrda-Si, amasTan, rac mTavaria, daaCqara kapitalizmis gadazrdaaxal TvisebriobaSi – sabazro, regulirebad ekonomi-kaSi. kerZo kapitalisturi sakuTrebis prioritetze dafuZneb-uli ekonomikuri sistema Secvala sakuTrebis pluralizmze(sakuTrebis mravalformianoba TiToeuli formis TanabariuflebiT) dafuZnebulma ekonomikurma sistemam, romelSic ganm-sazRvrel fenomenad bazari warmoCnda. Camoyalibda sruliadsxva Sinaarsis bazari, vidre iyo wina ekonomikur sistemebSi,sadac bazars, SeiZleba iTqvas, meorexarisxovani mniSvnelobaekisreboda da wina planze iyo wamoweuli jer monaTmflobe-luri, Semdeg feodaluri, xolo bolos – kapitalisturiekonomikuri urTierTobebi. amitomacaa aRiarebuli keinzisTeoria `keinzianur revoluciad~.

marTalia, 1974–1975 wlebis krizisTan dakavSirebiT sabazroekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebaSi Setanil iqna principulikoreqtivebi negatiuri ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebisaRkveTis mizniT, magram keinzianuri modelis mowinaaRmdegeTaSexedulebebis renesansi mainc ver moxerxda. saqme isaa, romneokonservatuli ekonomikuri politikis gatarebam gamoiwviasocialuri xarjebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba da seriozuliproblemebi warmoqmna socialuri dacvis sferoSi. gamoikveTasabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis axali mimarTulebis Seqmnis




aucilebloba. 80–iani wlebidan ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikurpolitikaSi, neoklasikurTan erTad, saTanado adgili daikavaekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis keinzianurma modelmac, rac`neoklasikur sinTezSi~ aisaxa.

pozitiurma ekonomikurma cvlilebebma dasabami misca sa-zogadoebriv warmoebaSi progresul struqturul cvlile-bebs. am process xeli Seuwyo XX saukunis Sua xanebSi daw-yebulma mecnierul–teqnikurma revoluciam, romelsac Tan ax-lda momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli dargebis swrafi ganviTareba.60–iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda industriuli sazoga-doebidan postindustriulze gadasvlis Teoriuli safuZvle-bi, romlis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli momsaxurebis seqtoriswilis upiratesi zrda unda yofiliyo, danarCen or seqtorTanSedarebiT. mecnierTa absoluturi umravlesobis azriT, esgadasvla iqneboda wingadadgmuli nabiji ufro maRali so-cialuri wesrigis damyarebis TvalsazrisiT.

aRniSnuli Teoriuli paradigmebi praqtikulad ganxor-cielda da ekonomikaSi mimdinare tendenciebi realurad aisaxagaeros saerTaSoriso standartul dargobriv klasifikaciasa(ssdk) da erovnuli angariSebis sistemaSi(eas). Tu eas–is IvariantSi (1953) momsaxurebis dargebs mokrZalebuli adgiliekava, mis II variantSi (1968) isini gacilebiT farTod iqna war-modgenili, xolo 1993 wels miRebul da dResac moqmed eas–isIII variantSi momsaxurebis ekonomikas soliduri adgili uWiravs– 17 ganyofilebidan 12 momsaxurebis sferos ganekuTvneba, xolodanarCeni 5 _ materialur–nivTobrivi warmoebis sferos.

aseTi dayofis aucilebloba kidev ufro ganamtkica ganvi-Tarebuli qveynebis moxmarebis struqturaSi saqonlis wilisintensiurma Semcirebam da momsaxurebis wilis gadidebam. sa-zogadoebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli socialur in-frastruqturas daekisra. amis paralelurad warmoebrivi mox-marebis struqturaSi sagrZnoblad imata warmoebrivi infras-truqturis wilma. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis auci-leblobam ganapiroba instituciuri infrastruqturis ganvi-Tareba. teqnologiurma bumma aucilebeli gaxada ekologiuriinfrastruqturis ganviTarebac. sabazro urTierTobebis rTul-ma sistemam moiTxova agreTve sabazro infrastruqturis ganvi-



44 I Tavi

Tareba. Camoyalibda sxvadasxva organizebuli bazrebi – saqon-lis, valutis, Sromis, safondo birJebis saxiT. momsaxurebismwarmoebeli dargebis integrirebis safuZvelze Seqmnili in-frastruqtura sabazro ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebismniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli gaxda. ekonomikis ̀ servizaciam~ moicvacivilizebuli samyaro. materialur–nivTobrivi warmoebis sfe-ro mizez–Sedegobriv kavSirurTierTobaSi aRmoCnda masTan. me-tic, am procesma Tvisebrivad axali etapi Seqmna sawarmooZalebis ganviTarebaSi, realobad aqcia industriuli sazoga-doebis transformacia ufro maRal istoriul fazaSi – dasa-bami misca postindustriul eras. rac mTavaria, am gadasvliTyuradReba gamaxvilda ara imdenad axal teqnologiebze, ram-denadac axali sazogadoebis formirebaze, axal sociumze. safuZ-veli Caeyara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebas. postindus-triul qveynebSi daiwyo maRali masobrivi moxmarebis xana, racgamoixata SemdegSi: a) mkveTrad gaizarda im umaRlesi xarisxissaqonlisa da momsaxurebis masobrivi moxmareba, romlebic winaTxelmisawvdomi iyo mxolod mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawili-saTvis; b) sagrZnoblad Semcirda siRaribe; g) mosaxleobis 10%–ma fufunebis dones miaRwia (winaT igi xelmisawvdomi iyo er-TeulebisTvis).

am garemoebam wina planze wamoswia sazogadoebrivi inter-esebi da dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove sazogadoebispotencialis zrdaze. Camoyalibda Zlieri saSualo fena, romelicsafuZvlad daedo humanizaciis procesis gaRrmavebas. social-ur sferoSi aqtiuri rolis SesrulebiT, kerZo seqtoris so-cialuri pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebiT saxelmwifom `keTil-dReobis saxelmwifos~ niSnebi SeiZina. sazogadoebis social-uri dacva, anu keTildReobis saxelmwifo politikis gatarebaekonomikis stabilizaciis erT–erT mniSvnelovan mimarTule-bad iqna aRiarebuli. mas SeuerTda qristianul moralsa daeTikaze dafuZnebuli kerZo qvelmoqmedeba.

ase Camoyalibda sabazro sistema, rogorc sakuTrebiTi daorganizaciuli institutebis safuZvelze warmoSobili urT-ierTobebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da gansazRvruli wes-iT mowesrigebuli ekonomikuri elementebis erToblioba. masSiganmsazRvreli adgili, gansxvavebiT yvela wina ekonomikuri




sistemisagan, daikava bazarma (ramac saxelwodebaSic ki povaasaxva) rogorc kvlavwarmoebis mTeli procesis momcvelmafenomenma.

sabazro ekonomikaSi bazari horizontaluri kavSirebis gan-viTarebis safuZvelze gamoricxavs administraciul Carevasfaswarmoqmnasa da resursebis ganawilebaSi, riTac sagrZnob-lad amartivebs mmarTvelobis ierarqiul vertikalur struq-turas. istoriaSi cnobili yvela wina bazrisgan gansxvavebiT,igi eqvemdebareba garkveul kanonzomierebebs. misTvis damaxas-iaTebelia: a) sakuTrebis pluralizmi, sadac sakuTrebis nebismierformas Tanabari uflebebi aqvs miniWebuli; b) mwarmoebelTadamoukidebloba da ekonomikuri pasuxismgebloba; g) mewarmeobaSireglamentaciis arqona, racionalizmi kontrahentis arCevaSida a.S. bazari, SromiTi motivaciis efeqtiani meqanizmis Seqm-niT, piradi da sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaerTianebis moqni-li meqanizmia.

sabazro ekonomika, rogorc regulirebuli ekonomikuriurTierTobebis erToblioba, TviTon adgens sazogadoebam raawarmoos (am sakiTxs momxmareblebi wyveten TavianTi gadaxdis-unariani moTxovnilebis mixedviT), rogor awarmoos (amas gan-sazRvraven mwarmoeblebi maRali Semosavlis miRebis mcdelo-biT) da visTvis awarmoos (es sakiTxi imaT sasargeblod wydeba,visac meti Semosavali aqvs). saboloo angariSiT, sazogadoebaaRwevs arsebuli resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebas, SesaZlebelixdeba warmoebis optimaluri struqturuli proporciebisa damoculobis dadgena, yalibdeba iseTi warmoebis wesi, romelicuzrunvelyofs danaxarjebis minimizaciasa da mogebis maqsimi-zacias. amitom saxelmwifos monawileoba ekonomikur cxovreba-Si SezRudulia.

sabazro principebis safuZvelze ganviTarebuli ekonomikaganapirobebs qveynis meurneobis depolitizacias, mmarTvelipolitikuri partiisagan damoukideblobas. mas praqtikuladminimumamde dahyavs politikuri gziT miRebul ekonomikur gada-wyvetilebaTa ricxvi.

amasTan, sabazro ekonomika `wminda~ saxiT, sadac avtomatu-rad xdeba ZiriTadi ekonomikuri problemebis efeqtiani gada-wyveta, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar arsebobs. realur sabazro ekonomi-



46 I Tavi

kaSi bunebrivia, gvxvdeba gadaxrebi idealuri modelisagan, racaisaxeba: 1. monopoliebis warmoqmnasa da funqcionirebaSi, rom-lebic faswarmoqmnis deformacis iwveven da aferxeben konkurenci-is monawileTa Tavisufal SeRwevas bazarze; 2. kapitalis Tavis-ufali gadaadgilebis SeferxebaSi; 3. inflaciaSi; 4. ekonomikuriganviTarebis ciklurobaSi; 5. SefardebiT WarbwarmoebaSi; 6.umuSevrobaSi, romelic aRemateba bunebriv dones da a.S. gardaamisa, sazogadoebaSi arsebobs bevri mwvave problema, romelTagadaWra bazars ar SeuZlia. esenia: socialuri problemebi (ga-naTleba, janmrTelobis dacva, umuSevarTa Senaxva, xelmokleTadaxmareba da sxv.), garemo bunebis dacva, fundamenturi mecnier-ebebis ganviTareba da a.S. amitom sameurneo cxovrebis koordi-naciisa da marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba ara mxolod bazris meqanizmi,aramed saxelmwifo regulirebac iseTi berketebis meSveobiT,rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da samTavrobo xarjebi, fulad–sakreditopolitika, Semosavlebis regulireba, socialuri, antimonopoli-uri da sagareo–ekonomikuri politika.

ekonomikuri cxovrebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaSi sax-elmwifos monawileobis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT ger-mania da SvedeTi, sadac mTavroba atarebs aqtiur socialurpolitikas; iaponia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saerTo–sax-elmwifoebrivi indikaturi dagegmvis ganviTarebuli sistema; ̀ ax-alindustriuli qveynebis~ ekonomika (kerZod, samxreT koreisekonomikur zrdaze mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba moaxdina mTavro-bis mier momzadebulma xuTwlianma indikaturma gegmebma) dasxv., magram saxelmwifos monawileoba ekonomikur cxovrebaSiSesaZlebelia mxolod garkveul sazRvramde, romlis iqiTacekonomikaSi arsebobas wyvets sabazro meqanizmi. saxelmwifo,gadasaxadebis saSualebiT, sargeblis ganakveTiT, saxelmwifoxarjebiT, SeRavaTebiT da a.S. mxolod institutebisa da indi-viduumebis ekonomikuri qcevis wesebs adgens, magram maT saqmi-anobaSi ar ereva, ar angrevs sabazro meqanizms, piriqiT, masaZlevs SesaZleblobas gansazRvros fasebi, resursebis gamoy-enebis mimarTulebebi.

msoflioSi mimdinare aseTi pozitiuri cvlilebebisfonze 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelom, saxel-mwifoebriobis aRiarebis safuZvelze, Secvala ganviTa-




rebis kursi, gezi aiRo sabazro ekonomikisaken, miznaddaisaxa ekonomikis konversia - mTeli sazogadoebriviwarmoebis radikaluri gardaqmna, rasac Tavad sazogadoebaiTxovda. amrigad, saqarTvelo SeuerTda msoflio ekonomi-kaSi mimdinare progresul procesebs, riTac daiwyoaxali epoqa mis ganviTarebaSi.

I.3. ekonomikis konversiis logika:arsi,obieqturi aucilebloba, ganxorcielebis

winapirobebi

konversia laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa (conversio) da gardaq-mnas, Secvlas gulisxmobs. rogor unda ganTavisuflebuliyo eko-nomika administraciul–mbrZanebluri sistemisagan, ra gzebiTganxorcielebuliyo saxelmwifo sakuTrebis demonopolizaciada erovnuli ekonomikis konversia, misi gadayvana sabazro relse-bze? es sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgeni-sTanave daisva da sazogadoebaSi cxoveli diskusia gamoiwvia.gamovida rigi kanonebisa,1 gamoica specialuri samecniero naS-romebi (monografiebi, broSurebi, statiebi), sadac, ucxourigamocdilebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, gaanalizebulia saqar-TveloSi ekonomikis konversiis ganxorcielebis winapirobebida Camoyalibebulia sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis gzebi.2

ekonomikis konversiis obieqturma aucileblobam axaliekonomikuri urTierTobebis formireba moiTxova, rac SesaZle-

1 kanoni `samewarmeo saqmianobis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelosrespublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi. Tb., # 7, # 8, 1991; saqarTvelosrespublikis kanonebi bankebis Sesaxeb. Tb., `samSoblo~, 1991 da a.S.

2 suverenuli saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis koncefcia. avtorTakoleqtivis xelmZRvaneli a. gunia. Tb., `mecniereba~, 1991; saqarTvelos sabaz-ro ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncefcia. avtorTa koleqtivis xelmZRvaneli v.papava. Tb., 1991; a. gunia. sabazro urTierTobaTa meqanizmis formirebissakiTxebi. preprinti, Tb., 1991; g. papava. sabazro ekonomikaze saqarTvelosgadasvlis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1991; d. ZnelaZe. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisproblemebi. `saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1991; r. asaTiani. sabazro infrastruqtura.èkonomika~, #7–8, 1991; r. asaTiani. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba: arsi,formebi, meTodebi. `politika~, # 9–10, 1991; r. asaTiani. privatizacia: gzasabazro ekonomikisaken. èkonomika~, # 11–12, 1991.



48 I Tavi

beli iyo cxovrebis yvela sferoSi radikaluri reformebisgatarebiT. saqarTvelos win eloda Rrma instituciuri cv-lilebebi, reforma sabiujeto–sagadasaxado da fulad–sakreditosferoebSi, sagareo–ekonomikur urTierTobebsa da a.S., magramekonomikis konversiis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli iyowinapirobebis momzadeba. aseT winapirobebs ekonomikis liber-alizacia da saxelmwifo–monopolisturi marwuxebidan TavisdaRweva warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi daiw-yo 70–wliani eqsperimentis Sedegebis ngreva da sabazrourTierTobebze gadasvlis urTulesi procesi. qveyana daadgadamoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis istoriul gzas.amasTan, aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom reformebs ar SeeqmnasaTanado politikuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi. saqarTveloSisruliad moumzadeblad daiwyo Zveli ekonomikuri sistemiserTi xelismosmiT ngrevis procesi. amas xeli Seuwyo araxel-sayrelma sastarto pirobebma da dabalma ekonomikurma poten-cialma, rasac daemata Seqmnili SinaaSliloba, sazogadoebisdayofa urTierTdapirispirebul nawilebad da omi qveynisteritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. yovelive aman, bune-brivia, uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina ekonomikuri gardaqmnebissaboloo Sedegebze.

marTalia, saqarTveloSi ekonomikis konversiis dawyebasgarkveulwilad safuZvlad daedo xelisuflebis mier miRebu-li ekonomikuri kanonebi, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da dadgenile-bebi, magram am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules saerTa-Soriso organizaciebma – saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma(ssf),msoflio bankma, evrogaerTianebam* da sxvebma. maT mier Se-muSavebuli rekomendaciebi da winadadebebi, ZiriTadad, post-socialistur qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki ruseTSi mimdinarereformis analogiuri iyo, naklebad iTvaliswinebda saqarTve-los Taviseburebebs, erovnul interesebsa da qveyanaSi SeqmnilrTul socialur–ekonomikur mdgomareobas. amgvar politikaserTgvari gamarTlebac moeZebna, rac imiT gamoixata, rom re-

* evrogaerTianebas, romelic Seiqmna 1967 wels da aerTianebda dasavleTevropis 12 qveyanas, 1993 wlis 1 noembridan maaxstritskis xelSekrulebis sa-fuZvelze ewoda evrokavSiri. ufro vrclad ix.: asaTiani r. Tanamedrove ekono-mikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 2009, gv. 75_77.




formebis dawyebisas saqarTvelo samaneTo zonaSi imyofebodada mas ar hqonda Tavisi erovnuli fuladi erTeuli, racxels uSlida sakuTari modeliT reformebis warmarTvas.* mTavarimizezi ki iyo is, rom qveyanaSi ekonomikis konversiasTan dakav-Sirebuli movlenebisa da procesebis Seswavla ar xdebodasistemuri kvlevis meTodebiT, zogadi kanonzomierebebisa daTaviseburebebis integrirebulobis kuTxiT.

sistemuri midgoma analizisa da sinTezis safuZvelze sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs kompleqsurad SeviswavloT problema, gam-ovyoT prioritetebi da movaxdinoT sistemis ZiriTadi parame-trebis optimizacia. mxolod am gziT SeiZleba sistemur winaaRm-degobaTa xasiaTis amocnoba da problemaTa gadaWris strate-giis SemuSaveba.

sistemuri midgomis gareSe ekonomikis konversiis rangSi ay-vanilma reformam saqarTveloSi mravali axali problema warmoqmnada qveynis ganviTarebis traeqtoria Secvala.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri konversiis winapirobebimetad arasaxarbielo iyo da qveynis realuri ekonomikuri su-verenitetis miRwevisaTvis brZola – es ualternativo proce-si rTul viTarebaSi daiwyo.

gamoyenebuli da saorientacioliteratura

ananiaSvili i. makroekonomika. naw. I. Tb., ùniversali~, 2003;

asaTiani r. SromiTi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisproblema saqarTveloSi. ̀ komunisti~, 3.02, 1985;

asaTiani r. arawarmoebiTi sfero erTian saxalxo–sameurneokompleqsSi. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~,1987;

* amitomac iyo, rom 1992 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikurireformebis Stabis eqspertTa jgufma SeimuSava RonisZiebebis mTeli paketi,romelic iTvaliswinebda samaneTo zonaSi mimdinare procesebis uaryofiTizemoqmedebisgan saqarTvelos ekonomikis dacvas, magram SinaaSlilobis Tusxva mizezTa gamo igi ver ganxorcielda.

4. r. asaTiani



50 I Tavi

asaTiani r. momsaxureba da sabazro sistema. Tb., `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1993;

asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika: warsuli, awmyo, perspeqti-va. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2002;

asaTiani r. `vardebis revoluciidan~ `keinzianuri revo-luciisaken~. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 28 ianvari, 2004;

asaTiani r. patara qveyanas didi Secdomebis ufleba ara aqvs.Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2005;

asaTiani r.. Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2009;

balceroviCi l. saxelmwifo gardamaval periodSi. Tb., 2002;

basaria r., mesxia i. gardamavali periodis makroekonomikuriproblemebi. Tb., fski, 1995;

basilia T., baqraZe p., begiaSvili g. da sxvebi. ekonomiku-ri reforma saqarTveloSi. reformis pirveli Sedegebi. Tb.,ekonomikuri reformebis sainformacio centri, 1998;

basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturi trans-formacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze.Tavi I, II. Tb., 2001;

gunia a. sabazro urTierTobaTa meqanizmis formirebis saki-Txebi. preprinti. Tb., 1991;

kaxniaSvili j. makroekonomika. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~,1996;

leiaSvili p. ekonomikuri Teoria da praqtika gardamavaletapze. Tb., 2002;

mesxia i. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi: retrospeqtivada prognozi. ̀ gardamavali periodis safinanso_ekonomikuriproblemebi saqarTveloSi~. I tomi. Tb., fski, 1996;

mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi.Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996;

papava g. sabazro ekonomikaze saqarTvelos gadasvlis safuZ-vlebi. Tb., ̀ ena~, 1991;




papava v. saqarTvelo sabazro ekonomikis gzaze. Tb., `mecni-ereba~, 1995;

papava v. leSek balceroviCi da saqarTvelo. `makro mikro eko-nomika~, № 2, 2001;

papava v. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekono-mia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tavi I, II. Tb., pdp, 2002;

papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika.Tema I., Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005;

suverenuli saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis koncefcia. av-torTa koleqtivis xelmZRvaneli a. gunia. Tb., `mecniereba~,1991;

saqarTvelos sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncefcia. avtor-Ta koleqtivis xelmZRvaneli v. papava. Tb., 1991;

WiTanava n. sabazro ekonomikis formirebis organizaciuliproblemebi. Tb., sesespski, 1993;

WiTanava n. gardamavali periodis socialur-ekonomikuriproblemebi. nawili I., Tb., sesespski, 1997;

ZnelaZe d. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis problemebi. Tb.,`saqarTvelo~, 1991;

Blanchard O. The Economics of Postcommunist Transformation. Oxfopd, Cal-deron Press, 1997;

Lipowsky A. Towards Normality. Overcoming the Heritage of Central PlanningEconomy in Poland in 1990-1994. Warsaw, Adam Smith Research Center, Centerof Social and Economic Research, 1998;Fischer S., Dornbusch R., Schmalense R. Economics. Second Edition. Cnapter

40. McGRAW-HiLL Book company, 1998;Papava V. The Georgian Economy: From "Shock Therapy" to "Social Promo-

tion". Communist Economies & Economic Transformation, vol. 8, № 8,1996;

Papava V. The Georgian Economy: Problems of Reform. "Eurasian Studies," vol.2, № 2, 1995.Беридзе Т. Экономические основы суверенитета: новые аспекты

взаимодействия экономики и политики. Тб., Издательская фирма "Си-ахле", 1995;Болотин Б. Международные сравнения: 1990-1997гг. "МЭ и МО", № 10, 1998;



52 I Tavi

Белокрылова О. Теория переходной экономики. Ростов-на-Дону, "Феникс",2002;

Бюкенен Д. М. Минимальная политика рыночной системы. "Вопросыэкономики", № 12, 1990;

Гайдар Е. Аномалия экономического роста. М., "Евразия", 1997;Кейнс Дж. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Перевод с

английского. М., "Прогресс", 1978;Крегель Я., Мацнэр Э., Грабхер Г. Рыночный шок. Вена, 1992;Меньшиков С. Катастрофа или катарсис. М., 1990;

Мюррел П. Эволюция экономической теориии и экономических реформв странах с централизованным плановым хозяйством. "Становлениерыночной экономики в странах Восточной Европы". Под ред. Н.Макашевой. М., РГГУ, 1994;

Папава Г. Периоданто-генетический образ мышления в экономике.`Sromebi~. VII tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2009;

Папава Г. Методология познания качеств реалий смешанной рыночнойэкономики и паралогизмы. Стокгольм, Ca&CC Press, 2009;

Папава В. Некроэкономика и посткоммунистическая трансформацияэкономики. Тб., "Империал", 2001;

Советский экономический рост: официальные данные и алтернативные оцен-ки. "Вопросы экономики", № 10, 1995;

Статистический ежегодник стран-членов СЭВ. М., 1986;

Стиглиц Дж. Многообразнее инструменты, шире цели: движение кпоствашингтонскому консенсусу. "Вопросы экономики", № 8, 1998;

Шаванс Б., Маньян Э. Постсоциалистические траектории и западныйкапитализм. "МЭиМО", № 12, 1999;

Хейне М. Экономический образ мышления. Перевод с английского. М.,"Дело", "Catalaxy", 1991.



53

II Tavi

postkomunisturi gardamavali periodi

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi: kanonzomiere-

bebi, Taviseburebebi, etapebi

axali tipis gardamavali periodi. postkomunisturi gar-damavali periodis strategia. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasv-lisa da makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebi. ekonomikiskonversiis etapebi.

II. 1. axali tipis gardamavali periodi

`yazarmuli socializmis~ kraxi aRmosavleT evropis qvey-nebsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi, amasTan, TiTqmis am procesis parale-lurad sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da mis safuZvelze damoukide-beli saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba, romlebmac miznad daisaxesaxali ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmna, XX saukunis erT-erTi yve-laze uprecedento movlenaa. cnobili amerikeli ekonomistisada sociologis jon keneT gelbreiTis (1908_2006) azriT, esmovlena or msoflio omTan erTian rigSi dgas, rogorc erT-erTi am sami udidesi istoriuli movlenaTagani, riTac gam-oirCeva XX saukune.1 am udidesma istoriulma movlenam Rrmatransformaciuli procesebi gamoiwvia da ̀ dRis wesrigSi Tvise-brivad axali problemebi daayena, romelTa gadawyvetac im kla-

1 Galbraith J. K. Economics in the Century Ahead. In: "The Future of Economics."Oxford, Blackwell, 1992, p. 47.

ekonomikuri problemebi Rrma az-rovnebiTa da didi SromiT unda ga-davwyvitoT.




54

sikuri sqemebis farglebs scildeba, romlebic ekonomikuri mec-nierebis mier mTeli wina istoriis ganmavlobaSi iqna SemuSave-buli~.1 aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT logikurad, postkomunis-tur qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi daiwyo axali tipisgardamavali periodi, romelsac analogi ar moeZebneba msof-lio civilizaciaSi. amasTan, postkomunisturi transformaciis`talRaSi~ moxvedrili qveynebis ekonomika ara mxolod Tvise-brivad axali problemebis winaSe dadga, aramed metad araordi-naruli iyo aseT qveynebSi ekonomikuri reformebis sastartopirobebic.

maSin rodesac `veluri~ kapitalizmidan sabazro ekonomika-ze (kapitalizmis wiaRidan aRmocenebul, misgan warmoqmnil axalTvisebriobaze) gardamaval periods safuZvlad edo winaswarSemuSavebuli Sesabamisi ekonomikuri Teoria jon meinard kein-zis `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoriis~ saxiT,saxelmwifo-monopolisturi socializmidan sabazro ekonomika-ze gardamavali periodi daiwyo spontanurad, ekonomikis ngre-vis pirobebSi, winaswar gaazrebuli, arsebul mdgomareobasTanmisadagebuli ekonomikuri Teoriis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare,sul sxva sastarto pirobebi iyo dasavleTis qveynebSi sabazroekonomikis formirebis dasawyisSi XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSida sul sxva _ 90-ian wlebSi postkomunistur qveynebSi, maTSoris saqarTveloSi. Tumca postfaqtum, ara mxolod saqar-Tvelosa da sxva tranzitul qveynebSi, aramed dasavleTis gan-viTarebul qveynebSic farTod gaiSala axali tipis gardamava-li periodis kvleva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, `mcdari gziT ganvi-Tarebuli~ qveynebis ekonomikis transformaciis pirobebi dameqanizmebi kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gaxda.

II. 2. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodisstrategia

saqarTveloSi dawyebulma sistemurma transformaciulmaprocesebma, politikurTan erTad, moicva qveynis ekonomikuri,socialuri, kulturuli da a.S. sferoebi. gardamavali perio-

II Tavi

1 papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika. Tb., ̀ Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005, gv. 11.



55

dis strategiad imTaviTve erTmniSvnelovnad aRiarebul iqnaSereuli ekonomikuri sistemis formireba da sabazro ekonomi-kaze gadasvla, xolo radikaluri ekonomikuri reformebis aTvliswertilad 1992 wlis pirveli naxevari gamocxadda.1

saqarTvelos warmatebas, mis momavals, mniSvnelovanwilad,misi socialur-ekonomikuri transformaciis tempi da xarisxigansazRvravda. Tavis mxriv, socialur-ekonomikuri transfor-maciis _ am metad rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani procesis war-mateba didad iyo damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikis axal Tvise-briobaSi gadasvlis sastarto garemoze, ekonomikuri procese-bis regulirebis meqanizmze, arsebuli potencialis sworad gan-sazRvraze, qveyanaSi dawyebuli institucializaciis procesisdonesa da xarisxze da a.S. xelisufleba ar aRmoCnda mzadkoordinacia gaewia am moulodneli procesebisaTvis,sistemuri gardaqmnebisaTvis, SeemuSavebina marTvis berke-tebi da daecva qveynis ekonomika garedan Tavsmoxveulidogmebisagan. piriqiT, aseT rTul situaciaSi, sruliad alogi-kurad, saxelmwifo smiTiseuli ̀ Ramis darajis~ funqciiT Semoi-fargla da ekonomikis radikaluri liberalizmis doqtrinazedayrdnobiT, ekonomikuri procesebi TviTdinebaze miuSva.

saqarTvelo maSin Semobrunda wminda liberalizmis-aken, roca ganviTarebulma qveynebma mas zurgi Seaqcies.dRes ̀ saxelmwifo minimumis~ politika ganvlili etapia civili-zebuli samyarosaTvis. moxda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolisabsoluturi minimizacia. arada, TavisTavad saintereso da mimz-idveli gardamavali periodis strategia saSiSroebis winaSeaRmoCnda. misi bedi, erTiani meTodologiuri principebis, qvey-nis Taviseburebebis gauTvaliswineblobisa da politikuri nebisararsebobis gamo, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga. ekonomikur proce-sebze stiqiurma Zalebma moaxdina didi zemoqmedeba. mZime aRmoCndawarsulis memkvidreoba. gaaqtiurda kriminaluri struqturebi.saxelmwifoebrivi `niSa~ mafiozurma jgufebma daikava, sazoga-doebam swrafad ver auRo alRo realobas. imata zerele daSiSvel emociebze agebulma msjelobam imis Sesaxeb, ris gage-basac specialuri codna da profesionalizmi sWirdeba. winaplanze wamoiwia samSoblosadmi damokidebulebis gamoxatvis

postkomunisturi gardamavali periodi...

1 `saqarTvelos respublika~. 29 ivlisi, 1992.



56

Taviseburma formam – misadmi momxmarebluri TvaliT yurebam.adamianTa am kategoriam, romelsac onore de balzakmaTavis droze socialuri nuli uwoda, mxolod imazedaiwyo fiqri, Tu ras miscemda mas samSoblo da araimaze, TviT ras gascemda misTvis. maTma mniSvnelovanmanawilma zeda eSelonebSi moikalaTa. samoqalaqo dapirispirebisfonze, eqstremalur situaciaSi axali ekonomikuri sistemisada, aqedan gamomdinare, sabazro urTierTobebis formirebaSi gan-msazRvreli roli ekonomikis liberalizacias daekisra.

II.3. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisa damakroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebi

ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqmnis struqturaSi ganmsazRvre-li adgili makroekonomikur stabilizacias uWiravs.* misiganxorcielebis gareSe instituciuri, mikro- da makroekono-mikuri gardaqmnebi, rogorc sistemuri gardaqmnis danarCeniSemadgeneli nawilebi, deformirebul xasiaTs iRebs. marTlac,instituciuri gardaqmnebi (sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba,axali sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, sabazro infrastruqturisCamoyalibeba, resursebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebisformireba da sxv.), aseve, fasebis liberalizacia, ekonomikisdemonopolizacia, antimonopoliuri regulireba, sagareo-ekonomikuri uTierTobebis liberalizacia, Caketili ekonomikidanRia ekonomikaze gadasvla da sxv. mniSvnelovanwiladaa damok-idebuli qveynis makroekonomikur stabilizaciaze. makroekono-mikuri arastabilurobis pirobebSi sabazro infrastruqtrisinstitutebi aSkara, daufarav spekulaciur orientacias iRebs,fasebis liberalizacia SeiZleba hiperinflaciaSi gadaizar-dos da a.S. Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri stabilizacia Seu-Zlebelia instituciuri, mikro- da megaekonomikuri gardaqmne-bis gareSe ganxorcieldes. Caketili ekonomikis pirobebSi, sa-bazro urTierTobebisa da Sesabamisi institutebis gareSe, igidireqtiul-centralizebul formas iRebs.

* makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis Teoriuli aspeqtebi uSualo kavSir-Sia saqarTvelos gardamavali periodis ekonomikaSi warmoqmnil problemebT-an. amitom SevecdebiT mokled ganvixiloT isini.

II Tavi



57

ekonomikuri reformebis warmateba Tu warumatebloba didadaris damokidebuli im modelze, romelic qveyanam sistemurigardaqmnis, ekonomikis reformirebis sawyis etapze unda airCios.

msoflio praqtikam am TvalsazrisiT wina planze `SokuriTerapiisa~ da gradualisturi modelebi wamowia.

`Sokuri Terapia~, pirvel yovlisa, transformaciuli pro-cesebis daCqarebuli tempiT, Sokismomgvreli efeqtiT warmarT-vas gulisxmobs da Semdeg ZiriTad principebs emyareba: fasebisganTavisufleba-aSvebas, Tavisufali faswarmoqmnis safuZvelzefasebisa da sagareo vaWrobis swraf liberalizacias, sakuTre-bis gansaxelmwifoebrivebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis Camoyalibebas,saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis minimizaciasa da a.S. misTvisdamaxasiaTebelia radikalizmis uaRresad maRali done, raczemoaRniSnuli gardaqmnebis paralelurad, arsebuli ekonomikisdemontaJSi, misi sxvadasxva meTodiT ngrevaSi gamoixateba.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis es gza ar iyo gaTvlilisaqarTvelos warmoebrivi potencialis ganviTarebasa da finan-sur stabilizaciaze. mis mTavar mizans fasebis aSveba da vaW-robis liberalizacia warmoadgenda

gradualisturi modelisaTvis niSandoblivia saxel-mwifo institutebis Secvla-ganaxleba ekonomikaSi saxelmwi-fos rolis mniSvnelovani SenarCunebiT, erovnuli mewarmeobisstimulireba da warmoebis stabilizacia, saxelmwifo monopo-liebis arseboba ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebSi da a.S. igiZveli ekonomikuri sistemis elementebis gamoyenebis safuZ-velze TandaTanobiT, evoluciuri gziT gardaqmnas gulisx-mobs. amitom es modeli gradualisturi (evoluciuri) gzisgarda, struqturul-warmoebrivi makrostabilizaciis saxel-wodebiTaa cnobili. igi makroekonomiuri stabilizaciis sxvamodelebisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba da gaTvlilia war-moebrivi potencialis ganviTarebaze, samamulo warmoebis produ-qciis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aRniSnuli ori modelidansaqarTvelom àrCevani~ `Sokur Terapiaze~ gaakeTa. `didi afeTqe-bis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili es modeli `vaSingtonis konsensusis~safuZvelze ganxorcielda da igi araoptimaluri aRmoCndasaqarTvelosaTvis(ise rogorc am talRaSi moxvedril sxva qvey-




58

nebisTvisac). aRniSnulma modelma ver gaamarTla, vinaidanekonomikis Sokirebas Terapia ar mohyolia. SemTxveviTi araa, rom`Sokuri Terapia~ TviT `postvaSingtonis konsensusmac~ ki uary-ofiTad Seafasa da postkomunistur qveynebSi aqcenti saxelmwi-fos axal rolze gadaitana.

rac Seexeba makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebs,msoflio praqtikaSi cnobilia maTi Semdegi ZiriTadi tipebi:orTodoqsuli, heterodoqsuli da struqturul-warmoebrivi.

orTodoqsul modelSi aqcenti keTdeba saxelmwifo bi-ujetis Semcirebaze saxelmwifo xarjebis (saxelmwifommarTvelobis, Tavdacvis, socialuri dacvis xarjebis, saxelm-wifo transferebis, subsidiebis, kapitaldabandebebisa da a.S.)Semcirebis gziT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia sagadasaxado poli-tikis gamkacreba (sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Semcireba, gadasa-xadebis gadideba da a.S.), rasac Tan axlavs inflaciuri spira-lis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli fulad-sakredito politikis gamka-crebac. igi gamoixateba centraluri bankis mier fulis emisiisSezRudviT, saprocento ganakveTis amaRlebiT, bankTaSorisi sarez-ervo normis gadidebiTa da a.S. amitom masze agebuli ekonomikuripolitika, pirvel yovlisa, iTvaliswinebs fulis miwodebis SezRud-vas, risi erTaderTi gzac, fulis emisiis SezRudvasTan erTad,komerciuli bankebis rezervebis Semcirebaa. bankTaSorisi sarezervonormis gadideba avtomaturad amcirebs komerciuli bankebisgankargulebaSi arsebul fulad masas da, Sesabamisad, fuladmultiplikators, xolo saprocento ganakveTis gadideba am-cirebs komerciuli bankebis dainteresebas gazardon TavianTirezervebi centraluri bankisgan sesxis aRebis gziT.

makrostabilizaciis orTodoqsuli tipisaTvis damaxasi-aTebelia ekonomikuri stabilizatorebis (e.w. `Ruzis~) arCe-vis ori ZiriTadi gza: pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdebamimoqcevaSi erovnuli fulis SezRudvaze, e.i. `fulad Ruza-ze~, romelsac safuZvlad monetaruli meTodebi udevs. igiemyareba mkacr sabiujeto, sagadasaxado, fulad-sakreditopolitikas `mcuravi~ gadasacvleli savaluto kursis pirobeb-Si, rodesac antiinflaciuri RonisZiebebi dayvanilia erToblivimoTxovnis Semcirebasa da fuladi masis SezRudvaze; meoreSemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba savaluto kursis stabilizaciaze

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fiqsirebuli kursisa da savaluto `derefnis~ dadgenis gziT,e.i. `savaluto Ruzaze~. es RonisZieba xels uwyobs inflaci-uri molodinis Semcirebas, bazris subieqtebis ekonomikuri qceviswinaswar ganWvretasa da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi gamaxvilebuliayuradReba ucxour valutaze, pirvel yovlisa, aSS-is dolarzeda gadasacvleli savaluto kursis stabilur SenarCunebaze.

amrigad, makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis orTodoqsulimodeli, erTi mxriv, monetaruli politikis (`fuladi Ruza~),xolo, meore mxriv, fiqsirebuli savaluto kursis (`savalutoRuza~) gamomxatvelia. susti ekonomikis pirobebSi igi war-moSobs iseT mniSvnelovan problemebs, rogoricaa: dabali sain-vesticio da saqmiani aqtiuroba, mecnierul-teqnikuri potencia-lis Sesusteba, gadauxdelobis krizisis gaRrmaveba, warmoebisgafarToebis SesaZleblobebis SezRudva, saSinao bazarze samam-ulo warmoebis produqciis wilis dacema, sagadasaxado bazisSekveca da saxelmwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis Semcir-eba, qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis Sesusteba da a.S

heterodoqsuli modeli aqcents akeTebs Semosavlebi-sa da fasebis `gayinvaze~, rac ekonomikur Teoriasa da praq-tikaSi finansuri stabilizaciis `mesame Ruzis~ saxelwodeb-iTaa cnobili. es modeli, gansakuTrebiT ̀ Sokis~ formiT, iZl-eva swraf antiinflaciur efeqts, magram warmoqmnis negatiurSedegebsac: xdeba fasismieri impulsebis deformacia, qrebawarmoebis ganviTarebis stimulebi, Cndeba sasaqonlo defici-tis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba da a.S. heterodoqsuli modelisTvisniSandoblivia `Sokuri TerapiisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli swrafifinansuri stabilizaciis principis Sexameba fiqsirebuli androebiT ̀ gayinuli~ fasebis principTan. misi strategia neolib-eraluri da neokeinzianuri Teoriebis ZiriTadi postulateb-is meqanikuri SeerTebis gamoxatulebaa.1

makrostabilizaciis mesame modeli – struqturul-war-moebrivi stabilizacia, rogorc gradualisturi varianti,`Sokisagan~ gansxvavebiT, xorcieldeba TandaTanobiT, evoluci-urad. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ro-lis gaaqtiureba ara mxolod regulirebis aprobirebuli me-

1 Стиглиц Дж. Многообразнее инструменты, шире цели: движение к пост-Вашингтонскому консенсусу. “Вопросы Экономики”, № 8, 1998, с. 17.




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Todebis gamoyenebiT, aramed progresuli struqturuli poli-tikis gatarebiT, saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoe-bis marTvis SenarCunebiT, warmoebis modernizaciiT, adgilobrivmwarmoebelTa dacviT, mecnieruli gamokvlevebis waxalisebiTada a.S. struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizacia finansuri sta-bilizaciis mizniT iTvaliswinebs ara erToblivi moTxovnisSezRudvas, aramed mis stimulirebas, rogorc Sinameurneobebis,ise firmebis mimarT. es modeli, ekonomikis konversiis Tval-sazrisiT, `Sokuri Terapiis~ antipodia, xolo makrostabili-zaciis TvalsazrisiT, orTodoqsuli da heterodoqsuli stabi-lizaciis modelebis antipodi. Tumca igi ar gulisxmobs anti-inflaciuri politikisa da finansuri stabilizaciis yvelamoTxovnis ugulebelyofas. struqturul-warmoebrivi stabili-zacia iTvaliswinebs makroekonomikuri politikis elementebissubordinaciasa da misi ganxorcielebis wesebis Secvlas. ammodelis farglebSi finansuri stabilizacia iqceva Tanmxlebda warmoebul elementad, xolo antiinflaciuri politikisganxorcielebis wesi principulad icvleba. makroekonomikuristabilizaciis am modelSi garkveulwilad gaerTianebuliarogorc keinzianuri, ise neoklasikuri Teoriebis ZiriTadi pos-tulatebi da igi, Cveni azriT, amiTac imsaxurebs yuradRebas.

struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizaciis, gradualizmisgamoyenebis nimuSad SeiZleba davasaxeloT iaponia, romelmacukanasknel periodSi aqtiuri mizanmimarTuli politika gaata-ra sawarmoo Zalebis resursuli potencialis ganviTarebisada ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnebis TvalsazrisiT. aseve,SeiZleba davasaxeloT ungreTi, sadac SemuSavebul iqna `ku-pas gegma~, romelSic gradualizmTan erTad `Sokuri Terapiis~elementebic iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. sabazro ekonomikaze gadas-vlis gradualisturi modeli gamoiyena agreTve uzbekeTma, sa-dac, postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris, mSp-is yvelaze dabali tempiTvardna aRiniSna – 1990-1995 wlebSi mxolod 18% dafiqsirda.1

gradualizmis TvalsaCino magaliTad Tanamedrove CineTicgamodgeba, romelmac `rbili daSvebis~ politika airCia dasabazro sawyisebze axorcielebs warmoebriv-ekonomikuri po-

1 papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika. Tb.,`Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005, gv. 25.

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tencialis mZlavr modernizacias, aqtiuri struqturuli, war-moebrivi da sainvesticio politikiT ganapirobebs warmoebrivisimZlavreebis ganaxlebas, warmoebis danaxarjebis Semcirebisada produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis safuZvelze samamulo war-moebis produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas, erToblivimiwodebis zrdas, rac, saboloo angariSiT, antiinflaciur efeqtsiwvevs. CineTi paralelurad axorcielebs erToblivi moTxov-nis zrdas, rac erTdroulad socialuri problemebis gada-Wris sawindaria. aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTis mSp-Si maRalia Sigainvesticiebis wili, romelic 40%-s aRwevs.

struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizaciis programebi iwvevssakredito SezRudvebis Serbilebas, qmnis damatebiTi fuladiemisiis SesaZleblobas, rac inflaciis gazrdis saSiSroebaswarmoqmnis. misi Sekaveba SesaZlebelia inflaciis kontrolisgaZlierebiT, rac gamoixateba bunebrivi monopoliebis produ-qciaze fasebis kontroliT, unaRdo angariSsworebis formebisganviTarebiTa da, saerTod, makroekonomikuri dinamikisadmi mudmiviyuradRebiT. am gziT warmoSobili inflacia moklevadiania.igi mxolod sawyis etapze vlindeba, xolo Semdeg, warmoebisgamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis safuZvelze, TandaTan qreba.

amrigad, amgvari gziT miRweuli finansuri stabilizaciaarsebiTad gansxvavdeba liberalur-monetaruli politikis Se-degad miRweulisagan. rac mTavaria, igi iZleva samamuloproduqciiT bazris gajerebis SesaZleblobas, amasTan, qveynisekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da erovnuli ekonomi-kis `sanedleulo danamatad~ gardaqmnis ardaSvebis garantias.

bunebrivia, ekonomikis stabilizaciis struqturul-war-moebrivi modelis ganxorcieleba rig winaaRmdegobebs awydeba,maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia, dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad msxvilifinansuri resursebis aucilebloba, molodinis periodis sak-mao xangrZlivoba, inflaciis SeCerebis riskis maRali alba-Toba, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcielebasTan dakav-Sirebuli Zlieri biurokratiuli barierebi da a.S.

makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebis mokle mimox-ilva Semdegi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva: saqarTvelo-Si ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqmnebis (konversiis) mak-roekonomikuri politika orientirebul iqna orTodoq-




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suli tipis pirvel variantze. es aris liberalur-monetaruli politika, romelic `Zviri fulis~ poli-tikiT gamoixata da, `Sokuri Terapiis~ Semdeg, vaSing-tonSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze qveynis ekono-mikur politikaSi aisaxa.

rac Seexeba gradualistur models, sabazro ekonomikazeTandaTanobiTi, evoluciuri gziT gadasvlis SesaZleblobebisaqarTvelom xelidan gauSva, Tumca amisTvis, garda imisa, romar iyo politikuri neba, mizezi mravali iyo. maT Soris aR-saniSnavia qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabiluri mdgomareoba, samo-qalaqo omi, konfliqtebi, omi samaCabloSi, afxazeTSi da a.S.

amrigad, makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis orTodoqsulimodeli, ise rogorc `Sokuri Terapia~, Tavsmoxveuli iyo dasafuZvlad daedo saqarTvelos ekonomikur politikas.

II. 4. ekonomikis konversiis etapebi

saqarTveloSi konversiis rangSi ayvanili ekonomikis trans-formaciuli procesebi, sistemur gardaqmnebSi miRweuli Sede-gebidan gamomdinare, axali tipis gardamavali periodis etape-bad dayofis SesaZleblobas iZleva. drois es monakveTi speci-fikuri niSnebiTa da TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba da saanalizoperiods (1991_2008 wlebi) sam etapad yofs: I etapi moicavs1991_1995 wlebs, II etapi – 1996_2003 wlebs, xolo III etapiiwyeba 2004 wlidan da grZeldeba dRemde. gardamavali perio-dis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlenisa da qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis obieqturi SefasebisaTvis aucilebe-lia TiToeuli etapis cal-calke gaanalizeba.

I etapi `Sokuri Terapiis~, ufro zustad, ekonomikis Soki-rebis periodia. igi `sabazro eiforiis~, saqarTvelos uaxlesekonomikur istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mZafriwinaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse wlebia. es periodi, rogorc ekonomikurireformebis sawyisi etapi, xasiaTdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi niS-nebiT: upirveles yovlisa, igi dakavSirebuli iyo administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis umZimes SedegebTan. kerZod, a). saqarTvelo(ise rogorc zogierTi sxva postsabWoTa qveyana), aRmosavleTevropis qveynebisa da ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, politikuri

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damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saxelmwifoebriobis atribu-tebis arqonis gamo, dadga ori urTulesi amocanis winaSe:`Sokuri Terapiis~ ganxorcielebasTan erTad, paraleluradunda Camoeyalibebina saxelmwifo institutebi. saqarTveloSiam ukanasknelis faqtobrivi ararseboba ̀ Sokuri Terapiis~ waru-mateblobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi gaxda. amis das-turia Tundac is, rom `Sokuri Terapiis~, SeiZleba iTqvas,klasikuri sqema — `balceroviCis gegma~ saqarTveloSi brmakopirebis Sedegad ganxorcielda rogorc rusul `sarkeSi~ amgegmis anarekli;1 b). sakuTari fulad-sakredito sistemis sax-elmwifo institutebisa da erovnuli valutis ararsebobisgamo, saqarTvelo, jer kidev, samaneTo zonaSi iyo da mimoqceva-Si ukve daSlili sabWoTa kavSiris maneTi da rusuli rublihqonda, rac xels uSlida ̀ Sokuri Terapiis~ srulyofil ganx-orcielebas. aseT viTarebaSi `Sokuri Terapiis~ ZiriTadadmxolod fasebis liberalizaciaze dayrdnobiT ganxorcielebuliarasrulfasovani modifikacia kraxisTvis iyo ganwiruli.2

jon keneT gelbreiTis azriT, reforma iwyeba ara axalimTavrobiTa da kanonebiT, aramed Cveni SexedulebebiT ekonomikursistemaze.3 samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSisabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali periodis siZneleebi dakav-Sirebuli iyo ara mxolod administraciul-mbrZanebluri siste-mis mZime SedegebTan, ara mxolod fsiqologiur stereoti-pebTan, romlebic damkvidrda sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi, aramedcodnis mwvave deficitTanac. man gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad iCinaTavi saxelmwifo struqturebSi. imdeni arakvalificiurisaxelmwifo moxele, romlebsac warmodgenac ki ar hqon-daT sabazro ekonomikaze , ra funqciebs asrulebdasaqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi? es periodi namdvilad ariyo savarZelSi nebivrobis dro! sasaqonlo deficitTanerTad, aSkarad igrZnoboda reformistuli suliskveTebiT gam-sWvalul adamianTa deficitic. sazogadoeba waawyda bevr iseT


2 iqve, gv. 38

3 Гэлбрейт Дж. К. Экономические теории и цели общества. Перевод с английс-кого. М., "Прогресс", 1979, с. 270.




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problemas, romlebic ucxo iyo misTvis, magram kargad cnobilidasavleTis qveynebisaTvis. ekonomikur mecnierebas TaviseburidaRi daasva msoflio ekonomikuri azrovnebisagan faqtobrivmamowyvetam, rkinis fardis miRma sainformacio vakuumSi yofnam.ekonomikuri qaosisagan organizebuli ekonomikuri sistemisSeqmna specialur codnasa da profesionalizms saWiroebda.amitom sabazro ekonomikis Teoriisa da praqtikis swraf dau-flebaze bevrad iyo damokidebuli qveynis bedi, risTvisac amperiodSi ar arsebobda saTanado pirobebi. codnis im maragiTki, romelic hqonda sazogadoebas, SeuZlebeli da sarisko saqmeiyo sabazro urTierTobebis rTul labirinTebSi gzis gakvleva.

ekonomikuri reformebis warumatebeli startis erT-erTimizezi socialuri da erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis gam-wvavebac iyo. sxvadasxva juris separatizmma, Siga samoqalaqoda avtonomiebTan teritoriulma konfliqtebma aunazRaurebe-li zarali miayena erovnul ekonomikas. arc erT qveyanas ardauwyia sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla ekonomikis iseTi ngre-vis pirobebSi, rogorc saqarTveloSi moxda. marto afxazeTisteritoriaze omis Sedegad miyenebuli materialuri zarali 9mlrd lars aRemateba. amave periodSi samegreloSi saomarimoqmedebis Sedegad miyenebuli materialuri zarali 78 mlnlars aRwevs, xolo TbilisSi _ 33 mln lars.1

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saxelmwifo ar Tmobda poziciebs,inarCunebda teqnologiurad uperspeqtivo sawarmoebsa da Tana-medrove moTxovnebis sapirispiro warmoebis struqturas, ri-Tac, SeiZleba iTqvas, akonservebda ekonomikas. aseT situaciaSihipertrofirebuli monopolizmisa da deficitis daZlevis prob-lema mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dadga. magram amisaTvis arc poli-tikuri neba iyo da arc qveynis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebazeagebuli erTiani strategiuli programa, romelTa ararsebobakidev ufro arTulebda jansaRi sabazro urTierTobebis formire-bas. arada, administraciuli gziT sabazro urTierTobebis ele-mentebis SemoReba ar niSnavda bazarze gadasvlas. produqciisukiduresi deficitis pirobebSi fasebis liberalizacia ekonomikisadministraciul-mbrZanebluri marTvis ukidures formad

1 saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 1996-2000 wlebis in-dikaturi gegma. Tb., 1996, 41.

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mogvevlina. igi mZime tvirTad daawva sazogadoebas. ai rogorSeafasa es movlena amerikelma profesorma a. ivanovma: sabazroekonomikisaken gzis gakvleva sasaqonlo faris deficitis pirobeb-Si TviTmkvlelobaa... es igivea, avadmyofs gaukeTo gulis oper-acia anesTeziis gareSe. igi xom tkivilebisgan SokSi Cavardebada saoperacio magidaze daiRupeba.1

saqarTveloSi, marTalia, radikaluri reforma faswarmoqmna-Si 1992 wlis 1 Tebervlidan ganxorcielda, magram Tavisufalifasebi zogierTi saxeobis saqonelze pirvelad SemoRebul iqna1991 wlis gazafxulze. Tu 1991 wels samomxmareblo fasebisindeqsi 180%-s Seadgenda, 1992 wels es maCvenebeli 25-jer,1993 wels – 92-jer, xolo 1994 wels _ 120-jer gaizarda.mniSvnelovnad gadidda regulirebadi samomxmareblo fasebic.1992 wels, 1991 welTan SedarebiT, igi 68-jer gaizarda, maSinrodesac mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebi mxolod 3,4-jergadidda.2

niSandoblivia, rom fasebis aSvebas ar mohyolia Sesabamisisabazro qceva – warmoebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, miwodebisgazrda, piriqiT, am procesma ukuproporciuli gavlena moaxdinamasze. bazris gareSe sabazro instrumentebis damangrevelmamoqmedebam warmoebis mkveTri Semcireba gamoiwvia, SeiZleba iT-qvas, Cakla warmoeba. Tu 1989 wels warmoebis vardna, winawelTan SedarebiT, 4,8%-s Seadgenda, 1990 wels man Seadgina12%, 1991 wels – 20,6, 1992 wels – 44,8, 1993 wels – 25,4,1994 wels – 11,3%.3 mkveTrad Semcirda mSp-is moculoba. 1995wels man Seadgina 1990 wlis Sesabamisi maCveneblis mxolod27,3%. amrigad, 1990-1995 wlebSi saqarTvelos mSp 3,6-jer dametad Semcirda. aseT pirobebSi liberaluri fulad-sakreditopolitikis ganxorcielebam (romelic ar jdeboda klasikursqemaSi) mTeli ekonomikis moSla gamoiwvia. amasTan, gauaresdakriminaluri situacia, rasac ekonomikis Zarcva mohyva.

1993 wlis gazafxulze saqarTveloSi SemoRebul iqna fuladierTeulis surogati – kuponi. es moxda sruliad moumzade-

1 "Аргументы и факты," № 23, 1991.2 saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 1996-2000 wlebis in-dikaturi gegma. Tb., 1996, 15.3 asaTiani r. patara qveyanas didi Secdomebis ufleba ara aqvs. Tb., saga-momcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 2005, gv. 199.


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blad da iZulebiTi nabijic iyo, vinaidan qveyana, SeiZleba iTqvas,darCa fuladi erTeulis gareSe ruseTidan rusuli fulisbanknotebis mouwodeblobis gamo. es susti, Seuqcevadi da Ca-ketili mimoqcevis saSualeba imTaviTve, faqtobrivad, amovardni-li iyo ekonomikidan. did mtkicebas ar saWiroebs am drossaqarTveloSi arsebuli naklebwarmoebis krizisis siRrme: war-moebis tempebis swrafi dacema, sasaqonlo deficitis mkveTrigamwvaveba da fuladi masis dausaqonleba, fasebis swrafi zrdada inflaciis maRali tempi, saxelmwifo regulirebis sisuste,fuladi mimoqcevis ukontroloba, sabiujeto deficitis swrafigadideba, iatakqveSa mevaxSeobis farTod gaSla, umuSevrobisswrafi zrda, mafiuri klanebis parpaSi, uaRresad dabali donismaterialur-teqnikuri baza, kvalificiuri kadrebis mkveTrideficiti, daTrgunul mewarmeTa emigracia, centrsa da region-ebs Soris urTierTobebis gamwvaveba, aRricxvisa da kontrolis,saangariSgebo disciplinis moSla, kvazisabazro struqturebisada urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba. yovelive amaT agvirgvinebda damaTi anarekli iyo kuponi, romelic, Seqmnili situaciidan gamom-dinare, swrafad ufasurdeboda. kuponis zRvarsgadasulma emi-siam qveyana hiperinflaciamde miiyvana. 1993 wlis meore nax-evridan inflaciis tempi TveSi 60-70%-s Seadgenda, samomxmare-blo fasebis indeqsma 7587,9%-s miaRwia. es iyo samomxmareblofasebis zrdis piki. 1993 wlis bolos Wenebadi inflaciuriprocesebi hiperinflaciaSi gadaizarda.

1993-1994 wlebSi qveyanas damtkicebuli biujeti ar hqon-da. 1994 wlis Semodgomaze 1 aSS dolari oficialurad 2,5mln kuponi Rirda, xolo gadasacvleli kursi, faqtobrivad, 5,4mln kupons aRwevda. amave wels inflaciis done 7380%-s Sead-genda. mosaxleoba gausaZlis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. saSualoxelfasi TveSi 1,5 aSS dolaris, xolo pensia – 10 aSS centisekvivalenti iyo! paralelurad saxelmwifo biujetis deficitiizrdeboda, oqros rezervi mcirdeboda, importze qveynis SigamoTxovna diddeboda, sagadasaxdelo balansis struqtura uares-deboda da a.S. amasTan, safuZveli Caeyara erovnuli bankis kredi-tebiT biujetis deficitis dafarvis mavne praqtikas.

garda amisa, saqarTvelos ekonomika paralizebuli aRmoCn-da im damangreveli zemoqmedebiT, romelic gamoiwvia omma sa-

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maCablosa da afxazeTSi. qveyanaSi gaCnda devnilTa mTeliarmia, romelic mZime tvirTad daawva ekonomikas. amasTan, swrafadganviTarda `Savi bazari~, romelmac faqtobrivad itvirTa mo-saxleobis biologiuri arsebobis problemis gadaWra.

1994 wlis dasawyisSi miRebul iqna makroekonomikuristabilizaciisa da sistemuri cvlilebebis antikrizisuliprograma. Tvisebrivad axal doneze ganaxlda TanamSromlobasaerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan da msoflio bankTan. didiiyo maTi finansuri mxardaWera stabilizaciis programebismiRebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. 1994 wlis meore naxevridandaiwyo mwvave krizisuli procesebis maCvenebelTa zrdis tem-pebis Seneleba. 1995 wlidan saqarTvelos ukve hqonda parla-mentis mier damtkicebuli biujeti.

1994 wlis bolos erovnulma bankma daiwyo mkacri fulad-sakredito politikis gatareba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada hiper-inflaciis moTokva da obieqturi winapirobebi Seqmna fulisreformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. am periodSi wliuriinflacia 50%-s mcirediT aRemateboda.

cnobili qarTveli mecnieri vladimer papava jer kidev1989 wels werda: `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri damoukideblobaerovnuli qarTuli valutis gareSe dRes Znelad Tu iqnebavinmesTvis misaRebi. es ki gamowveulia ara marto emociebiT,aramed imis realuri gaazrebiTac, rom fuli aris qmediTisaSualeba ekonomikuri damoukideblobis misaRwevad... mimo-qcevaSi unda gamovides saqarTvelos sakuTari valuta _ TeTri~.1

1995 wlis Semodgomaze SemoRebul iqna erovnuli valuta– lari, romelic gamocxadda erTaderT sagadamxdelo saSualebad.dolarTan mimarTebaSi misi gadasacvleli kursi iyo 1 aSS do-lari 1,3 larTan. warmoebis dacema, xuTwliani ekonomikuri var-dna SeCerda. amave wels aRiniSna nulovani zrda – 0,4%-isfarglebSi.

1995 wlis bolodan saqarTvelos ekonomikur politikaSimoxda arsebiTi cvlilebebi da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis`Sokuri~ gza liberalur-monetaruli modeliT Seicvala. amiTsaqarTveloSi daiwyo ekonomikuri reformebis II etapi. mak-


1 `komunisti~, 24 oqtomberi, 1989; papava v. saqarTvelo sabazro ekonomikisgzaze. Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1995, gv. 58, 60.



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roekonomikuri stabilizaciis es orTodoqsuli mimarTulebaam periodidan safuZvlad daedo qveynis ekonomikur politikas.am models saocrad miesadageba saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi SemdgomganviTarebuli socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebi da procesebi.kerZod, daiwyo saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis Semcireba mkacrifiskaluri politikis gatarebiT, rac gadasaxadebis gadidebaSi,sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis, saxelmwifo socialuri xarjebis, saxel-mwifo transferebis, subsidiebisa da a.S. SemcirebaSi gamoixata.mkacr sabiujeto-sagadasaxado politikas mohyva fulad-sakredi-to politikis gamkacrebac, rac `Zviri fulis~ politikaSiaisaxa. misi umTavresi mizani fulis miwodebis mkveTri SezRud-viT inflaciis moTokva da laris kursis stabilizacia iyo.

gatarebuli organizaciuli da ekonomikuri zomebis Sede-gad daregulirda inflaciuri procesebi. 1996 wels inflaciam13,5% Seadgina. ekonomikuri krizisidan qveynis gamosvlis saqmeSiwingadadgmul nabijs socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 1996-2000 wlebis indikaturi gegmis miReba warmoadgenda. amasTan,ganxorcielda rigi instituciuri cvlilebebisa.

1996-1997 wlebSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis maRalitempi da inflaciis zomieri done dafiqsirda. mSp-is mocu-loba saSualod 11%-iT gaizarda, magram rigi saSinao dasagareo faqtorebis uaryofiTi moqmedebis Sedegad 1998 wels,1997 welTan SedarebiT, mSp-is zrdis tempi 2,9%-iT daeca.

saqarTveloSi sabiujeto krizisi praqtikulad 1998 wlispirvel naxevarSi daiwyo. `Zviri fulis~ politikam warmoqmnaiseTi mniSvnelovani problemebi, rogoricaa dabali sainvesti-cio da saqmiani aqtiuroba, gadauxdelobis krizisis gaRrmave-ba, sagadasaxado bazis Sekveca, qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTx-oebis Sesusteba da a.S. yovelive es saxelmwifo biujetissaSemosavlo nawilis mkveTr SemcirebaSi gamoixata. saqarTve-lo erT-erT bolo adgilze aRmoCnda mSp-Si eqsportis wilismixedviT, rac daaxloebiT 3%-s Seadgenda.

sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom rodesac mTavrobam, hiperin-flaciis daZlevis Semdeg, SeinarCuna inflaciis daTrgunviskursi, saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dasafaravad aqcentisagareo valze gaakeTa. sagareo valis gazrdam (misi wilimSp-Si 60%-s aRemateboda) saqarTvelos ekonomika mWidrod

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damokidebuli gaxada msoflio safinanso organizaciebze da,saerTod, msoflio finansuri bazrebis koniunqturaze, ramacxeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo xarjebis araracionaluri struq-turis Camoyalibebas. amasTan, sagareos daemata qveynis Sigavalic, amitom 2003 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti, finansTa samin-istros gancxadebiT, ZiriTadad valebis gastumrebaze iqnaagebuli. es iyo sagareo valis momsaxureba, agreTve xelfase-bisa da pensiebis mimdinare da Zveli valebis gastumreba.sagulisxmoa, rom am periodSi saqarTveloSi pensias iRebdadaaxloebiT 900 aTasi adamiani. 14-lariani pensiis dasarige-blad wliurad saWiro iyo 151 200 aTasi lari. amas ematebo-da 55 mln lari devnilTa dasaxmareblad. sul wliurad 200mln-ze meti lari iyo saWiro mxolod am muxliT. garda amisa,am Tanxas emateboda agreTve sabiujeto organizaciebis xel-fasebi, sagareo valis momsaxureba. yovelive aRniSnulis Sem-deg advili warmosadgenia Tu ra mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndasaqarTvelo 12-wliani reformis Semdeg.

inflaciis daTrgunvas unda Seeqmna pirobebi ekonomikaSiinvestirebis gadidebisaTvis, magram man mxolod inflaciisdamuxruWebis moklevadiani efeqti mogvca, `xanZris Caqrobis~efeqti ufro gamoiwvia, vidre ekonomikis ganviTareba. amisgamo, TandaTan SeuZlebeli gaxda inflaciuri procesebis xan-grZlivi droiT Sekaveba.

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom erovnuli valutisa dafasebis realuri simyare damokidebulia ara mTavrobis mone-tarul mani pulaciaze, aramed erovnul warmoebaze. aq, rogorcityvian, komentari zedmetia: ekonomikis konversiis 12-wlianireformirebis Semdeg 1990 wels warmoebuli mSp-is naxevar-sac ki ver vawarmoebdiT. amasTan, Tu 1990 wels saqarTveloserovnuli simdidre 655 mlrd dolars Seadgenda, 2000 wli-saTvis igi 388 mlrd-mde Semcirda, e.i. danakargma 40,8% Sead-gina.1

bankebi faqtobrivad izolirebuli aRmoCndnen sainvesticiosaqmianobisagan, vinaidan maRali saprocento ganakveTi da daba-li erToblivi moTxovna zRudavda mewarmeobas. cxovrebis nor-


1 arCvaZe i. ra ferisaa miliardi? `merkuri~, Tb., 2002, gv. 21.



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mad iqca korufcia, farTod moikida fexi kontrabandam, romel-mac kidev ufro `daakonserva~ adgilobrivi warmoeba. CixSimoeqca xelisufleba, romelmac ara Tu ver daicva, aramed vercki Seqmna srulyofili, qveynisadmi misadagebuli kanonebi. kapi-talma erovnuli warmoebis nacvlad gezi sazRvargareTiskenaiRo, vinaidan adgilobrivi warmoeba ar iyo mogebiani da saime-do. maRali iyo samewarmeo riski, paralizebuli – unaRdoangariSsworeba. samagierod arnaxul maStabebs miaRwia farul-ma ekonomikam, romelmac 60%-s gadaaWarba, Tumca, zogierT dargSi(magaliTad, jandacvaSi) 75-85%-sac ki miaRwia. qarTul ekonomikurpolitikaSi Tavi iCina dagvianebis efeqtma, gaCnda lagi. qveyanammiznobrivad ver gamoiyena is SeRavaTiani kreditebi da grantebi,romlebic TiTqmis uwyvet nakadad moedineboda saqarTveloSi.

yovelive es da sxva negatiuri faqtorebi xels uSlidaqveynis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasa da progress.

demokratiuli sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia kanonis batonobaze,romlis deficitic saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis mopove-bidan dRemde aSkarad igrZnoba.

cnobilia, rom biznesi Tavis amocanad ar isaxavs iseTiuniversaluri faseulobebis dacvas, rogoricaa Tavisufleba,kanonis uzenaesoba da a.S. maT dasacavad iqmneba axali insti-tutebi, rac usaTuod globalizaciisgan miRebuli sikeTea. sa-qarTveloSic Seiqmna aseTi institutebi. daxmarebis TvalsazrisiTdidi iyo Zalisxmeva rigi saerTaSoriso organizaciebidan, mag-ram imis gamo, rom qveyanaSi ar iyo politikuri neba, saqme verwavida win. amitom im erT nabijs, romelic saqarTvelomgadadga win 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mohyva ori nabijiukan, ris Sedegadac socialuri samarTlianobis lozun-gze agebuli sabWouri monopolia Seicvala klanur in-teresebze agebuli kapitalisturi monopoliiT. aqedangamomdinare, katastrofulad daeca saxelisuflebo struqturebispasuxismgebloba, saxelmwifo interesebi daeqvemdebara erTeul-Ta interesebs. Cven im gzas ar davadeqiT, romelic dasaxulmiznamde migviyvanda. Tumca, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT,rom am periodSi pozitiur Zvrebsac hqonda adgili. gaumjobes-da zogierTi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelic, magaliTad, mSp-ismoculobam 2003 wels Seadgina 1990 wlis donis 46,8%, nacv-

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lad 27,3%-isa 1995 wels. amave maCvenebelma mosaxleobis erTsulze Seadgina, Sesabamisad, 866 aSS dolari, nacvlad 614-isada a.S. magram es, SeiZleba iTqvas, `zRvaSi wveTi~ iyo da arse-biTi gavlena ar mouxdenia qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac msoflio inovaciuriekonomikis prioritetebze alaparakda, ekonomikuri reformebis12 wlisTavze umZimesi iyo saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikurimdgomareoba. reformamdeli 1990 wlis donis miRwevas, mSp-iswarmoebis TvalsazrisiT, 1995-2003 wlebis saSualowliuri tempisgaTvaliswinebiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi), TiTqmis 20 welidasWirdeboda, mrewvelobis produqciis warmoebis moculobisaRdgenas – 40 weli, soflis meurneobisas – 8 weli da a.S.

am periodSi umoqmedo sawarmoTa ricxvma 80%-s miaRwia.ar arsebobda saTanado resursebi ZiriTadi kapitalis ganax-lebisaTvis. qveyanaSi sakmaod mZime sainvesticio garemo Seiqm-na. investiciebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi 9,6%-s Seadgenda.daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomebis Sedegad Camoyalibda qonebrivadmkveTrad diferencirebuli sazogadoeba, rac mTavaria, verCamoyalibda saSualo fena, piriqiT, mosaxleobis 55%siRaribis zRvars miRma aRmoCnda.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar aris, rom saqar-TveloSi Seiqmna revoluciis axali modeli, romelmac miiqciamsoflio sazogadoebis yuradReba.

12-wliani fiaskos Semdeg, saqarTveloSi 2004 wlidan daiwyoradikaluri reformebis III etapi, romelic dRemde grZelde-ba. `vardebis revolucia~ Sefasda rogorc xalxis kon-stituciuri uflebis dacvis gamoxatuleba da igiglobalizaciis Taviseburi gamoZaxilic iyo.

dRes, rodesac msofliom gezi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisCamoyalibebisaken aiRo, myari ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva daukiduresi siRaribis daZleva (anu is, rom igi socialuradasatani iyos) am miznis miRwevis mniSvnelovani prioritetebia.

civilizebulma samyarom kvlav moixeda saqarTvelosken. re-formebis gatarebaSi mniSvnelovan daxmarebas iTvaliswinebsevrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis programa, aSS-is saerTa-Soriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) ̀ saqarTvelos bizneskli-matis reformis~ proeqti, gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP)




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da sxv. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda instituciurgardaqmnebze socialur–ekonomikuri sferos yvela mimarTulebiT,administraciuli da sajaro samsaxuris reformirebaze, sagada-saxado kodeqsis daxvewasa da gamartivebaze, sasamarTlo siste-mis struqturis gaumjobesebaze, faruli ekonomikisa da ko-rufciis farTo masStabebis likvidaciis RonisZiebebze da a.S.sagadasaxado administrirebis gaumjobesebisa da saxelmwifoxarjebis Semcirebis xarjze daZleul iqna 2004 wlamde arse-buli saxelmwifo biujetis permanentuli deficiti. am Tval-sazrisiT, ganvlil xuT weliwadSi win gadaidga nabijebi. gama-rtivda firmebis registraciis procedura, 2007 wels miRebuliqna axali sabaJo kodeqsi, romlis mixedviTac sabaJo gadasax-adebis raodenoba Semcirda 16-dan 3-mde, Seicvala sabaJo tarifebi,romelic meryeobda 1-dan 25%-is farglebSi. 2008 wlis mo-nacemebiT, igi Seadgens: sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze – 12%-s,saamSeneblo masalebze 5%-s da sxva saqonelze – 0%-s. gan-sakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda pirdapiri ucxouri inves-ticiebisa da sabanko kreditebis mozidvaze. oficialuri monace-mebiT, 2004-2007 wlebSi ucxoeTidan kerZo kapitalis nakadebismoculoba 4,6-jer gaizarda da 2,3 mlrd dolars miaRwia.1

miuxedavad pozitiuri Zvrebisa, saqarTvelo jer kidev rTu-li socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebis winaSedgas. upirveles yovlisa, ver moxerxda transformaciuliprocesebis eTikis normebSi warmarTva, ekonomikuri in-teresebis Sejereba, wonasworobis damyareba sazogado-ebriv urTierTobebSi da socialuri solidarobis miRweva,SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba, sazoga-doebrivi seqtoris ganviTareba da a.S. kvazidemokratiaaferxebs ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da sabazro ekonomikaze ga-dasvlas. ukiduresad dabali moTxovnis pirobebSi mwvavea soci-aluri stratifikacia, Rrmavdeba socialuri polarizacia. niSan-doblivia, rom msoflio bankis monacemebiT, siRaribis maRalimaCveneblebis mqone qveynebis CamonaTvalSi saqarTvelo 24-eadgilzea. arsebuli pensia (miuxedavad misi zrdis tendenci-

1 Doing Business. How to Reform. Comparing Regulation in 175 Economies. Washing-ton, DC: The World Bank, 2006,p. 14; http://www.doingbusiness.org/documents/doing-business2007_Overview.pdf.

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isa), saarsebo minimumis 1/3-sac ki ver faravs. mosaxleobismniSvnelovani nawili izolirebulia saqmiani aqtiurobisagan,miTumetes privatizaciis procesebisagan, rac forsirebuli tempiTmimdinareobs da ar iTvaliswinebs qveynis Taviseburebebsa dasazogadoebis moTxovnebs. saTanadod ar aris daculi kerZosakuTreba, rac seriozul safrTxes uqmnis sabazro urTierTo-bebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.1

saxelisuflebo wnexis qveSaa oficialuri statistikurisamsaxuri. arajansaRi statistika xelovnurad cvlis realursuraTs da arTulebs swori daskvnebis gakeTebas.

gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda ganaTlebissistema, am sferoSi arasworad Catarebuli reformis gamo.adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis (romelic 1990 wels pirve-lad aisaxa gaeros ganviTarebis programaSi, xolo 1991 welsdaemata ganaTlebis miRebis saSualo xangrZlivoba, ris safuZ-velzec Seiqmna codnis maCvenebeli) mixedviT, romelic meryeobs0-dan 100 qulamde, ranJirebulia 177 qveyana. 80 da ufromaRali qulis mqone qveynebi miCneulia maRalganviTarebulad,50-mde – dabalganviTarebulad. saqarTvelo iyo saSualoganvi-Tarebuli qveynebis jgufSi 72,9 quliT. aRniSnuli maCvenebliTigi, marTalia darCa saSualoganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSi,magram gauaresda misi mdgomareoba. 2005 wlis monacemebiT, amindikatoris mixedviT saqarTvelom, romelic 81-e adgilze iyo2002 wels, 96-e adgilze gadainacvla.2

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi, oficialuri monaceme-biT, 2003-2007 wlebSi realuri mSp-is zrdis wliuri saSu-alo tempi 9% iyo, xolo 2005_2007 wlebSi 10%-s gada-aWarba,3 jer kidev ver moxerxda 1990 wlis donis miRweva.msoflio bankisa da ssf-is eqspertuli SefasebiT, saqarTve-los ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis de-partamentis monacemebiT, 2008 wels saqarTveloSi realurimSp (mSp-is deflatoris _ fasebis jaWvuri indeqsis meTo-

1 Papava V. The Essence of Economic Reforms in Post-Revolution Georgia: Whatabaut the European Choice? "Georgian International Journal of Science and Technolo-gy." Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 8-9.2 Statistics of the Human Development Raport. 2008; http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics3 ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC,oqtomberi, 2008, gv. 7.



http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics


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diT) Seadgenda 1990 wlis donis 71,1%-s*, maSin rodesac esbarieri daZlia azerbaijanma (192,8%), somxeTma (171,6%), latviam(140,9%), estoneTma (172,7%), litvam (129,7%), TurqmeneTma(218,1%), uzbekeTma (157,3%), yazaxeTma (143,3%), tajikeTma(138,5%), belorusiam (152,7%), ruseTma (112,3%). Tumca, rogorcmsoflio bankis angariSSi – `biznesis keTeba 2008~ – naTqva-mia, saqarTvelos biznesis warmoebis simartivis indeqsis mixedviT(biznesgaremos 178 qveynidan) me-18 adgili ukavia!

ssf-is monacemebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumjobesda ̀ saqmi-ani garemo~, jer kidev, irRveva kontraqtebi, sustia sasamarTlosistema da Rrma korufciisgan qveyanam Tavi ver daaRwia.1

saqarTvelom ver SeZlo eqsportze orientirebuli qveyanagamxdariyo. damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde man Tavi verdaaRwia uaryofiT sagadasaxdelo balanss. savaWro balansisuaryofiTma saldom 2007 wels 4 mlrd dolars miaRwia.saqarTvelos finansTa saministros 2007 wlis monacemebiT, mSp-is 12,3% anu saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 40% samxedrosferos moxmarda. 2005_2007 wlebSi sagadasaxdelo balan-sis mimdinare angariSis deficiti ucxoeTidan kerZo kapital-is SemodinebiT, upirveles yovlisa, pirdapiri ucxouri inves-ticiebiT ifareboda.

saqarTveloSi mwvaved dgas dasaqmebis problema. umuSevrobisoficialuri done ukanasknel wlebSi 13%-s Seadgenda. amasTan,dasaqmebulTa naxevarze meti TviTdasaqmebulia, gansakuTrebiTsoflis meurneobaSi.

dRes saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis ZiriTadi mizezebi axaliwarmoqmnili ar aris da Sidasistemuria. umuSevarTa rigebiszrdis axali talRa 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg daiwyo.amis mTavari mizezi araxelsayreli biznesgaremo da am fonzeucxouri kompaniebis mier saqarTveloSi investiciebis Cadebazeuaris Tqma gaxda. amasTan, msoflioSi ganviTarebulma finansur-ma krizisma, bunebrivia, uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina qveynisekonomikaze, gansakuTrebiT gaamwvava umuSevrobis problema.

* amasTan miaxloebuli maCvenebeli _ 68,2% moyvanilia g. malaSxiasstatiaSi: ekonomikaSi qronikuli krizisebis anatomiis Sesaxeb. `socialuriekonomika~, # 4, 2009, gv. 17.

1 Georgia: Selected Issues//TNF Country Report 06/170. May, 2008, pp. 23-28.

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saqarTvelodan samuSaod wasuli emigrantebi ukan brundebian,ucxoeTSi mcxovreb saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa fuladi gzav-nilebi mcirdeba, amas emateba 30 aTasamde devnili axlad-okupirebuli teritoriebidan. agvistos omSi ruseTis mier ok-upirebulia saqarTvelos Semdegi teritoriebi: didi liaxvisxeobidan 9 sofeli (kexvi, sveri, Zarweni, qemerti, xeiTi, TamaraSeni,zemo aCabeTi, qvemo aCabeTi, qurTa), patara liaxvis xeobidan 5sofeli (frisi, eredvi, vanaTi, disevi da sacxeneTi) da fronesxeobidan 2 sofeli (avnevi, nuli), agreTve axalgoris raioni dakodoris xeoba (mTlianad, saqarTvelos teritoriis TiTqmis 20%).

saqarTvelo totaluri umuSevrobis safrTxis winaSe aR-moCnda. mcirdeba ekonomikuri aqtiuroba, bunebrivia, dasaqmebacSemcirdeba. eqspertTa SefasebiT, umuSevrobis msxverpli qvey-nis mosaxleobis minimum 25% aRmoCndeba.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi TiTqmis 18-wlianma ekonomikurmareformam gacilebiT meti problema Seqmna, vidre gadawyvita.qveyana kvlav ekonomikur CixSi moeqca.

axali ekonomikuri sistemis mSenebloba unda gamxdariyosaqarTveloSi cxovrebis donis amaRlebisa da samarTlianobisprincipebze agebuli sistemis Camoyalibebis safuZveli. samwux-arod ase ar moxda. saqarTveloSi jer kidev laparakia araekonomikis socialur orientaciaze, aramed adamianis biologiurarsebobasa da eris gadarCenaze. qveynis arasworma marTvam daarsebulma ekonomikurma politikam gamoiwvia ekonomikis moSla.naklebad iqna gaTvaliswinebuli axali msoflio wesrigisa dasamoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis moTxovnebi. saqarTveloaRmoCnda Tavisebur represiul reJimSi.

miuxedavad, mZime politikuri da socialur-ekonomikurimdgomareobisa, saqarTvelos aqvs potenciali gadaWras mis winaSearsebuli rTuli problemebi. upirveles yovlisa, mTavaria ar-sebuli SesaZleblobebis gonivrulad gamoyeneba da is 4,5 mlrd-ze meti dolari, romelic 2010 wlis CaTvliT unda SemovidessaqarTveloSi grantisa da kreditis saxiT, mizanmimarTuladmoxmardes qveyanas. saqarTveloSi prioritetuli unda gaxdeseqsportze orientirebuli warmoebis xelSewyoba, xolo xangr-Zlivi moxmarebis saqonlis importTan SedarebiT upiratesobateqnologiur importsa da lizingis ganviTarebas mieniWos. amasTan,




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rogorc uwmindesi da unetaresi ilia II brZanebs èkonomikaganviTardeba, Tu saqarTvelo Seinaxavs erovnul faseulobebs~.1

saqarTvelo rom fexze dadges, amisaTvis, upirveles yov-lisa, aucilebelia arsebobdes politikuri neba rogorc qvey-nis SigniT, ise mis gareT.


ananiaSvili i., aCelaSvili k., mesxia i., papava v., sila-gaZe a., wereTeli g. makroekonomikuri regulirebis meTode-bi da modelebi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 2003;

abesaZe r. ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis Ziri-Tadi Sedegebi da momavlis amocanebi saqarTveloSi. `sabazroekonomikis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi~. II tomi.Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 2002;

amaRlobeli d. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsi. `bi-uleteni~. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTare-bis centri, № 11, 1998;

arCvaZe i. ra ferisaa miliardi? Tb., `merkuri~, 2002;

asaTiani r. momsaxureba da sabazro sistema. Tb., `Tbili-sis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1993;

asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze:sameurneo reformis Sedegebi da perspeqtivebi. `socialur-ekonomikur gardaqmnaTa strategia da taqtika gardamaval pe-riodSi~. saerTaSoriso samecniero simpoziumis masalebi. Tb.,13-14 noemberi, 1997;

asaTiani r. ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTveloSi: nabijiwin, ori nabiji ukan. `makro mikro ekonomika~, # 8, 2000;

asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika: warsuli, awmyo, per-speqtiva. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2002;

asaTiani r. patara qveyanas didi Secdomebis ufleba araaqvs. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2005;

II Tavi

1 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. Tb., ̀ geokeria~, 2004, gv. 294.



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asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika arasabazro kapitalizmisCixSi. èkonomisti~, # 1, 2009;

axvlediani b., SixaSvili g., bakaSvili n. marTlmadi-debeli Teologiuri ekonomikisa da marTvis safuZvlebi. Tb.,`meridiani~, 2009;

balceroviCi l. saxelmwifo gardamaval periodSi. Tb., 2002;

basaria r., mesxia i. gardamavali periodis makroekono-mikuri problemebi. Tb., fski, 1995;

basilia T., baqraZe p., begiaSvili g. da sxvebi. ekono-mikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. reformis pirveli Sedegebi. Tb.,ekonomikuri reformebis sainformacio centri, 1998;

basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturitransformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze.Tavi I, II, III, IV, Tb., 2001;

gogoxia r. Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema: arsi, modelebi,ganviTarebis tendenciebi. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamom-cemloba~, 2004;

gvelesiani m. ra aris ekonomikuri politika. Tb., `komen-tari~, 2000;

gvelesiani r., gogriSvili i. ekonomikuri politika.wigni I. Tb., ̀ universali~, 2008;

griSikaSvili a. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi: problemebi,perspeqtivebi. Tb., seb, 1998;

kakulia r. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis Teoriisa dapraqtikis problemebi. Tb., 2003;

kakulia m. omis Semdgomi safrTxeebi saqarTveloSi damaTi neitralizaciis gzebi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ten-denciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC, oqtomberi, 2008;

kaxniaSvili j. makroekonomika: Teoria da politika. IInawili. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 1997;

krugmani p. rogor moaxerxes ekonomistebma yvelafrisarasworad gageba. Targmani inglisuridan. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomi-ka~, # 10, 2009;




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leiaSvili p. ekonomikuri Teoria da praqtika gardamavaletapze. Tb., 2002;

malaSxia g. qveynis ekonomikuri veqtori. `Sromebi~. VItomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sag-amomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2008;

malaSxia g. ekonomikaSi qronikuli krizisebis anatomiisSesaxeb. `socialuri ekonomika~, # 4, 2009;

mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTvelo-Si. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996;

mesxia i., saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanamedrove safrTxeebida axali gamowvevebi. `Sromebi~. VII tomi. saqarTvelosekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siax-le~, 2009;

papava g. sabazro ekonomikaze saqarTvelos gadasvlissafuZvlebi. Tb., ̀ ena~, 1991;

papava v. saqarTvelos sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis kon-cefcia. Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 1991;

papava v. saqarTvelo sabazro ekonomikis gzaze. Tb. `mec-niereba~, 1995;

papava v. leSek balceroviCi da saqarTvelo. `makro mik-ro ekonomika~, № 12, 2001;

papava v. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri eko-nomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tavi II, III. Tb., pdp, 2002;

papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis mak-roekonomika. Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005;

papava v. postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi ganxorciele-buli ekonomikuri reformebis paTologiuri anatomia. `Srome-bi~. VI tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia.Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2008;

saqarTvelos socialur_ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 1996_2000wlebis indikaturi gegma. Tb., 1996;

saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebi. statistikuri krebu-li. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statis-tikis departamenti. Tb., 2008;

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saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi ilia II socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. Semd-geneli g. SixaSvili. Tb., `geokeria~, 2004;

yufunia g. saqarTvelos ekonomika (makroekonomikuri as-peqtebi). Tb., 2006;

Ciqava l. saqarTvelos ekonomika. nawili I. Tb., `meridi-ani~, 1995;

WiTanava n. sabazro ekonomikis formirebis organizaciu-li problemebi. Tb., sessepski, 1993;

WiTanava n. saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis tenden-ciebi da orientirebi. ̀ Sromebi~. IV tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2004;

WiTanava n. gardamavali periodis socialur-ekonomikuriproblemebi. Tavi II, III. Tb., sessepski, 1997;

WiTanava n., TakalanZe l. socialuri ekonomika. I nawi-li, III Tavi. Tb., ̀ inovacia~, 2008;

Asatiani R. Post-communist Transition Period in the Georgian Economy."The Caucasus & Globalization". Vol. 3, Issue 2-3. Ca&CC Press, Sweden, 2009;

Blanchard O. The Economics of Postcommunist Transformation. Oxfopd,Calderon Press, 1997;

Galbraith J. K. Economics in the Century Ahead. In: The Future of Eco-nomics. Oxfopd, Blackwell, 1992;

Georgia: Selected Issues//TNF Country Report 06/170. May, 2008;Doing Business. How to Reform. Comparing Regulation in 175 Economies.

Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006;International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2008. Georgia: Letter of Intent. Mem-

orandum of Economic and Financial Policies and Technical Memorandum ofUnderstanding. 9 September, 2008. Available at: http://www.imf.org;

Papava V. The Georgian Economy: Problems of Reform. "Eurasian Stud-ies," vol. 2, № 2, 1995;

Papava V. The Georgian Economy: From "Shoc Therapy" to "Social Pro-moution". "Communist Economies & Economic Transformation". vol. 8, № 8,1996;

Papava V. The Essence of Economic Reforms in Post-Revolution Georgia:What abaut the European Choice? "Georgian International Journal of Scienceand Technology." Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2008;



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Асатиани Р. Феномен глобализации и его влияние на национальныеэкономики (на примере Грузии). "Кавказ и глобализация", Том 1(3), Ca&CCPress, IШвеция , 2007;

Бальцерович Л., Гелб А. Макроэкономическая политика при переходек рыньку: опыт трех лет. М., "МЭиМО", № 3, 1995;

Беридзе Т. Грузия в 2008 году: политические и экономические итоги.`Sromebi~. VII tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa aka-demia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2009;

Богомолов О. Реформы в зеркале международных сравнений. М.,"Экономика", 1998;

Гайгер Л. Макроэкономическая теория и переходная экономика. М.,ИНФРА-М., 1996;

Гэльбрейт Дж. К. Экономические теории и цели общества. Перевод санглийского. М., "Прогресс", 1979;

Зарицкий Б. Людвиг Эрхард: секреты "экономического чуда". М.,БЕК, 1997;

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Крегель Я., Мацнер Э., Грабхер Г. Рыночный шок. Вена, 1992;Кузнецов В. К теории переходной экономики. "МЭиМО", № 2, 1994;Папава В., Беридзе Т. Очерки политической экономии посткомму-

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пост-Вашингтонскому консенсусу. "Вопросы экономики", № 8, 1998;Стиглиц Дж. Куда ведут реформы? (к десятилетию начала переход-

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II Tavi


http://hdr.undp.org/

http://www.doingbusiness.org/documents/doingbusiness2007_Overview.pdf


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III Tavi

instituciuri reformebi

qarTuli saxelmwifos instituciuri mowyobis ontologiurigardaqmnis aucilebloba. instituciuri reformebis mimarTulebebida prioritetebi. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba rogorcpostkomunisturi transformaciis instituciuri bazis formi-rebis procesi da safuZveli. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisformebisa da meTodebis gaxorcielebis Taviseburebebi saqar-Tvelos postkomunistur gardamaval ekonomikaSi. privatiza-cia – sakuTrebis demokratizaciisa da erovnuli ekonomikismodernizaciis safuZveli. ìnstituciuri mibmis~ koncefcia dasaqarTvelo.

III. 1 . qarTuli saxelmwifos instituciuri mowyobisontologiuri gardaqmnis aucilebloba

ekonomikis postkomunisturi transformaciis arsis garkveviserT-erTi qmediTi midgoma instituciuri analizia.1 sayovelTaodaRiarebulia, rom jansaRi instituciuri garemos Camoyalibebaekonomikuri ganviTarebis sawindaria. ekonomikis realuri tran-sformacia swored amiT iwyeba da mis swor warmarTvaze bevradaris damokidebuli ekonomikuri reformebis warmateba Tu waru-

gaxsovdeT, mTavari brZola borotTanmogebulia. maS, ibrZoleT, Cveni gmiri wi-naprebis msgavsad, raTa sakuTar TavSi daTqven garSemo daicvaT Tqveni wili saqar-Tvelo.


6. r. asaTiani



82

matebloba.

sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavalma periodma saqarTveloSi(ise rogorc am `talRaSi~ moqceul sxva qveynebSi) Tvisebri-vad axali institutebis Seqmna moiTxova, romelTa erTi naw-ili arsebuli institutebis transformaciis, xolo meore naw-ili, maTi rRvevis Sedegad unda Camoyalibebuliyo. es urTule-si procesi konceptualur sistemur midgomas moiTxovda daiseTi faseulobebi wamoswia wina planze, rogoricaa socia-lur-fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, qcevis kultura, racionalizmiazrovnebasa da qmedebaSi da a.S. qarTuli saxelmwifos insti-tuciur mowyobaSi gardamavali periodis sawyis etapze maTgacilebiT didi roli eniWebodaT, vidre arsebul materialur-teqnologiur resursebs. Sereuli ekonomikis formireba, fasebTanerTad, mTeli samewarmeo saqmianobis liberalizacias moiTxovda,rac, Tavis mxriv, dRis wesrigSi ayenebda ekonomikis demonopoliza-ciis ganxorcielebasa da antimonopoliuri regulirebis aucileb-lobas, sakuTrebis demokratizaciisa da pluralizmis damkvidrebas,sabazro infrastruqturis Camoyalibebas, gare samyarosTan Tavis-ufali ekonomikuri urTierTobebis farTod gaSlasa da a.S.

amis paralelurad, Tanamedrove msoflioSi globaluriekonomikis formirebis procesi, Tavis mxriv, Caketilidan Riaekonomikaze gadasvlas ganapirobebs, rac, bunebrivia, Sesabamisiinstituciuri reformebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

instituciuri reformebis es mravalmxrivi da yovlismom-cveli procesi aucilebels xdis qveynis ekonomikuri strate-giis makrodoneze gaanalizebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, xSiraderTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori da meti gansxvavebuli meTod-ologiuri midgoma, romelTagan erTi emyareba ekonomikuri indi-vidualizmisa da maqsimaluri ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis, xolomeore _ ekonomikuri wesrigisa da ekonomikuri zrdis poziciebs.es dapirispireba gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad iCens Tavs ganviTare-bad qveynebSi.

pirveli pozicia, romelic gulisxmobs ekonomikuri in-dividualizmisa da maqsimaluri ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis pri-oritets, saTaves iRebs jer kidev a. smiTidan da Tavisufalikonkurenciis epoqidan. misi amosavali principia ekonomikururTierTobebSi individualuri samewarmeo interesebis, rogorc

III Tavi



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ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalis, gaZliereba da ekonomikaSisaxelmwifos Carevis minimizacia. am SemTxvevaSi SedegianobisSefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdegi wesi: ìs, rac xelsayreliaekonomikuri subieqtisTvis (firmisTvis, individisTvis) avtomatu-rad xelsayrelia mTeli makrosistemisTvis~. aseTi midgomaxangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobda kapitalisturi qvey-nebis ekonomikur politikaSi da ganvlo grZeli, amasTan, winaaRm-degobebiT savse evoluciuri gza.

meore pozicia, romelic gulisxmobs ekonomikuri wes-rigisa da ekonomikuri zrdis prioritets, aqcents makro-sistemis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mdgradobaze akeTebsda, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, SeuzRudavi individualizmis igno-rirebas axdens.

rogorc msoflio gamocdilebidan Cans, SeuzRudavi indi-vidualizmi ekonomikaSi adre Tu gvian makrosistemis krizissiwvevs. amasTan, es principi araadvekaturia sabazro ekonomiki-sTvis, romelic Tavisi arsiTa da bunebiT gansxvavdeba XXsaukunis 40-ian wlebamde damkvidrebuli kapitalisturi ekono-mikuri sistemisagan.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi mdgradi da efeqtiani ekonomikuristrategiis amocanebis SemuSavebasa da gadawyvetaSi yuradRe-ba ekonomikur wesrigsa da ekonomikur zrdazea gamaxvilebu-li. instituciuri reformebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebises mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia saqarTve-losTvis Zvelis nangrevebze axali ekonomikuri sistemis mSeneb-lobis procesSi.

III. 2 . instituciuri reformebis mimarTulebebida prioritetebi

postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis Tanmxlebi proce-sis – instituciuri gardaqmnebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi TviTekonomikuri reformebis konkretuli miznebidan gamomdinareobsda sabazro ekonomikis fuZemdebluri principebiTaa ganpirobe-buli. axalma institutebma unda uzrunvelyon sabazro ur-TierTobebisa da biznesis ganviTarebisTvis jansaRi, samarT-lebrivi da maregulirebeli garemos Seqmna. aqedan gamomdinare,




84

upirvelesi prioriteti reformis sakanonmdeblo-samarT-lebriv uzrunvelyofas eniWeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,axali ekonomikuri sistemis konstituciur uzrunvelyofasa daSesabamis kanonTa sistemis Seqmnas gulisxmobs.

instituciuri reformebis Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaaadministraciuli struqturebisa da funqciebis trans-formacia, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis radikaluri Secvla dasabazro principebTan misadageba, saxelmwifos marTvis axalistruqturebis (sasamarTlo sistema, antimonopoliuri samsax-uri, bunebrivi monopoliebis maregulirebeli komisiebi, sax-elmwifo qonebis marTvis organo, garemos dacvis struqturada a.S.) Camoyalibeba da sxv.

instituciuri reformebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mima-rTulebaa sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba (rasac Tanaxlavs kerZo sakuTrebis institutis damkvidreba) da mewarmeobisganviTareba, mcire, saSualo da msxvili biznesis xelSewyoba,xelsayreli sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, fermeruli meurneo-bis Camoyalibeba da a.S.

instituciuri reformebis Semadgeneli nawilia sabazroinfrastruqturis formireba. sabazro urTierTobebis rTu-li sistema moiTxovs mis Sesabamis infrastruqturas. masSiSedis calkeuli bazris farglebSi moqmedi specializebuliorganizaciebi. esenia: saqonlisa da safondo birJebi, safinanso-sagadasaxado sistemis Sesabamisi institutebi, bankebi, sadazRve-vo da sainvesticio kompaniebi, profkavSirTa da pensionerTafondebi da a.S.

sabazro urTierTobebis rTuli sistemis faseulobebisdamkvidrebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs qveyanaSi poli-tikuri demokratiisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobas,iseTi sistemuri transformaciis ganxorcielebas, romelicganapirobebs adamianis politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul, re-ligiur Tavisuflebas, socialuri programebis SemuSavebisaucileblobasa da ekonomikisTvis socialuri orientaciis mice-mas, socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofas, politikuradda ekonomikurad samarTliani qveynis imijis SeqmniT axal msofliowesrigSi saTanado adgilis damkvidrebasa da a.S.

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomika ar warmoadgens ekono-mikas wesebis gareSe. am wesebis dacva aucilebelia yvela im

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qveynisaTvis, romelmac miznad aseTi ekonomikis Seqmna daisaxa.amitom, bunebrivia, urTulesi amocanebis winaSe dadga saqarTve-lo saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg daukiduresad gamwvavebuli politikuri procesebis fonze, miskvaldakval daiwyo ekonomikis konversia.

III.3. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba rogorcpostkomunisturi transformaciis instituciuri

bazis formirebis procesi da safuZveli

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis upirveles amocanad sakuTre-bis gansaxelmwifoebrivebaa aRiarebuli. es procesi, rogorcsakuTrebis mravalformianobis damkvidrebis garanti, instituci-uri reformebis, SeiZleba iTqvas, aTvlis wertiladaa miCneuli.igi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis, konkurenciuli garemos Seqmnisada, saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikuri zrdis sawindaria.

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba gulisxmobs saxelmwifoqonebis usasyidlod gadacemas an sxvadasxva pirobiT gayidvasrogorc SromiT koleqtivebze, ise kerZo pirebze, aqcionerebze,sazRvargareTul firmebsa da a.S. misi mizania warmoebis saSu-alebebisa da warmoebis Sedegebisagan uSualo mwarmoebelTagaucxovebis mospoba, meurneobis agentebsa da maTi saqmianobisSedegebs Soris dakarguli kavSirurTierTobebis aRdgena, bazrispozitiuri SesaZleblobebis aqtivizacia da a.S. sakuTrebisgansaxelmwifoebriveba, rogorc wesi, xels uwyobs mewarmeobisganviTarebas, uyairaTobisa da korufciis daZlevas. mas axaliekonomikuri stimulebi Seaqvs SromiT saqmianobaSi, farTo gasaqansaZlevs sasaqonlo-fulad urTierTobebsa da zogadsakacobriofaseulobebs. aseT pirobebSi arsebiTad icvleba saxelmwifosroli: igi gvevlineba ara mxolod rogorc mesakuTre da meur-neobrivi subieqti, aramed rogorc ekonomikis regulatori.

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis Sedegad warmoiqmnebaTavisufali mewarmeebi, romlebic SeiZleba warmodgenilni iyvnenindividualuri mewarmeebis, umciresi, mcire, saSualo an msxvi-li firmebis saxiT. organizaciul formebs aq ara aqvT gadam-wyveti mniSvneloba. mTavaria daculi iqnes Semdegi moTxovnebi:a). meurneobrivi damoukideblobis mopoveba, romelic Sexamebu-




86

li iqneba bazris moTxovnebTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobssaxelmwifo organoebis Caurevlad samoqmedo programis gan-sazRvras, moTxovna-miwodebis safuZvelze fasebis formirebas,mimwodeblebisa da momxmareblebis Tavisufal arCevans, savalde-bulo gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlebis damoukide-blad gamgeblobas da a.S.; b). saboloo SedegebisaTvis ekonomikuripasuxismgeblobis gaZliereba. rac ufro srulyofilad iqnebadaculi es pirobebi, miT ufro metia sabazro meqanizmis meSve-obiT ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis SesaZleblobebi.

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba sawarmoTa gamoy-vanaa mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo organoebis uSualodaqvemdebarebidan da maTi gardaqmna kerZo sawarmo-ebad, aqcionerul sazogadoebebad, amxanagobebad, koop-erativebad da sxva arasaxelmwifoebriv struqturebad.igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva formiT, maT SorisZiriTadia saxelmwifo sakuTrebis privatizacia, aqcionireba,arendiT gadacema da a.S.

dasavleT evropis qveynebisaTvis 80-iani wlebidan damaxas-iaTebelia ekonomikis regulirebis procesebis swrafi ganvi-Tareba da saxelmwifo sawarmoTa gansaxelmwifoebriveba, maTSoris _ privatizacia. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynebSi, aSS-sagangansxvavebiT, sadac saxelmwifo seqtoris wili mcirea, didyuradRebas uTmoben saxelmwifo seqtoris SenarCunebasa damisi konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas. dasavleT evropis bevriqveynis ZiriTad kapitalSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis wili daax-loebiT 1/3-s Seadgens. amasTan, saxelmwifo mewarmeoba gaaqti-urebulia socialuri infrastruqturis dargebSi, gansakuTre-biT jandacvaSi, ganaTlebasa da kulturaSi. misi mniSvnelovaninawili modis kavSirgabmulobasa da informaciis erovnulsistemaze, energetikisa da transportis zogierT saxeobaze,bunebis dacvis institutebze, sapolicio da saxanZro samsax-urze, penitenciur dawesebulebebze, agreTve samxedro warmoe-baze, Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebasTan dakavSirebul sawarmoebzeda a.S. isini funqcionireben saxelmwifo organoebis pirdapirikontroliT da faqtobrivad gamocalkevebulni arian sabazrourTierTobebis sferodan.

safrangeTSi saxelmwifo sawarmoebs gansakuTrebuli roliganekuTvneba ZviradRirebuli, maRalteqnologiuri programe-

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bis realizaciaSi. didia saxelmwifo mewarmeobis roli ato-mur energetikaSi, maRali siCqaris matareblebis warmoebaSi,àerobusis~, ̀ evrikisa~ da ̀ arianis~ programebis ganxorciele-baSi. aseve ar momxdara aviasatransporto da aviakosmosuridargebis privatizacia.

did britaneTSi privatizaciis politikam, romelic ̀ tetCe-rizmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili, mkacri forma miiRo. mas, rogorcsaxelmwifo mewarmeobis Semcirebis mizandasaxul RonisZiebaTasistemas, farTo sarbieli mieca m. tetCeris konservatiulimTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi, xolo Semdeg igi farTodgavrcelda safrangeTSi, gfr-Si, italiasa da sxva qveynebSi. maTSiganviTareba pova saxelmwifo sakuTrebis rogorc srulma, isenawilobrivma gamosyidvam, Sereuli (saxelmwifo–kerZo) sawar-moebis Seqmnam, ramac damatebiTi impulsi misca sabazro ekonomikisganviTarebas.

aSS-Si SeimCneva saxelmwifo aqcioneruli kapitalis priva-tizaciis SedarebiT susti talRa, rac aixsneba ara martoimiT, rom evropuli sazomis mixedviT, saxelmwifo mewarmeobisseqtoris masStabi am qveyanaSi umniSvneloa, aramed imiTac,rom bevri sawarmo, romelic ekonomikuri aucileblobis gamoSenarCunebulia saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi, mimzidveli ar ariskerZo biznesisaTvis.

amrigad, rogorc ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba gviCve-nebs, sabazro ekonomikis formirebisaTvis ar aris aucilebelida zog SemTxvevaSi mizanSeuwonelicaa saxelmwifo sakuTebissruli transformacia. aucilebelia warmoiqmnas sabazro urTier-Tobebis srulfasovani subieqtebis sakmao raodenoba, romelTaceqnebaT sabazro garemos formirebisa da kvlavwarmoebis SesaZ-lebloba.

III. 4 . sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisformebisa da meTodebis ganxorcielebis

Taviseburebebi saqarTvelos postkomunisturgardamaval ekonomikaSi

rogor unda momxdariyo saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis gansaxel-mwifoebriveba? erTi SexedviT problema arc ise rTuli iyo




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da SeiZleboda misi advilad gadaWra sawarmoebis sauwyebodaqvemdebarebidan gamoyvanis, Tavisuflebis miniWebis gziT. ma-gram, socialur-ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobebis mkveTrad gamwvavebisfonze saqarTvelos uxdeboda kacobriobis istoriaSi iseTiuprecedento problemis gadawyveta, romelic dakavSirebuli iyomraval sirTulesTan da romlis analogic ar moiZebneba msof-lio civilizaciis istoriaSi. saxeldobr, pirveli, unda momx-dariyo gansaxelmwifoebriveba ZiriTadad imisa, rac arasdrosar yofila kerZo sakuTrebaSi da Tavidanve Seiqmna saxelmwifosakuTrebis saxiT; meore, gansaxelmwifoebuli qoneba unda gada-scemoda iseT sazogadoebas, romelic arasdros ar yofila ker-Zo mesakuTre da romelsac ar hqonda kerZo mewarmeobis gamocdilebada Cvevebi; mesame, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom sakuTreba,romelic gansaxelmwifoebrivebas eqvemdebareboda, Seadgenda erovnu-li simdidris solidur nawils, romlis Rirebuleba, miwis, misiwiaRiseulisa da sxva bunebrivi resursebis CaTvliT, uzarmaz-aria, advili warmosadgenia is sirTuleebi da masStaburoba, racukavSirdeboda am process.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilebul iqna privatiza-ciaze, rogorc gansaxelmwifoebrivebis erT-erT ZiriTad for-maze. igi ara mxolod ekonomikuri, aramed udidesi politikuriaqtia, romlis ganxorcieleba bevrad gansazRvravda saqarTveloSimkvdari wertilidan ekonomikuri reformebis daZvras.

privatizacia saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gardaqmnaa per-sonificirebul kerZo sakuTrebad. aseT SemTxvevaSi qone-bis mflobeli xdeba konkretuli piri.

saqarTveloSi imTaviTve daiwyo mwvave diskusia sakuTrebisgansaxelmwifoebrivebis formebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. amasTan,TviT privatizaciis aqtiur momxreebs Sorisac ar iyo azrTaerTianoba misi gatarebis gzebisa da vadebis Sesaxeb. amasTandakavSirebiT, ekonomikuri literaturaSi arsebul mravaliwinadadebis ganzogadebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi sami ZiriTadi,erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavebuli varianti: pirvelivariantis mixedviT saxelmwifo sakuTreba usasyidlod daTanabrad unda gadascemoda sazogadoebis yvela wevrs an immuSakebs, romlebic dasaqmebulni iyvnen materialuri warmoebissawarmoebSi. meore varianti iTvaliswinebda saxelmwifo qonebis

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masobriv gayidvas, xolo mesame varianti – saxelmwifo holdinge-bis anu iseTi specialuri saxelmwfoebrivi organizaciebisSeqmnas, romelTa gankargulebaSi iqneboda privatizebul sawar-moTa aqciebis sakontrolo paketi, xolo maT farglebSi sawar-moebi aqciebis jvaredini mflobelebi gaxdebodnen.

usasyidlo privatizaciis ganxorcieleba yvelaze martivigzaa, romelic saSualebas mogvcemda sakmaod swrafad gagve-xorcielebina sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba, magram ramde-nad swori iyo igi? am variantis momxreni eyrdnobodnen immosazrebas, rom saxelmwifos xelT arsebuli warmoebrivi daarawarmoebrivi fondebi (sabWouri klasifikaciiT) mTeli sa-zogadoebis mier aris Seqmnili da amdenad mis TiToeul wevrsekuTvnis Sesabamisi wili privatizebuli saxelmwifo qonebidan;amasTan, amJamad arsebuli saxelmwifo sakuTreba saarvisoa da,aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba misi dayofa, miTviseba da a.S.

aRniSnuli problema seriozul midgomas moiTxovda. ram-denad swori iqneboda sazogadoebis mier saukuneebis ganmav-lobaSi Seqmnili da milionTa sicocxlis fasad daculi erovnu-li simdidris aseTi denacionalizacia? amasTan, pirovneba,romelic yovelgvari Sromis gareSe miiRebda saxelmwifo qonebiswils da gadaiqceoda, SeiZleba iTqvas, nominalur mesakuTred,rogor gamoiyenebda mas da ra wvlils Seitanda warmoebisprocesSi? saxelmwifo sakuTrebis aseTi ganawilebis gamomomavali Taoba xom ar daayenebda misi revoluciis gziT xela-xali gadanawilebis sakiTxs?

privatizaciis aseTi gzis nakli kidev ufro didia saxelm-wifo sawarmoebis maTSi dasaqmebulTaTvis usasyidlod gadace-mis SemTxvevaSi. aseTi ùzurpatoruli~ RonisZieba mZime mdgo-mareobaSi Caayenebda maswavleblebs, eqimebs da, saerTod, im muSakebs,romlebic ar muSaobdnen materialuri warmoebis sferoSi, agreTvepensionerebs, studentebs da a.S. isini (saqarTveloSi maTi ricx-ovneba im periodSi daaxloebiT dasaqmebulTa 31%-s Seadgenda)saxelmwifo qonebis araviTar wils ar miiRebdnen, darCebodnenyovelgvari kompensaciis gareSe da, faqtobrivad, gancalkeve-bulni da gaucxoebulni sakuTrebisagan.

saxelmwifo sawarmos koleqtivis am sawarmos kapitalismesakuTred gamocxadeba gamoiwvevda agreTve socialuri sa-




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marTlianobis darRvevasa da umarTebulo qonebriv diferenci-acias. es procesi Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda da kidev ufrogaRrmavdeboda. mosaxleobis erTi nawili memkvidreobiT mi-iRebda sakuTrebas, xolo meore – moklebuli iqneboda saarse-bo saSualebebs. amasTan, sakuTrebis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebu-li wili SexvdebodaT materialuri warmoebis sxvadasxva dargismuSakebs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi 80-iani wleb-is bolos kapitalSeiaraReba dargobriv WrilSi erT momuSavezemeryeobda 7,6 aTasi maneTidan (msubuq mrewvelobaSi) 215,7aTas maneTamde (eleqtroenergetikaSi), e.i. es TanafardobadaaxloebiT 1 : 28-Tan iyo.1 es sxvaoba, teqnikuri aRWurvilo-bis doneSi did gansxvavebasTan erTad, sxva faqtorebis gaTvalis-winebiT, kidev ufro TvalsaCino iyo calkeuli sawarmoebismixedviT. kargad aRWurvili sawarmos muSakebi ufro metisakuTrebis mflobelni aRmoCndebodnen, vidre isini, romlebicdasaqmebulni iyvnen moZvelebul, ararentabelur sawarmoebSi.

avtorTa absoluturi umravlesoba mivida im daskvnamde,rom saxelmwifo sakuTrebis usasyidlod gadacemis SemTxveva-Si moqalaqeebs (bavSvebisa da pensionerebis CaTvliT) maT wilsakuTrebaze unda mieRoT dokumenti sertifikatis, aqciis, Tama-suqis da a.S. saxiT.

zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, fasiani qaRaldi misi mflobe-lisaTvis warmoadgens mowmobas sakuTrebis kuTvnil wilzedividendis, procentis, an Semosavlis sxva formis miRebisuflebis Sesaxeb. amitom ar unda momxdariyo misi gayidva,memkvidreobiT gadacema, gaCuqeba da a.S. amasTan, mis mflobelsunda akrZaloda am wilis materialuri an fuladi resursebissaxiT miRebis ufleba.

avtorTa meore jgufis SexedulebiT, fasiani qaRaldebismflobels unda miniWeboda mesakuTris yvela ufleba: yidvis,gacvlis, gaCuqebis, axal saqmeSi dabandebisa da a.S. aseT SemTx-vevaSi fasiani qaRaldebis moqmedebis sfero ar izRudeba daisini asruleben safondo saqonlis, fuladi kapitalisa dagadaxdis saSualebis funqciebs. amasTan, fulad kapitalad

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gadaqcevis SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT Seasrulon sainvesticioresursebis rolic.

ismis kiTxva: vin da ra wyaroebiT gadaixdida dividends anprocents fasian qaRaldebze? ZiriTadad arsebobs ori varianti:

pirveli, Tu saxelmwifo ikisrebda am funqcias, maSin Zaliankargi finansuri mdgomareobis pirobebSic ki gauWirdeboda misiSesruleba (mis sagareo Tu saSinao valebs esec daemateboda);magram, davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifom Seasrula, SeiZleba iTqvas,aseTi mevalis funqcia da fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelebs gada-uxada dividendi, maSin igi ukan daibrunebda mesakuTris rols,xolo fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelebi, TavianTi sakuTrebis iu-ridiuli da ekonomikuri uflebebis realizaciis mizniT, iZule-bulni iqnebodnen isev daemyarebinaT urTierToba saxelmwifos-Tan. saboloo angariSiT, es niSnavda imas, rom gansaxelmwifoeb-riveba ar momxdara an moxda formalurad.

meore, Tu saxelmwifo sakuTreba gadavidoda sawarmosmuSakTa sakuTrebaSi da amis safuZvelze Camoyalibdeboda aq-cioneruli sazogadoeba, maSin bunebrivia, es ukanaskneli gada-ixdida dividends im Semosavlidan, romelsac gamoimuSavebdaTviT ̀ SromiTi koleqtivi.~ gansaxelmwifoebrivebis aseTi variantigamoiwvevda ara mxolod sakuTrebis, aramed misgan miRebuliSemosavlebis usamarTlo ganawilebas. bunebrivia, eleqtroen-ergetikaSi momuSave, sakuTrebis kuTvnil wilze saSualodTanabari procentis pirobebSi, miiRebda gacilebiT met Semo-savals, vidre msubuq mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pirobebSi mosaxleobazeusasyidlod gacemul aqciebze an sxva dokumentebze dividendisgadaxda SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc socialuri dacvisTaviseburi forma, magram Sromis stimulebis Sesusteba, fuladimimoqcevis gauareseba da sxva Sedegebi, rac Tan sdevs mas, sak-maod didi fasia am dacvisaTvis. amasTan, gansaxelmwifoebrivebisaseTi meTodi, resursebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, kontrolisnaklebefeqtiani gzaa. mocemuli sawarmos ramdenime aqciis mflo-beli, romelic ar muSaobs am sawarmoSi, saeWvoa, rom Seawuxosam aqciebis bedma. amasTan, msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, romsakuTrebis Zalze daqucmaceba asustebs mesakuTreTa kontrolssawarmos saqmianobasa da resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebaze, Tumca,es problema SeiZleba gadaiWras holdingebis SeqmniT.




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rac Seexeba gansaxelmwifoebrivebis meore alternatiulvariants – saxelmwifo qonebis masobriv gayidvas – masze ori-entacia ararealuri iyo, vinaidan dabali cxovrebis donispirobebSi SeuZlebelia masobrivi gayidva mcire sawarmoebisacki. mosaxleoba da arasaxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi mokle-bulni iyvnen SesaZleblobas sakuTari saxsrebiT SeeZinaT sax-elmwifo sawarmoTa kapitali. amitom es procesi SeiZlebagagrZelebuliyo xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. gasaTvalis-winebeli iyo agreTve mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis fu-lad danazogebSi arsebiTi gansxvaveba, mniSvnelovani ukanonosaxsrebis arseboba da sxv. yovelive es qmnida sabazro urTi-erTobebze gadasvlisaTvis araTanabar da, rac mTavaria, arasa-marTlian sastarto pirobebs, rac maxinji formiT sazogadoe-bis socialur fenebad dayofasa da socialuri stratifikaci-is gamwvavebas gamoiwvevda. amasTan, gansaxelmwifoebrivebisaRniSnul meTods aqvs dadebiTi mxareebic. mis Rirsebad Sei-Zleba CaiTvalos Tanamedrove dainteresebuli meurnis formireba,romelsac miecemoda saSualeba Tavisi sakuTari saxsrebiTSeeZina saxelmwifo qoneba, gaefarToebina fuladi Semosavle-bis uzrunvelyofis sfero, rac mTlianobaSi biujetis sagadasa-xado Semosavlebis gazrdis safuZvelia.

Cvens arsebiTad moSlil ekonomikaSi privatizacia undagatarebuliyo ise, rom maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli yofiliyoTanamedrove sabazro urTierTobebisa da efeqtiani bazris for-mireba. efeqtiani bazari ki konkurenciuli bazaria, xolosrulyofil konkurencias mxolod sakuTrebis mravalformi-anoba gansazRvravs.

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis erT-erTi Taviseburi formaa saxel-mwifo qonebis arendiT* (gamosyidvis uflebiT) gadacema SromiTkoleqtivebze, sxva iuridiul Tu fizikur pirebze. arenda,rogorc gamosyidviT, ise gamosyidvis gareSe, arsebiTad cvlissamarTlebriv-ekonomikur pirobebs da, rac mTavaria, saxelm-

∗ mewarmeobis Sesaxeb kanonsa da saqarTvelos sxva samTavrobo dokumen-tebSi àrendis~ nacvlad gamoiyeneba sityva ìjara~, rac ar aris swori damoiTxovs dazustebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ix.: r. asaTiani. Tanamedroveekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 2009,

gv. 23, 145.

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wifo sakuTrebis gamoyenebis xasiaTs. igi qmnis saxelmwifoorganoebis uSualo daqvemdebarebidan sawarmoTa ganTavisuflebisSesaZleblobas. saxelmwifo aZlevs arendirebuli qonebisdamoukideblad flobisa da gamoyenebis uflebebs arendators,romelsac pasuxismgebloba misi SenaxvisaTvis eniWeba.

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sxva formad gardaqmnis klasikurmagaliTs warmoadgens aqcioneruli sazogadoebebis Seqmna.formaluri logikis mixedviT, saxelmwifo sawarmoTa gardaqm-na aqcionerul sazogadoebebad niSnavs sakuTrebis formisSecvlas. am SemTxvevaSi qoneba gadadis saxelmwifo sakuTre-bidan aqcionerTa sakuTrebaSi. magram realuri gansaxelmwi-foebriveba SeiZleba arc ki ganxorcieldes, Tu saxelmwifoSeinarCunebs aqciebis sakontrolo pakets. aqcioneruli sa-zogadoebis mier gamoSvebli aqciebis nawilis SeRavaTian pirobeb-Si SeZenis ufleba aqvT maTSi dasaqmebulebs. polonelebi amprocess komercializacias uwodeben, xolo amerikelebi –korporatizacias. vinaidan privatizaciis tempi bevrad arisdamokidebuli mosaxleobisa da sxvadasxva arasaxelmwifoe-brivi struqturis moTxovnaze, amitom garkveuli upirateso-bac ki aqvs saxelmwifo–aqcioneruli sazogadoebebis Seqmnas.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi msxvili sawarmoebis mimarT gavr-celebulia saxelmwifo–aqcioneruli sazogadoebebis Camoya-libebis tendencia. msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom maTmniSvnelovani wvlili SeaqvT qveynis ekonomikis winsvlaSi.magaliTad, iaponiaSi rkinigzis korporatizaciis Sedegad, winaTzaralianma kompaniebma aranakleb warmatebebs miaRwies, vidreiaponiis ekonomikis sxva seqtorebma.

rac Seexeba saSualo zomis sawarmoebis gansaxelmwifoeb-rivebas, maT mimarT gamoiyeneba rogorc aqcionerul sazogadoebebad,ise SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebad da amxanagobebadgardaqmnis formebi, rasac TviT dargis specifika, warmoebisganviTarebis masStabebi, teqnologiis done, organizaciuli struq-tura da a.S. gansazRvravs. im saSualo zomis sawarmoebismcire nawilSi, romlebic TavianTi sididiT uaxlovdebian msx-vil sawarmoebs, kapitalis Rirebuleba zogjer aRemateba kerZoinvestorebis moTxovnas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc msofliogamocdileba gviCvenebs, upriania holdinguri formis gamoyenebac.




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ganviTarebuli qveynebis mravalwliani praqtika gviCvenebsrom mcire zomis sawarmoebis mmarTveloba da sakuTreba ax-losaa erTmaneTTan. es uzrunvelyofs warmoebis SedegebiTdainteresebis zrdas, rac mcire bizness ekonomikurad efeq-tians xdis. maSasadame, mcire sawarmoebi, rogorc wesi, mTli-anad gadadis calkeuli moqalaqeebis, amxanagobebis Tu koope-rativebis sakuTrebaSi.

postkomonisturi transformaciis periodSi sakuTrebis op-timalur struqturaze gadasvla sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia.am grZel gzaze mTavaria Sereuli ekonomikis iseTi tipis Seqmna,romelic ar gamoiwvevs socialur daZabulobas, konfliqtebsda ekonomikas gamoiyvans biurokratiuli organoebis kontrolidan,rac saqarTveloSi ver moxerxda saanalizo periodSi.

III.5 . privatizacia – sakuTrebis demokratizaciisa daerovnuli ekonomikis modernizaciis safuZveli

sabazro sistemaze gardamaval ekonomikaSi privatizaciaganixileba, rogorc saxelmwifo sawarmoebis demontaJis safuZ-velze, kerZo seqtoris warmoqmnisa da gafarToebis xangrZliviekonomikuri strategia. igi, ekonomikurTan erTad, didmniSvnelo-vani politikuri aqtia, romlis ganxorcielebaze bevrad arisdamokidebuli ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba. saqar-TveloSi, ekonomikis konversiis sawyis etapze, misi strategiu-li mniSvneloba mdgomareobda konkurenciuli sabazro garemosrac SeiZleba swrafad SeqmnaSi, romlis gareSec SeuZlebeliiqneboda ekonomikuri krizisisagan Tavis daRweva.

saqarTveloSi mwvave sabiujeto krizisis pirobebSi priva-tizaciis erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgenda biujetisxarjebis Semcireba da privatizebul sawarmoebSi warmoebisefeqtianobis amaRlebis gziT sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrda.amis misaRwevad ki, privatizaciasTan erTad, aucilebeli iyobazrebis realuri liberalizaciis ganxorcieleba, saxelmwifosmier rigi barieris gauqmebiT warmoebisa da gasaRebis diversi-fikacia, mcire biznesis, rogorc sabazro xvrelebis Semavsebelisegmentis, waxaliseba, saimporto saqonelze sabaJo da sxva saxisSezRudvebis Sesusteba, sabazro infrastruqturisa da, pirvel

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yovlisa, safondo birJis Camoyalibeba-ganviTareba da a.S.bazrebis realuri liberalizacia iwvevs ara mxolod saxel-

mwifo mewarmeobis SefardebiT Semcirebas, aramed ekonomikisdemonopolizaciasac, riTac saxelmwifo sawarmoebi kargavenTavianT monopoliur mdgomareobas bazarze.

saqarTveloSi qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis procesi mim-dinareobda etapobrivad. politikuri damoukideblobis mopoveb-is Semdeg, 1991 wlis 15 seqtembers miRebuli kanonis safuZ-velze, qveyanaSi arsebuli mTeli qoneba saqarTvelos sakuTre-bad gamocxadda.

privatizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebamde Catarda didimosamzadebeli samuSaoebi. 1991 wlis 9 agvistos saqarTvelosrespublikis uzenaesma sabWom miiRo kanoni – ̀ saxelmwifo sawar-moTa privatizaciis Sesaxeb~. privatizacia ZiriTadad ganisazRvraauqcionisa da konkursis formiT. saqarTvelos ministrTa kabi-netma 1992 wlis 18 ianvars miiRo dadgenileba _ `saqarTvelosrespublikaSi sasoflo_sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis refor-mis Sesaxeb.~ 1992 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna gansaxelmwifoe-brivebis ganxorcielebis erTiani organo saxelmwifo qonebismarTvis saministros saxiT. mas win uZRoda (1992 wlis 18agvistos # 123 dadgenilebis safuZvelze) saqarTvelos re-spublikis saxelmwifo sabWos mier privatizaciis saxelmwifoprogramis damtkiceba. igi iTvaliswinebda: saxelmwifo sakure-bis sxva formebad gardaqmnas, kerZo sakuTrebis damkvidrebasada kerZo mesakuTreTa fenis Camoyalibebas, mcire biznesis ganvi-Tarebas, konkurenciuli garemos Seqmnas, ucxouri investiciebismozidvas, ararentabeluri sawarmoebis didi nawilis privatize-biT saxelmwifo biujetis ganTavisuflebas subsidirebisagan, sawar-moTa restruqturizaciasa da a.S.

kerZo seqtoris Camoyalibebis pirveli etapi, mcireprivatizaciis, pirvel yovlisa, mcire hesebis gayidviT 1992wlidan daiwyo. es iyo uaRresad rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiTsavse periodi. mwvave politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuriviTarebis garda, ar iyo srulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza daekonomikuri reformebis qvakuTxedis – privatizaciis war-marTvis saTanado gamocdileba. mZime kriminogenurma viTarebamda saomarma moqmedebebma, mrewvelobisa da transportis para-




96

lizebam, mwvave energetikulma krizisma, moSlilma safinanso-sakredito sistemam, hiperinflaciam da sxva negatiurma pro-cesebma uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina privatizaciaze, ramacTavi iCina im darRvevebisa da naklovanebebis saxiT, rac daSve-bul iqna am periodSi.

mcire privatizacia ZiriTadad moicavda momsaxurebis sfe-ros Semdeg dargebs: vaWrobis, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebisa dasazogadoebrivi kvebis mcire sawarmoebs. garda amisa, mcire priva-tizacia ganxorcielda jandacvis sferoSi, saqenergos sistema-Si da a.S.

1992 wlidan dawyebuli mcire hesebis gayidva faqtobri-vad 1995 wels damTavrda. 1 ivlisis mdgomareobiT, privatizebu-li iyo 14 mcire hesi: sioni, tirifoni, misaqcieli, igoeTi, dmanisi,xerTvisi, kaxareTi, sacxenisi, CiTaxevi, daSbaSi, bJuJa, kabali,martyofi, TeTrixevi. maTi saerTo simZlavre Seadgenda mTlianienergosistemis 2%-s, gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia – 1,85%-s,xolo ZiriTadi sawarmoo kapitalis Rirebuleba – 1%-s.1

kerZo seqtoris Camoyalibebis I etapis dasasruls – 1996wlis I kvartalisaTvis saprivatizaciod damtkicebuli mciresawarmoebis 89% gadavida kerZo sakuTrebaSi. saxeldobr, vaWroba-Si 2980 saprivatizacio obieqtidan privatizebul iqna 2884,sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebasa da sazogadoebriv kvebaSi – 2997-dan 2667. garda amisa, privatizebuli iqna jandacvaSi – 646-dan343, saqenergos sistemaSi – 30-dan 23, benzingasamarT sad-gurebSi _ 163-dan 163 obieqti da a.S. sul 1996 wlisaTvismomsaxurebis sferos 6865 obieqtidan privatizebuli iyo 5983,maSin rodesac mrewvelobaSi, soflis meurneobasa da mSeneblobaSierTad aRebuli 913 saprivatizacio obieqtidan privatizebuliqna 545.2 amasTan, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTauris 1994wlis 29 maisis brZanebulebis safuZvelze vaWrobis, sayofacx-ovrebo momsaxurebisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis obieqtebisprivatizacia ZiriTadad moxda sabalanso RirebulebiT, pirda-piri miyidvis wesiT, e.w. SromiT koleqtivebze.

III Tavi

1 TavaZe g., ComaxiZe d., qavTaraZe i., menabde d. energetikis regulireba:Teoria da praqtika. Tb., dani~, 2006, gv. 193-194.2 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1996, gv. 16.



97

cnobilia, rom materialur-nivTobriv warmoebasTan Sedare-biT, momsaxurebis sferos dargebi ufro izidavs bizness, vina-idan gacilebiT mogebiania. amitom maTi gayidva TavisufladSeiZleboda sabazro fasiT auqcionisa da konkursis wesiT. TumcaqveyanaSi arsebuli kriminogenuri situacia, mwvave energokrizisi,transportis paralizeba, hiperinflacia, saomari situacia daa.S. uaryofiTad moqmedebda privatizaciis isedac rTul procesze,romelic garkveuli xarvezebiT warimarTa.

saxelmwifo qonebis erTi da imave mesakuTreTa formirebispirobebSi, saqarTvelom dakarga uzarmazari Tanxa, romelichaeriviT sWirdeboda qveynis ekonomikas. ratom aRmoCnda vaWrobis,sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis muSakebiprioritetul mdgomareobaSi? groSebad CavugdeT xelSi saxel-mwifo qoneba, Tanac miveciT ufleba am qonebis Rirebulebis50-dan 65%-mde gadaxdis, xolo Semdeg sazogadoebisagan Ca-lis fasad nayidi vauCerebiT misi dafarvis SesaZlebloba.mokled, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gadadga aseTi `humanuri~nabiji da droebiT amxanagobebs pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT gada-sca aRniSnuli qoneba sabalanso RirebulebiT, mizerul fasSi,magram amis paralelurad uyuradRebod datova inteligencia– mecnierebi, pedagogebi, eqimebi, xelovnebisa da kulturismuSakebi, romlebic Semdeg, cxovrebis donis ukiduresi dacemisgamo, aRmoCndnen umZimes mdgomareobaSi. Calis fasad moxdaagreTve im sawarmoebis gayidvac, romelTa 1990_1991 wlebSigamosasyidi fiqsirebuli Tanxa 1992_1993 wlebis hiperin-flaciis periodSi simbolur Tanxad iqca. aseTi iyo, daaxloe-biT, 250-300 umniSvnelovanesi sawarmo.1

saxelmwifo qonebis privatizacias unda gaefarTovebinasagadasaxado baza da, Sesabamisad, Seevso saxelmwifo biujeti.qveyanaSi arsebulma gamouyenebelma SromiTma potencialma, romel-ic tvirTad daawva ekonomikas, gazarda biujetis xarjebismTliani moculoba. amasTan, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulire-bis formebi da meTodebi absoluturad mouqneli iyo, racxels uSlida privatizaciis demokratiuli gziT warmarTvas.


1 basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturi trans-formacia. saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tb., 2001, gv. 256_257.

7. r. asaTiani



98

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis meore etapi 1996 wlisgazafxulidan daiwyo. igi masobriv privatizacias moicavda,rac mosaxleobaSi 30 aSS dolaris ekvivalentis nominaluriRirebulebis vauCerebis gavrcelebaSi gamoixata. vauCeriza-ciam garkveulwilad daaCqara privatizaciis procesi, vinaidan,dabali moTxovnis pirobebSi, mosaxleobisaTvis saxelmwifo qone-bis usasyidlod gadacemis SesaZlebloba Seiqmna, magram imde-nad mizeruli iyo es Tanxa, rom man Tavisi roli ver Seasru-la. am gziT mosaxleoba mesakuTre ver gaxda. amasTan, suldarigda 4264541 vauCeri anu dakmayofilda mosaxleobis 83,6%,xolo 16,4%-ma, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, ver miiRo kuTvnilivauCeri.

mosaxleobas Tavisuflad SeeZlo gaeyida sakuTari sapriva-tizacio baraTebi, magram swrafi inflaciuri procesebis gav-leniT vauCerebis faqtobrivi Rirebuleba 8-jer da metad Sem-cirda, xolo maTi sabazro fasi 4-5 laramde daeca. am period-Si 40-ze meti sabaraTo auqcioni Catarda. gamomdinare iqidan,rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, privatizaciis pro-cesSi adgilobrivi da ucxoeli investorebi Tanabari uflebe-biT sargebloben, ucxoelma investorebma `vauCerizaciis~ pro-cesSi SeiZines privatizebuli qonebis 20%.1 amasTan, rigi mo-qalaqeebis mier TavianTi kuTvnili vauCerebis gayidvis gziTsaxelmwifo sakuTrebis mniSvnelovani nawilis koncentraciamoxda nomenklaturis xelSi. vauCerebis daaxloebiT 70%-ismeSveobiT saxelmwifo qoneba xelSi Caigdo mosaxleobis mxo-lod 1%-ma.2

masobriv privatizacias win uZRoda saSualo da msxvilsawarmoTa aqcionirebis procesi. 1998 wlis 1 ianvrisTvisukve aqcionirebuli iyo 1121 sawarmo, anu aqcionerul sazoga-doebad gardasaqmnel obieqtTa 86,8%. amasTan, maTi umetesinawili Seiqmna soflis meurneobasa da kvebis mrewvelobaSi(28,5%), mSeneblobaSi (19,2%), mrewvelobaSi (15,6%), xolodarCenili 36,7% – momsaxurebis sferos msxvil obieqtebSi.3

III Tavi

1 basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturi transformacia:saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tb., 2001, gv. 259-260.

2 arCvaZe i. ra ferisaa miliardi? Tb., `merkuri~, 2002, gv. 32;

3 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministros monacemebi.



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`didi privatizacia~ Seexo agreTve purproduqtebis sistemas,romlis sawarmoebSi etapobrivad ganxorcielda farTomasSta-biani gansaxelmwifoebriveba. garda amisa, igi Seexo jandacvissferosac. `didi privatizacia~ ganxorcielda pirdapiri miy-idvis, konkursisa da auqcionis formiT.

gansaxelmwifoebriveba Seexo sabanko sistemasac, erTiaru-siani Seicvala jer samiarusiani, xolo Semdeg, oriarusianisabanko sistemiT. 1995-1996 wlebSi ganxorcielda Semdegibankebis – ̀ binsocbankis~, ̀ eqsimbankis~, ̀ industriabankis~, ̀ Sem-naxveli bankisa~ da àgrobankis~ aqcionireba, Sesabamisad, aq-cionerul sazogadoebebad Camoyalibdnen: `saqarTvelos banki~,àgrobanki~ da sami bankis – ̀ eqsimbankis~, ̀ industriabankis~ da`Semnaxveli bankis~ – bazaze `gaerTianebuli qarTuli banki~.privatizacia-restruqturizacia ganxorcielda energetikis, kav-Sirgabmulobisa da transportis sferoebSic.

saqarTvelom memkvidreobiT miiRo energetikis vertikalu-rad integrirebuli saxelmwifo struqturebi: eleqtroenerge-tikaSi – ̀ saqenergo~, xolo bunebrivi gaziT momaragebis seqtor-Si – `saqgazi~. am struqturebma qveynis damoukideblobis mop-ovebis pirvel wlebSi ver gaarTves Tavi energetikiT qveynisuzrunvelyofis valdebulebas. aucilebeli gaxda restruqtu-rizaciis ganxorcieleba. 1996 wlis 4 ivlisis saqarTvelosprezidentis brZanebulebis – ̀ eleqtroenergetikuli seqtorisrestruqturizaciis Sesaxeb~ – safuZvelze `saqenergos~ baza-ze Camoyalibda sami damoukidebeli seqtori: 1. generaciis, 2.eleqtrogadacemis, 3. dispeCerizaciisa da realizaciis seq-torebi. rac Seexeba eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebel kompani-ebs, isini, jer kidev, 1994 wels gadavidnen munici palurmmarTvelobaSi. aqcionerul sazogadoebebad gardaiqmnen gen-eraciisa da distribuciis seqtorebSi Semavali sawarmoebi.

energetikaSi 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan ganxorcieldaZireuli cvlilebebi. saqarTvelos prezidentis 1998 wlis 5ivlisis # 403 brZanebulebiT damtkicda qveynis energosiste-mis privatizaciis strategia. `saqenergo~ da `saqgazi~ danaw-evrda damoukidebel sawarmoebad da gaemijnaT funqciebi. Seiqmnaeleqtroenergetikis maregulirebeli komisia, romelsac daeva-la eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo da sacalo tarifebis regu-




100

lireba. 1997 wlis 1 agvistos èleqtroenergetikis Sesaxeb~saqarTvelos kanonis miRebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda saqarTve-los eleqtroenergetikis maregulirebeli erovnulikomisia. es ukanaskneli, rogorc damoukidebeli organo, saja-ro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, gamoscemda eleqtroenerge-tikis normatiul aqtebs. 1999 wlis aprilSi aRniSnul kanon-Si Sevida cvlilebebi, ris safuZvelzec mas ewoda kanonièleqtroenergetikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb~, xolo komi-sias – saqarTvelos energetikis maregulirebeli erovnulikomisia (semek). 2007 wlis 20 noembris èleqtroenerge-tikisa da bunebrivi gazis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi kidevSetanil iqna cvlilebebi. komisias daemata kidev wyalmomar-agebis regulirebis funqcia, ris gamoc mas amJamad energeti-kisa da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebeli erovnulikomisia ewodeba.

pirveli msxvili energetikuli obieqti, romlis privatiza-ciac ganxorcielda, iyo `Telasi~. misi aqciebis sakontrolopaketi (75%) 1998 wels 25,0 mln dolarad Seisyida amerikulmakompaniam ÀES~-ma (èi-i-es~-ma). 1999-2000 wlebSi kompaniaèi-i-es~-s, SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, marTvis 25-wliani uflebiTgadaeca hidroeleqtrosadgurebi `xrami-1~ da `xrami-2~, aseve,Tbilsresis me-9 da me-10 energoblokebi, romelTa mimarT manaiRo valdebuleba maTi reabilitaciisaTvis donori organizaciebismier gamoyofili kreditebis (daricxul procentebTan erTad) –135 mln laris dafarvis Sesaxeb. amasTan, marTvis uflebisTviskompaniam gadaixada, Sesabamisad, 2,5 da 3,5 mln dolari.1

2001 wlis 1 aprilis mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos energet-ikis dargSi kompania èi-i-es~-is mier Cadebuli iyo 555 mlnlari, xolo 1999-2002 wlebSi gadasaxadebis saxiT saxelm-wifo biujetSi gadaxdili iyo 89152 aTasi lari.2 2001 wlis1 ivnisis mdgomareobiT, saqarTveloSi sul privatizebuli iyo35 didi da mcire eleqtrosadguri. 2002 wels amerikulmakompania èi-i-es~-ma Tavisi aqtivebi mihyida rusul kompania`РAOEЭC~-s. amJamad mis sakuTrebaSia `Telasi~, hidroeleqt-

III Tavi

1 TavaZe g., ComaxiZe d., qavTaraZe i., menabde d. energetikisregulireba: Teoria da praqtika. Tb., dani~, 2006, gv. 195.

2 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministros monacemebi.



101

rosadgurebi `xrami-1~ da `xrami-2~, aseve, Tbilsresis me-9 dame-10 energoblokebi.

saqarTveloSi 2006 wlidan daiwyo gansaxelmwifoebriveb-is mesame etapi. 2006 wlis 12 maiss `gaerTianebuli satele-komunikacio kompania~ 90 mln dolarad SeiZina yazaxurma bank-ma `TuranAlen~-ma. amasTan, es banki, romlis aqtivebi 5,5 mlrddolaria, axorcielebs TbilisSi sastumro ̀ iveriis~ rekonstruq-cias. igi, aseve, 21 sastumros mflobelia aWaraSi.1

gasayidad gamotanil iqna energetikis Semdegi obieqtebi:sadistribucio kompaniebi: aWaris energokompania, saqarTvelosgaerTianebuli sadistribucio energokompania, kaxeTis sadis-tribucio energokompania, lajanurhesi, rionhesi, gumaThesi, Saorhe-si, Zevrulhesi da awhesi. saprivatizacio konkursSi monawile-oba miiRo msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis 8 kompaniam. 2007wlis 3 ivliss tenderSi gaimarjva Cexurma kompania "Energo-Pro"-m, romelmac Seisyida yvela saprivatizacio obieqti, gardakaxeTis sadistribucio energokompaniisa. es ukanaskneli SeiZ-ina qarTulma kompaniam TBC+Energj-m, romelmac sawyis fasze2,5-jer meti gadaixada da Tanxam 5,1 mln dolari Seadgina.Cexuri kompania "Energo-Pro"-s sakuTrebaSi 32 mln dolaradoficialurad gadavida saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli energoko-mpaniis da aWaris sadistribucio energokompaniis aqtivebi, racqveynis energogamanawilebeli qselis 60%-ze mets Seadgens,agreTve 6 hidroeleqtrosadguri, romelTa saerTo simZlavre350 megavatze metia. amJamad es kompania funqcionirebs èner-go-pro-jorjias~ saxelwodebiT.

2007 wlis 5 ianvars gaerTianebul samefoSi registrire-buli kompania ̀ Stemcor~-is filialma – ̀ saqarTvelos manganum-ma~ 57 mln dolarad iyida `varcixehesi~, xolo 20 mln dola-rad – ̀ WiaTurmanganumi~. ̀ Stemcor~-is sakuTrebaSia zestafonisferoSenadnobTa qarxana. `saqarTvelos manganumma~ valdebule-ba aiRo daabandos 100 mln dolaris investicia da manganumiswliuri mopoveba gazardos arsebuli 200 aTasi tonidan 300aTas tonamde, xolo minimum 200 aTasi tona mopovebuli man-


1 mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri movlenebi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ten-denciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC, ivnisi, 2006, gv. 13.



102

ganumi gadaamuSaos zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi.1

2007 wlis 30 ivliss baTumis aeroporti 20 wliT mar-Tvis uflebiT sainvesticio programiT gadaeca Turqul kompa-nia "TAV Batumi Operation"-s, romelmac marTvis uflebis san-acvlod simbolurad erTi dolari gadaixada. samagierod masdaevala baTumis aeroportis davalianebis dafarva, Tumca,aeroportis mTeli saqmianobidan miRebuli mogeba kompaniasdarCeba. aeroportis mSeneblobaSi kompaniam 28,5 mln dolarisinvesticia ganaxorciela. amave kompaniam aaSena Tbilisis saer-TaSoriso aeroportic.2

yazaxurma saxelmwifo kompania – "KazMunaiCas"-ma 2008wlis 6 Tebervals "Greenoak Group"-isgan iyida baTumis navTob-terminali da sazRvao porti. am ukanasknelma ki 1996 welsSeiZina baTumis navTobterminali, xolo 1999 wels _ baTumissazRvao porti.

2008 wlis 29 oqtombers Tbilisis wyalmomaragebis kompania`Tbilisis wyali~ 85,662 mln dolarad SeiZina Sveicariulmakompania `Multiplex Solutions~-ma. saprivatizacio paketSi asevewarmodgenili iyo Jinvalhesi, mcxeTis wyliT momaragebis sistemada gardabnis kanalizaciis gamwmendi nagebobebi. tenderSi gam-arjvebulma Sveicariulma kompaniam piroba dado, rom wylisganawilebis qselis reabilitaciaSi ganaxorcielebs 350 mlndolaris investicias da wylis tarifebs ar gazrdis momdevnoori wlis manZilze.3

aRniSnuli da sxva obieqtebis privatizaciidan miRebuliTanxiT 2003_2008 wlebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda saqarTvelosnaerTi biujetis Semosavlebi. saxeldobr, Tu 2003 wels igiSeadgenda 23,6 mln lars, 2004 wels Seadgina 72,6 mln lari,2005 wels _ 419,4, 2006 wels _ 564,9 2007 wels 643,8,xolo 2008 wels _ 551,0 mln lari, maSin rodesac es maCvene-beli 2001 wels Seadgenda 5,6 mln lars, xolo 2002 wels

III Tavi

1 mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri movlenebi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ten-denciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC, aprili, 2007, gv. 9.

2 mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri movlenebi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuritendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. oqtomberi, 2007, gv. 9.

3 mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri movlenebi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuritendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. Tebervali, 2008, gv. 12.



103

8,7 mln lars.1

saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formiT gansaxelmwi-foebrivebis ganxorcielebas, maT Soris, privatizaciis sworadCatarebas ekonomikis reformirebis nebismier etapze seriozu-lad aferxebda arajansaRi garemo, rac gamoixata korufciisfarTo masStabebiT, qveynis Taviseburebebis naklebad gaTvalis-winebiT, saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis dabali doniTa da a.S.saqarTveloSi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis gareSesaxelmwifo yidis yvelafers. àba axla ra gavyidoT~ principzeagebulma sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis TavaSvebulma pro-cesma ar daindo strategiuli mniSvnelobis bevri obieqti.sazogadoeba uZluri aRmoCnda SeeCerebina es procesi. am mxriv,saxelmwifos politikur nebas gadamwyveti roli eniWeba in-stituciuri reformebis civilizebuli formiT warmarTvaSi.

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis formire-bisaTvis ar aris mizanSewonili saxelmwifo sakuTrebis sru-li transformacia. nawilobrivi privatizaciis, Sereuli me-warmeobis dasavleTSi aprobirebuli forma saqarTvelosekonomikis ganviTarebis organuli nawili unda gamxdariyo.

saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis didi tradiciebi, arsebu-li socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri situacia pri-vatizaciisadmi sakuTar (erovnul) midgomas moiTxovs.ilia WavWavaZe werda: `sami RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cvenmama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar upa-troneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavcemT STamomavlo-bas?~2 amaT gareSe Cven `Cven~ ar viqnebiT da maTi maradiulidacva TiToeuli Cvenganis wmindaTa wminda valia _ dasZendawminda ilia marTali.

sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis procesSi gasaTvaliswine-belia erovnuli faseulobebi, erovnul TviTmyofadobaze dafuZneb-uli sazogadoebrivi interesebi da qveynis ganviTarebis Tavise-burebebi, bunebrivia, evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebac,èvropis... mmarTveloba da gamgebloba qveynisa, evropis wesi darigi~ (ilia WavWavaZe).


1 saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli _ 2008. saqarTvelos ekonomikuriganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti. Tb., 2008, gv. 148.

2 WavWavaZe i. Txz. t. III, gv. 26_27.



104

III. 6 . ìnstituciuri mibmis~ koncefcia dasaqarTvelo

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikis institucionali-zaciis kanonzomieri procesi Tavidanve warimarTa garkveuliTaviseburebebiT, rac aisaxa kidec mis ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi.am metad rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT savse procesze garkveuligavlena moaxdina warsulis memkvidreobam, rac gamoixata avtorita-rul da biurokratul saxelmwifo administrirebaSi, gamocdilebisararsebobasa da samarTliani ekonomikuri qcevis deficitSi.

ukanasknel periodamde saqarTvelos instituciuri garemoZalian hgavda ruseTisas. amJamad situacia Seicvala. saqarTve-lo cdilobs gadavides dasavluri instituciuri mowyobismodelze. instituciuri sivrceebis Seqmna mniSvnelovnad uwy-obs xels qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gafar-Toebasa da gaRrmavebas. Tanamedrove pirobebSi aSS da evrokav-Siri cdiloben TavianTi instituciuri modeli danergon da,aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi garemo Seqmnan sxva qveynebSi, maTSoris tranzitul qveynebSic, raTa amiT xeli Seuwyon amqveynebSi Ria ekonomikis realurad Camoyalibebasa da integ-raciuli procesebis ganviTarebas. dRes evrokavSiris bazariyvelaze organizebulia msoflioSi. amitom saqarTvelos in-stituciuri garemoc evrokavSirzea orientirebuli.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi qveynis instituciuri ganviTareba,rogorc demokratizaciisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis wesebis,ekonomikuri wesrigis Camoyalibebis gamoxatuleba, eyrdnoba ̀ in-stituciuri mibmis~ koncefcias da aqcents akeTebs stabilurida qmediTi institutebis modelze. am procesis orientiradsaqarTvelos xelisuflebam evrokavSiris kanonmdebloba airCia,rac 1996 wels dafiqsirda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobisxelSekrulebaSi da sabolood dadasturda 2004 wels evropissamezoblo politikasTan saqarTvelos mierTebiT. jer kidev1997 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo dadge-nileba, romlis Tanaxmadac ̀ saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 1998wlis pirveli seqtembridan miRebuli yvela kanoni da normati-uli aqti unda Seesabamebodes evrokavSiris mier dawesebulstandartebsa da wesebs.~ am dadgenilebis amoqmedeba SeiZleba

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CaiTvalos saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sistemis evrokavSirissakanonmdeblo sistemasTan daaxloebis mimarTulebiT gadadgmulmniSvnelovan nabijad.1

dRes saqarTvelos instituciuri ganviTarebis garkveulCarCoebSi moqcevis procesi axlosaa gerSenkronis konver-genciis TeoriasTan, romelic `CamorCenilobis upirateso-bis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. `logikuria, iseTma qveyanam, rogoricsaqarTveloa, instituciuri ganviTareba nulidan ki ar undadaiwyos, aramed evrokavSiris gamocdileba gamoiyenos... evrokav-Siri qveynebis erT-erTi yvelaze ganviTarebuli nakrebia msof-lioSi, romelsac maRali ekonomikuri da socialuri mwarmoe-bluroba axasiaTebs.~2 marTlac, ganviTarebuli qveynebis inova-ciebis imitireba, romelic TavisTavad ar iZleva instituciurireformebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas, xels Seuwyobs saqarTve-los ekonomikas naklebi danaxarjebiT maRali ukugebis miRe-basa da biznesgaremos gajansaRebaSi. amasTan, instituciuriganviTareba, rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis formaluri wesebisada faruli normebis erToblioba (duglas norTi), urTulesiprocesia, romelsac iseTi specialuri sakomunikacio arxebismobilizeba sWirdeba, rogoric arasamTavrobo organizaciebia.


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asaTiani r. saiT mivyavarT reformebs?(ekonomikis refor-mirebis alternatiuli strategia). èkonomika~, # 4, 2004;


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balarjiSvili i. instituciuri ekonomika da ganusazRvre-lobis Semcirebis efeqtebi. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis ga-momcemloba~, 2005;

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TavaZe g., ComaxiZe d., qavTaraZe i., menabde d. energe-tikis regulireba: Teoria da praqtika. Tb., dani~, 2006;

kakulia n. instituciuri garemos saxelmwifo regulirebisaucilebloba postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobebSi. ̀ eko-nomisti~, # 2, 2009;

kandelaki e. instituciuri Teoriis ekonomikur poli-tikaSi gamoyenebis sakiTxebi. ̀ Sromebi~. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2005;

malaSxia g. ekonomikis TviTregulirebisa da instituci-ur-socialuri regulirebis erTianoba. `sabazro ekonomikisformirebisa da funqcionirebis problemebi saqarTveloSi~. IVtomi. Tb., sessepski, 1999;

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meqvabiSvili e. sabazro ekonomikis instituciur-samarT-lebrivi infrastruqturis Seqmnis sakiTxisaTvis. iv. javaxiS-vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Srome-bi. 329, ekonomika, 1999;

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pavliaSvili s. privatizaciis fenomeni da problemebisaqarTveloSi. Tb., `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009;

papava g. sabazro ekonomikis normalizaciis safuZvlebi dademokratia. èkonomisti~, # 1, 2009;

papava v. saqarTvelo sabazro ekonomikis gzaze. Tb., ̀ mecni-ereba~, 1995;

papava v., xaduri n. postkomunisturi transformaciisinstituciuri analizi. `mecniereba da teqnika~, № 1-3, 1998;

papava v. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuriekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tavi VIII, Tb., pdp, 2002;

papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makro-ekonomika. Tema II, IX, X. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamom-cemloba~, 2005;

papava g. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi,Seqmnili safrTxeebi da maTi daZlevis gzebi. èkonomika dabiznesi~, # 5, 2008;

samsoni i. ganviTarebis gzis Zieba: saqarTvelos amocanebi.`saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi.~ kvartaluri mimoxil-va. ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri. GEPLAC. marti, 2006;

samsoni i. saqarTvelos reformis saSualovadiani pro-gramisa da evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmis Tavseba-dobis Sesaxeb. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi.~ kvarta-luri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. oqtomberi, 2006;

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo qonebis privatizebis sakiTxebi.Tb., 1996;

ComaxiZe d. energetika da saqarTvelos socialur_eko-nomikuri ganviTareba. Tb., `socialuri ekonomika~, # 1, 2009;

WiTanava n. saqarTvelos ekonomikis metamorfozebi. `biz-nesi da kanonmdebloba~. ivlisi, agvisto, 2009;

jibuti a. saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo qonebis privatize-bis winaaRmdegobrivi aspeqtebi. `Sromebi~. IV tomi. saqarTve-los ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo fir-ma `siaxle~, 2001;




108

jibuti a. saqarTveloSi sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriebissocialur_ekonomikuri Sedegebi. `globalizacia da saqarTve-los ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~. I saerTa-Soriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi. 22_24 oqtomberi,2008. Tb., ̀ universali~, 2008;

Asatiani R. Post-communist transition Period in the Georgian Economy."The Caucasus & Globalization". Vol. 3(2-3), Ca&CC Press, Sweden, 2009;

Horth D. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance.Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990;

The Frontiers of the New Institional Economics. Ed by J. N. Drobak, J. V. C.Wye. San Diege, Academic Press, 1999;

Берулава Г. Основные направления институционального развитияэкономики Грузии. `Sromebi~. IV tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2004;

Завельский М. Институциональные изменения и экономическоеразвитие. "Экономика и математические методы". т. 34, вып. 3, 1998;

Институциональная экономика. Под ред. Д. Львова. М., "ИНФРА-М",2001;

Конев Д. Проблемы институционального анализа переходнойэкономики. Курган, "Зауралье", 1999;

Олейник А. Институциональная экономика. М., "ИНФРА-М", 2000;Папава В., Хадури Н. Институциональная трансформация пост-

коммунистической экономики и человеческий фактор. "Известия Aкадемиинаук Грузии". Серия экономическая, т. 8, № 3-4, 2000;

Тамбовцев В. Институциональная динамика в переходной экономике."Вопросы экономики", № 5, 1998;

Шастико А. Условия и результаты формирования институтов."Вопросы экономики", № 3, 1997.

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IV Tavi

sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistema da

fiskaluri politika

finansuri sistemis transformacia _ saqarTvelo ekonomikiskonversiis umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba. axali tipis sabiuje-to-sagadasaxado sistemisa da saxelmwifo biujetis formireba.sabiujeto regulireba da saxelmwifo xarjebis optimizaciisproblema. saqarTvelos fiskaluri politika. sagadasaxadotvirTi:mZime Tu msubuqi saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis? biu-jetTaSorisi urTierTobebis regulireba da fiskaluri fede-ralizmis formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi.

IV.1. finansuri sistemis transformacia – saqarTvelosekonomikis konversiis umniSvnelovanesi mimarTuleba

sabazro gardaqmnaTa process saqarTvelo moSlili finansurisistemiT Sexvda. amitom ekonomikis konversiis erT-erT umniS-vnelovanes mimarTulebas misi transformacia warmoadgenda,xolo ekonomikuri reformis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba didadiyo damokidebuli sabazro urTierTobebis adekvaturi sabi-

ekonomikurma problemebma bevri safiq-rali gagviCina. Cven ar unda SeveCvioTsxvebisgan mowvdil humanitarul daxma-rebebs, aramed Cven TviTon unda vipovoTgamosavali Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan...Cven gonier Sromismoyvare futkars undadavemsgavsoT, romelic neqtars mxolodim yvavilebisgan agrovebs, romlebic Taf-lisTvisaa gamosadegi.




110 IV Tavi

ujeto-sagadasaxado instrumentebis droul amoqmedebaze.aucilebeli iyo finansuri resursebis warmoqmnis, ganawilebisada gamoyenebis procesSi saxelmwifos, firmebsa da saojaxomeurneobebs Soris axali finansuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebada civilizebuli gziT warmarTva-ganviTareba. warsuls undaCahbareboda ekonomikis centralizebuli marTvis berketebi,finansuri resursebis uwyebrivi ganawilebis sabWouri wesi.amas sabazro sistemaze gadasvlis amocanebi moiTxovda.

finansuri sistema, rogorc finansuri urTierTobebisa damaTi maregulirebeli institutebis erToblioba, mniSvnelovnadgansazRvravs qveyanaSi makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis xarisxs.misi meSveobiT saxelmwifo wyvets iseT socialur-ekonomikurproblemebs, romelTa winaSe uZluria sabazro meqanizmi. amitomsaqarTvelos ekonomikuri reformebis programaSi erT-erTiwamyvani adgili dafinansebis mTeli meqanizmis faqtobrivadTavidan Seqmnam daikava. Tavis mxriv, igi moiTxovda finansuriresursebis rogorc mikro-, ise makrodoneze Camoyalibebisa daxarjvis Tanamedrove meTodebiT regulirebas. mikrodoneze _Sinameurneobebsa da firmebSi warmoqmnil pirvelad finansebs,romelic qmnis municipalur (adgilobriv) biujets, makrodonezeunda Camoeyalibebina saxelmwifo finansebi, xolo am ukanasknels,rogorc saxelmwifo Semosavlebisa da xarjebis erTobliobasda mTeli finansuri sistemis centralur rgols, _ saxelmwifoSemosavlebisa da xarjebis gegma _ axali damoukidebeli saxel-mwifo (federaluri) biujeti. amitom, savsebiT logikurad, sa-qarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis I etapze, saxelmwifoeb-riobis mopovebis Semdeg, finansebis sferoSi sruliad gansxvave-buli tipis ekonomikuri urTierTobebis formireba daiwyo, vidrees iyo mbrZaneblur-administraciuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi.

sabazro urTierTobebze agebuli finansuri sistemis Camo-yalibeba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravda postkomunisturigardamavali periodis xangrZlivobasa da ekonomikis konversiisSedegebs. amisaTvis ki arsebiT gardaqmnebs moiTxovda mTeliekonomikis finansuri seqtori, rogorc saxelmwifo, ise sawarmoTafinansuri sistemebi, agreTve instituciuri investirebis sistema.aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo finansebi, romelic moicavscentraluri, regionuli da adgilobrivi erTeulebis finansebs,



111sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistema da fiskaluri...

sawarmoTa finansebi, romelic aerTianebs msxvili, saSualo damcire firmebis finansebs da instituciuri investirebis sistema,romelic qmnis investiciuri da sapensio fondebis, agreTvesadazRvevo kompaniebis erTobliobas, reformirebis procesSiTvisebriv gardaqmnebs daeqvemdebara.

Tu mbrZaneblur-administraciul ekonomikur sistemaSi qveynismTeli finansuri resursi ZiriTadad saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSiiyo Tavmoyrili, sabazro sistemaSi finansuri resursebis umetesinawili decentralizebulia, meurne subieqtebis sakuTrebaa dasaxelmwifosgan damoukideblad funqcionirebs. amitom saqar-TveloSi imTaviTve daiwyo finansuri resursebis decentra-lizaciis procesi da misi ZiriTadi nawili saxelmwifo mmarTve-lobidan arasaxelmwifo struqturebis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida.aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda saxelmwifo xarjebiekonomikis dargTa ganviTarebisaTvis, aseve, saxelmwifo kapitaluridabandebebi. magaliTad, 1993 wels qveynis ekonomikis ganviTa-rebisaTvis gamoyofil iqna mTeli sabiujeto xarjebis 7%, maSinrodesac 1992 wels igi 33%-s Seadgenda.1

amis paralelurad saxelmwifo finansebis sferoSi daiwyocentraluri, regionuli da adgilobrivi marTvis doneebisuflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis gadanawileba. saxelmwifofinansebis operatiuli marTva daekisra saqarTvelos mTavrobas,saxelmwifo safinanso da adgilobriv aRmasrulebel organoebs,xazinas, sagadasaxado samsaxurebsa da saxelmwifo arasabiujetofondebis xelmZRvanelobas. amasTan, saxelmwifo finansebs, rogorcekonomikis yvela seqtoris finansuri resursebis mobilizaciisumniSvnelovanes instruments, ganmsazRvreli roli daekisrasaSinao da sagareo politikis ganxorcielebasa da im saer-To_saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebis gadaWraSi, rogoricaa saxel-mwifo mmarTveloba, Tavdacva, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri,sasursaTo da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, infra-struqturis ganviTareba, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva daa.S. amisaTvis ki erT-erTi pirveli rigis amocanas axali tipissabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemisa da saxelmwifo biujetisformireba warmoadgenda.

1 saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi.



112 IV Tavi

IV.2. axali tipis sabiujeto-sagadasaxadosistemisa da saxelmwifo biujetis formireba

saqarTveloSi finansuri resursebis mniSvnelovani nawi-lis decentralizaciasTan erTad, rodesac moxda saxelmwifomarTvis sferodan arasaxelmwifo struqturebis daqvemdebare-baSi maTi gadasvla, daiwyo sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebisad-mi misadagebuli damoukidebeli sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemisformireba. amas TviT sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis amocanebimoiTxovda. qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da sainvesticioproblemebi, romlebic adre saministroebisa da uwyebebis don-eze wydeboda, axla mniSvnelovanwilad sabiujeto-sagadasaxa-do sistemas unda gadaewyvita da Sesabamisi regulirebiTganexorcielebina. mis Camoyalibebas safuZveli Cauyara 1993wlis 30 marts saqarTvelos parlamentis mier miRebulmakanonma `sabiujeto sistemisa da uflebebis~ Sesaxeb, romli-Tac ganisazRvra yvela donis biujetis Sedgenis, ganxilvis,damtkicebisa da xarjebis gamijvnis ZiriTadi principebi dammarTvelobis organoebis uflebamosilebani.

saqarTvelos finansTa saministrosTan Seiqmna saxazino samsa-xuri, romelsac daevala centraluri biujetis Sesrulebisorganizacia da kontroli, finansuri urTierTobebis regulirebabiujetsa da biujetgareSe fondebs Soris, biujetgareSe fon-debis Semosavlebsa da maT gamoyenebaze kontroli, informaciisSekreba, damuSaveba da analizi saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomar-eobis Sesaxeb, finansuri resursebis operatiuli marTva daprognozireba, sabiujeto sistemis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angari-Sis momzadeba da wardgena xelisuflebis organoebisTvis da a.S.

ekonomikis reformirebis kvalobaze, gardamavali periodisI etapze wingadadgmul nabijad da pozitiur movlenad undaCaiTvalos biujetis saSemosavlo da sagasavlo nawilSi arasabi-ujeto fondebis asaxva, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada arasabiuje-to fondebisa da maTi formirebis wyaroebis biujetTan erTadsakanonmdeblo wesiT damtkiceba. aseve, am etapis dadebiT mov-lenad unda CaiTvalos sabiujeto klasifikaciis nawilobrivmowesrigeba. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda sxvadasxva poziciidanmisi maCveneblebis analizi, Tumca sabiujeto maCveneblebissaerTaSoriso Sesadarisobis miRweva jer kidev SeuZlebeli




iyo. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom sabiujeto-sagadasaxado siste-mis formirebis procesi mimdinareobda Sesabamisi Teoriul-meTodologiuri wanamZRvrebis saTanado Seswavlisa da mom-zadebis gareSe, ris gamoc daSvebul iqna bevri Secdoma. amasmohyva sabiujeto-sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis xSiri koreqtireba,Sesabamis kanonebSi permanentulad Sesworebebis Setana. maga-liTad, gadasaxadebis yvela saxeobaze kanonSi gamudmebiT xde-boda cvlilebebi, rac gaurkvevlobas warmoSobda gadasaxade-bis gadamxdelebSi da iwvevda daZabulobas, winaaRmdegobasmaTsa da Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebis warmomadgenlebsSoris. aqedan gamomdinare, moqmedi sagadasaxado sistema afer-xebda mewarmeobisa da biznesis ganviTarebas, rasac 1991-1995wlebis ekonomikuri analizi gviCvenebs.

1991 wlidan moyolebuli seriozuli sirTuleebi SeiqmnasaqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi*. 1991 wlis biujeti mar-Talia Sesrulda da Semosavlis gadametebam gasavalze daax-loebiT 7% Seadgina, magram es ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyosabiujeto xarjebis 25%-mde SemcirebiT.1

gansakuTrebiT rTuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna 1992 wlidan,rodesac saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulma mZime ekonomikurmakrizisma saxelmwifo biujetis mwvave deficiti warmoqmna. amwels biujetis deficitma mSp-Si 28% Seadgina. amas gansakuTrebiTxeli Seuwyo Tavdacvisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis xar-jebis asaxvam qveynis biujetSi, rac adre sakavSiro biujetidanifareboda. amasTan, amave wlidan qveyanaSi dawyebulma saomarmakonfliqtebma, Tavis mxriv, uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina mTelsabiujeto-sagadasaxado sferoze. moiSala saxelmwifo Semo-savlebis sistema, gaizarda saxelmwifo xarjebi.

mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauaresda 1993 wels. biujetisdeficitma mSp-Si ukve 47% Seadgina.2 mis dasafaravad saxelm-wifom jer kidev 1992 wels daiwyo ucxouri sesxebis, trans-ferebisa da erovnuli bankis emisiuri kreditebis gamoyeneba.

* 1990 wels saqarTvelos respublikis biujeti udeficito iyo. Semosavali

mTlianad faravda gasavals da Sesabamisad 100,7 da 96,8%-s Seadgenda.

1 mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb., ̀ Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996, gv. 121.

2 iqve.

8. r. asaTiani



114 IV Tavi

magaliTad, 1992 wels erovnuli bankis kreditiT daifara mTe-li sabiujeto xarjebis 60%, 1993 wels ki _ 84%.1 am garemoe-bam xeli Seuwyo sabiujeto da sagadasaxado disciplinis mo-Slas, biujetis xarjebze saxelmwifo kontrolis mkveTr Sesus-tebasa da, saboloo angariSiT, inflaciis swraf zrdas. 1993wels saxelmwifo biujetis deficitma kulminacias miaRwia.

1994 wels, marTalia, igi Semcirda 37%-mde, magram mdgo-mareoba mainc ukiduresad mwvave iyo. 1993-1994 wlebis biu-jeti parlaments ar daumtkicebia da misi ganxilva_miRebaxdeboda kvartalebis mixedviT. didi sirTuleebis winaSe dad-ga saxelmwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis formireba. ma-sobrivi xasiaTi miiRo Semosavlebis gadamalvisa da gadasaxa-debisgan Tavis aridebis praqtikam. 1994 wels saxelmwifoSemosavlebis wili mSp-Si 1991 wlis 31%-dan 4,2%-mde Sem-cirda, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavlebis wilma 1994 wlisdasawyisisaTvis mxolod 2% Seadgina.2

1994 wlis meore naxevramde erovnuli banki axdenda sxvada-sxva organizaciebze didi odenobis sesxebis gacemas, ramac kidevufro moSala sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistema da xeli Seuwyohiperinflaciis warmoqmnas. am da sxva mizezebis (warmoebrivikavSirebis gawyveta rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis sazRvrebsgareT, politikuri arastabiluroba da a.S.) gamo paralizebuliaRmoCnda realuri seqtori. aseT viTarebaSi ekonomikis Sokire-bam Terapiis gareSe, ver gamoiwvia warmoebis zrdis stimulire-ba, rac, bunebrivia, negatiurad aisaxa mTel sabiujeto-sagada-saxado sistemaze. ukve 1995 wlis naerTi (konsolidirebuli)biujetis SemosavalSi, naxevarze mets (53,9%) saerTaSorisosafinanso organizaciebisa da sxvadasxva qveynebis mier gamoyo-fili daxmarebebi, grantebi da kreditebi Seadgenda.3

amis paralelurad mkveTrad Seicvala biujetis xarjebisstruqtura. 1993_1995 wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda erovnulekonomikaze gamoyofili sabiujeto asignebaTa moculoba, sama-

1 zurabiSvili v. saqarTvelos sabiujeto-sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis srul-yofisaTvis. ̀ Sromebi~. IV tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia.Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 2004, gv. 162.2 basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialisturi transformacia:saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tb., 2001, gv. 309.3 saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi.




gierod gaizarda saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da samarTaldam-cavi organoebis Senaxvis xarjebi. magaliTad, Tu 1992 welsbiujetis mTlian xarjebSi igi Seadgenda 5%-s, 1993 wels 10%Seadgina. rac Seexeba socialuri infrastruqturis dargebs _ganaTlebas, mecnierebas, jandacvas, kulturasa da a.S., maTi wilisabiujeto xarjebSi mkveTrad daeca. kerZod, ssf-is saeqs-perto SefasebiT, Tu mSp-Si ganaTlebisa da kulturis wili1991 wels 7,3%-s Seadgenda, 1993 wels 0,9% Seadgina. mec-nierebis wili, Sesabamisad, iyo 0,4 da 0,09%, jandacvisa dasportis _ 3,9 da 0,3% da a.S.1

1995 wels, orwliani pauzis Semdeg, saqarTvelos parla-mentma daamtkica saxelmwifo biujeti, dabalansebul iqna Semo-savali-xarjebi, yuradReba gamaxvilda erovnuli bankis miersakredito da araemisiuri wyaroebis (saerTaSoriso safinansoorganizaciebidan miRebuli kreditebi da sxva wyaroebi) gamoy-enebis gziT inflaciis donis SezRudvasa da biujetis maCvene-belTa regulirebis miRwevaze.

udeficito biujetis Sedgenas safuZvlad daedo mak-roekonomikuri stabilizaciisa da struqturuli cvlilebebisantikrizisuli programa, romelic iTvaliswinebda qveyanaSiekonomikuri zrdis miRwevas. saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dadebiTitendenciebi gamoikveTa, ramac gaaumjobesa qveynis sabiujeto-sagadasaxado mowyoba. gaZlierda sabiujeto xarjebis kontro-li, aRricxva-angariSgeba, amaRlda saxelmwifo biujetis Semo-savlebis mobilizebis done da a.S. 1995 wels biujetis defi-citis wili mSp_Si, 1994 welTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis samjerSemcirda da 4,8% Seadgina. 1996 wlis 29 maiss parlamentmamiiRo `kanoni sabiujeto sistemisa da sabiujeto uflebam-osilebaTa Sesaxeb~. amas mohyva saxelmwifo biujetis Semosav-lebis zrdis tendencia. 1996 wels biujetis Semosavlebma518,1 mln lari Seadgina da Semosavlebis gegma 92,0%-iT, xolo1997 wels 87,2%-iT Sesrulda. Tumca am periodSi biujetisxarjebi imdenad mizeruli iyo, rom socialuri sferos mini-malur moTxovnilebebsac ki ver akmayofilebda(arafers vambobTekonomikis ganviTarebis sxva prioritetebze). samagierod, swrafi

1 mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb., ̀ Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996, gv. 123-126.



116 IV Tavi

zrdis tendencia gamoikveTa sagareo valebis momsaxurebaSi,rac mZime tvirTad daawva saxelmwifo biujets da, aqedan ga-momdinare, qveynis ekonomikas. sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdistendencia gagrZelda 1997 welsac da 621,8 mln lari Seadgina,Tumca xarjebma – 797,2 mln lari. zrdis tendencia gagrZelda1998 wlis pirvel naxevarSic, xolo meore naxevarSi sabiuje-to Semosavlebis zrdis tempebis Semcireba gamoikveTa da, 1995wlis Semdeg, pirvelad dafiqsirda warmoebis moculobis vard-na. aseTma mdgomareobam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba 1998 wlismeore naxevridan sabiujeto krizisis gamwvaveba, romelic gagr-Zelda 1999 da 2000 wlebSic. amasTan, 1999 wels sabiujetoSemosavlebis gegmam, 1998 welTan SedarebiT, 8,2 procentulipunqtiT naklebi Seadgina. aseTma mdgomareobam ganapiroba 1999wlis naerTi biujetis xarjebis Sesrulebis Zalze dabalidone _ 76,4%. Tu 1996 wels xarjebis gadameteba Semosavle-bze 24%-s Seadgenda, 1997 wels Seadgina 31, 1998 wels _ 28,1999 wels _ 41,8, xolo 2000 wels _ 43%.1 amasTan, amperiodSi naerTi biujetis SemosavlebisTvis damaxasiaTebeliiyo: a) sakuTari Semosavlebis wilis Semcirebisa da grantebiswilis gadidebis tendencia; b) sakuTar SemosavlebSi sagada-saxado Semosavlebis wilis zrda; g) mTlian SemosavalSi ara-pirdapiri gadasaxadebis, kerZod, damatebuli Rirebulebis, aq-cizisa da sabaJo gadasaxadebis maRali xvedriTi wona (58%).2

saqarTvelos 2001, 2002, 2003 wlebis naerTi biujetissaSemosavlo nawili, wina wlebTan SedarebiT, xasiaTdeba zrdistendenciiT (Sesabamisad, 15,7, 15,1 da 13,9%). 2000_2003 wlebSiqveynis naerTi biujetis Semosavlebi 43,7%-iT gaizarda.3 amasTan,susti ekonomikuri zrda SedarebiT maRali tempiT Seicvala.miuxedavad amisa, am wlebis sabiujeto Semosavlebis gegmebiar sruldeboda, Tumca, maTi SeusruleblobisaTvis ar tarde-boda saTanado RonisZiebebi, rogorc sabiujeto-sagadasaxadosistemis, ise mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis.

1 ra unda vicodeT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos

parlamentis sabiujeto ofisi. Tb., 1999, gv. 25.2 angariSi 2000 wlis saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis muSaobis Sesaxeb.saqarTvelos sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saministro. Tb., 2001, gv. 68-70.3 zurabiSvili v. saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema sabazro ekonomikisformirebis periodSi. Tb., 2005, gv., 36, 47.




2003 wels saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi wliuri geg-mis mxolod 76%-s Seadgenda, xolo sagadasaxado departamen-tis Semosavlebi _ gegmis 86%-s. didi iyo kontrabandis mas-Stabebi. am wlebSi sabaJo departamentis Semosavlebma mxolod74% Seadgina. rac Seexeba arasagadasaxado Semosavlebs, ammxriv gegma mxolod 73%-iT Sesrulda.1 rTuli situacia Camoya-libda sabiujeto xarjebis struqturaSi. mkveTrad Semcirdaekonomikis calkeuli dargebis dafinanseba. Tu 1990 wels saqar-Tvelos ekonomikis dafinansebaze mTeli sabiujeto xarjebis43,9% modioda, 2003 wlisTvis 11,5% Seadgina. gansakuTrebiTSemcirda asignebebi saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsis dafinansebaze_ 1990-2003 wlebSi 8,7%-dan 2,3%-mde daeca, Tavdacvis xar-jebi Semcirda 8,3%-dan 3,5%-mde, jandacvis _ 6,1%-dan 4,9%-mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2003 wels garemosa da bunebrivi resursebisdacvis xarjebi biujetis mxolod 0,5%-s Seadgenda. amasTan,didad gaizarda saerTo daniSnulebis saxelmwifo momsaxurebisxarjebi (10,1%-dan 18,5%-mde), romelic garda fundamenturigamokvlevebisa (romelTa wili biujetSi, saerTod, mizerulia),ZiriTadad xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebis Senax-vis xarjebs moicavda. amasTan, swrafad gaizarda iseTi xarjebi,romlebic ar ganekuTvneba ZiriTad ganyofilebebs (am xarjebisumetesi nawili modioda sagareo da saSinao valis momsaxure-baze). maTi naerTi wili biujetis saerTo xarjebSi 1990_2003wlebSi 10,9%-dan 20,8%-mde gaizarda.2 yovelive es miuTiTeb-da sabiujeto saxsrebis aramiznobriv xarjvaze. am periodSiumoqmedo sawarmoTa ricxvma 80%-s miaRwia. qveyanaSi mZimesainvesticio garemo Seiqmna. investiciebis wili ZiriTad kapi-talSi mxolod 9,6%-s Seadgenda.

sabiujeto krizisis dasaZlevad yuradReba gadatanili iyosabiujeto xarjebis Semcirebaze da ara Semosavlebis gazrdaze.amasve emsaxureboda sakanonmdeblo bazac. qveynis ekonomiki-sTvis araadekvatur kanonmdeblobas Tan axlda upasuxismgeb-loba yvela doneze, ganukiTxaoba da dausjeloba. ase, rom 12-wliani reformirebis Semdeg saqarTvelom Tavi ver daaRwia

1 asaTiani r. patara qveyanas didi Secdomebis ufleba ara aqvs. Tb., saga-

momcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 2005, gv. 506_507.2 saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi.



118 IV Tavi

mwvave sabiujeto kriziss, rac sistemur krizisSi gadaizarda.amitom saqarTvelos sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistema da,

aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis saxelmwifo biujeti arsebiT cvli-lebebs moiTxovda. am TvalsazrisiT, vardebiT mosul axal xe-lisuflebas memkvidreobiT araerTi gadauWreli, mwvave proble-ma daxvda, rac dauyovnebliv gadawyvetas moiTxovda. Seqmnilisituaciidan (sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemaSi gamefebulikorufcia, saxelmwifo biujetis permanentuli deficiti, dag-rovili gaucemeli xelfasebi sabiujeto sferoSi dasaqmebul-TaTvis, gadauxdeli pensiebi da a.S.) gamomdinare, radikalurireformebis gatareba gadaudebel amocanas warmoadgenda.

2004 wlidan daiwyo revoluciur paTosze morgebuli re-formebis axali talRa. TebervalSi parlamentma saqarTveloskonstituciaSi Seitana cvlilebebi (morigi cvlilebebi ki 2006wlis miwuruls ganxorcielda), ramac saprezidento Zalauf-lebis gaZliereba gamoiwvia. marTalia ̀ Zalauflebis koncentraciassulac ar mohyolia demokratiis ganviTareba, magram postrevo-luciur mTavrobas SeaZlebina gaezarda sagadasaxado Semosav-lebi, daeZlia mwvave sabiujeto krizisi, ramac SesaZlebeligaxada dagrovili sapensio da saxelfaso (sabiujeto seqtorSi)davalianebebis dafarva.~1 amas garkveulwilad xeli SeuwyokorufciaSi dadanaSaulebuli Tanamdebobis pirebis dapatimrebisSemdeg maT mier patimrobidan gasaTavisufleblad soliduriTanxis e.w. `Tavisuflebis safasuris~ gadaxdam. Tumca es `dama-tebiTi Semosavlebi~ Zalovani uwyebebis biujetgareSe angariSebzeiqna akumulirebuli.

dasavleTis yuradReba miipyro da mowoneba daimsaxurafirmebis registraciis praqtikis gamartivebam, gadasaxadebisada tarifebis Semcirebam. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondmasaqarTvelosTan ganaaxla 2003 wels SeCerebuli programa.

2004 wels naerTi biujetis Semosavlebi (grantebTan er-Tad), 2003 welTan SedarebiT, 69,2%-iT gaizarda da 2283mln lars miaRwia. sabiujeto Semosavlebis wili mSp-is mimarT14,9%-dan 21,4%-mde gaizarda.

1 papava v. postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri

reformebis paTologiuri anatomia. ̀ Sromebi~. VI tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2008, gv. 20_21.




sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdis tendencia momdevno 2005welsac gagrZelda. wina welTan SedarebiT, igi (grantebTanerTad) 53,3%-iT gaizarda da 3257,2 mln lars miaRwia. 2006wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, 3,6%-iT daeca zrdis tempi daabsolutur monacemebSi am maCvenebelma 3139,2 mln lari Seadgina.yvelaze normaluri iyo 2007 weli. wina welTan SedarebiT,igi 42,4%-iT gaizarda da 4469,1 mln lars miaRwia. 2008wels zrdam, wina welTan SedarebiT, Seadgina 22,3% da 5469,6mln lars miaRwia.1

gansxvavebul statistikas gvTavazobs ekonomikuri politikisada samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultaciocentri. saxeldobr, grantebis gareSe mTlianma Semosavalma 2005wels 3152,7 mln lari Seadgina da mSp-is 27,2%-s miaRwia, 2006wels, Sesabamisad, 4235,6 mln lari da mSp-is 30,7% Seadgina,xolo 2007 wels – 5915,6 mln lari da 34,8%.2

2008 wlis 1 ianvridan saqarTveloSi amoqmedda axali sa-biujeto klasifikatori, romlis mixedviT biujetis aRricxvawarmoebs ssf-is 2001 wlis saxelmwifo finansebis statis-tikis saxelmZRvanelos Sesabamisad.

IV.3. sabiujeto regulireba da saxelmwifoxarjebis optimizaciis problema

saqarTveloSi sabazro urTierTobebis formirebis kvalo-baze sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sferoSi gatarebuli reformaar aRmoCnda sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom qveyanas Tavi daeRwiamZime ekonomikuri situaciisagan, gansakuTrebiT sabiujeto kriz-isisagan. amis mTavari mizezi saqarTveloSi mimdinare tran-zituli procesebis makroekonomikuri regulirebis sisusteda ekonomikur politikaSi daSvebuli Secdomebia.

sabiujeto regulireba makroekonomikuri regulirebis RerZia,romlis sworad warmarTvazec bevrad aris damokidebuli qvey-

1 saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi (ix. saqarTvelos 2009 wlissaxelmwifo biujetis proeqti).2 ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC.oqtomberi, 2008, gv. 29; gansxvavebuli variantia mocemuli statistikur krebulSi:statistikis weliwdeuli _ 2008. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sami-nistros statistikis departamenti. Tb., 2008, gv. 247.



120 IV Tavi

nis ganviTareba. igi ekonomikis transformaciis procesebiserT-erTi mniSvnelovani da rTuli komponentia, romelSic, rogorcsarkeSi, airekleba sxva sferoebSi warmoqmnili problemebi.

Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo xarjebi ar undaaRematebodes mSp-is 40%-s, sakmaod aprobirebulia ganviTare-bul qveynebSi. am ideis avtori milton fridmenia. saxelmwifoxarjebis donis gansazRvrisadmi aseTi empiriuli midgoma efuZne-ba saxelmwifo xarjebis mizanmimarTul gamoyenebas ekonomikurizrdis sferoSi makroekonomikuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad.amasTan, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom yovel qveyanas, Tavisi Tavise-burebebidan gamomdinare, aqvs sakuTari problemebi sabiujeto-sagadasaxado, fulad-sakredito, sazogadoebrivi seqtorisa daa.S. sferoebSi, saxelmwifo xarjebis misaRebi done grZelvadi-an periodSi, specifikuria calkeuli qveynisaTvis. garda amisa,gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom saxelmwifo xarjebisdones raodenobrivad sxvadasxva wesiT gansazRvraven. misiSefasebis kriteriumi metad rTulia da dakavSirebuliaekonomikis stabilizaciis, struqturuli gardaqmnebis, resursebisganawilebisa da sxva problemebTan.

Tu saxelmwifo xarjebi dausabuTeblad izrdeba, maSin igidestabilizaciis faqtorad iqceva, magram Tu saxelmwifo xarje-bisagan ukugeba maRalia, maSin sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, ramdenadmisaRebia am xarjebis arsebuli done, ar eqvemdebareba ganxil-vas. magram rogor unda anazRaurdes es xarjebi _ erT-erTimniSvnelovani sakiTxia da ZiriTadad ori gziT wydeba: pirvelSemTxvevaSi yuradReba maxvildeba gadasaxadebis gazrdaze ansaxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebaze, xolo meore SemTxvevaSibiujetis deficiti ifareba fulis emisiiT, sagareo da saSi-nao sesxebiT (agreTve grantebiT).

fulis emisia organulad ukavSirdeba qveynis mSp-is saer-To moculobas. misi zRvarsgadasuli zrda iwvevs fasebisdonis zrdasa da warmoqmnis inflaciur gadasaxads. sagareosesxebis aRebac ukavSirdeba dabegvras, oRond igi garkveulidroiTaa gadavadebuli da wina planze saxelmwifos gadaxdis-unarianobis sakiTxs ayenebs. am ukanasknels ki, rogorc cno-bilia, gansazRvravs qveynis warmoebrivi potenciali.

saqarTveloSi, biujetis deficitis inflaciuri dafinanse-




bis SewyvetasTan erTad, gamovlinda saxelmwifo xarjebis mWidrodamokidebuleba sagadasaxado SenatanebTan. saqmiani (sameur-neo) aqtiurobis mkveTrma dacemam gamoiwvia dasabegri bazisSemcireba da sabiujeto krizisis gaRrmavebis erT-erTi mniS-vnelovani faqtori gaxda.

saqarTvelos sabiujeto krizisi finansur dilemad gadaiq-ca. sabiujeto xarjebis gadametebam Semosavlebze, faqtobrivad,permanentuli xasiaTi miiRo. magaliTad, 1996 wels sabiujetoSemosavlebis gegma Sesrulda 92,0%-iT, 1997 wels _ 87,2%-iT,1998 wels _ 82,7%-iT, xolo 1999 wels kidev ufro gaR-rmavda sabiujeto krizisi da Semosavlebis gegma mxolod 70,5%-iT Sesrulda. sabiujeto Semosavlebis mobilizebis donis mixedviTes weli yvelaze warumatebeli aRmoCnda. biujets daaklda272,3 mln lari.1

bunebrivia, Semosavlebis Semcirebis tendencia gamoikveTaqveynis mSp-Sic. Tu 1997 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebi mSp-is10,1%-s Seadgenda, 1998 wels 9% Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia isgaremoebac, rom es maCvenebeli СНГ-s qveynebis umravlesobaSiam periodisTvis 27%-s, xolo ruseTSi _ 30%-s Seadgenda.2

rac Seexeba ganviTarebul qveynebs, maTi sabiujeto Semosavlebiswili mSp-Si maRalia. qveynebis ZiriTadi jgufisaTvis es maCvene-beli 40_45%-is tolia, saerTod ki meryeobs 30%-dan (aSS)52%-mde (SvedeTi). aRniSnuli faqti adasturebs sagadasaxadoSemosavlebis mWidro damokidebulebas mSp-is dinamikasTan.

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mobilizeba, erovnuli warmoeb-is ganviTarebis kvalobaze misi gazrda qveynis sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sferos erT-erT mTavar problemad darCa. sabi-ujeto krizisis gaRrmavebas didad Seuwyo xeli im garemoe-bamac, rom mTavroba ar wavida saxelmwifo xarjebis efeq-tianobis amaRlebisa da struqturis gaumjobesebis gziT. igi,sabiujeto deficitis Semcirebis mizniT, Semoifargla mxolodsaxelmwifo xarjebis saerTo SemcirebiT. dafinansebis uzrun-velyofisaTvis man airCia SedarebiT advili gzebi: jer re-

1 moxseneba 1999 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos

parlamentis sabiujeto ofisi. Tb., 2000, gv. 25.2 Экономика переходного периода. Руководитель авторского коллектива ГайдарE. М., 1998, с. 135.



122 IV Tavi

formebis dawyebis pirvel etapze daarRvia fuladi poli-tikisadmi sabiujeto politikis daqvemdebarebis moTxovna _fulis masis zrdis tempis Sesabamisoba mSp-is zrdis tempTan,ramac warmoqmna inflaciuri gadasaxadi da gazarda saSinaovali, xolo Semdeg, SeinarCuna ra inflaciis daTrgunvis kursi,airCia meore gza _ ZiriTadad aqcenti sagareo valze gadaitana.

saxelmwifo valis gazrdam saqarTvelos ekonomika mWidroddamokidebuli gaxada msoflio safinanso bazrebis koniunq-turaze, ramac xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo xarjebis araraciona-luri struqturis Camoyalibebas.

inflaciis daTrgunvas unda Seeqmna ekonomikuri pirobebierovnuli kapitalis formirebis procesis dawyebisaTvis, dana-zogisa da investiciebis gadidebisaTvis, magram arsebuli finan-suri dilema aferxebda ekonomikuri zrdis am umniSvnelovanesifaqtorebis amoqmedebas. saqarTvelosaTvis sagulisxmo paradoqsigaxda, erTi mxriv, qveynis mzardi moTxovna investiciebze (gan-sakuTrebiT erovnul investiciebze) da, meore mxriv, kapitalisgadineba sazRvargareT.

saxelmwifo seqtorSi struqturuli reformis gareSesaxelmwifo Semosavlebisa da xarjebis mkveTrma dacemam uary-ofiTi gavlena moaxdina socialuri dacvis, ganaTlebis, jan-dacvis, mecnierebisa da kulturis sferoebze, mkveTrad Seam-cira maTi funqcionirebis efeqtianoba. xeli SeuSala ekonomikisrestruqturizaciis procesebis ganviTarebas.

sabiujeto krizisma mkveTrad daaCqara Semosavlebis dife-renciaciis procesi, gazarda socialuri daZabuloba. magali-Tad, 1999 wels saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umdidres 10%-zemodioda fuladi Semosavlebis 37%, e.i. TiTqmis 2/5, yvelazeRarib nawilze _ mxolod 1%-mde.1 qveyanaSi fexi moikida mkveTriqonebrivi diferenciaciis tendenciam, rogorc es sustad ganvi-Tarebuli qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. denacionalizaciasazogadoebas Semoubrunda saxelmwifo qonebis ganiavebiT, mom-xmareblis monopoliuri CagvriT. saqarTveloSi ugulebelyo-filia civilizebul samyaroSi aprobirebuli mosazreba, rominvesticiebi adamianiseul kapitalSi grZelvadiani ekonomikuri

1 saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis masalebi.




zrdis uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovani garantia.1

ekonomikis reformirebis saanalizo periodSi saqarTvelossagareo valis zrdis tempi aRemateboda mSp-is zrdis temps.magaliTad, 1998 wels sagareo valis momsaxurebisaTvis saxel-mwifo biujetidan gamoyofili iyo 52 mln dolari, rac biu-jetis xarjebis 10%-ze mets Seadgenda, 1999 wels ki igi 81,6mln dolaramde gaizarda. es gacilebiT metia im Tanxaze, racsaxelmwifo biujetidan moxmarda janmrTelobis dacvas, garemosada bunebrivi resursebis dacvas, mSeneblobasa da energetikas,erTad aRebuls. igi metad mZime tvirTad daawva mosaxleobas.

am periodisTvis saqarTveloSi praqtikulad amoiwura sax-elmwifo xarjebis Semcirebis yvela SesaZlebloba. magaliTad,2004 wels igi mSp-is mxolod 17,4%-s Seadgenda. Tumca,2008 wlis oficialuri monacemebiT, saxelmwifo xarjebma4936,3 mln lari Seadgina, anu mSp-is 25,9%.2 SedarebisTvis_ aSS-Si es maCvenebeli 42%-ia.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulma Seasusta sabazro ekonomikisstimulebi da gaaWianura gardamavali periodi. amitom auci-lebeli gaxda radikaluri reformis ganxorcieleba mak-roekonomikuri regulirebis sferoSi, mecnierul doneze qvey-nis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelis SemuSaveba da adekva-turi ekonomikuri politikis gatareba.

IV.4. saqarTvelos fiskaluri politika

sagadasaxado politika, romelic sabiujetosTan erTadfiskalur politikas qmnis, qveynis ekonomikuri politikisganuyofeli nawilia. es koncefcia dRes sayovelTaodaa aRi-arebuli, magram erovnuli ekonomikis Sesabamisi da perspeq-tivis mqone sagadasaxado politikis SerCeva erT-erTi urTulesisakiTxia. amitomacaa igi saqarTveloSi gacxovelebuli msjelobissagani. am problemis mogvareba saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkice-bis umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. cnobili WeSmaritebaa: jansa-Ri sagadasaxado sistemis Seqmna (e.i. iseTi sagadasaxado sistemis

1 Lucas R. On the Mechanics of Economy Development. Journal of Monetary Eco-nomics. Vol. 22, 1988, p. 22.2 saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis masalebi.



124 IV Tavi

Seqmna, romelic fiskalurTan erTad Seasrulebs maregulirebelda mastimulirebel funqciebs)jansaRi sabazro urTierTobebisCamoyalibebis sawindaria. rogori saxelmwifo iqneba momavalSisaqarTvelo, bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori ekonomikaCamoyalibdeba amJamad politikurad damoukidebel, magramekonomikurad gare samyarosTan metismetad damokidebul qveya-naSi. am saqmeSi gadasaxadebs saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobisfunqcia akisriaT. saxelmwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawilisSesrulebaSi didi mniSvneloba swori, qveynis ekonomikisaTvisadekvaturi sagadasaxado politikis gatarebas eniWeba. igi makro-ekonomikuri regulirebis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebis – fiskaluriregulirebis Semadgeneli nawili da mTavari berketia. gadasax-adebTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli yvela dRevandeli mwvaveproblema – umuSevroba, inflacia, biujetis deficiti, siRaribe,biznesis samTavrobo regulireba, garemos gaWuWyianebac ki daa.S. am da sxva socialur-ekonomikur problemebs, SeiZleba iTq-vas, fesvebi gadasaxadebSi aqvT garTxmuli.

saqarTveloSi Teoriuli paradigmebis Secvlam moiTxova,fiskalur politikaSi msoflio Teoriisa da praqtikis Seswav-lis safuZvelze, qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebisgaanalizeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado praqtikas xangrZliviistoria aqvs, dabegvris Teoria mxolod XVIII saukuneSi war-moiSva. aqedan moyolebuli igi `duRils~ ganicdis da dResacnel-nela iwmindeba.

qveynis ekonomikaSi gadasaxadebis gansakuTrebul rols msof-lioSi cnobili iseTi ekonomistebic amtkiceben, rogorebic ari-an r. friSi (norvegia), i. binbergeni (niderlandi), u. beveriji(inglisi), k. landaueri, u. miCeli (aSS) da a.S.

saxelmwifos warmoSobidanve gadasaxadebi ekonomikis sax-elmwifo mowyobis aucilebel rgols warmoadgenda. bibliaSinaTqvamia, rom mosavlis 1/10 unda darCes gadanawilebisa dasaeklesio mrevlisaTvis. marTlac, Tavdapirvelad gadasaxade-bi Semosavlis 10%-s Seadgenda. ekonomikuri sistemebis ganvi-Tarebis kvalobaze icvleboda sagadasaxado sistemac. `dabeg-vris Teoriis~ evolucia ekonomikuri azris ganviTarebis parale-lurad mimdinareobda.




a. smiTma (1723_1790) pirvelma Seqmna dabegvris Teoria.misi azriT, ̀ gadasaxadi, romlis gadaxdac yvelasaTvis savaldebu-loa, unda ganisazRvros zustad da ara TviTneburad... sagada-saxado tvirTis SemcirebiT saxelmwifo mets moigebs, vidremisi gazrdiT. amasTan, gadamxdelebi Tavisuflad SeZleben gada-xdas, rac saxelmwifos gaaTavisuflebs gadasaxadebis akre-fasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi xarjebisagan.~1

maSin rodesac klasikuri Teoria gadasaxadebs miiCnevs wmindafiskalur iaraRad, keinzianuri Teoria investiciebis mozidvaSigansakuTrebul rols gadasaxadebs aniWebs. keinzianelebis azriT,gadasaxadebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes inflaciisa da umuSevro-bis winaaRmdeg, Seasrulos ̀ CaSenebuli stabilizatoris roli~da amiT xeli Seuwyos ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebas.

neoklasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi idea, romelic aisaxa mi-wodebis TeoriaSi, korporaciebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTe-bis dawesebasa da samomxmareblo moTxovnis xelSewyobis mizniT,mosaxleobis gadasaxadebis SemcirebaSi mdgomareobs. neoklasi-kosebis azriT, maRali gadasaxadebi aferxebs samewarmeo ini-ciativasa da amuxruWebs sainvesticio politikas. igi xelsuSlis bazris normalur funqcionirebas. amasTan, sagadasaxa-do ganakveTebi ar unda iyos minimaluri. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-Si dairRveva biujetis moTxovna da gadasaxadebi Sewyvetenekonomikuri regulatoris funqciis Sesrulebas.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi politikuri ekonomiis kembri-jis skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma artur pigum (1877_1959)Tavis naSromSi ̀ saxalxo finansebi~ ganaviTara azri imis Sesaxeb,rom konfiskatoruli dabegvra araefeqtiania da sworma saga-dasaxado politikam Sualeduri gza unda ipovos. misi azriT,gadasaxadebma rigiTi moqalaqis keTildReoba minimalurad undadaazaralos. iozef Sumpeteri (1883_1950) 1918 wels gamoqvey-nebul naSromSi – ̀ saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis krizisi~ – xazgas-miT ayalibebs azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom gadasaxadebiT saxelm-wifo SeiZleba Seejaxos istoriul bariers da daingres.

XX saukuris 80-ian wlebSi miwodebis Teoria aSS-Si ga-naviTares m. bernsonma, a. laferma, m. ueidenbaumma, g. stainomma

1 smiTi a. gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb.Targmani inglisuridan f. gogiCaiSvilis mier. Tb., 1938, gv. 588–589.



126 IV Tavi

da sxvebma. maTi msjeloba eyrdnoba zRvruli sagadasaxadoganakveTebis radikaluri Semcirebis ideas. ekonomistebisaTviskargad cnobili `laferis mrudi~ am ideis ilustrirebisnaTeli magaliTia. a. laferis azriT, rac ufro maRalia zRvrulisagadasaxado ganakveTebi, miT ufro Zlieria gadamxdelTaTvisTavis aridebis wamqezebeli motivi... adamianebi imisaTvis ki armuSaoben, rom gadasaxadebi ixadon. gadasaxadebis gamoqviTviTwminda Semosavali gansazRvravs, konkretuli pirovneba muSaobsTu `plaJze zis~.1

neoklasikosebis mtkicebiT, biujetSi sagadasaxado Sena-tanebis zRvruli ganakveTi 30%-ia, romlis farglebSic biu-jeti izrdeba. gadasaxadebiT Semosavlis 40–50%-is amaRleb-isas, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTi àkrZalul zonaSi~ mox-vdeba, mosaxleobis danazogi mcirdeba, rac axSobs investire-bisadmi interess da amcirebs sagadasaxado Senatanebs. marTa-lia, gadasaxadebis gazrda, erTi mxriv, biujetis deficitisSemcirebis an daZlevis yvelaze martivi gzaa, magram, meoremxriv, mzardi gadasaxadebi mxolod aRrmavebs deficits. gada-saxadebis maRali procenti asocirdeba did deficitTan,umuSevrobis donis zrdasa da moulodnel inflaciasTan.

gadasaxadebis fiskaluri funqciiT ZiriTadad formirdebasaxelmwifo finansuri resursebi, anu am funqciiT xdeba mSp-is mniSvnelovani nawilis fuladi formiT gasaxelmwifoe-briveba. sagadasaxado tvirTis dones, pirvel yovlisa, saxelm-wifo xarjebis sidide gansazRvravs. 1995 wlis monacemebiT,ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifo xarjebis sagadasaxadodafarvis koeficientiT pirvel adgilze iyo aSS (82,8%), meo-reze – germania (79,4%), mesameze – didi britaneTi (77,2%),Semdeg – iaponia (75,7%), safrangeTi (73,1%) da a.S.2

ekonomikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi cnobili, civilizebulsamyaroSi sakmaod aprobirebuli dabegvris mowinave gamocdilebaar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ekonomikurpolitikaSi. arasworma sagadasaxado politikam saxelmwifo

1 citirebulia Semdegi naSromis mixedviT:Налоговые реформы 80-ых годовв США. М., 1995, с. 9-12.2 Стиглиц Дж. Ю. Экономика общественного сектора. Перевод с английского.М., 1997, с. 387.




biujeti daangria. amis damadasturebelia Tundac is, rom saqar-TveloSi saxelmwifo xarjebis sagadasaxado dafarvis koefici-enti mxolod 60–65%-s aRwevda. am ngrevis safuZveli ekonomikuriganviTarebis Teoriis ugulebelyofaSia, ramac, bevr sxva mizez-Tan erTad, sagadasaxado bazis ukiduresi siviwroe gamoiwvia.

gardamavali periodis pirvelive wlebidan saqarTveloSigamoikveTa ekonomikaze sagadasaxado sistemis pozitiuri zemo-qmedebis Sesustebis simptomebi. gadasaxadebs ara mxolod eko-nomikis mastimulirebeli da maregulirebeli, aramed fiskaluriefeqtic ki ar hqonda. absoluturad mouqneli iyo sagadasax-ado SeRavaTebis sistema. imTaviTve aSkarad gamoikveTa sagada-saxado sistemis margi qmedebis koeficientis dacemis tenden-cia. arsebuli sagadasaxado sistema kidev ufro amwvavebdaekonomikis krizisul mdgomareobas da igi ekonomikuri refor-mis yvelaze sust rgols warmoadgenda.

sabazro principebze morgebuli damoukidebeli sagadasax-ado sistemis Seqmna mravali obieqturi Tu subieqturi winaaRm-degobis daZlevas moiTxovda. CvenSi axlo warsulSi sagada-saxado samarTali ar arsebobda, xolo sagadasaxado samsax-uris done upasuxebda ara sabazro, aramed ekonomikis marTviscentralizebuli sistemis moTxovnebs. sagadasaxado saqmismcodne kvalificiuri kadrebis naklebobasTan erTad, am siste-maSi fexi moikida ganukiTxaobam, gansakuTrebiT aRricxva-an-gariSgebis sferoSi, aseve, arasaxelmwifoebriv seqtorSi, risgamoc didi odenobis Tanxa ikargeboda da Tavs ar iyridabiujetis SemosavlebSi. mokled, sagadasaxado sistemaSi (iserogorc mTel makrosistemaSi) saqarTvelos mkveTrad gamoxat-uli ganviTarebis kursi ar hqonda. sityviT TiTqos gadav-diodiT sabazro ekonomikaze, saqmiT ki sul sxva suraTi iyo.

1992 wels droebiTma mTavrobam miiRo dokumenti – ̀ saqarTve-los respublikis ekonomikuri reformebis ZiriTadi mimarTule-bebi,~ romelic ekonomikuri daqveiTebis procesis SeCerebisada sameurneo cxovrebaSi wesrigis damyarebis mizniT, mravalsxva sakiTxTan erTad, sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemis reor-ganizacias iTvaliswinebda. magram qveyanaSi Seqmnili masobriviuwesrigoba da mkveTrad gamoxatuli politikuri destabili-zacia aferxebda realuri ekonomikuri reformebis dawyebas.



128 IV Tavi

1993 wlis 21 dekembers miRebul iqna kanoni `sagadasaxa-do sistemis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~. es is periodia, rodesacqveyanaSi mZvinvarebda hiperinflacia. sawarmoTa didi umrav-lesoba ar muSaobda. qveyanaSi TandaTan izrdeboda gamouyene-beli SromiTi potencialis raodenoba, romelic mZime tvirTadawveboda ekonomikas. mdgomareoba ara mxolod krizisuli, aramedkatastrofulic iyo.

es periodi saqarTvelos istoriaSi Sevida qveynisngrevis, politikuri lozungebisa da ritorikuli mo-wodebebis xanad.

aseT qaosur situaciaSi gaaqtiurda saerTaSoriso safinansoorganizaciebi. 1994 wlis miwuruls saqarTvelos mTavrobam,saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis specialistebTan erTad, Sei-muSava erTwlian periodze gaTvlili dokumenti – `gancxadebaekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb~.1 warmoebis dacemis SeCerebisada ekonomikuri aRmavlobisTvis myari pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT,aRniSnuli dokumenti erT-erT ZiriTad amocanad iTvaliswinebdasabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemis instituciuri struqturisgaumjobesebas. navaraudevi iyo sabiujeto subsidiebis gauqmebada saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrda sagadasaxado reJimis gamkac-rebis gziT. am miznebis misaRwevad 1994 wlis seqtemberSi qvey-anaSi gaizarda gazis, eleqtroenergiis da puris fasi, saxel-mwifo seqtorSi minimaluri da maqsimaluri xelfasebis sidide(rac TavisTavad mizeruli iyo) arsebiTad gauTanabrda erTma-neTs, minimumamde iqna dayvanili sazogadoebrivi transportissubsidireba da a.S. amave 1994 wlis bolos saqarTvelos parla-mentma miiRo kanonebi: `sagadasaxado sistemis safuZvlebis Sesa-xeb~, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagadasaxado samsaxuris Sesax-eb~, `sawarmoTa mogebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, `damatebuli Rire-bulebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, àqcizis Sesaxeb~, `fizikur pirTaqonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~ da a.S. damatebul Rirebulebazegadasaxadi gaizarda 14-dan 20%-mde, benzinze aqcizi – 10-dan15%-mde da a.S. aseve gaizarda jarimebi safinanso da sameurneokanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis. 1996 wlis bolos miRebul iqnakanoni `sabaJo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~. sabaJo gadasaxadi 2-dan12%-mde gaizarda.

1 `saqarTvelos respublika~. 20–21 oqtomberi, 1994.



129

1997 wlis 13 ivniss saqarTvelos parlamentma, Zalze dagvi-anebiT (masze muSaoba 1993 wlidan daiwyo), rogorc iqna miiRosagadasaxado kodeqsi (safuZvlad yazaxuri sagadasaxado kodeq-si daedo). ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saerTaSoriso savalutofondis rigi rekomendaciebisa (magaliTad, gadasaxadebis ganakveT-ebis sididis gansazRvrisas ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli realurisagadasaxado tvirTis optimaluri gaangariSebis maCveneblebi).amitom 1998 wlidan, arsebuli Secdomebis gasworebis mizniT,sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Sesworebebis Setana daiwyo. 2004 wlam-de 270-ze meti cvlileba iqna Setanili. gadamxdelTaTvis ise-dac rTuli eniT warmodgenili kanoni, mravaljeradi cvlilebiTkidev ufro rTuli gasagebi gaxda. miuxedavad amisa, sagadasaxa-do kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielda garkveuli pozitiuri cv-lilebebi (moxda sanqciebis liberalizacia, damatebuli Rire-bulebis gadasaxadisgan ganTavisuflda samedicino aparatura,farmacevtuli saqoneli, presa, sagamomcemlo produqcia...), magram,miuxedavad amisa, sagadasaxado kodeqsi arasrulyofili iyo, ra-mac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qveyanaSi arajansaRi konkuren-ciuli garemosa da dabali sagadasaxado kulturis Camoyali-bebaSi.

saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebaSi mudmiv daZabulobasiwvevda gadasaxadebis akrefis arajansaRi meqanizmi. aradifer-encirebuli gadasaxadebi xels uwyobda faruli ekonomikiszrdas. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis sistema ar Seesabamebodaekonomikis realur moTxovnebs. qveyanaSi administraciis mima-rT Camoyalibda undoblobis garemo. am garemoebam daRi daasvaqveynis fiskalur politikas da uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinaerovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

pozitiuri Zvrebidan aRsaniSnavia is, rom axali sagadasaxa-do kanonmdeblobiT dawesda mogebis gadasaxadis erTiani ganak-veTi – 20%-is odenobiT. wina wlebSi mogebis gadasaxadi ZalianmaRali iyo da, magaliTad, 1993 wels 40%-ze mets aRwevda.1

erTiani ganakveTis dawesebiT sakredito dawesebulebebisa dasadazRvevo organizaciebis mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi 35%-dan 20%-mde Semcirda.

1 mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb., `Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996, gv. 122.

sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistema da fiskaluri...

9. r. asaTiani



130

sagadasaxado kodeqsSi, romelSic xSiri cvlilebebi daSesworebebi xdeboda, ar iyo asaxuli ganakveTebis dawesebismeTodologia. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis dadgenisadmi gaTval-iswinebuli iyo mxolod fiskaluri midgoma. germaneli eqsperte-bis azriT, soflis meurneobis produqciaze 20%-iani dRg(gfr-Si 8%-ia) gaaCanagebda qarTul sofels. samagierod,saqarTveloSi azartul TamaSebze gadasaxadi 15%-s Seadgen-da, maSin rodesac evropis qveynebSi igi 58%-ia.

yuradRebas ipyrobs saqarTveloSi pirdapiri da arapirdapi-ri gadasaxadebis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. ganviTarebul qveynebSimaT Soris Tanafardoba, Sesabamisad, meryeobs 2,0 : 1-Tan far-glebSi. magaliTad, 1995 wlis monacemebiT, igi aSS-Si Seadgenda1,7 : 1-Tan, kanadaSi – 1,3 : 1-Tan, SvedeTSi – 1,4 : 1-Tan, SveicariaSi– 2,0 : 1-Tan da a.S.1 saqarTveloSi ki pirdapir da arapirdapirgadasaxadebs Soris Tanafardoba 1995 wels Seadgenda 1 : 1,02-Tan, (49,5 da 50,5%), 1996 wels 1 : 1,6-Tan (46,3 da 53,7%),xolo 1997 wels – 1 : 6,8-Tan (12,8 da 87,2%). 1994 welsmogebis gadasaxadis wilic mTlian sagadasaxado SemosavlebSiiyo 28,2%, 1997 wels ki mxolod 8%, xolo mSp-Si, Sesabamisad,– 0,8 da 0,6%.2

amrigad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis sagadasaxadoSemosavlebis ZiriTadi nawili arapirdapir gadasaxadebze modioda,rac ar iTvleba normalur movlenad. mouqnelTan erTad, arastabi-luri sagadasaxado sistema did siZneleebs qmnida mewarmeobisganviTarebisaTvis. zogjer instruqcia wina ricxviT SediodaZalaSi, rac uxerxulobas iwvevda wesier gadamxdelebSic ki damaT kanonis damrRvevTa rigebSi ayenebda. sagadasaxado sistema-Si erT-erTi seriozuli problema iyo sagadasaxado daval-ianebis zrda. magaliTad, 1996 wlis 1 ivlisis mdgomareobiT,msxvil gadamxdelTa sagadasaxado davalianebam 6 mln larsmiaRwia, maT Soris 75%-ze meti modioda jarimebze, saxelmwifosagadasaxado inspeqciis sagadasaxado davalianebam ki Seadgina

1 Жильцов Е. Н. Экономика общественного сектора и некоммерческих организа-ций. М., "Издательство московского университета", 1998, с. 67.2 ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. ekonomikuripolitikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul–evropuli sakonsultaciocentri. Tacis, pirveli kvartali, 1998, gv. 21; `biuleteni~. # 7, 1998, gv. 28.

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61,2 mln lari.niSandoblivia is garemoebac, rom zogierT sawarmoSi, sa-

dac ar aRiniSneboda warmoebis dacema, gadasaxadebis gadaxdamcirdeboda. es tendencia ukavSirdeboda gadasaxadebisagan kan-onsawinaaRmdego gadaxras, gadauxdelobis sindromis ganviTarebas,biujetis winaSe ekonomikuri agentebis davalianebis dagrove-bas, dausabuTebeli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis masStabebis ga-farToebas (magaliTad, 1998 wlisaTvis gadauxdeli gadasaxa-debis moculobam TiTqmis 1 mlrd lars miaRwia, xolo 2004wlisaTvis – 2 mlrd larze mets) da a.S. amas ematebodakanonmdeblobis arasrulyofileba, sagadasaxado administrirebissisuste da sxv. tranzitul procesebze agebuli ekonomikisdamaxasiaTebelma Taviseburebam – moklevadian periodSi priva-tizaciis processa da sagadasaxado Senatanebis zrdas Sorispirdapiri damokidebulebis arsebobam (es koncefcia cnobiliadasavlur ekonomikur literaturaSi da igi ganviTarebuliam. fridmenis, g. ierousa da sxvaTa naSromebSi.)1 ver pova asaxvasaqarTveloSi. iyideboda qoneba, biujeti ki carieli iyo.

2004–2008 wlebSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis funqcionire-baSi momxdarma arsebiTma cvlilebebma, garkveuli pozitiuritendenciebi Seqmna fiskalur konsolidaciaSi. sagadasaxadoadministrirebis gaumjobesebis safuZvelze, naerTi biujetissagadasaxado Semosavlebi mSp-is mimarT 2003 wlis 13,9%-dan2004 wels 18,6%-mde gaizarda, 2005 wels – 20,8, 2006 wels– 22,9, 2007 wels – 25,8, xolo 2008 wels 26,8%-mdegaizarda.2 2008 wlis naerTi biujetis mTlian SemosavlebSi,axali sabiujeto klasifikaciis mixedviT, Tavi moiyara sagada-saxado Semosavlebma, grantebma, sxva Semosavlebma, finansurmada arafinansurma aqtivebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom am wlis gran-tebma sul Seadgina 593 mln lari. aqedan, 2008 wlis agvisto-Si saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebidan gamomdinare, sazR-vargareTis mTavrobebisgan miRebuli grantebi 412,5 mln lars,

1 Friedman M. Capitalism and freedom. Chicago. Univ. of Chicago press, 1992;Yarrow G. Privatization on Theory and Practice. Economic Policy. Cambridge Univer-sity press, April, 1986.2 `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC.oqtomberi, 2008, gv., 29.




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anu grantebis mTeli moculobis 70%-s Seadgenda.1

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis wliur zrdaze mniSvnelovanigavlena moaxdina 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan saSemosavlo gada-saxadis ganakveTis 12-dan 25%-mde awevam.* aRsaniSnavia, rom2008 wels (da ara mxolod am wels) arafinansuri aqtivebimTlianad privatizebidan mobilizebuli TanxebiT iyo warmod-genili da 4,5-jer aRemateboda wina wels Semosul Tanxebs.

mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver SeZlo makro-ekonomikuri regulirebis civilizebuli formebisa da meTode-bis (da ara administraciuli meTodebis) danergva da maT Sesru-lebaze mkacri kontrolis daweseba, sabiujeto wonasworobisuzrunvelyofisa da grZelvadian periodSi misi SenarCunebisaT-vis saxelmwifo finansebSi struqturuli reformebis gatareba.

xelisuflebam ver Seqmna sabazro sistemis efeqtiani fun-qcionirebis xelSemwyobi samarTliani baza, romelic daaCqarebdabiznesis ganviTarebas, daicavda konkurencias, uzrunvelyofdabazris mier usamarTlod ganawilebuli Semosavlebis samarTliangadanawilebas, ekonomikuri koniunqturis meryeobiT gamowveu-li inflaciis daTrgunvasa da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulire-bas. rogorc ityvian, velosipedis xelaxla gamogoneba ar iyosaWiro. aseTi samarTlebrivi baza ukve sakmao xania arsebobsganviTarebul qveynebSi, mas mxolod guldasmiT Seswavla dadanergva sWirdeba Cveni kulturuli da istoriuli Tavisebu-rebebis, wes-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

IV.5. sagadasaxado tvirTi:mZime Tu msubuqisaqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis?

gadasaxadebze didad aris damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikada sazogadoebrivi yofiereba. Znelia ipovo adamiani, romel-sac ar awuxebdes es problema – sagadasaxado tvirTTan dakav-

IV Tavi

1 papava v. briuselis konferenciis gadawyvetilebaTa farglebSi donorTafinansuri daxmarebis asaxva saqarTvelos 2008 da 2009 wlebis saxelmwifobiujetebSi. angariSi momzadda koalicia `gamWvirvale finansuri daxmarebasaqarTvelos~ farglebSi. Tb., aprili, 2009, gv. 8.

* am sakiTxis axsna ixileT 137-e gverdze.



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SirebiT warmoqmnili dilema. nebismieri sameurneo subieqti, esiqneba saxelmwifo, firma Tu Sinameurneoba, uxilavi Tu xilu-li ZafebiTaa dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebTan.

2005 wlamde saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema kanonmde-blobis mixedviT xasiaTdeboda sagadasaxado tvirTis gaci-lebiT maRali doniT, vidre es gadasaxadebis akrefis praqtika-Sia aprobirebuli. arsebuli sagadasaxado wnexi ar Seesabam-eboda saerTaSoriso standartebs, rac saqarTvelos ekonomiki-saTvis miuRebeli da Seusabamo iyo.

saqarTveloSi fiskaluri krizisi, SeiZleba iTqvas, TviT-gamaZlierebel xasiaTs atarebda. ekonomikuri agentebis maRaldabegvrasa da sagadasaxado amonagebis dabal dones SoriswinaaRmdegobas kidev ufro aZlierebda sagadasaxado tvirTisuTanabroba. sagadasaxado sistema ar iyo neitraluri im gad-amxdelebis mimarT, romlebic erTnair ekonomikur pirobebSiimyofebodnen. igi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, aviwroebda keTils-indisieri gadamxdelebis wres. rogorc cnobilia, sagadasaxa-do tvirTs ZiriTadad msxvili gadamxdelebi atareben (maTiwarmoebrivi saqmianoba ufro gamWvirvalea sagadasaxado sam-saxurisaTvis), fizikuri pirebidan ki – saSualoSemosavlianigadamxdelebi. didi Semosavlebis mqone fizikuri pirebi xSir-ad sxvadasxva gziT niRbaven TavianT Semosavlebs. aseTi mdgo-mareoba, romelic xels uSlis mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, tipuriiyo saqarTvelosTvisac. saqarTvelos xelisuflebisTvis veriqna aRqmuli is martivi WeSmariteba, rom gadasaxadebiTregulireba sazogadoebis harmoniuli ganviTarebisa daekonomikis stabilizaciis umniSvnelovanesi berketia.misi sworad warmarTva saqmiani aqtiurobis gamococxlebisada samamulo warmoebis ara mxolod gazrdis, aramed misikonkurentunarianobis amaRlebis sawindaria.

`reiganomikis~ erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTe-beli swored gadasaxadebis liberalizacia da fiskaluripolitikis konservatiuli mimarTulebiT Semobruneba iyo.

saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad dabegvris sakiTxebsa da sagada-saxado sistemis agebis Sesaxeb gacxovelebuli polemikisa,ver iqna SemuSavebuli dabegvris erTiani koncefcia. arsebul-ma sagadasaxado kodeqsma (romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTi dakvriT




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Seiqmna) ver SeZlo axal ekonomikur pirobebTan adaptireba.ver gamartivda sagadasaxado sistema sagadasaxado kodeqsSiSesabamisi cvlilebebis Setanis safuZvelze. Tavidan ver iqnaacilebuli ormagi dabegvra, gadasaxadebis (gansakuTrebiT dam-atebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis da a.S.) diferenciacia. mciresawarmoebis mimarT ar iqna SemoRebuli fiqsirebuli gadasax-adi, ver ganxorcielda SeRavaTebis varireba, romelTa difer-enciacia warmoebis dinamikisa da struqturaze zemoqmedebissaSualebas iZleva da a.S. rogorc cnobilia, civilizebulqveynebSi sagadasaxado meqanizmi stimuls aZlevs saqvelmoqme-do saqmianobas. nebismieri saxis qvelmoqmedeba Tavisufldebagadasaxadebisagan, ris gamoc aseTi qmedeba ara mxolod mor-aluradaa prestiJuli, aramed ekonomikuradac xelsayrelia.es mowinave gamocdileba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTve-los ekonomikur politikaSi.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi gaaumjobesebda sagadasaxado kul-turasa da disciplinas, aiZulebda aragadamxdelebs moexdinaTTavianTi sawarmoebis restruqturizacia, Semdeg ki valebi dae-faraT, gaaZlierebda brZolas faruli ekonomikis winaaRmdeg,saboloo angariSiT, saxelmwifo biujetSi gazrdida sagadasax-ado Semosavlebis moculobasa da xels Seuwyobda mis stabi-lizacias.

sagadasaxado politikis SemuSavebisas ar iqna gaTval-iswinebuli ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba: misi efeqtianobisa dasamarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa.

efeqtiania is sagadasaxado sistema, romelic gadasaxadisgadamxdelTa xarjebis minimizaciisa da ekonomikis stimu-lirebis gazrdis saSualebas iZleva. sagadasaxado politikaise unda iyos agebuli, rom waaxalisos firmebi warmoebaSidanazogis dasabandeblad, rac, Tavis mxriv, erToblivi inves-ticiebis zrdas ganapirobebs.

qveynis sicocxlisunarianobis dones gansazRvravs misi unari,awarmoos saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mniS-vnelovnadaa damokidebuli danazogisa da investiciebis don-eze. danazogis donesa da ekonomikuri keTildReobis maCveneblebsSoris mWidro urTierkavSiria. danazogis maRali done sain-vesticio resursebis gadidebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da,

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aqedan gamomdinare, Semosavlebis zrdas ganapirobebs. Tu kanon-mdebloba mimarTulia qveyanaSi danazogis stimulirebisaken,bunebrivia, mosaxleoba Tavisi Semosavlis mniSvnelovan nawilsgamoiyenebs dagrovebisTvis, rac, saboloo angariSiT, uzrunve-lyofs cxovrebis donis amaRlebas.

im Teorias, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikur poli-tikas am periodSi edva safuZvlad, `stagnaciis axaliTeoria~ SeiZleba ewodos. saxelmwifom ver daicva warmoe-ba, romelic gakotrebis zRvarze mivida, saxelmwifom ver daicvabazari, romelic spekulaciuri biznesiT iyo gajerebuli.

socialuri samarTlianobis principi sagadasaxado siste-mis agebis erT-erTi centraluri principia, rac naklebad iqnagaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos postkomunistur gardamavalekonomikaSi. xelisuflebam ver gaiTviTcnobiera is, rom gada-saxadebis dadgenis sakiTxisadmi mxolod fiskaluri midgomaqveynis damRupvelia.

cnobilia, rom ludvig erhardis politikaSi mTavari sworedgadasaxadebis Semcireba iyo. omiT gapartaxebulma germaniamam gziT biujetSi samjer meti Semosavali miiRo. prezidentjonsonis azriT, gadasaxadebis Semcireba yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani da istoriuli nabiji iyo, romelic aSS-ma gadadga meoremsoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis ganmtkicebisaTvis. maSinrodesac biujetis mniSvnelovani deficiti iyo, prezidenti dakongresi amcirebdnen gadasaxadebs 11,5 mlrd dolariT weli-wadSi. reiganis administraciam axal dargebSi Seamcira gada-saxadi investiciebidan Semosavlebze, ramac gazarda warmoeba-Si kapitaldabandebac da Sromis mwarmoeblurobac. aSS-Si1974 wlidan moqmedebs kanoni sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis imkompaniebze micemis Sesaxeb, romlebic aqciebs anawileben muSebsSoris. amisaTvis kompaniebi qmnian mogebidan anaricxebis fonds,romlis saxsrebic xmardeba muSebis mier aqciebis gamosyidvas.ra Tqma unda, maT sakuTrebaSi aqciebis sakontrolo paketi argadadis, magram muSebi realurad erTvebian sawarmos marTva-Si da Rebuloben mogebis nawils dividendebis saxiT.

sazRvargareTuli gamocdilebidan Cans, rom sagadasaxadoSeRavaTebi farTod gamoiyeneba sawarmoebis axal pirobebTanSeguebisa (maT àdaptaciuri~ SeRavaTebi ewodebaT) da stimu-




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lirebisaTvis. ganviTarebul qveynebSi es SeRavaTebi gansakuTrebiTgamoiyeneba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, energomatare-blebis warmoebaSi, mecnierul-teqnologiuri procesebis daC-qarebasa da a.S.

aSS-Si sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba nebas rTavs firmebs,TavianTi Sewirulobani gamoaklon dasabegri mogebis Tanxas.

civilizebul msoflioSi farTod aris aprobirebuli mciresawarmoebis ganTavisufleba mogebis gadasaxadisagan Sesabami-si biznes-gegmis wardgenisa da analizis safuZvelze, agreTvemaTTvis dabegvris erTiani sistemis SemoReba, rodesac gada-saxadis ganakveTis zRvruli sidide ar aRemateba mTlianiSemosavlebis 20%-s. amasTan, am erTiani gadasaxadis 70% (anuganakveTis 14%) rCebaT teritoriul biujetebs, xolo 30%(anu ganakveTis 6%) gadadis centralur biujetSi.

msoflioSi farTod aprobirebuli sagadasaxado regulire-biT mewarmeobis ganviTarebis stimulebi ar iqna gaTvaliswinebulisaqarTvelos fiskalur politikaSi, ramac uaryofiTi gavlena mo-axdina ekonomikis ganviTarebaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cakla warmoeba.

veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebda arsebuli sagadasaxadokodeqsi, romelSic axleburad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli gada-saxadebis mastimulirebeli funqcia. saqarTveloSi moqmedebda21 saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi gadasaxadi. ma-Rali iyo sagadasaxado tvirTi, romelic angrevda isedac sustekonomikas da siRaribisken ubiZgebda qveyanas. Zalian didigarRveva iyo TviT sagadasaxado tvirTis donesa da akrefilgadasaxadebs Soris. biujetSi ar Sedioda akrefili gadasaxa-dis mniSvnelovani nawili.

2004 wlis 22 dekembers saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRoaxali sagadasaxado kodeqsi, romelic amoqmedda 2005 wlis 1ianvridan. aRebul iqna gadasaxadebis liberalizaciis kursi.ganxorcielda cvlilebebi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi. winaperiodTan SedarebiT, gamartivda administraciuli meqanizmebi,Semcirda gadasaxadebis raodenoba, gamkacrda kontrolis meqanizmi,SemoRebul iqna sagadasaxado davebis warmoebis wesi. 2005wels gadasaxadebis raodenoba Semcirda 7-mde. gadasaxadebisSemdgomi liberalizacia ganxorcielda 2008 wels. sagadasaxa-do kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze sagrZnoblad

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gamartivda sagadasaxado registracia da saidentifikacio kodisminiWebis procedura, gaumjobesda sagadasaxado administrireba.gadasaxadebis raodenoba davida 6-mde. es gadasaxadebia: saSemo-savlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi, dRg, aqcizi, qonebis gada-saxadi, saprocento Semosavalsa da dividendidan miRebul Semo-savalze gadasaxadi (dividendis dabegvra), amasTan, cvlilebebimoxda sagadasaxado ganakveTebSic. 12%-ian saSemosavlo gadasa-xads SeuerTda 20%-iani socialuri gadasaxadi (romelic 2005wlamde iyo33%) da dawesda 25%-iani erTiani saSemosavlogadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi 20%-dan 15%-mde Semcirda, dRg– 20%-dan 18%-mde (2006 wlidan). rac Seexeba qonebis gada-saxads, igi 1%-is farglebSi meryeobda.1 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTve-los ara aqvs aranairi gadasaxadi memkvidreobiT miRebul qonebaze,aseve, – gadasaxadi kapitalis zrdiT gamomuSavebul mogebaze.

marTalia, saqarTveloSi saanalizo periodSi ganxorcieldasagadasaxado reforma da mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga ammimarTulebiT, magram qveyanaSi, jer erTi, ukve Tavi iCina dagvi-anebis efeqtma, amoqmedda lagis faqtori da, meorec, am poziti-uri procesis paralelurad daiwyo saSualo da msxvil bi-znesze zewola, rac SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac kargad Canda daisedac mZime mdgomareobaSi myof ekonomikas Tavisi daRi daasva.

is garemoeba, rom reketiT, kerZo sakuTrebis xelyofiTa dasxva negatiuri faqtorebiT erovnuli ekonomika mZime mdgo-mareobaSi iyo, es garedan, qveynis sazRvrebs gareT ar Canda,xolo `vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg rom moxda gadasaxadebisnawilobrivi liberalizacia, es kargad gamoCnda da amitomaciyo, rom saqarTvelo msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze mimzidvelsagadasaxado sistemis iurisdiqciad gamocxadda.

IV.6. biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis regulirebada fiskaluri federalizmis formirebis

Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

qveynis finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis optimizacia, sxvaRonisZiebebTan erTad, maT teritoriul ganawilebasac gulisx-mobs. sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia qveynis teritoriuli erTeuleb-


1 WWW.georgia.gov.ge saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimoxilva. Tebervali, 2009, gv. 25.


http://www.georgia.gov.ge


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isaTvis garkveuli ekonomikuri damoukideblobis miniWeba, raccivilizebul samyaroSi nebismieri saxelmwifos umniSvnelov-anesi funqcia da politikuri stabilurobis normaa. amas moiTx-ovs qveynis mTel teritoriaze makroekonomikuri proporcieb-is SenarCunebis, konkurenciuli garemos Seqmnisa da, sabolooangariSiT, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucilebloba.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba regionuli disproporcie-bi, rac gamovlindeba sabiujeto resursebis araracionalurxarjvaSi, biujetTaSorisi problemebis gaRrmavebaSi, umuSevrobiszrdasa da a.S. amitom, nebismieri sabiujeto sistemis pirobeb-Si, es iqneba federaciuli Tu unitaruli, centrsa da region-ebs Soris sabiujeto uflebamosilebisa da pasuxismgeblobeb-is ganawileba (rac kanonmdeblobiT iqneba ganmtkicebuli) bi-ujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis regulirebis mTavari problemada fiskaluri federalizmis* RerZia.

biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebi metwiladaa damokidebulimocemuli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis doneze da gacilebiTnaklebad – saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaze (unitaruli, federaci-uli).

fiskaluri federalizmi asaxavs qveynis finansuri siste-mis funqcionirebis wess. igi, rogorc sabiujeto mowyobisforma, gulisxmobs erTian procesSi sabiujeto sistemis yve-la rgolis monawileobas, centrsa da regionebs, xelisufleb-is yvela dones (centraluri, regionuli da adgilobriviorganoebi) Soris finansuri resursebis, sagadasaxado ufle-bebisa da sabiujeto politikisadmi politikuri pasuxismge-blobis ganawilebas.

saqarTveloSi axal ekonomikur sistemaze gadasvlasTandakavSirebiT, saxelmwifosa da regionebis urTierTobebis re-formamdelma modelma amowura Tavisi Tavi da dRis wesrigSidadga am mimarTulebiT axali ekonomikuri urTierTobebisformirebis aucilebloba.

* es termini gamoiyeneba im qveynebis mimarTac, romlebic ar warmoadgenenfederacias. mocemul SemTxvevaSi federalizmSi igulisxmeba saxelmwifossabiujeto sistemis gancalkevebuli rgolebis arseboba. arc politikur, arcsamarTlebriv da arc ekonomikur WrilSi federalizmi ar daiyvanebaadministraciul decentralizaciamde.

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fiskaluri federalizmis Camoyalibebis process garkveu-li daRi daasva warsulis memkvidreobam – mbrZaneblur-admi-nistraciuli ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma biujetTaSorisiurTierTobebis mankierma tradiciebma. sabWourma sabiujetopolitikam gamoiwvia calkeuli regionebis struqturuli de-formacia da resursuli potencialis daqveiTeba. sabazroekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi fiskaluri federalizmisZiriTadi principebis realizaciisaTvis TiTqosda Seiqmna sa-marTlebrivi sivrce, magram sinamdvileSi yvela donis biujetmaqmediTuunaroba gamoavlina. ekonomikis reformirebis pirveletapze axlad Camoyalibebuli biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebigacilebiT axlos aRmoCnda marTvis centralizebul sistemas-Tan, vidre sabazro principebTan. Tu sabWour ekonomikaSidaubalanseboba vlindeboda, pirvel yovlisa, ekonomikis araefeq-tian struqturaSi, rac sxva mizezebTan erTad, sasaqonlodeficits warmoqmnida, postkomonisturi gardamavali perio-dis dawyebidan moyolebuli igi yvela donis biujetis saSemo-savlo bazis mkveTr Semcirebasa da nakisri valdebulebebisSeusruleblobaSi gamovlinda. maT faqtobrivad dakarges sa-investicio funqcia da samomxmareblo biujetebad gadaiqcnen.

fiskaluri federalizmisTvis niSandoblivi horizontaluriurTierTobebi faqtobrivad vertikalurma urTierTobebma da-fara. misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi – saSemosavlo ufle-bamosilebis Sesabamisoba xarjebis kompetenciasTan – farati-na qaRaldad darCa. biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis dauregu-lireblobam gaamwvava finansuri urTierTobebi centrsa daregionebs Soris. xelisufleba sabiujeto krizisis daZlevassabiujeto xarjebis ubralo SemcirebiT cdilobda. amasTan,maRalma gadasaxadebma mkveTrad daaqveiTa regionebis buneb-riv-ekonomikuri potencialis gamoyenebis done da xarisxi.daeca saxelmwifo finansuri resursebis efeqtianoba, samagi-erod swrafi tempiT daiwyo zrda faruli ekonomikis masSta-bebma. qveyanaSi imZlavra kontrabandam. mwvave sabiujeto kri-zisma permanentuli xasiaTi miiRo. sabiujeto sagadasaxadosferoSi erTiani strategiis, dasabuTebuli fiskaluri poli-tikis uqonlobis gamo qveyanaSi Seiqmna arasaxarbielo ekono-mikuri garemo, ramac samewarmeo saqmianobis daqveiTeba da eko-




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nomikuri zrdis tempebis mkveTri dacema gamoiwvia. Siga sain-vesticio politikis warmarTvis SeuZleblobam saqarTvelosagareo-sakredito politikis gavlenis qveS moaqcia.

rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, biujetis deficiti dasaS-vebia 20-30%-is farglebSi. amitom ar SeiZleba sabiujetokrizisis daZlevis gaigiveba udeficito biujetis SeqmnasTan,romlis Sedgenis aucileblobis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs saer-TaSoriso savaluto fondi iZleoda. cnobilia, rom udefici-to biujeti rigi ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvisac ki ar arisdamaxasiaTebeli. mTavaria, jer erTi, es deficiti ar iyoszRvarsgadasuli da, meore, biujetis deficitis warmomqmnelisabiujeto xarjebi gamoyenebuli iqnes sainvesticio da arasamomxmareblo miznebisaTvis.

1993 wlis 24 aprils miRebulma kanonma `saqarTvelossabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ gansazRvra saxelmwifo biujetidanregionul biujetebSi anaricxebis normativebi, xolo 1996wels miRebuli kanoniT `sabiujeto sistemisa da sabiujetouflebamosilebis Sesaxeb~ ganisazRvra saqarTvelos saxel-mwifo biujetis, avtonomiuri biujetebis, qveynis sxva terito-riuli erTeulebis (qalaqebis, raionebis, soflebis) biujete-bisa da biujetgareSe saxelmwifo fondebis Semosavlisa daxarjebis SedgenasTan, damtkicebasa da SesrulebasTan dakav-Sirebuli sakiTxebi.

fiskaluri federalizmis Semadgeneli nawilia centralurida teritoriuli xelisuflebis struqturebs Soris sagada-saxado uflebamosilebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba, racsagadasaxado federalizmSi aisaxeba. rac ufro naklebdemokra-tiulia saxelmwifo, miT ufro mwvaved dgas es problema dasagadasaxado federalizmis principebis realizacia rig winaaRm-degobebs awydeba. mis swor organizaciaze ki didad arisdamokidebuli centrsa da regionebs Soris sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebis ganawileba, rac sxvadasxva ierarqiuli donis biu-jetebs Soris urTierTobebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani sferoa.

saqarTveloSi sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sferoSi Seqmnilmakrizisulma mdgomareobam daRi daasva sagadasaxado uflebam-osilebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebas mmarTvelobis ier-arqiul doneebs Soris. am problemam, romelic metad mniS-

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vnelovania axali ekonomikuri sistemis formirebis procesSi,kidev ufro gaamwvava biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebi. dairRvafiskaluri federalizmis principebi, demokratiuli decen-tralizaciis procesi. adgilobrivi biujetebis damoukideb-loba fiqciad iqca. gadasaxadebis administrirebis dabalmadonem warmoqmna Seusabamoba gadasaxadebis faqtobriv donesada regionebis potenciur SesaZleblobebs Soris. sagadasaxa-do uflebamosilebis teritoriuli ganawileba da xelisu-flebis qvemdgomi organoebisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis kanon-mdebloba naklebad eyrdnoboda evrokavSirsa da sxva saerTa-Soriso organizaciebSi miRebul standartebs da ar iTval-iswinebda `saxelmwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebis kriteri-ums~, romelic sakuTari Semosavlebisa da subsidirebuli sax-srebis TanafardobiT gamoiTvleba. sagadasaxado federaliz-mis ganviTarebas aferxebda umoqmedo sawarmoTa didi raode-noba, gamouyenebeli SromiTi potencialis maRali done, gada-saxadebis simravliTa da maRali ganakveTebiT damZimebuli 1997wels miRebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsi. teritoriuli erTeulebis(avtonomiuri respublikebis, raionebis, qalaqebis) biujetebSi,marTalia mTlianad Cairicxeboda adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi,(samewarmeo saqmianobisTvis gadasaxadi, saTamaSo biznesis ga-dasaxadi, sakurorto gadasaxadi, sastumros gadasaxadi, rek-lamis gadasaxadi, manqanebis parkirebis gadasaxadi, gadasaxadiadgilobrivi simbolikis gamoyenebisaTvis), magram es ar iyosakmarisi maTi socialur_ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. ar-sebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsi ar iZleoda adgilobrivi gada-saxadebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis swori gansazRvris Sesa-Zleblobas. ar iyo dazustebuli teritoriuli erTeulebissocialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis saerTo_saxelmwifo-ebrivi gadasaxadebis ra wili unda Sesuliyo maT biujetebSi.ignorirebuli iyo teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebis saga-dasaxado Semosavlebis maregulirebeli roli. aWaris avtono-miuri respublikis grZelvadiani normativebi mniSvnelovnadgansxvavdeboda sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis normativebisa-gan. mas rCeboda gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlebis gaci-lebiT didi nawili, vidre saqarTvelos samxareo mowyobisteritoriul_administraciul erTeulebs (kaxeTis, qvemo qarTlis,




142

Sida qarTlis, imereTis, guriis, samegrelosa da zemo svaneTis,samcxe–javaxeTis, raWa–leCxumis mxareebi). es garemoeba xelsuSlida regionebis socialur–ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvisTanabari pirobebis Seqmnasa da regionuli Tanxmobis miRwevas.darRveuli iyo saqarTvelos kanoni `sabiujeto sistemisa dasabiujeto uflebamosilebaTa Sesaxeb~, romlis mixedviT mTli-anad unda Caricxuliyo teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebSiiseTi adgilobrivi xasiaTis gadasaxadebi, rogoricaa miwis ga-dasaxadi, qonebis gadasaxadi, gadasaxadi qonebis gadacemisTvis,gadasaxadi bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisTvis, gadasaxadimavne nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebisTvis. es gadasaxadebikanonis darRveviT Tavmoyrili iyo saerTo–saxelmwifoebrivigadasaxadebis jgufSi.

jer kidev SemorCenili iyo totalitaruli saxelmwifostradiciebi xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebisaTvis saga-dasaxado uflebamosilebis miniWebaSi. kerZod, maT ar hqondaTufleba Tavad ganesazRvraT sagadasaxado baza, sagadasaxadoganakveTebi da gadaxdis pirobebi. maTTvis am uflebis miniWebismsoflioSi aprobirebuli praqtikis ignorireba xels uSlidateritoriuli erTeulebis xelisuflebis avtonomiurobis ama-Rlebas maTi kompetenciis farglebSi. darRveuli iyo xelisu-flebis sxvadasxva doneebs Soris sagadasaxado SenatanebisganawilebaSi wilobrivi monawileobis principi, aseve, trans-ferebis gadacemis praqtika. transferebs mniSvnelovanwilad imteritoriul erTeulebs ki ar gamouyofdnen, romlebic ganic-didnen sabiujeto uzrunvelyofis deficits, aramed kanonis ig-norirebiT, subieqturi TvalsazrisiT wyvetdnen am problemas.

sagadasaxado federalizmis formirebis procesSi naklebiyuradReba eqceoda regionuli da adgilobrivi biujetebisrolis gansazRvras mcire biznesis ganviTarebaSi, rac aisaxakidec regionebis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. SeiZle-ba iTqvas, paralizebuli iqna saqmiani aqtiuroba.

2005 wlidan, axali sagadasaxado kodeqsis amoqmedebasTandakavSirebiT, Semcirda adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis raodenobada mxolod 2 gadasaxadi – qonebis gadasaxadi da saTamaSobiznesis gadasaxadi – daekisraT teritoriul erTeulebs, xolo2008 wels masSi Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze – mxo-

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lod qonebis gadasaxadi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, am sferoSiliberaluri politikis gatarebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosregionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kompleqsuriprogramis SeumuSaveblobis gamo fiskaluri federalizmi darCaprimitiul doneze da saTanado roli ver Seasrula qveynisregionul ganviTarebaSi. Tavis mxriv, teritoriuli mowyobisadekvaturi regionuli fiskaluri federalizmis uqonlobisgamo, ver moxerxda sagadasaxado bazis gafarToeba, ekonomikuriproporciebis damyareba da, saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikurizrdis stimulireba. yovelive aRniSnulma ganapiroba fiskalurifederalizmis dabali multiplikaciuri efeqti.


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kakulia r. sagadasaxado politika da sagadasaxado siste-mis Sefasebis kriteriumebi. `Sromebi~. I tomi. saqarTvelosekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siax-le~, 2000;

kakulia r. globaluri ekonomika da saxelmwifosekonomikuri regulirebis aspeqtebi. ̀ Sromebi~. V tomi. saqarTve-los ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlofirma `siaxle~, 2005;

kakulia r. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove finansuri sistemisaqtualuri problemebi. `Sromebi~. VI tomi. saqarTvelosekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siax-le~, 2008;

kaxniaSvili j. makroekonomika. Teoria da politika. Tb.,sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 1997;

leiaSvili p. qarTveli `seplaisaiderebis~ sagadasaxadopolitika. # 6, 2001;

lorTqifaniZe v. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba(istoriul-ekonomikuri midgoma). ̀ sabazro ekonomikis formire-bisa da funqcionirebis problemebi saqarTveloSi~. Sromebiskrebuli. IV tomi. Tb., 1999;

maRlakeliZe T. gadasaxadebi da makroekonomikuri reg-ulireba. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 1999;

menqiu g. ekonomikis principebi. Targmani inglisuridan.naw. IX, Tavi 25. naw. XII, Tavi 32. Tb., `diogene~, 2000;

mesxia i., murjikneli m. ekonomikuri reforma saqarTvelo-Si. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1996;

mesxia i., basaria r. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemissrulyofis sakiTxebi. Tb., fski, 2001;

mesxia i., nikoleiSvili o. gadasaxadebi da dabegvra.Tb., fski, 2002;

mesxia i. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis optimizaci-is ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. ̀ socialuri ekonomika~, # 2, 2000;

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mesxia i. biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis meTodologiada praqtika radikalur transformacias saWiroebs. `gadasaxa-debi~, # 7, 2003;

mesxia i. saxelmwifo biujetis axali orientirebi: pro-ficituri Tu deficituri. `biznesi da kanonmdebloba~, # 1,2008;

orvelaSvili n. da sxv. saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxa-do sistemis koncefcia. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mimarTule-bebi~, № 1, 2002;

papava v. sagadasaxado federalizmi: Tanxmoba Tu separa-tizmi? Tb., ̀ finansebi~, 2000;

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papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis mak-roekonomika. Tema 6, 7, Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem-loba~, 2005;


papava v. briuselis konferenciis gadawyvetilebaTa farglebSidonorTa finansuri daxmarebis asaxva saqarTvelos 2008 da2009 wlebis saxelmwifo biujetebSi. angariSebi, analizi, reko-mendaciebi. angariSi momzadda koalicia `gamWvirvale finansuridaxmareba saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. Tb., aprili, 2009;

silagaZe a., ToqmaziSvili m. postkomunisturi finan-suri politika. Tb., ìnovacia~, 2008;

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V Tavi

fulad_sakredito sistema da politika

myari fulad-sakredito sistema – qveynis mdgradi ekonomikuriganviTarebis mniSvnelovani atributi. fulis Teoriebis rolifulad-sakredito politikis formirebaSi. fulad-sakreditopolitika – qveynis makroekonomikuri regulirebis instrumenti.fulad-sakredito sistemis struqturuli gardaqmnebi da mo-netaruli politika saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos Tanamedrovesabanko sistema. mcdari monetaruli postulatebi da mkacrifulad-sakredito politikis multi plikaciuri efeqti saqar-TveloSi.

–V.1. myari fulad-sakredito sistema _ qveynismdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani

atributi

fulad-sakredito sistema qveynis makroekonomikuri regu-lirebis umniSvnelovanesi institutia. igi ekonomikis ganvi-Tarebis erT-erTi mZlavri berketia, romlis simyareze Tanamed-rove pirobebSi didad aris damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikisdacva gare uaryofiTi faqtorebisagan, globalizaciis negati-uri procesebisagan. amasTan, cnobilia, rom ar arsebobs ufro

qarTvelebi globalurad Zalian kar-gad vazrovnebT, vadgenT genialur geg-mebs, magram, rogorc wesi, ver vaxorci-elebT maT, radgan sworad saqmis dawyeba,didisgan mciris, magram mniSvnelovanisgamoyofa gviWirs. CvenSi, rogorc Cans,Teoriuli azrovneba sWarbobs praqtikuls.




148

qmediTi xerxi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvlebisSesaryevad, vidre fulad-sakredito sistemis moSlaa, romel-Sic ganmsazRvreli roli fuls, rogorc ekonomikis universa-lur instruments, akisria.

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri mecnierebismravali problema dakavSirebulia fulis, rogorc ekonomikurikategoriis, ganxilvasTan. dawyebuli antikuri samyaros udidesimoazrovneebidan (qsenofonti, platoni, aristotele), fulisfenomeni yvela drois swavlulTa yuradRebis centrSia dadResac TvalsaCino adgili ukavia ekonomikur mecnierebaSi.

fulis Sesaxeb originalur mosazrebas gamoTqvams ing-liseli ekonomisti v. karleili. misi azriT, fuli is RerZia,romlis irgvlivac trialebs ekonomika.

cnobili ingliseli ekonomisti, zRvruli sargeblianobisTeoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli u. jevonsi (1835_1882) werda:ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis fuli igivea, rac wris kvadraturageometriisaTvis.

didi ivane javaxiSvilis ganmartebiT, arc erTi qveyniswarsuli ekonomikuri cxovrebis suraTis aRdgena ar SeiZleba,Tu xelT ar gveqneba utyuari cnobebi fulis Sesaxeb.

germaneli ekonomistis o. Stilixis azriT, varskvlavebismoZraobaSi gacilebiT ukeT varT garkveulni, vidre fulismimoqcevaSi; mecnierebisa da praqtikisaTvis fulis arsi dRem-de bneliT mocul `kontinentad~ rCeba.

cnobili ingliseli politikosi gladstoni werda: siy-varuls ar gaugiJebia imdeni adamiani, ramdenic fulis arsisgarkvevisTvis `tvinis Wyletas~.

fuli mudmiv evolucias ganicdis da igi mWidro kavSirSiasafinanso-sakredito sistemasTan, romelic mudmivi `duRilis~procesSia da misi zegavlena adekvaturad aisaxeba fulze.Tavis mxriv, fulis uaRresad rTuli fenomeni udides gavle-nas axdens mTel sabiujeto-sagadasaxado da sakreditosistemaze. masze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli qveynis finan-suri stabilizacia da socialuri progresi.

fulis did rolze ekonomikaSi metyvelebs saxelmwifosmier dadgenili fuladi mimoqcevis organizaciis forma – fu-ladi sistema, romelic qveynis aqtivebis erTobliobis gamom-

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xatvelia da moicavs: naRd fuls – qaRaldisa (90–95%) daliTonis (5–10%) fuls (aqtivebis pirveli saxe), sabanko fu-lis erT nawils, romelSic Sedis mimdinare angariSebze arsebu-li mTliani Tanxa – anabari mokiTxvamde (aqtivebis meore saxe)da sabanko fulis meore nawils e.w. `TiTqmis fuls~, romelSicSedis vadiani anabrebi, arasaCeko Semnaxveli angariSebi da sax-elmwifo obligaciebi (aqtivebis mesame saxe). ase, rom fuladisistema organuladaa dakavSirebuli sakredito sistemasTan,rogorc sakredito urTierTobebis erTobliobasTan da mTlianoba-Si fulad-sakredito sistemiTaa warmodgenili. amis gamomxatve-lia qveyanaSi arsebuli fuladi masa (M) Tavisi agregatebiT:M1 _ moicavs mimoqcevaSi arsebul naRd fuls, anabars mokiTx-vamde da sxva saCeko anabrebs, aseve, sagzao Cekebs; M2 – moicavsM1 plus arasaCeko Semnaxveli da moklevadiani depozitebi; M3– moicavs M2 plus grZelvadiani anabrebi, likviduri fasianiqaRaldebi (sertifikatebi, obligaciebi, saxazino valdebulebe-bi), sabiujeto sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis angariSebze ar-sebuli Tanxa, biujetis saxsrebi, investirebisaTvis gamoyofilisaxsrebi; M4 – moicavs M3 plus bankebSi Senaxuli arafuladilikviduri saxsrebi.

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi sakredito fulis ganviTarebam,naRdi brunvis unaRdoTi TandaTanobiTma Seviwroebam da amsferoSi saxelmwifo regulirebis rolis gazrdam xeli Seu-wyo fulis analizisadmi axleburi midgomis formirebas.

Tu XIX saukuneSi yuradReba ZiriTadad gadatanili iyofulis warmoSobis, misi arsis, formebis, msyidvelobiTi unarisada sxva sakiTxebze, Tanamedrove pirobebSi wina planze dadgaekonomikur zrdaze fulis zemoqmedebis problemebi.

sabazro ekonomika warmoudgenelia ganviTarebuli fulad-sakredito sistemis gareSe, rac qveyanaSi jansaRi ekonomikuriurTierTobebis formirebis garantia. saerTaSoriso standartebisdoneze funqcionirebadi fulad-sakredito sistema mniSvnelo-van rols asrulebs ekonomikur zrdaSi.

ekonomikis adekvaturi, misi ganviTarebis TaviseburebebisSesabamisi fulad-sakredito sistemis Seqmna fulad-sakredi-to politikis sworad warmarTvis safuZvelia.

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V.2. fulis Teoriebis roli fulad-sakreditopolitikis formirebaSi

fulis problematikas, gansxvavebuli interpretaciebiT, mak-roekonomikasTan mWidro kavSirSi ganixilaven ekonomikis darg-Si nobelis premiis laureatebi k. hiksi, j. tobini, p. samuelsoni,f. modiliani da sxvebi, Tumca, fulis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulikoncefciebi, jer kidev XVII–XVIII saukuneebSi iRebs saTaves.msoflio ekonomikur istoriaSi ZiriTadad cnobilia metalis-turi, nominalisturi, raodenobrivi, keinzianuri da monetaruliTeoriebi.

metalisturi Teoria (stafordi, meni, norsi, knisi, lasbur-gi, leqsisi da a.S.) fuls aigivebs keTilSobil liTonebTan damaT miawers fulis Tvisebebs.

metalisturi Teoriis modificirebulma formam, neometal-izmis saxiT, XX saukunis 50–60-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi, rode-sac rigi ekonomistebisa, rogoric iyvnen j. ruefi (safrange-Ti), m. heilperini (aSS) da sxvebi gamovidnen oqros standartisaRdgenis ideiT. isini, Zveli metalisturi Teoriisgan gansx-vavebiT, aRiarebdnen qaRaldis fulisa da dauxurdavebeli ban-knotebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas, magram moiTxovdnen ban-knotebis oqroze Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas. 1970 wels rue-fi isev gamovida mowodebiT msoflio masStabiT oqros stan-dartis, rogorc misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ayvavebis Zvirad-Rirebuli iaraRis, aRdgenisaTvis.

nominalisturi Teoria, romlis fuZemdebeli arian ingli-seli filosofosi j. berkli (1635_1753) da Sotlandieliekonomisti j. stiuarti (1712_1780), fuls wminda saangariSoerTeulad miiCnevs da mis funqciebs mxolod qaRaldis fulisfunqciebiT farglavs. germaneli ekonomisti g. knapi Tavis naS-romSi _ ̀ fulis saxelmwifo Teoria~ (1905) aviTarebs azrs imisSesaxeb, rom qaRaldis fuls araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs oqrosTanda igi fulis umaRlesi formaa. knapis ideebi Semdeg ganaviTaresj. keinzma, p. samuelsonma, t. krampma, j. houtrim da sxvebma.

fulis raodenobrivi Teoria XVIII saukuneSi wamoayenes frangmaS. monteskiem da ingliselma d. iumma (1711_1776), xolo XIXsaukunis dasawyisSi – d. rikardom (1772_1823). igi erT-erTi

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yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa, romlis mixedviT saqonlis fase-bi da fulis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba mimoqcevaSi arsebulifulis raodenobiT. amasTan, saqonlis fasebi pirdapirproporci-ul, xolo fulis Rirebuleba ukuproporciul damokidebuleba-Sia fulis raodenobasTan. d. iumis mtkicebiT, mimoqcevaSi fu-lis raodenobis dausabuTebeli mateba ar niSnavs qveynis simdid-ris zrdas, igi xels uwyobs mxolod saqonlis fasebis zrdas.

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTareba cnobiliamerikeli ekonomistis irving fiSeris (1867_1947) saxelTanaadakavSirebuli. Tavis naSromSi `fulis msyidvelobiTi unari~(1911) igi im daskvnamde mivida, rom fulis Rirebuleba misiraodenobis ukuproporciulia, xolo saqonlis fasebi – mimo-qcevaSi arsebuli fulis pirdapirproporciuli. ekonometriku-li aparatis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili fiSeris gacvlis formulaasaxavs tolobas saqonlis SesaZenad gadaxdili fulis raode-nobasa da gayiduli saqonlis fasebis jams Soris.

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi cnobilia agreTve fiSeris gan-toleba, romlis mixedviT sargeblis nominaluri ganakveTi sargeb-lis realuri ganakveTisa da inflaciis tempis jamis gamom-xatvelia. fiSeris mtkicebiT, inflaciis tempis 1%-iT gazrdaiwvevs sargeblis nominaluri ganakveTis gadidebas 1%-iT. in-flaciis tempsa da sargeblis nominalur ganakveTs Soris esTanafardoba fiSeris efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

amrigad, fulis raodenobrivi Teoria fulsa da saqonelsSoris kavSirs mimoqcevis sferos poziciebidan ganixilavs dauaryofs warmoebis sferoSi mimdinare procesebs, romelsacZiriTadad Sromis bazarze Camoyalibebuli pirobebiT gan-sazRvravs. am Teoriis momxrea agreTve kembrijis skolis warmo-madgeneli a. pigu.

fulis erT-erTi Teoria jon meinard keinzis saxelTanaadakavSirebuli da fulis keinzianuri Teoriis saxelwodebiTaacnobili.

keinzis pirveli naSromebi fulis problemebs eZRvneboda.1913 wels (indoeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg) man gamoaqveynawigni ̀ Tanamedrove indoeTi da finansebi~, 1923 wels – ̀ fula-di reforma~ da `mosazrebebi frankis Sesaxeb~. 1930 welskeinzma gamosca fundamenturi naSromi ̀ traqtati fulis Sesaxeb~,




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xolo 1936 wels, rogorc iTqva, msoflioSi gaxmaurebuliwigni, XX saukunis ekonomikuri mecnierebis Sedevri – ̀ dasaqmebis,sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoria~.

keinzis moZRvreba fulis Sesaxeb fulis raodenobrivi Teori-is modificirebuli variantia, romlis mixedviT, mimoqcevaSiarsebuli fuladi masa, gansxvavebuli fasebiT, iyofa or naka-dad: samomxmareblo dovlaTisa da sainvesticio dovlaTismoZraobis momsaxure nakadebad, romelTa fasebis done erTma-neTze ar aris damokidebuli. keinzis azriT, sanam arsebobsumuSevroba, dasaqmeba icvleba im proporciiT, ra proporcii-Tac fulis raodenoba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqmeba, maSin fase-bi icvleba im proporciiT, rogoriTac fulis raodenoba.

keinzi fuls ganixilavda rogorc likvidur qonebas. igisasesxo sargebelsa da mis normas udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdaqveynis ekonomikaSi. keinzi sargeblis normas ganixilavda rogorcinvesticiebis moculobis gansazRvris erT-erT gadamwyvet faq-tors.

fulad-sakredito regulirebis TeoriaSi keinzi umuSevrobismizezebs fulad-sakredito faqtorebs ukavSirebda. misi azriT,arasruli dasaqmebis mizezi arasakmao efeqtiani moTxovnaa,rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia investiciebis ukmarisobiT. amismizezad ki keinzi sargeblis maRal normas asaxelebda dainflaciisa da sargeblis ganakveTis Semcirebis momxre iyo.igi fulad-sakredito sistemas saxelmwifo regulirebis, qvey-nis krizisisgan dacvisa da makroekonomikuri regulirebis mniS-vnelovan berketad ganixilavda, magram wina planze sabiujeto-sagadasaxado regulirebas ayenebda.

j. m. keinzis Teoriis gamoZaxili da misi antipodia moneta-rizmi, romelic warmoiSva XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi aSS-Si. igi ikvlevs fulis mravalwaxnagovan aspeqtebsda mis gavlenas ekonomikaze. monetaruli skolis warmomadgen-lebma didi wvlili Seitanes keinzianuri Teoriis diskredit-aciaSi. Tanamedrove monetaruli Teoria efuZneba ̀ Cikagos skolis~damaarseblis milton fridmenis (1912_2006) gamokvlevebs.keinzisagan gansxvavebiT, igi icavs debulebas ekonomikuri sistemisTviTregulirebis Sesaxeb, xolo ekonomikis arastabilurobasaramyari fuladi sistemiT xsnis, aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomika-

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Si saxelmwifos Carevis winaaRmdegia. monetaristebisTvis ekonomi-ka, pirvel yovlisa, bazaria, bazari ki TviTregulirebadi siste-ma, romelzedac zemoqmedeba SesaZlebelia upiratesad fuladimasis moculobis regulirebiT. monetarizmi (rogorc TviTdasaxelebidan Cans) ekonomikaSi mTavar rols fuls aniWebs,xolo makroekonomikuri wonasworobis mTavar pirobad mimo-qcevaSi fuladi masis myar zrdas miiCnevs, wliuri 3–5%-isfarglebSi. m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, siax-le Seitana fulis raodenobriv TeoriaSi. man naSromebSi –`fulis raodenobrivi Teoria. axali formulireba~, `fulismimoqcevis istoria amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1867–1960wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad) daasabuTa fulis axali roliTanamedrove ekonomikaSi da fulad-sakredito regulirebisprioriteti ekonomikis stabilizaciaSi: naSromSi – `fuladianalizis Teoriuli CarCoebi~ (1971) fridmeni Seecada moeZebnakavSiri fuladi masis dinamikasa da ekonomikis meryeobas Soris.igi udides rols aniWebda fulad masas fasebis donis gan-sazRvraSi. fridmenis azriT, fuladi faqtori gadamwyvet gav-lenas axdens ekonomikis ciklur xasiaTze, amasTan, fulis mi-wodebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios warmoebisa da dasaqmebis realurmoculobaSi moklevadiani cvlilebebi, magram xangrZliv peri-odSi fulis miwodebis cvlileba gavlenas axdens fasebisdoneze. monetaruli Teoriis Tanaxmad, fulis miwodebis sta-biluri gadideba mTel ekonomikas daayenebs aRmavlobis relse-bze, ekonomikur sistemas ki saSualebas miscems gamoavlinosTavisi bunebrivi dinamizmi. Tu ekonomika daRma wava, SeniSnavsfridmeni, maSin fulis miwodebis mudmivi mateba moxmardebasabanko rezervebis gadidebas, xels Seuwyobs imas, rom bankebmagascen sesxebi da, amdenad, ekonomika gamoiyvanon krizisidan.Tu qveyanaSi warmoiqmneba inflaciis moulodneli piki, maSinfulis miwodebis matebis ucvleli koeficienti Taviseburilagami iqneba inflaciis SesaCereblad. m. fridmenis am de-bulebis da, saerTod, miwodebis Teoriis mimarT skepticizmsgamoxataven r. hailbroneri da l. Tarou.1 maTi azriT, frid-menis es varaudi fataluria.


1 Хайлбронер Р., Тароу Л. Экономика для всех. Перевод с английского. Лондон,"Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, 1991, c. 47.



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fulis esa Tu is Teoria sxvadasxva epoqasa da droSi aisaxasaxelmwifoebis mier dadgenil qveynis fulad sistemasa da Sesa-bamis politikaSi. magaliTad, metalisturma Teoriam praq-tikuli asaxva pova Rirebulebis formebis ganviTarebis umaRlessafexurze, rodesac aRmocenda misi fuladi forma _ erTianisayovelTao ekvivalenti da es roli keTilSobilma liTonebma _vercxlma da oqrom daisakuTra. es iyo bimetalizmis epoqa. igigavrcelda XVI_XVIII saukuneebSi da arsebobda XIX saukuneSicki. am periodSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebma TandaTan daiwyesoqros valutaze gadasvla, ris gamoc bimetaluri fuladi siste-ma monometaluriT Seicvala. magaliTad, aSS-Si es moxda 1832wels, iaponiaSi _ 1897 wels, germaniaSi _ 1875 wels, ruseTSi _1898 wels, safrangeTSi _ 1878 wels, avstria-ungreTSi _ 1892wels, belgiasa da SveicariaSi es procesi ganxorcielda faqto-brivad XX saukunis dasawyisSi. rac Seexeba ingliss, iq es moxdaSedarebiT adre, jer kidev XVIII saukunis bolos.

neometalisturi Teoria ukavSirdeba msoflio savalutosistemis Camoyalibebas, romelmac Tavis ganviTarebaSi oTxi etapiganvlo. I etapze, romelic iwyeba XIX saukunis 70-iani wle-bidan da grZeldeba pirvel msoflio omamde, arsebobda oqromon-eturi standarti, romelic gulisxmobda ara mxolod oqrosmonetebis moWras, aramed maTze Rirebulebis niSnebis Tavisufalgadaxurdavebasac. oqros standartis meore formac – oqrozo-duri standartisTvisac, romelic moqmedebda I msoflio omidan30-ian wlebamde (msoflio savaluto sistemis II etapi), damax-asiaTebeli iyo Rirebulebis niSnebis gadaxurdaveba oqros zodebze.zogierT qveyanaSi (metwilad koloniur qveynebSi), oqros fon-dis simciris gamo, SemoiRes oqrodevizuri standarti, romeliciTvaliswinebda banknotebis ucxour valutaze gadaxurdavebas.*

`didi depresiis~ wlebma didi dartyma miayena oqros stan-darts da sabolood dausva wertili mis arsebobas.

msoflio savaluto sistemis III etapze breton-vudsis sava-luto sistemis Camoyalibebam ganapiroba oqrosavaluto standartisSeqmna, riTac safuZveli Caeyara sxvadasxva qveynis savalutokavSirebis saxelmwifoTaSoris regulirebas. savaluto rezervs

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oqrosTan erTad wamyvani valutebic Seadgenda. msoflio savalutomeqanizmis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadad amerikuli dolari gaxda.

nominalisturi Teoriis ZiriTadi postulatebis praq-tikuli realizacia ukavSirdeba msoflio savaluto sistemisganviTarebaSi IV etapis dawyebas, rodesac ssf-is gadawyveti-lebiT (1976) oqros pariteti gauqmda 1978 wels. iamaikissavaluto sistemis CamoyalibebiT moxda oqros saboloo de-monetizacia da igi gamovida saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis sfe-rodan. oqrosavaluto standarti dolaris standartiT(SDR)Seicvala. mTavari valutis statusi amerikul dolars mieniWa.es ZiriTadad ganapiroba aSS-is udidesma ekonomikurma poten-cialma da msoflioSi misma yvelaze didma oqros maragma.*

fulis raodenobriv Teorias neoklasikuri TeoriissafuZvlad miiCneven, im Teoriisa, romelsac neokeinzianuri TeoriisSemdeg wamyvani roli eWira ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikurpolitikaSi.

fulis keinzianurma Teoriam ekonomikuri zrdis keinzi-anur moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidra da saTana-dod aisaxa `keinzianur revoluciaSi~.

fulis monetarulma Teoriam, ukanasknel periodSi, msof-lio finansuri krizisis dawyebamde, gadamwyveti roli Seasru-la ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur politikaSi. mak-roekonomikur regulirebaSi monetarul Teoriaze dafuZnebulfulad-sakredito politikas `pirveli violinos~ funqciebihqonda dakisrebuli. Tumca, 2008 wels dawyebulma globalurmafinansurma krizisma msoflio ekonomikuri politikis gadasin-jva moiTxova da keinzis `reabilitaciis~ konturebi gamosaxa.

milton fridmenma Secvala jon meinard keinzis filo-sofia, am ukanasknelma ki adam smiTis filosofia. dResmsoflio, axali globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi,milton fridmenis filosofiis Secvlis molodinSia, rom-lis konturebic ukve gamoikveTa da am cvlilebis gareSegarTuldeba msoflio finansuri krizisidan Tavis daRweva,romelmac saTave swored m. fridmenis samSobloSi _aSS-Si aiRo.


* aSS-is oqros maragi msoflio maragis (35,8 aTasi tona) TiTqmis meoTxediada 8,14 aTas tonas Seadgens.



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V.3. fulad-sakredito politika _ qveynis mak-roekonomikuri regulirebis instrumenti

fulad-sakredito politikis avkargianobaze, imaze Tu ram-denad aris igi misadagebuli erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTare-basTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, rogor asrulebs Tavis amocanebs,bevradaa damokidebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba qveyana-Si. am TvalsazrisiT, optimaluri Sexamebis miRwevis metad rTu-li problemis gadaWra saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesifunqciaa.

fulis, rogorc ekonomikuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi yve-laze `mgrZnobiare~ elementis, mimoqcevis efeqtian regulire-basa da bazris funqcionirebisaTvis normaluri pirobebis Se-qmnas emsaxureba qveynis fulad-sakredito politika. aqedangamomdinare, igi ekonomikuri koniunqturis mniSvnelovani in-strumentia, romlis sworad warmarTviT qveynis makroekonomikurregulirebaSi SesaZlebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebis gada-Wra: fulze moTxovna_miwodebis dabalanseba, fulis bazarzewonasworobis SenarCuneba, mimoqcevis sferoSi fuladi masisregulireba da kontroli, erovnuli valutis kursisa da eko-nomikuri ciklis regulireba, inflaciis donis minimizacia, iafisakredito resursebiT ekonomikis realuri seqtoris uzrunve-lyofa, investirebis stimulireba da a.S. am amocanebis real-izaciis gareSe fulad-sakredito politika mowyvetilia qvey-nis socialur-ekonomikur procesebs da ekonomikis destabili-zaciis faqtorad iqceva.

amrigad, fulad-sakredito politikaze didad aris damoki-debuli ekonomikis stabilizacia da ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva.

fulad-sakredito politikis mimdinareobasa da inflaciisdinamikaze did gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaainflaciuri molodini, sainvesticio nakadebi, Sromis mwarmoe-blurobis cvlileba, ekonomikis monetizaciis done, gadasacv-leli kursis mosalodneli dinamika, mSp-is zrdis tempi da a.S.Tavis mxriv, am faqtorebze garkveul zemoqmedebas axorcielebscentraluri banki Tavisi monetaruli instrumentebiT. am mizniTigi iyenebs iseT arapirdapir instrumentebs, rogoricaa bankTa-Sorisi kreditis ganakveTi, savaldebulo rezervebis norma,

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fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze saxelmwifo sagadasaxado valde-bulebaTa yidva_gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebi, da iseTpirdapir (administraciul) instrumentebs, rogoricaa mizno-brivi dakrediteba, `sakredito Weri~, sargeblis ganakveTisdonisadmi pirdapiri kontroli da a.S.

bankTaSorisi kreditis ganakveTiT fulad-sakredito regu-lireba anu diskontis politika inflaciasTan brZolis efeq-tiani saSualebaa. saqme isaa, rom bankTaSorisi kreditis ganakve-Ti aris procenti im kreditze, romelsac aZlevs centraluribanki yvela sxva banks. Tuki qveyanaSi SeimCneva inflaciuriprocesebis daCqareba, centraluri banki maRla swevs am ga-nakveTs, ris safuZvelzec ecema fulze moTxovna da SedarebiTnela izrdeba mimoqcevaSi fuladi masa. marTalia, igi uaryofiTgavlenas axdens warmoebis ganviTarebaze, magram saxelmwifosmoqnili sagadasaxado politikiT SesaZlebelia Tanmxlebi nega-tiuri efeqtebis daZleva.

rac Seexeba savaldebulo rezervebis normas, igi komerciu-li bankebis fuladi Tanxaa, romlis sesxad gacemis ufleba maTara aqvT da valdebulni arian TavianT angariSze iqonion cen-tralur bankSi. es ukanaskneli ki situaciis mixedviT moqmedebs:fuladi masis zrdis Senelebis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi amaR-lebs savaldebulo rezervebis normas da, piriqiT, roca arisimis aucilebloba, rom mimoqcevaSi gaizardos fulis raodenoba,maSin centraluri banki dabla wevs savaldebulo rezervebisnormas, riTac SesaZleblobas aZlevs komerciul bankebs Tavian-Ti saxsrebis droebiT `gayinuli~ nawili gadaaqcion kreditad.

centraluri banki Ria bazarze awarmoebs operaciebs saxel-mwifo sagadasaxado valdebulebebiT, romlebic samTavrobo fa-siani qaRaldebis erTobliobaa da maTi meSveobiT, arapirdapirigziT, xorcieldeba zemoqmedeba fulad-sakredito bazarze. esvaldebulebebi saxelmwifo valia mosaxleobisadmi, romeliciyofa sabazro da arasabazro kategoriebad. sabazros miekuTvnebasaxazino Tamasuqi (sam da eqvsTviani, 91_dRiani da wliuridafarvis vadiT), saSualovadiani saxazino Tamasuqi (erTidan10 wlamde dafarvis vadiT) da saxazino obligacia.

arasabazro fasiani qaRaldebidan yvelaze gavrcelebuliformaa Semnaxveli obligacia. garda amisa, mas miekuTvneba agreTve




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samTavrobo angariSebis seriebi, ucxouri samTavrobo seriebi,xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis seriebi da sxv. am fasi-ani qaRaldebis yidva_gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebiT,centraluri banki zemoqmedebs mimoqcevaSi arsebul fulad masaze.

fulad-sakredito politikis elastikuroba da funqcioni-rebis xasiaTi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramde-nad efeqtianad iyenebs centraluri banki diskontis politi-kas, operaciebs Ria bazarze da savaldebulo rezervebis poli-tikas. diskontis politikis mizania sakredito institutebisrefinansirebis (Zveli grZelvadiani valis dafarva axali grZel-vadiani sesxiT)pirobebis cvlilebebiT gavlena moaxdinos fu-lad-sakredito bazarze. amasve emsaxureba operaciebi Ria baz-arze, romlis meqanizmi dafuZnebulia saxelmwifo fasianiqaRaldebis, sabanko aqceptebisa da sxva sakredito valde-bulebebis yidva_gayidvaze.

civilizebul qveynebSi monetaruli politikis saerTaSorisostandartebTan miaxloebis dones mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravsfulad-sakredito regulirebis pirdapiri instrumentebidanarapirdapir instrumentebze gadasvlis xangrZlivoba. es uka-naskneli gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT da meryeobs 1_dan5 wlamde, saSualod ki 3,7 welia. magaliTad, CexeTma jer kidev1992 wels praqtikulad gaauqma pirdapiri regulirebis yvelaforma, bulgareTma ki _ 1994 wels. ganviTarebul qveynebspraqtikulad gauqmebuli aqvT pirdapiri regulirebis formebi,sxva qveynebi ki met_naklebad cdiloben maT gauqmebas.

V.4. fulad-sakredito sistemis struqturuligardaqmnebi da monetaruli politika

saqarTveloSi

fulad-sakredito sistemis struqturuli reforma saqarTve-loSi Rrma ekonomikuri krizisis dros daiwyo. aRmosavleTevropis bevri saxelmwifosa da baltiispireTis qveynebisagangansxvavebiT, sadac ekonomikis stabilizacia SedarebiT swrafadmoxda, saqarTveloSi es procesi sakmaod nela da araordinaru-lad warimarTa. am garemoebam Seaferxa likviduri fulis war-moqmna da sakredito bazrebis Camoyalibeba. es mdgomareoba

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kidev ufro gaamwvava saqarTvelos ekonomikis iseTma mZime `daa-vadebam~, rogoric iyo reformirebis I etapze inflaciis maRalitempebi da hiperinflacia. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa kavSirisdaSlisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg,pozitiuri nabijebi gadaidga fulad_sakredito sistemis struq-turuli gardaqmnebis TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa-bWos gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos sakuTrebad gamocxaddamis teritoriaze arsebuli sakredito sistemis yvela struq-tura. sakavSiro saxelmwifo bankis bazaze 1991 wels dafuZn-da saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli banki, romelsac qveyniscentraluri bankis funqciebi daekisra.*

saqarTvelos fulad_sakredito sistemaSi erT-erTi siax-le da pozitiuri nabiji iyo arasaxelmwifo bankebis Seqmna. esprocesi, marTalia, jer kidev 1989 wlidan daiwyo, magram maSinmaT registracias sakavSiro saxelmwifo banki axdenda, romlisxelSi monopolizebuli iyo mTeli sabanko sistema da igicentralizebulad warmarTavda fulad_sakredito politikas.amitom axlad Camoyalibebul saqarTvelos erovnul banks dae-vala qveyanaSi arsebuli yvela bankis xelaxali registracia.amasTan, erTiarusiani sabanko sistema, romelic niSandobliviiyo administraciul_mbrZanebluri ekonomikisaTvis, samiarusi-ani (samsafexuriani) sabanko sistemiT Seicvala, sadac pirveliiarusi daikava erovnulma bankma, meore – saxelmwifo-komerci-ulma da mesame – komerciulma bankebma. saxelmwifo-komerci-ul bankebad gardaiqmna ̀ industriabanki~, ̀ binsocbanki~, ̀ Semnaxvelibanki~, èqsimbanki~ da àgromrewvbanki~. Semdeg moxda maTi ko-merciul bankebad gardaqmna da aseTma struqturulma cv-lilebebma ganapiroba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi aRiarebulioriarusiani sabanko sistemis Seqmna. Camoyalibda komerciulibankebis saqmianobis samarTlebrivi formebi. kanoniT `komerci-uli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ da Sesabamisi normatiuliaqtebiT reglamentirebul iqna komerciuli bankebis saqmianobasaqarTveloSi, safuZveli Caeyara sakredito kavSirebis inter-nacionalizacias, gaixsna sakredito xazebi.

1992 wlis bolos ruseTis centraluri bankis mier mane-Tis miwodebis saqarTvelosTvis Sewyvetisa da 1993 wlis


* pirveli centraluri banki saqarTveloSi 1919 wels Seiqmna.



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aprilSi kuponis SemoRebis Semdeg, erovnulma bankma iTavaqveynis monetaruli da sakredito politikis gatareba, magramimdenad miSvebuli da absoluturad umarTavi iyo procesebi(Tanac adgili hqonda erovnuli bankis saqmianobaSi xelisuf-lebis pirdapir Carevas), rom SeuZlebeli iyo efeqtiani poli-tikis gatareba. Sedegmac ar daayovna: wliurma inflaciam 1993–1994 wlebSi, Sesabamisad, 7500 da 6500% Seadgina. 1993 wlisaprilidan 1994 wlis agvistos CaTvliT, mimoqcevaSi arsebulifulis masa 150-jer gaizarda, rasac, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,erovnuli bankis mier mTavrobis dakrediteba uwyobda xels.1

1995 wlis oqtombridan, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSiganxorcielda fulad_sakredito reforma da SemoRebul iqnalari, situacia Seicvala, SesaZlebeli gaxda inflaciis mniS-vnelovani Semcireba. amave wels miRebul iqna kanoni ̀ saqarTve-los erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~, romelic saanalizo periodisbolomde moqmedebda, oRond, 2008 wlis 14 marts masSi Seta-nil iqna cvlilebebi da damatebebi, rac, Tvisebrivad, axalikanonis tolfasi iyo.

ganisazRvra saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis, rogorc qveyniserTiani fulad_sakredito politikis gamtarebeli organos,pasuxismgeblobisa da uflebamosilebis sakiTxebi. erovnulmabankma sakorespondento urTierToba daamyara aSS-is, didi bri-taneTis, germaniis, safrangeTis, Sveicariis bankebTan.

erovnuli banki warmodgenilia sakuTriv erovnuli bankis,safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagentosa da finansuri monitor-ingis samsaxuriT. erovnuli bankis umTavresi funqciaa mone-taruli politikis ganxorcieleba (rac, Tavis mxriv, moicavsfulad_sakredito da savaluto politikis SemuSavebasa daganxorcielebas). safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagento axor-cielebs qveynis finansuri seqtoris (komerciuli bankebi,sadazRvevo da sabrokero kompaniebi, mikrosafinanso organiza-ciebi) regulirebas (amasTan, igi pasuxismgebelia komerciulibankebisa da safinanso seqtoris sxva monawileTaTvis licen-ziebis gacemaze), xolo finansuri monitoringis samsaxuri –ZiriTadad ukanono Semosavlis gamoaSkaravebas.

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1 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da funqciebi. pirveligamocema. Tb., 2008, gv. 20.



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2007 wlamde saqarTvelos safinanso zedamxedvelobis saagen-to, rogorc finansuri seqtoris maregulirebeli erTiani orga-no, ar arsebobda. 2007_2008 wlebSi Sesabamis kanonebSi ganxor-cielebuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, sami sazedamxedvelo orga-nos – erovnuli bankis zedamxedvelobis departamentis, fasianiqaRaldebis erovnuli komisiisa da dazRvevis saxelmwifo zedamxed-velobis samsaxuris bazaze Camoyalibda damoukidebeli organofinansuri zedamxedvelobis saagentos saxiT. igi swavlobs calkeu-li safinanso organizaciebis riskebs, maSin rodesac erovnulibankis prerogativaa mTlianad safinanso seqtoris riskebis gamokv-leva, im movlenebis gaanalizeba, romelTa moxdenis albaTobadabalia, magram potenciuri uaryofiTi gavlena Zalzed maRali(magaliTad, finansuri krizisebis warmoSoba).

rogorc yvela centralur banks, erovnul banksac miniWe-buli aqvs bolo instanciis kreditoris funqcia. mas uflebaaqvs komerciul banks, finansuri sirTuleebis pirobebSi, gamouyosbolo instanciis sesxi, maT Soris grZelvadianic da arauzrun-velyofilic, raTa gadaarCinos igi gakotrebisagan.

saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebi da finansTa saministrossaxazino samsaxuri qveynis masStabiT lariT unaRdo angariS-sworebis operaciebs erovnuli bankis eleqtronuli angariSs-worebis sistemis meSveobiT axorcieleben. magaliTad, 2007wlis monacemebiT, ganxorcielda aseTi saxis 5,1 mln erTeu-lis gadaricxva da mTlianma Tanxam 37 mlrd lari Seadgina.1

garda Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, lari gadaxdis erTaderTikanonieri saSualebaa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. qarTu-li fulis niSnebi, romelic mzaddeba wamyvan evropul orga-nizaciebSi, mosaxleobas komerciuli bankebis meSveobiT miewodeba.2007 wlis monacemebiT, mimoqcevaSi arsebuli naRdi fulisraodenobam 1327,5 mln lari Seadgina, maT Soris banknotia1302,2 mln laris, xolo moneta – 25,3 mln laris.2

erovnuli banki warmoadgens saqarTvelos teritoriaze mi-moqcevaSi arsebuli erovnuli da ucxouri valutis mTavar


1 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da funqciebi. pirveligamocema. Tb., 2008. gv. 30.2 iqve, gv. 31.

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eqsperts. igi axorcielebs falsificirebuli, yalbi fuladiniSnebis mimoqcevidan amoRebas, sabanko momsaxurebas uwevs saqarTve-los mTavrobas da misi fiskaluri agentia, atarebs saxelmwifofasiani qaRaldebis pirvelad auqcionebs, awarmoebs realizebu-li fasiani qaRaldebis reestrs da saxazino samsaxurs uwevssxvadasxva saxis daxmarebas.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis umTavresi amocana fasebisstabilurobis uzrunvelyofaa da ara mogebis miReba. mis Ziri-Tad aqtivebs warmoadgens saxazino obligaciebi da ucxouri va-lutebis (aSS dolari da evro) rezervebi, xolo ZiriTad valde-bulebebs – umeteswilad lariT gamoxatuli komerciuli ban-kebis mimarT davalianeba da mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis niSnebi.

erovnuli bankis Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaroa saxazinoobligaciebze mTavrobis mier gadaxdili procentebi da ucxo-uri valutis rezervebis marTviT miRebuli Semosavlebi, xoloZiriTadi xarjebia sesxebis momsaxurebisa da administraciulixarjebi.

erovnuli banki saqarTvelos warmoadgens iseT saerTaSorisoorganizaciebSi, rogoricaa ssf, saerTaSoriso angariSsworebisbanki, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, Savi zRvisvaWrobisa da ganviTarebis banki. es urTierTobebi misTvis kano-niT miniWebuli uflebebis farglebSi xorcieldeba.

saqarTvelos erovnul bankTan erTad, qveynis ekonomikuripolitikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi monawileobs saqar-Tvelos finansTa saministro Tavisi fiskaluri politikiT daekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro, romlis ZiriTadi saqmi-anobis sferos ganekuTvneba sagareo vaWrobis xelSewyoba, sax-elmwifo qonebis marTva, ucxouri da adgilobrivi investicie-bis mozidvis waxaliseba, saxelmwifo qonebis gansaxelmwifoe-brivebis procesis uzrunvelyofa.

erovnuli bankis damoukidebloba saqarTvelos konstituci-iTaa garantirebuli, Tumca, saanalizo periodis mTel manZilze,man Tavi ver daaRwia saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da xeli-suflebisagan zewolas, rac negatiurad aisaxa mis mier mone-taruli politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze, finan-suri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofaze.

erovnuli banki ekonomikuradac damoukidebelia da yvela

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xarjs uzrunvelyofs sakuTari saxsrebiT. amasTan, mas ar ekisrebapasuxismgebloba mTavrobis valdebulebebze, Tumca saqarTveloSisaanalizo periodSi konstituciis es muxlic irRveoda. ma-galiTad, araerTxel momxdara erovnuli bankis xarjebiT biu-jetis deficitis dafarva, mTavrobis dafinanseba da a.S.

erovnuli banki pasuxismgebelia pirdapiri Tu arapirdapi-ri instrumentebis gamoyenebiT masze dakisrebuli funqciebisSesrulebaze. mas eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos ter-itoriaze ganaxorcielos erovnuli fulis niSnebis emisia, aseve,samaxsovro monetebis moWra. igi uflebamosilia momsaxurebagauwios im saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romelTa wevric saqar-Tveloa, an TviTon aris, an kidev, momsaxureba gauwios sxvaqveynebis mTavrobebsa da fulad–sakredito organoebs.

1995 wels erovnuli bankis iniciativiT daarsda bankTa-Sorisi sakredito auqcioni, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli Sea-srula sabanko sistemis ganviTarebaSi. amasTan, am process xeliSeuwyo saxazino valdebulebebis bazris Camoyalibebam, romel-sac safuZveli Caeyara 1997 wlis meore naxevarSi, agreTvesabanko saqmis diversifikaciis ganxorcielebam. sakredito urT-ierTobebis marTvasTan erTad, bankebma daiwyes sadazRvevo oper-aciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis yidva–gayidvasTan dakavSirebu-li operaciebis ganxorcieleba.

saqarTveloSi 1994 wlisTvis ukve registrirebuli iyo 200banki, 1995 wels ki maTma raodenobam piks miaRwia (229 banki). amperiodidan iwyeba bankebis raodenobis Semcirebis procesi. 1996wels (1 ianvris mdgomareobiT) maTi raodenoba 84-mde davida,1997 wels – 59-mde, 1998 wels _ 52-mde, 1999 wels – 43-mde,2000 wels – 36-mde, xolo 2001 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi 27komerciuli banki da 2 ucxouri bankis filiali iyo.1 komerciu-li bankebis raodenobis Semcirebis tendencia Semdgom periodSicgagrZelda, magaliTad, 2003 wlis bolosaTvis sul 25 banki iyo,2004 wels – 21, 2005 wels – 19, 2006 wels – 17, xolo 2007wels isev 19 gaxda.2 2008 wels saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorsaxali bankebi SeuerTdnen: yazaxuri ̀ xalikbanki saqarTvelo~ (romel-


1 saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebi.

2 saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli _ 2008. saqarTvelos ekonomikuriganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamenti. Tb., 2008, gv. 253.



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mac imave wels saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 50 mln laris inves-ticia ganaxorciela), `HSBC banki~, `pirveli britanuli banki~(romelic Camoyalibda banki ̀ TeTris~ bazaze). amave wels ̀ stan-dart banki~ iyida `kor bankma~ 42 mln dolarad da 2008wlis bolosaTvis igi `dabi jgufis~ sakuTrebaSi gadavida.`viTibi bankSi~ rusuli Sesabamisi bankis kapitalis wili 7,13%-iT gaizarda da 84,7% gaxda.

2008 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTveloSi 20 komerciuli bankidafiqsirda (aqedan, 17 banki ucxouri kapitalis monawileobi-Taa Seqmnili), aqtivebis mixedviT ki pirvel da meore adgilebs`saqarTvelos banki~ da `Ti-bi-si banki~ inawilebdnen. Semdegadgilebze modioda `banki respublika/jgufi sosiete Jenera-li~, `prokredit banki saqarTvelo~ da banki `qarTu~.

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki ekonomikis reformirebis Ietapze axorcielebda vaSingtonis konsensusis mier Tavsmox-veul ìafi fulis~ politikas, II etapze – `Zviri fulis~politikas, xolo III etapze – neoliberalur politikas. arcerTi etapis politika ar ganxorcielebula klasikuri mode-lis CarCoebSi da maTSi anarqiulobis elementebi Warbobda.

inflaciasTan brZolis mizniT, erovnuli bankis monetaru-li politika, ZiriTadad, fulis miwodebasa da kreditis moc-ulobaze zemoqmedebiT gamoixata. bankTaSorisi sargeblis ga-nakveTebis aweviT, igi, faqtobrivad, zrdida sabanko sesxebzesargeblis ganakveTs, riTac amcirebda qveyanaSi fulis miwode-bas. es, marTalia, susti ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSic kianelebs inflaciis tempebs, magram, samagierod, ekonomikis in-vestirebisa da saqmiani aqtiurobis SeferxebiT, uaryofiT gav-lenas axdens warmoebis ganviTarebaze. amasTan, monetarulipolitikiT sargeblis ganakveTebis cvlileba fasebze myisiergavlenas ver axdens. amisaTvis saWiroa garkveuli dro, sanam,jer erTi, firmebi da Sinameurneobebi sainvesticio da samomx-mareblo qcevas Secvlian da, meore, maTi qcevis cvlilebebiaisaxeba fasebze. amitom monetaruli politika garkveulwiladprognozebzea gaTvlili, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeliamisi gamkacrebiT an SemsubuqebiT sargeblis ganakveTebis manevr-ireba.

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V.5. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove sabanko sistema

saqarTvelos sabanko sistema, miuxedavad bolo wlebSi miR-weuli warmatebebisa, mravali Siga Tu gare faqtorebis gav-leniT, ver Camoyalibda iseT mdgrad institutad, romelicgaarTmevda Tavs qveyanaSi kapitalis qronikul ukmarisobasa da,aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri zrdis amocanebs. es mosazrebaar aris mxolod avtoriseuli, aseT daskvnebs adgilobrivi Tuucxoeli eqspertebic akeTeben.1

saqarTvelo gamoirCeva danazogebis Zalze dabali doniTda am maCveneblis mixedviT ganixileba saharis samxreTiT mde-bare ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufSi.2 amitom, vinaidan depozitebisbaza sakmarisi ar iyo erovnuli ekonomikis sesxebiT uzrunve-lyofisaTvis, es arTulebda situacias da am problemis gada-Wris mizniT bankebi axerxebdnen sagareo bazrebidan sesxebismozidvas. am kampaniam imdenad masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo, romucxouri investiciebis mozidva gaxda ara qveynis Siga dana-zogebis deficitis Sevsebis wyaro, aramed, SeiZleba iTqvas,ekonomikis ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad gadaiqca.

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemas bzari 2008 wlis msofliofinansuri krizisis dawyebamde gauCnda. Tumca globalurmafinansurma krizisma, romelsac aSS-is federaluri sarezervosistemis yofilma xelmZRvanelma alan grinspenma uwoda ̀ krizisi,romelic 50 weliwadSi erTxel an, SesaZloa saukuneSi erTx-el moxdes~,3 es bzari kidev ufro gaaRrmava da TvalCeniligaxada. SemTxveviT ar iyo, rom qveynis sabanko seqtorma 2008weli 215 mln laris zaraliT daasrula.

1 kordonie k. kerZo danazogebi, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba da finansuriseqtoris ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~.kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC, oqtomberi, 2008, gv. 63_64; saqarTvelosekonomikuri safrTxeebisa da mTavrobis krizisisgan dacvis strategiis analizida rekomendaciebi. angariSi momzadda koalicia ̀ gamWvirvale finansuri daxmarebasaqarTvelos~ farglebSi. Tb., Tebervali, 2009, gv. 12.

2 kordonie k. kerZo danazogebi, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba da finansuriseqtoris ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~.kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC, oqtomberi, 2008, gv. 62;3 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safrTxeebisa da mTavrobis krizisisgan dacvisstrategiis analizi da rekomendaciebi. angariSi momzadda koalicia ̀ gamWvirvalefinansuri daxmareba saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. Tb., Tebervali, 2009, gv. 20.




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2008 wlis bolomde saqarTvelos sabanko sistema bazelissazedamxedvelo komitetis mier SemuSavebul sabanko zedamxed-velobis regulirebis ̀ bazeli-I~-is sistemas eyrdnoboda. Tumca,jer kidev 2004 wlis ivnisSi SemuSavebul iqna ufro srulyo-fili ̀ bazeli-II~-is sistema, romlis ZiriTadi moTxovnebia: sakredi-to da saoperacio sistemebis Sefaseba da gamWvirvaloba, komer-ciuli bankebis mier kreditebis gacemis procesSi sakuTarikapitalis ganmtkicebis mizniT erTiani konkurenciuli pirobe-bis Seqmna da axali finansuri instrumentebis danergva.

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis funqcionirebis donis gasaana-lizeblad mniSvnelovania mSp-Tan sabanko sesxebis odenobisSefardebis indikatoris gamoyeneba. es maCvenebeli 2007 welsaSS-Si TiTqmis 230%-s aRwevda, xolo saSualo evropuli maCvene-beli 200%-is farglebSi meryeobda, maSin rodesac saqarTvelo-Si mxolod 31%-s Seadgenda, anu mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi sakreditoportfelis odenoba katastrofulad dabali iyo.1

cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis grZelvadiani dakre-diteba importis dafinansebas uwyobda xels da ara warmoebisganviTarebas. grZelvadiani kreditebis 20%-ze meti ipoTekurzemodioda. 2007 wels ipoTekuri sesxebis moculoba, 2006 welTanSedarebiT, 50%-iT, anu 600 mln lariT gaizarda. amasTan, sam-Seneblo kompaniebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli (an jer mxolod`haerSi~ arsebuli) binebis umetesoba kreditiT iyideboda. de-veloperebis umravlesoba fuls bankebidan sesxulobda. bankebs,sadazRveo da samSeneblo kompaniebs Soris Zlieri urTierT-damokidebuleba Camoyalibda. samomxmareblo bazarze sabankoseqtoris mzardi aqtiuroba maTi mxridan seriozul riskebsukavSirdeboda, rasac umTavresad mosaxleobis arastabiluri dadabali Semosavali ganapirobebda. amasTan, maRali iyo bankebislikvidurobis riski. mis gadafarvas bankebi saerTaSoriso safi-nanso institutebis sakredito xazebis meSveobiT cdilobdnen.2007 wels maTi moculoba 127%-iT gaizarda, maSin rodesacdepozitebis moculobam mxolod 55%-iT imata. Camoyalibdalikvidurobis krizisi, romelic saerTaSoriso organizaciebidansakredito resursebis Semdgom mozidvas arTulebda. amasTan,bankebis sazedamxedvelo kapitalis adekvaturobis koeficienti,

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1 ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomika~, #3 (136), 2009, gv. 8.



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anu kapitalis Sefardeba riskebis mixedviT Sewonil aqtivebTan,2008 wlis bolosTvis 14%-ze meti iyo, rac saqarTvelossabanko seqtorSi dadgenil normativze (12%) maRalia.1 es,garkveulwilad, xels uwyobda sabanko riskebis Semcirebas.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis misiis mier saqarTveloSigatarebuli reformebis Sedegad komerciuli bankebi TandaTanerovnuli bankis kontrolidan gamovidnen. amiT erovnuli bankispasuxismgeblobis sfero SeizRuda. 2008 wlis bolosTvis gamo-ikveTa bankebis sami jgufi: 1. msxvili bankebi (`saqarTvelos banki~,`Ti-bi-si banki~, `respublika banki/jgufi sosiete jenerali~),romlebmac ucxouri saxsrebi moizides da kvlav lider-banke-bad darCnen; 2. samSeneblo da samTomompovebel biznesTan mWidroddakavSirebuli (mibmuli) bankebi, romlebsac naklebad diversi-ficirebuli aqtivebi hqondaT da klientebic arc Tu ise bevrihyavdaT (`saxalxo banki~); 3. diversificirebuli aqtivebis mqone,magram samSeneblo da samTomompovebel biznesTan naklebad dakav-Sirebuli bankebi (`prokredit banki saqarTvelo~, banki ̀ qarTu~).

aRsaniSnavia, rom bankebs 2008 wlis agvistos omamde Seeq-mnaT seriozuli problemebi. ar gaamarTla im varaudma, rommsoflio bazarze dawyebuli sabinao seqtoris damangrevelitalRa saqarTvelomde ver moaRwevda da uZrav qonebaze fasebiszrdis tendencia gagrZeldeboda. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelosbankebs likvidurobis mxriv didi problemebi SeeqmnaT. 2008wlis 1 agvistosTvis sabanko seqtorSi ganTavsebuli arasabankodepozitebis moculoba 3,1 mlrd lari iyo, xolo 1 TveSi igi2,7 mlrd laramde Semcirda. agvistos omis Semdeg vadagadac-ilebuli sesxebis raodenobam 268 mln lari Seadgina. 2008wlis pirveli 11 Tvis monacemebiT, sabanko seqtorma mTlianad158 mln laris zarali ganicada. amasTan, sabanko produqtebzemoTxovna mkveTrad daeca. am periodisTvis kvlav maRali iyoucxouri valutis wili depozitebis mTlian moculobaSi da84,8%-s Seadgenda. agvistoSi saqarTvelos bankebma didi zaraliinvestirebis mxrivac ganicades. erovnuli bankis 2008 wlispirveli 9 Tvis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi, gasul2007 welTan SedarebiT, mTliani investiciebis moculoba 37%-iT


1 http://www.mbg.ge/uploads/depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_com-mercial_banks_totalgeo.xls


http://www.mbg.ge/uploads/depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_com


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naklebi iyo da man mxolod 73,6 mln dolari Seadgina.1

2007 welTan SedarebiT, 2008 wels saqarTvelos sabankoseqtoris likvidurobis donem sagrZnoblad daiwia. sabanko seq-toris saSualo likvidurobis koeficientma 2008 wlis ivnisismdgomareobiT 32,9% Seadgina, maSin rodesac 2007 wlis ivnisSi40,6% iyo.2

2008 wlis dasasrulisTvis sagrZnoblad iklo saqarTve-los sakredito bazarze bankebis sainvesticio aqtiurobam. maTyuradReba sesxebis amoRebaze gadaitanes.

saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi arsebul problemebze saer-TaSoriso sabanko reitingebic metyvelebs. saerTaSoriso sare-itingo saagento Moody's-ma `saqarTvelos banksa~ da `Ti-bi-sibanks~ reitingebi Seumcira. orive bankis depozitebis reitingi(erovnul valutaSi) `B1~-dan `B3~-mde Semcirda, xolo vada-gadacilebuli valebis reitingi – `B2~-mde. ucxour valuta-Si depozitebis moculobac uaryofiTi prognoziT xasiaTdeba.amasTan, `saqarTvelos bankis~ aqciebi londonis safondo bir-Jaze vardniT dafiqsirda.3

Tanamedrove sabanko panika, romelsac specialistebi `dai-mond_dibvigis~ modeliT aRweren, gansakuTrebiT iseTi sabankosistemisTvisaa niSandoblivi, romelSic depozitebsa da sesxebsSoris vadianobis mniSvnelovani disbalansia. es TvalSisaceminaklovaneba saqarTvelos sabanko sistemisTvisacaa damaxasiaTe-beli, rac, ̀ daimond_dibvigis~ modelidan gamomdinare, saqarTve-los bankebs iZulebuls gaxdis gamoacxadon sabanko ardadegebian meanabreebs SeuzRudon depozitebis ukan gamoTxova.

2008 wlis bolosaTvis saqarTveloSi praqtikulad ar muSaob-da grZelvadiani dazogvis meqanizmi. qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 2170aTasi fizikuri da iuridiuli piris depoziti iricxeboda,romelTagan erT Tvemde depozitebis raodenoba depozitebismTliani raodenobis 99%-s Seadgenda. gansakuTrebiT didi Seu-sabamoba iyo depozitebisa da sesxebis saSualo sidideebs Soris.

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1 http://www.mbg.ge/uploads/depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_com-mercial_banks_totalgeo.xls2 http://www.nbg.gov.ge/nbg.new.geo/banking_system/consept3 RaniaSvili m. rogor ebrZvis finansur kriziss saqarTvelos sabanko sis-tema? ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomika~, #3, 2009, gv. 6.


http://www.mbg.ge/uploads/depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_com

http://www.nbg.gov.ge/nbg.new.geo/banking_system/consept


169fulad-sakredito sistema da politika

1 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safrTxeebisa da mTavrobis krizisisgan dacvisstrategiis analizi da rekomendaciebi. angariSi momzadda koalicia ̀ gamWvirvalefinansuri daxmareba saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. Tb., Tebervali, 2009, gv. 20.

2 http://www.mbg.ge/uploads_depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_commercial_banks_totalgeo.xls

#2 cxrili

depozitebsa da sesxebs Soris sxvaoba vadianobismixedviT 2008 wlis bolosaTvis (aTasi lari)2

vadianobisxangrZlivoba

depozitebis sa-Sualo sidide

sesxebis saSu-alo sidide

1 Tvemde vadianobis

1 Tvidan 3 Tvis CaTvliT



12 Tveze meti

sul

1.993,650

82,000

-25,840

-316,557

-3.881,310

-2.148,056

0,97

17,95

7,47

12,10

5,22

1,61

0,60

0,97

4,23

2,10

11,91

4,75

sxvaoba gacemulsesxebsa da de-pozitebs Soris

saSualo sesxi saSualo depozits TiTqmis samjer aRemateboda,rac Zalze saSiSia da, rogorc specialistebi varaudoben, saban-ko panikis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos sabanko siste-ma, faqtobrivad, moziduli Tanxebis gareSe darCeba.1

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi 2008 wlis bolosaTvis Camoya-libebul mZime viTarebaze naTel warmodgenas iZleva #2 cxrili.

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi Seqmnil rTul mdgomare-obas xeli Seuwyo msoflioSi sakmaod aprobirebuli depozitebisdazRvevis institutis ararsebobam. amasTan, sabanko panikisaganTavdacvis es efeqtiani saSualeba qveyanaSi investiciebis da-bandebis xelSemwyobi faqtoricaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saer-TaSoriso safinanso institutebma araerTi rekomendacia miscessaqarTvelos. saerTSoriso savaluto fondis oficialuriwarmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi edvard gardneri urCevda mTavrobas,rom SemoeRo sabanko depozitebis dazRveva, rogorc bankebi-sadmi ndobis aRdgenis erT-erTi saSualeba. amitom, bunebrivia,qveynis strategiuli ganviTarebis programaSi igi saTanadodunda aisaxos. miTumetes, msoflio finansuri krizisis dawye-


http://www.mbg.ge/uploads_depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_


170

basTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ndoba bankebismimarT mkveTrad daeca da sabanko operaciebis umetesoba ucx-ouri valutiT xorcieldeba.

Seqmnil araordinarul situaciaSi, 2008 wlis bolosaTvis,saqarTvelos bankebSi risk-menejmentisa da strategiuli menej-mentis Secvlis aucilebloba dadga, risTvisac maT axali stra-tegiis SemuSaveba daiwyes. zogierTma maTganma globaluri finan-suri krizisis win saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebidanTanxebis mozidvac ki SeZles, riTac likvidurobis mwvave problemadaZlies. magaliTad, `saqarTvelos bankma~ 200 mln dolarimiiRo `saerTaSoriso finansuri korporaciisa~ da èvropisrekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankisgan~. 2008 wlis 22oqtombers briuselSi gamarTul donorTa saerTaSoriso kon-ferenciaze, saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris mxardasaWerad, sesxebi-sa da grantebis saxiT 850 mln dolari gamoiyo.

V.5. mcdari monetaruli postulatebi da mkacrifulad-sakredito politikis multiplikaciuri

efeqti saqarTveloSi

Rrma negatiuri ekonomikuri procesebi, romlebmac Tavi iCi-na ekonomikis reformirebis wlebSi damoukidebel saqarTveloSida gadaizarda yovlismomcvel, sistemur krizisSi, ZiriTadadqveynis ganviTarebis donisa da Taviseburebebis, arsebuli real-iebis araadekvaturi ekonomikuri politikis Sedegia. aseTi daskvnisgakeTebis uflebas gvaZlevs ara mxolod saqarTveloSi arsebu-li mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, aramed is Teoriu-li memkvidreoba, romelmac aprobacia warmatebiT gaiara dasav-leTSi da axla civilizebul qveynebSi ̀ ekonomikuri saswaulis~aTvlis wertiladaa aRiarebuli.

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi cnobilia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,rom Teoria, romelic orientirebulia wonasworobiT mdgomar-eobaze, SeuZlebelia qmedunariani iyos da sargebloba mou-tanos uwonasworobis mdgomareobaSi myof qveyanas radikaluriekonomikuri cvlilebebis periodSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,ar SeiZleba qveynis wonasworobis mdgomareobaze orientirebu-li ekonomikuri Teoria safuZvlad daedos uwonasworobis

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171

mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynis ekonomikur politikas.es aqsiomuri WeSmariteba ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTve-

los ekonomikur politikaSi. mecnierulad dausabuTebeli eko-nomikuri politikis pirobebSi ki ekonomikis konversiis rangSiayvanili reforma imTaviTve ganwiruli iyo marcxisaTvis daobieqturi Tu subieqturi faqtorebiT gamowveuli mravali ne-gatiuri movlenis warmoqmnis mizezi gaxda. amitomacaa, romgardamavalma periodma saqarTveloSi ufro meti problema war-moSva, vidre gadaWra. rac dro gadioda, qveyana sul ufroscildeboda dasaxul mizans – socialurad orientirebul sa-bazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas, ramac seriozuli safrTxis wina-Se daayena igi.

varaudi, rom transformaciuli dacemis mokle periodisSemdeg, axali sistemis pirobebSi, swrafad aRdgeboda ekonomikada miRweuli iqneboda ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempi, argamarTlda. transformaciuli dacema gacilebiT didxans gagr-Zelda da bevrad ufro Rrma aRmoCnda, xolo ekonomikis aRd-genis procesi arc ise umtkivneulod warimarTa, rogorc amasdainteresebuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, calkeuli qvey-nebis mTavrobebi da am programaSi CarTuli mecnierebi fiqrobdnen.tarnsformaciuli dacema gadaizarda Rrma ekonomikur krizis-Si, romelmac TandaTan sistemuri krizisis saxe miiRo. efeq-tiani da konkurentunariani ekonomikis nacvlad, miviReT nax-evrad reformirebuli, klanur interesebze agebuli araefeq-tiani ekonomika, romelmac mosaxleobis biologiuri arsebobisfunqciac ki ver ikisra.

aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom aseTi warumateblobis mTavarimizezi dakavSirebuli iyo qveyanaSi gatarebul ekonomikurpolitikasTan, romelsac arasworad SerCeuli ekonomikuri Teoriadaedo safuZvlad, anu ukiduresi uwonasworobis mdgomareoba-Si myofi saqarTvelosTvis, ukiduresad araefeqtiani aRmoCndawonasworobiTi mdgomareobisaTvis misadagebuli ekonomikuripolitika. qveynis ekonomikur politikaSi daSvebulia uxeSiSecdomebi, romelTa umTavresi mizezi is arasworad SerCeulimodelia, romelic proamerikuli ufroa, vidre proqarTuli,Tumca igi arc proamerikulia, vinaidan am models sworadmuSaobis saSualebas ar aZlevs saqarTvelos ekonomikuri gan-




172

viTarebis arsebuli done da araordinaruli mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare radikalur ekonomikur cvlilebebs,arsebul realiebs ar iqna morgebuli iseTi ekonomikuri Teoria,romlis safuZvelze agebuli ekonomikuri politika qveyanas ga-moiyvanda Rrma ekonomikuri krizisidan. ar iqna gaTvaliswine-buli is garemoeba, rom ar arsebobs iseTi civilizebuliqveyana, romlis ekonomikur politikas safuZvlad ar daedosesa Tu is ekonomikuri Teoria da ver davasaxelebT qve-yanas, romelsac `Zviri fulis~ politikiT daeRwia TaviiseTi Rrma krizisidan, romelSic saqarTvelo aRmoCnda.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ekonomikis dargSi nobelis premiislaureatis – daglas norfis azrs, `neoklasikuri Teoria araris misaRebi iaraRi da xelsawyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swo-ri politikis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan, neoklasikuri Teoriawarmatebulia maSin, rodesac laparakia bazris funqci-onirebaze da ara imaze, Tu rogor unda moxdes bazrisSeqmna da ganviTareba~.1 (xazgasma Cvenia r. a.).

saqarTvelom Tavi ver daaRwia SezRudul mentalur azro-vnebas. saqarTvelos sWirdeboda ara neoklasikur Teoriazeagebuli mkacri fiskaluri da fulad-sakredito politika(isic Taviseburi Sokia), aramed iseTi ekonomikuri politika,romelic etapobrivad, evoluciuri ganviTarebis gziT, endoge-nuri faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyenebiT migvaaxloebda civili-zebul qveynebs.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobidanTavis dasaRwevad xelisuflebam qveynis interesebi ver moargoglobalizaciis msoflio process, romlis gauTvaliswinebloba,rbilad rom vTqvaT, sibrmavea. imaze, Tu ramdenad gaxdeba saqarTve-lo erTiani globaluri samyaros nawili da rogor moergeba amukuqcevad process, bevrad aris damokidebuli misi momavali.vgulisxmobT qveynis marTvis iseT models, romelic xelisuf-lebas miscemda saSualebas maqsimalurad da rac SeiZleba efeq-tianad gamoiyenos globalizaciis pozitiuri mxareebi, xolominimalurad Seamciros misi negatiuri gavlena erovnul ekonomi-

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1 North D. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge,"Cambridge University Press", 1990, p. 17.



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kaze da Tavidan aicilos Sokebis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba.makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis evoluciuri gza _ gradu-

alizmi, rogorc cnobilia, warmatebiT gamoiyena CineTma, romel-mac sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, daiwyoara ukiduresi radikalizmiTa da arsebuli materialur-teqni-kuri bazis ganadgurebiT, aramed, rogorc aRiniSna, aqcenti struq-turul-warmoebriv makrostabilizaciaze gadaitana. man wina plan-ze daayena qveynis warmoebrivi potencialis ganviTareba, progre-suli struqturuli politikis gatareba, mewarmeobis stimu-lireba moqnili sagadasaxado meqanizmiT Tu sxva meTodebiT,mimzidveli sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, warmoebis modernizaciada sainvesticio saqmianobis farTod gaSla, ekonomikis sakvanZodargebsa da sferoebSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxvadasxvaformiT SenarCuneba da, saerTod, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mar-egulirebeli rolis ganmtkiceba. postsabWouri qveynebisaganradikalurad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri politikis Sedegia is,rom dRes CineTi esoden did aRmavlobas ganicdis. maSin rode-sac 2000 wels CineTSi, 1990 welTan SedarebiT, mTliani Sidaproduqti gaorkecda, saqarTvelo awarmoebda 1990 wlis donismxolod 1/3–s. vTqvaT, saqarTvelo bevrad ufro mcire qveyanaa,vidre CineTi da maTi Sedareba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, SeiZle-ba ar iyos gamarTlebuli (Tumca kanonzomierebis CamoyalibebisTvalsazrisiT, Cveni azriT, qveynis sidides ar unda hqondesgadamwyveti mniSvneloba), magram saerTod, ganviTarebis Sedegeb-is mixedviT, suraTi radikalurad gansxvavebulia da kontrastimetad mkveTria Cinur gzasa, anu gradualisturi ganviTarebisgziT mimaval qveyanasa da jer ̀ Sokuri~, xolo Semdeg orTodoq-suli ganviTarebis gziT mimaval postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris.

`Cinuri saswaulis~ umTavres faqtorad, rogorc naSromisII TavSi aRiniSna, samamulo warmoebis produqciis konkuren-tunarianobis amaRlebaa aRiarebuli, rac, bunebrivia, Tanamedrovemecnierul-teqnologiur progress eyrdnoba da ramac ganvi-Tarebis aqamde arnaxuli SesaZleblobebi Seuqmna am qveyanas.

gradualistur Teoriaze agebuli ekonomikuri politikisa-gan gansxvavebiT, orTodoqsul Teoriaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuripolitika sruliad gansxvavebuli postulatebis matarebelia.àris mravali aspeqti, romlis mixedviTac orTodoqsul Teo-




174

rias Cven miviCnevT mcdarad, araadekvaturad.~ 1

saqarTveloSi `Zviri fulis~ politika, romelic sabazrourTierTobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi ver axdens fulze moTx-ovnisa da miwodebis dabalansebas, gamiznuli iyo mxolod in-flaciis daTrgunvisa da laris simyaris SenarCunebisaTvis.saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendaciebiT, qveynisekonomikis interesebis ugulvebelyofis gziT, laris kursisxelovnurma SenarCunebam ganapiroba laris deficiti, mwvavefuladi `SimSili~ da erovnul banks mkveTrad SeuzRuda fu-lad-sakredito regulirebis funqcia. myari instituciuri ba-zis ararsebobis pirobebSi arasworad gatarebulma fulad-sakredito politikam, romelic iTvaliswinebda mxolod in-flaciis `direqtiul~ Semcirebas, Seamcira realuri mSp-iszrdis tempebi da seriozuli problemebi Seuqmna qveynisekonomikur ganviTarebas.

rogorc saerTaSoriso praqtika gviCvenebs, ekonomikis de-stabilizaciis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia fulad-sakredito poli-tikis arapirdapiri instrumentebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba.

`Zviri fulis~ politikis multiplikaciuri efeqti, racgansakuTrebiT sabiujeto dafinansebis mTeli sistemis negati-ur procesebSi aisaxa, ekonomikis arastabilurobisa da stru-qturuli deformaciis umTavresi mizezi gaxda. TandaTan Camo-yalibda sistemuri krizisi, romelSic dominirebuli rolisabiujeto-sagadasaxado, saangariSsworebo-sagadamxdelo krizismadaikava. amas daemata saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis erovnu-li bankis kreditiT dafinansebis mavne parqtika, saxelmwifosagadasaxado valdebulebebis ignorireba, gadauxdelobis krizisida biujetis sekvestrireba, ramac kidev ufro dasca moTxovnada ukiduresad gaamwvava socialuri problemebi.

Ria ekonomikaze gadasvlam ver aamaRla Cveni sameurneokultura. dabali moTxovnisa da maRali saprocento ganakveTisgamo, qveynis mkvidri mosaxleoba faqtobrivad izolirebuliaRmoCnda sainvesticio saqmianobisagan. amasTan, kapitalma erovnuliwarmoebis amoqmedebis nacvlad gezi sazRvargareTisken aiRo,vinaidan adgilobrivi warmoeba ar Seiqmna saimedo da mogebiani

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1. Нельсон Р., Уинтер С. Эволюционная теория экономических изменений. Пере-вод с английского. М., “Дело”, 2002, с. 47.



175

maRali samewarmeo riskisa da sxva negatiuri faqtorebis gamo.cxovrebis normad iqca korufcia, maT Soris saxelisu-

flebo eSelonebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, dakonservda adgilobriviwarmoeba, CixSi moeqca xelisufleba, romelmac ara Tu verdaicva, aramed verc ki Seqmna srulyofili kanonebi. kanon-gareSe ekonomikam warmoqmna arajansaRi garemo, gamoiwvia sa-zogadoebis erTi nawilis zneobis degradacia, samagierod, dan-aSauli aqcia qcevis normad. gamoikveTa negatiuri formiTsazogadoebriv faseulobaTa gadafaseba, wina planze dadgakerZo interesebi. igi mkveTrad gaemijna sazogadoebrivs, maTSoris warmoiSva konfliqti, ramac kidev ufro daZaba qveyanaSiarsebuli socialuri foni.

aseTi represiuli reJimis pirobebSi sagrZnoblad gaizar-da xelisuflebisadmi undobloba, rac mravali pozitiuriprocesis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semaferxebelifaqtori gaxda, samagierod, gza gaexsna iseT negatiur proces-ebs, rogoricaa dolarizaciis masStabebis gafarToeba, eqspor-tis mkveTri dacema, uaryofiTi sagadasaxdelo balansis Camoy-alibeba, sagareo valis mniSvnelovani gadideba, romlis mocu-lobis zrdam qveynis dakabalebis safrTxe Seqmna da a.S.

amrigad, saqarTvelo mcdar monetarul postulatebze dayrd-nobiT, kvlav iluziebis tyveobaSi aRmoCnda.

arsebuli araordinaruli mdgomareobidan Tavis dasaRwe-vad, axali ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba iyo saWiro qvey-nis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisTvis da ara kosmetikuri RonisZie-bebis gatareba.

gavixsenoT `keinzianuri revolucia~. 1929–1933 wlebismsoflio ekonomikurma krizisma gamoaaSkarava TviTregulire-badi bazris naklovanebebi. im periodSi, klasikur ekonomikurTeoriaze agebuli ekonomikuri politika keinzianur Teoriazeagebuli ekonomikuri politikiT rom ar Secvliliyo, aSS–icki ver daaRwevda Tavs Rrma ekonomikur kriziss. marTalia,saqarTveloSi dRes didia lagis gavlena da igi uaryofiTadmoqmedebs saqarTvelos ekonomikaze, magram bolos da bolossaxelmwifom unda ikisros qveynis makroekonomikuri regulire-bis sapasuxismgeblo funqcia. amaSi ar vgulisxmobT mxolodfasadis Secvlas. aucilebelia mkacrad ganisazRvros saxel-mwifos roli ekonomikaSi, radikalurad Seicvalos qveynis mar-




176

Tvis meTodebi da wina planze dadges jansaRi sabazro urTier-Tobebi. amasTan, unda vizrunoT sabazro sistemis funqcion-irebis xelSemwyobi instituciuri bazis Camoyalibeba-ganvi-TarebisaTvis, risTvisac gadaudebel amocanad migvaCnia ganxor-cieldes instituciuri reforma maregulirebel organoebSi.

saqarTvelo TviTmyofadobasa da saxelmwifoebriobas verSeinarCunebs Tu gadaiqceva sxva qveynebSi Seqmnili simdidrispasiur momxmareblad, qveynis aRmSeneblobis aTvlis wertili kiunda iyos erToblivi moTxovnis gazrda. amis gareSe ver gamo-cocxldeba bazari, romelic warmoebis ganviTarebisa da re-aluri ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. saxelmwifobiujetis Sevseba socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis mizeru-li Semosavlebis xarjze ararealuricaa da, rbilad rom vTqvaT,aralogikuric, miTumetes biznesis reketirebiT misi Sevseba.saqarTveloSi iyo periodi, rodesac kontrabandac ki gamoiyene-boda socialurad daucavi fenebis msyidvelobiTi unaris asa-maRleblad (igi xom dabla scems fasebs). erovnuli warmoebisganviTarebis mizniT, zogierT samomxmareblo produqciaze auci-lebelia proteqcionistuli politikis gatareba.

ukanasknel periodamde, ekonomikuri Teoria kvalificiursamuSao ZalaSi ganivTebul codnas ganixilavda mxolod rogorcwarmoebis danaxarjs, XXI saukuneSi ki igi ganixileba rogorcprioritetuli warmoebis faqtori. es metad mniSvnelovani re-sursia, romlis potencia sakmaod aris qarTul genSi, oRondsaWiroa misi gamovlena da ganviTareba. sxvagvarad ver SedgebaqarTuli saxelmwifo da ver SevqmniT iseT ekonomikas,rasac dRes civilizaciis udides monapovars uwodeben.es aris socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomika, romlisgareSe mxolod saukuniswinandel ̀ velur~ kapitalizmSi davrCebiT.


arvelaZe n. qarTuli bankebis siZneleebis dawyebis re-aluri dro. `saqarTvelos ekonomika~, # 3, 2009;

asaTiani r. fuli da fuladi sistemebi. Tb., sagamomcem-lo firma `siaxle~, 1996;

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asaTiani r. mcdari monetaruli postulatebi da saqarTveloiluziebis tyveobaSi. ̀ Sromebi~. IV tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2004;


asaTiani r. saqarTvelos sabanko sistema da globalurifinansuri krizisi. èkonomisti~, # 4, 2009;

asaTiani r. globaluri finansuri krizisi da fulad-sakredito politikis multiplikaciuri efeqti saqarTveloSi.`socialuri ekonomika~, # 6, 2009;

gvelesiani m. ekonomiksi. Tavi VIII. Tb., ̀ komentari~, 2000;


gvelesiani r., gogoriSvili i. ekonomikuri politika.wigni I. Tb., ̀ universali~, 2008;

ekonomikuri Teoria. g, adeiSvilisa da r. asaTianisredaqciiT. Tavi V, XX, XXIV. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siax-le~, 1998;

iakobiZe d. saqarTvelo da msoflio finansuri krizisi.Tb., ̀ komentari~, 2009;

iaSvili r. saqarTvelos sabanko sistema (Teoria dapraqtika). Tb., sesespski, 2001;

kakulia m. makroekonomikuri safrTxeebis gaZliereba ru-suli agresiis Semdeg da maTi ganeitralebis SesaZlebloba.`2008 wlis krizisi saqarTveloSi. winapiroba, realoba, per-speqtiva~. damoukidebel eqspertTa klubi. Tb., 2009;

kaxniaSvili j. makroekonomika. I naw. Tavi VIII. Tb., saga-momcemlo firma `siaxle~, 1996;

kaxniaSvili j. makroekonomika: Teoria da politika. IInaw. Tavi III, V. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siaxle~, 1997;

kovzanaZe i. problemuri bankebis marTvis zogierTi sak-iTxi. èkonomika da biznesi~, # 5, 2008;

kordonie k. kerZo danazogebi, makroekonomikuri stabil-uroba da finansuri seqtoris ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.


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`saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimox-ilva. GEPLAC. oqtomberi, 2008;

leiaSvili p. qarTuli reformebi ìnstitucionalur xa-fangSi~. Tb., ̀ aisi~, 2003;

lomiZe d. saqarTvelos sabanko sistema. `biuleteni~.saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri.№ 11, 1998;

lomiZe d. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis politika. `biu-leteni~. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTare-bis centri. № 24, 1999;

maisaSvili g. qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaTvis.hiustoni–Tbilisi, 2003;

managaZe i. inflaciuri targetirebis reJimi ganviTarebadda gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi. `banki~, # 3, 2004;

mesxia i. saqarTvelos ekonomikis Tanamedrove safrTxeebida axali gamowvevebi. ̀ Sromebi~. VII tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2009;

mesxia i. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis indika-torebis prognozebi. `socialuri ekonomika~, # 4, 2009;

papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makro-ekonomika. Tb., Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005;

papava v. briuselis konferenciis gadawyvetilebaTa far-glebSi donorTa finansuri daxmarebis asaxva saqarTvelos2008 da 2009 wlebis saxelmwifo biujetebSi. angariSi mo-mzadda koalicia `gamWvirvale finansuri daxmareba saqarTve-los~ farglebSi. Tb., aprili, 2009;

papava v. saqarTvelos ekonomika: Secdomebi, safrTxeebi,maTi daZlevis gzebi. `2008 wlis krizisi saqarTveloSi. wina-piroba, realoba, perspeqtiva.~ damoukidebel eqspertTa klubi.Tb., 2009;

rikardo d. politikuri ekonomiis da dabegvris safuZv-lebi. Targmani inglisuridan. Tavi I, XXVII. Tb., 1937;

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safrTxeebisa da mTavrobis krizi-sisgan dacvis strategiis analizi da rekomendaciebi. angariSi

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momzadda koalicia ̀ gamWvirvale finansuri daxmareba saqarTve-los~ farglebSi. Tb., Tebervali, 2009;

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi dafunqciebi. pirveli gamocema. Tb., 2008;

saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba saqarTvelos 2008wlis fulad-sakredito da savaluto politikis ZiriTadimimarTulebebis Sesaxeb. Tb., 2007 wlis 18 dekemberi;

saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli _ 2008. saqarTve-los ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros statistikis depar-tamenti. Tb., 2009;

silagaZe a., ToqmaziSvili m. sabanko sistemis ganviTa-rebis aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi. `Sromebi~. VI tomi. saqarTve-los ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo fir-ma `siaxle~, 2008;

qistauri S. fulis, kreditisa da sargeblis Teoriebi. Tb.,1992;

qistauri S. erovnuli valuta (warsuli, dRevandeloba,momavali). Tb., 1993;

RaniaSvili m. rogor ebrZvis finansur kriziss saqarTve-los sabanko sistema? `saqarTvelos ekonomika~, # 3, 2009;

Ciqava l. ekonomikuri Teoriis mokle kursi. Tavi XII.Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 1997;

WiTanava n. saqarTvelos ekonomikis metamorfozebi. `bi-znesi da kanonmdebloba~, ivlisi, agvisto, 2009;

jgerenaia e. saqarTveloSi fulis reformis genezisissakiTxebi. `makro mikro ekonomika~, № 9, 2000;

jibuti m. laris istoriis naklebad cnobili furclebi.`banki~. 2000, № 1;

Calvo G., Vegh C. Inflation, Stabilization and Nominal Anchors. IMF Work-ing paper, 92/4, 1992;

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Хайлбронер Р., Тароу Л. Экономика для всех. Перевод с английского.Лондон, "Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd", 1991.http://www.mbg.ge/uploads/depositarycorporeshenqartulad/assets_liabilies_of_commercial_banks_totalgeo.xls;http://www.nbg.gov.ge/nbg.new.geo/banking_system/consept.

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http://www.nbg.gov.ge/nbg.new.geo/banking_system/consept


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mewarmeobis axali tipis formireba

saqarTveloSi da ekonomikuri zrda

ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebis aucilebloba. me-warmeobis axali ti pis formireba. mcire biznesis ganviTare-bis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi. gare efeqtebi da `gadasx-mis~ xarjebi. ekonomikuri zrdis modelebi da saqarTvelo.ekonomikuri zrda da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

VI.1. ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebisaucilebloba

ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebis done da xarisxi gan-sxvavebulia sxvadasxva epoqasa da ekonomikur sistemaSi. metic,qveynebis mxrivac SeuZlebelia regulirebis erTiani formebisada meTodebis gamoyeneba. maT mocemuli qveynis ganviTarebissocialur-ekonomikuri pirobebi gansazRvravs. am mxriv, arcsaqarTveloa gamonaklisi. Tumca, ekonomikuri saqmianobis regu-lirebas axasiaTebs zogadi kanonzomierebebi, romlebic, pirvelyovlisa, saxelmwifos mier jansaRi samarTlebrivi bazis uzrun-velyofasa da konkurenciis dacvaSi vlindeba. isini ekonomikur

Cveni yofa dadebiTisken rom Seicva-los aucilebelia xelisuflebam xeliSeuwyos saSualo fenis Camoyalibebas, racmcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebiTmiiRweva. . . saSualo fena aris saxel-mwifos dasayrdeni, amitomac mewarmeobisganviTareba drois moTxovna da Cveni ga-darCenis garantiaa.




182

saqmianobaze saxelmwifo regulirebis imanenturi instrumen-tebia, romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, gansazRvraven TamaSis wesebsda, aqedan gamomdinare, ayalibeben urTierTobebs ekonomikur agen-tebs Soris. amasTan, samarTlebrivi bazis uzrunvelyofis xarisxiTviT gansazRvravs konkurenciis dacvis meqanizms da, saerTod,ekonomikuri saqmianobis mTeli sistemis safuZvelia.

marTalia, bazari TviTregulirebadi sistemaa, magram Tan-amedrove ekonomikis, rogorc sabazro kavSirebisa da maTiurTerTganpirobebulobis rTuli sistemis, funqcionireba Seu-Zlebelia ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebis gareSe. esobieqturi aucileblobaa. j. gelbreiTis azriT, bazars axasi-aTebs uamravi defeqti da naklovaneba, romlebic saxelmwifosCarevas moiTxovs.1

ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulireba sxvadasxva berketebi-Ta da, pirvel yovlisa, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisadekvaturi, saxelmwifo organoebis mier SemuSavebuli da miRe-buli samarTlebriv_sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebiTxorcieldeba. samarTlebrivi baza ekonomikaSi TviTregulire-bis principebis Camoyalibebisa da ganmtkicebis safuZvelia.samarTlebrivi regulirebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgiliantimonopoliur kanonmdeblobas uWiravs, anu im sakanonmdeb-lo da normatiuli aqtebis sistemas, romelic iTvaliswinebsbazarze calkeuli kompaniebis mier monopoliuri mdgomareo-bis (konkurentebze zewola arakeTilsindisieri saSualebebiT,momxmareblebisaTvis saqonlis gayidvis pirobebis, monopoli-uri fasebis Tavsmoxveva da a.S.) aRkveTasa da konkurenciis,rogorc ekonomikis wamyvani meqanizmis, damkvidrebas.

antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis samSoblo aSS-ia. pirveliantimonopoliuri kanoni, romelic Sermanis antimonopoliurikanonis saxeliTaa cnobili, 1890 wels Seiqmna aSS-Si. igimoicavs samarTlebrivi normebis Zalze rTul ganStoebas daaSS-is ekonomikur saqmianobaSi antimonopoliuri politikissayrdens warmoadgenda.

Tavisufali konkurenciis filosofiiT gamsWvaluli amerikaeWviT uyurebda qveyanaSi trestebis aRmocenebasa da ganvi-

1 Гэлбрейт Дж. К. Экономические теории и цели общества. Перевод с английского.М., "Прогресс", 1979, с. 74.

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Tarebas. rogorc fermerebi da wvrili mewarmeebi, ise momx-mareblebi, aRSfoTebas ver malavdnen monopoliebis mier daTr-gunuli bazriT Seqmnili rTuli situaciis gamo, rasac mohyvaxelisuflebis adekvaturi reaqcia: warmoqmnili winaaRmdego-bis daZlevis mizniT gamoica Sermanis antitrestuli kanoni.mis mixedviT, nebismieri monopoliuri gaerTianeba, trestis Tusxva formiT, romelic SezRudavda warmoebas an vaWrobas, ukanon-od CaiTvleboda, xolo is, vinc daarRvevda kanonis am moTxov-nebs _ damnaSaved. 1974 wels, am kanonSi Setanili cvlilebe-bis safuZvelze, aRniSnul moTxovnaTa darRveva kvalificire-bul iqna rogorc mZime danaSauli da sasamarTlos, gardaimisa, rom SeeZlo damnaSavisTvis daekisrebina samjeradi ko-mpensacia dazaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod, aseve, misTvisdecentralizaciis ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba hqonda.*

1914 wels, antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis srulyofismizniT, aSS-Si miiRes kleitonis kanoni. maSin rodesac Ser-manis kanoni iTvaliswinebda arsebuli monopoliebis saqmiano-bis dablokvasa da maT dasjas, kleitonis kanoni zRudavda dakanongareSe acxadebda yvela im wamowyebasa da saqmianobas,romlebic monopoliebis Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels.

Tanamedrove civilizebul ekonomikaSi samarTlebrivi baza,romelic moicavs sakanonmdeblo organoebis mier miRebul kanonebs,gansazRvravs administraciis valdebulebebs, sakuTrebis formebsada uflebebs, sxvadasxva tipis sawarmoTa funqcionirebispirobebs, biznesis warmoebis SesaZleblobebsa da sanqciebs.erTi mxriv, kanoni icavs bizness, xolo, meore mxriv, misidarRvevis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba nebismier sameur-neo subieqts. sazogadoebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis cv-lilebebis kvalobaze icvleba kanonebi, ris gamoc maT aqvTnormatiuli xasiaTi.

amrigad, ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmateba mniSvnelovnadaadamokidebuli jansaRi samarTlebrivi baziT ganmtkicebul bi-znesis xelSewyobasa da konkurenciis dacvis saxelmwifo meqa-nizmze. garda amisa, ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulireba gam-oixateba saxelmwifos mxridan finansur da organizaciul

* aseTi ganaCeni, magaliTad, gamoutanes koncern _ àmerikan telefon endtelegrafs~(ATT).

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mxardaWeraSi (sesxebis, subsidiebis, grantebis gacema, infor-maciiT uzrunvelyofa, kadrebis momzadeba da a.S.), libera-luri sagadasaxado politikis gatarebiT ekonomikuri zrdiswaxalisebaSi, sabazro infrastruqturis (saqonlisa da safon-do birJebi, bankebi, sadazRvevo da sainvesticio kompaniebi,sareklamo saagentoebi, servisis samsaxuri, brokerTa institu-ti da a.S.) ganviTarebaSi da sxv.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis finansur-ekonomikuri regulireba,pirvel yovlisa, gadasaxadebs, agreTve maTTan dakavSirebulSeRavaTebsa da sanqciebs ukavSirdeba. saxelmwifo, kanonmde-blobis srulyofis gziT, axdens sakredito ganakveTebiT manevr-irebas, awesebs dabegvris difererencirebul pirobebs (magali-Tad, is firmebi, romlebic monawileoben teqnologiuri daekologiuri programebis ganxorcielebaSi, sagadasaxado SeRa-vaTebiT sargebloben), amartivebs sagadasaxado administrire-bas da a.S.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis finansur-ekonomikuri regulirebagamoixateba agreTve ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo pro-gramebis SedgenaSi, indikaturi dagegmvis ganxorcielebaSi daa.S. ganviTarebul qveynebSi maT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva.jer kidev 1951 wels cnobili ekonomisti g. miurdalinaSromSi `tendencia ekonomikuri dagegmvisaken~ amtki-cebda indikaturi dagegmvis aucileblobas. es sakiTxi,romelic am periodSi Teoriulad momwifda, mravali qveynispraqtikaSi dainerga gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan. sameur-neo praqtikaSi indikaturi dagegmvis danergvam mniSvnelovaniroli Seasrula kapitalisturi ekonomikis axal TvisebriobaSigadazrdaSi.

saxelmwifos monawileobis gareSe bevri mecnierul-te-qnologiuri programa ganuxorcielebelia. mecnieruli gamokv-levebisa da proeqtebis maRali kapitaltevadoba, mosalodne-li Sedegebis savaraudo xasiaTi, zogierTi proeqtis ganxor-cielebis vadis xangrZlivoba moiTxovs saxelmwifos CarevasmaT realizaciaSi saxelmwifo dafinansebis, garantiebis, SekveT-ebisa da a.S. gziT.

saxelmwifo, warmoebrivi infrastruqturis (gzebis mSeneblo-biT, kavSirgabmulobis xazebis gayvaniT, eleqtro-, wyal-, gaz-

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momaragebisa da sxva komunikaciebis srulyofiT) ganviTarebiTxels uwyobs ara mxolod samewarmeo saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas,aramed, aseve, qveynis CamorCenil regionebSi kapitalis dabande-bas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, ekonomikuri urTierTo-bebis gafarToebasa da a.S.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebis erT-erTi formaasocialuri regulireba, saxelmwifos mier mosaxleobis garkveu-li nawilis socialuri dacva, maTi uzrunvelyofa saarsebominimumiT, RonisZiebebis gatareba Sromisunariani mosaxleobisdasaqmebis gazrdisa da umuSevrobis dasaSveb sazRvramde Sem-cirebis mizniT da a.S.

imis gamo, rom sabazro situacia gamudmebiT meryeobs, same-warmeo saqmianobis Seuferxebeli da stabiluri zrda moiTx-ovs saxelmwifos mxridan iseTi meqanizmebis gamoyenebas, romlebicwin aRudgeba stiqiurobasa da aRkveTavs ekonomikis mdgradiganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorebs. am TvalsazrisiT, eko-nomikuri saqmianobis regulirebaSi didi mniSvneloba adminis-traciul regulirebas eniWeba. es ukanaskneli ara mxolodiuridiuli da samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebuli fizikuripirebis registraciis wesebis dadgenas gulisxmobs, aramedfasebis moZraobisadmi kontrolsac. ganviTarebul qveynebSifasebis regulirebas saxelmwifo axorcielebs sasoflo-sameur-neo produqciis rig saxeobebze, satransporto momsaxurebaze,eleqtro-, wyal-, gaz- da Tbomomaragebis tarifebze. cnobilia,rom pirdapiri kontroli fasebis 20%-ze, zemoqmedebas axdensmis 60%-ze, vinaidan erTi saxeobis saqonelze (momsaxureba-ze) fasebis regulireba gavlenas axdens minimum 2-3 saxeobissaqonlis fasze. amasTan, saxelmwifos prerogativaa Tvalyuriadevnos, rom fasebis regulirebam ar Seaferxos konkurenciada xeli Seuwyos sabazro ekonomikis upiratesobaTa maqsi-malur realizacias Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gziT.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebis zemoT CamoTvliliZiriTadi formebi aisaxeba qveynis ekonomikur potencialSi.mecnierul doneze SemuSavebuli, qveynis Taviseburebebis adek-vaturi ekonomikuri politikis sworad warmarTvaze ki didadaris damokidebuli saxelmwifos sicocxlisunarianoba daekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba.




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VI.2. mewarmeobis axali tipis formireba

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi aRdgena dasruli ekonomikuri suverenitetis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo parali-zebuli samamulo warmoebisa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis, defi-cituri ekonomikis pirobebSi. damoukideblobis mopovebis pir-vel wlebSi erovnulma ekonomikam aseTi uprecendento formiTdaiwyo funqcionireba. arsebul situacias kidev ufro arTulebdaara mxolod administraciuli mmarTvelobis SedegebTan dakav-Sirebuli siZneleebi, umZimesi mdgomareoba rom Seqmna ekonomi-kaSi, ara mxolod sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi damkvidrebulifsiqologiuri stereotipebi, aramed totalitaruli reJimidangamomdinare, sazogadoebis zneobrivi degradaciac. es ukanaskne-li aisaxa erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gamwvavebasa da sa-zogadoebis erTi nawilis mier saSemsruleblo disciplinisabuCad agdebaSi, arsebuli materialur-teqnikuri bazis fizi-kur ganadgurebaSi da a.S.

rogor unda daeZlia qveyanas es siZneleebi? administrire-biT ekonomikuri saqmianobis gamococxleba miuRebeli iyo. igisazogadoebam dagmo. misi daZleva mxolod axali ekonomikuriinstrumentebis gamoyenebiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. saqarTvelo-Si mewarmeobis axali tipis formirebis sastarto pirobebskidev ufro amZimebda erToblivi moTxovnis dabali done da amukmarisobis daZlevis ekonomikur politikaSi gauTvaliswinebloba.miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifo qonebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebisgziT sakuTrebis mravalformianobis damkvidrebam safuZveliCauyara mewarmeobis axali tipis formirebas saqarTveloSi.Tumca axalSemoRebuli sakuTrebis sxvadasxva forma ar iyoganmtkicebuli jansaRi kanonmdeblobiT, rac araTanabar pirobebSiayenebda sameurneo subieqtebs da garkveul barierebs uqmnidamewarmeobis ganviTarebas. yovelive es ki xels uSlida qveyanaSisakuTrebis pluralizmis damkvidrebas. arada, sabazro ekonomi-ka eqvemdebareba gansazRvrul kanonzomierebebs, romelTadaucveloba qveynis mier arCeuli strategiuli kursidan gada-xvevas niSnavs.

sabazro ekonomikisTvis, pirvel yovlisa, damaxasiaTebeliasakuTrebis pluralizmi da meurneobriobis mravalferovneba.bazris ganuyofel atributebs warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, mwar-

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moebelTa damoukidebloba da, meore mxriv, momxmarebelTa su-vereniteti. ekonomikuri pluralizmi samarTlebrivi sazoga-doebis Seqmnis sawindaria. igi ayalibebs socialur, kultu-rul da institucionalur pluralizmebs, romelTa gareSesazogadoeba ver ganviTardeba. sxvagvarad, qveynis normaluriganviTareba da misi urTierToba gare samyarosTan SeuZlebe-lia. saqarTvelos istoria inaxavs kulturis udides tradiciebs,romelTa nawili renesansisa da misi wina periodis droindel-ia. mewarmeobis kulturis pluralizmi gavlenas axdens sa-zogadoebriv ganviTarebasa da TviT politikur cxovrebaze.

amJamad civilizebul qveynebSi damkvidrebuli sakuTrebispluralizmi, kerZo sakuTrebis wamyvani roliTa da ekonomikuriTavisuflebis uzrunvelyofiT, ganapirobebs politikur demokra-tias.

ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, pirvel yovlisa, Tavisufal me-warmeobasTan asocirdeba. es ukanaskneli niSnavs imas, rommewarmeobis formebis SerCeva saxelmwifos mier ki ar undaiyos determinirebuli, aramed qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriTaviseburebebidan gamomdinare kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze. kanoniunda icavdes mewarmeobas da xels uwyobdes mis ganviTarebas.

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi,saxelmwifo sakuTrebis batonobam warmoqmna vertikaluri daarsebiTad gamoricxa horizontaluri ekonomikuri urTierTo-bebi. am garemoebam uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina qveynis ekonomikurganviTarebaze, ganapiroba saxelmwifosa da warmoebis muSakTaSoris interesebis dapirispireba da saqmiani aqtiurobis mkveTridacema.

saqarTvelos gadasvla axal ekonomikur sistemaze, iserogorc bevr sxva qveyanaSi, moiTxovda axali tipis mewarmeo-bis formireba-ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iseTi principeb-is SemuSavebasa da realizacias, rogorebicaa: konkurenciisganviTareba, samewarmeo saqmianobaSi arCevanis Tavisufleba, Sromismotivaciis efeqtiani meqanizmis Seqmna, Tavisufali faswarmo-qmnis sistemis damkvidreba, kerZo da sazogadoebrivi intere-sebis Serwymis moqnili meqanizmis Camoyalibeba, ekonomikaSisaxelmwifos maregulirebeli rolis gansazRvra da a.S. esobieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgenda da sabazro ekonomikis




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imanenturi Taviseburebebidan gamomdinareobda. is garemoeba,rom Tanamedrove civilizebul qveynebSi bazari kvlavwarmoe-bis mTeli procesis momcveli fenomenia, romelic horizonta-luri kavSirebis ganviTarebis safuZvelze gamoricxavs admin-istraciul Carevas faswarmoqmnasa da resursebis ganawileba-Si (riTac sagrZnoblad amartivebs mmarTvelobis vertikalurstruqturas), amiT farTo SesaZleblobebs qmnis samewarmeosaqmianobisaTvis, ayalibebs SromiTi motivaciis efeqtian sistemasda ganapirobebs yvelaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi resursis_ mewarmis siuxves. es ki qveynis aRmavlobisa da ekonomikurizrdis sawindaria. bazari konkurenciisa da faswarmoqmnis safuZ-velze qmnis warmoebis danaxarjebis Semcirebisa da Sromismwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis stimulirebis efeqtian meqanizms.saxeldobr, sabazro konkurencia xels uwyobs mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresis ganviTarebas, aiZulebs mewarmeebsgamoiyenon uaxlesi teqnologia, racionalurad xarjon resurse-bi, Tavidan moicilon ekonomikurad araefeqtiani struqturebi,moZvelebuli teqnologiebi da a.S. amitomacaa, rom Tanamed-rove bazars miiCneven civilizaciis udides monapovrad, rackacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis manZilze SeimuSava da amitomaciyo, rom saqarTvelom qveynis ganviTarebis strategiul mima-rTulebad jansaRi sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba dasocialurad orientirebul sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvladaisaxa miznad. Tumca es srulebiTac ar niSnavda Tavisufalbazarze gadasvlas. Tavisufali mewarmeoba diametraluradgansxvavdeba Tavisufali bazrisagan. es ukanaskneli arc erTqveyanaSi ar yofila da, albaT, arc arasodes iqneba.

Tavisufali bazari (am sityvis zusti gagebiT) mxolodabstraqciaa da SeiZleba mxolod misi idealurad warmodgena.ekonomikur literaturaSi formulirebulia Tavisufali ba-zris niSnebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs mas regulirebadi bazris-agan. Tavisufali bazris sistemaSi ar rCeba adgili monopo-liis nebismieri tipisTvis, gamoricxulia inflacia, umuSevro-ba, krizisebi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTrebis nebismieriforma, garda saxelmwifo sakuTrebisa. Tavisufali bazris arcerT monawiles ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos sxva monawile-Ta mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. faswarmoqmnaSi sufevs

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sruli Tavisufleba. am fenomenisTvis damaxasiaTebeliakonkurenciis monawileTa SeuzRudavi raodenoba, maTi Tavisu-fali SeRweva bazarze, bazris TiToeuli monawilisaTvis ko-merciuli informaciis srulad miwodeba, savaWro markebisararseboba da a.S. nebismier realur, konkurentunarian bazarsaxasiaTebs Tavisuflebis elementebi, magram igi srulyofile-bas verasdros ver aRwevs da Znelia iseTi bazris warmodgena,sadac daculi iyos Tavisufali bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebeliyvela zemoCamoTvlili niSani. amrigad, Tanamedrove bazrisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia rigi naklovanebebisa, romelTa dasaZlevadfarTod gamoiyeneba ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis in-strumentebi. saxelmwifo maSin `gamodis avanscenaze~, rocasabazro Zalebi ver umklavdebian qveyanaSi warmoqmnil winaaRm-degobebs, romelTa daZleva mxolod maTi erToblivi moqmedeb-iTaa SesaZlebeli. amaSi gamoixateba saxelmwifosa da mewarmeobis,biznesis erTianoba, rac qveynis warmatebis sawindaria.

saxelmwifosa da bizness Soris harmoniulobis miRwevisrTuli amocanis winaSe dadga saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrio-bis aRdgenis pirveli wlebidanve. qveyanaSi ̀ mewarmeobis Sesaxebkanonis~, sxva sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebis safuZ-velze, SeferxebebiTa da nela, magram mainc Camoyalibda me-warmeobis axali tipi, samewarmeo saqmianobis iseTi samarT-lebrivi organizaciuli formebi, rogoricaa: individualurida erTpirovnuli mewarmeoba*, partnioroba (amxanagoba)** da

* individualuri mewarmeoba samewarmeo saqmianobis umartivesi formaa.am SemTxvevaSi individis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli individualuri firma ar arisiuridiuli piri, xolo mewarme, rogorc fizikuri piri, samarTalurTierTobismonawilea. erTpirovnuli mewarmeoba, winasgan gansxvavebiT, ufroganviTarebuli formaa. am SemTxvevaSi erTi piris sawarmo aris iuridiulipiri. igi kanoniT iTvleba samoqalaqo samarTlisa da valdebulebis subieqtad,aqvs wesdeba da Tavisi saxelwodeba. mewarme sargeblobs erTi piris uflebiT,Tumca, saqmianobas marto ar eweva, magram mesakuTre da mmarTveli mxolod isaris. mewarmeobis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT garkveuliperiodis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda erTi piris sawarmo, magram kanonmdeblobaSiSetanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, igi SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-doebad(Sps) gardaiqmna.

**saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad Camoyalibda sruli da Sereulianu komandituri amxanagobebi.




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korporacia (aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo sawarmo)*.mewarmeobis am formebis CamoyalibebiT saqarTveloSi faq-

tobrivad Seiqmna mewarmeobis axali tipi, romelmac safuZve-li daudo qveyanaSi sabazro sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeliSereuli ekonomikis formirebas. magram arastabilurma same-warmeo da sainvesticio garemom, faqtobrivad daTrgunulmamonopoliurma bazarma, mraval sxva faqtorTan erTad, maTisusti ganviTareba ganapiroba.

2001 wels saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departa-mentma gamoikvlia qveyanaSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelis-SemSleli faqtorebi, romlebic ranJirebul iqna Semdegnairad:pirveli rigis faqtorebi:sagadasaxado sistemis mouwes-rigebloba, korufcia saxelmwifo struqturebSi; meore rigisfaqtorebi:xelisuflebis mxriv adgilobrivi mewarmeobis in-teresebis daucveloba, mosaxleobis dausaqmebloba; mesame rigisfaqtorebi:energetikuli krizisi, mmarTvelobisa da kontro-lis organoebis biznesSi zedmetad Careva, sabanko sistemisarasaimedooba. am faqtorebs SeiZleba daematos saxelmwifo reketi,xelisuflebis mxridan adgilobrivi warmoebis ganadgureba daucxouri saqonlis importis xelSewyoba, kontrabandisTvis mwva-ne Suqis micema, rac gamoixateboda ganubaJebeli saqonlis Semos-vliT, bazris gajerebiT iaffasiani produqciiTa da a.S.

garda amisa, saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelis-SemSleli faqtorebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT menejmentis dabalidone, saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi sabuRaltro aR-ricxvis sistemis ararseboba, investiciebis samarTlebrivi dacvisdabali xarisxi, infrastruqturis ganuviTarebloba, sagadasaxa-do kulturisa da moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dabalidone da a.S., agreTve samamulo warmoebis daucveloba ga-nurCevlad nebismieri dargis produqciis mimarT, xelisuflebismxridan proteqcionistuli politikis ugulvebelyofis gziT.magaliTad, 2000 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, romqarTul-amerikuli navTobgadammuSavebeli sawarmo `gaori~ daix-

VI Tavi

* samewarmeo saqmianobis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqtiani samarTlebriv_orga-nizaciuli formis _ aqcioneruli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi,rasakvirvelia, daiwyo da misi ganviTareba mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSia erovnuliekonomikis ganviTarebasTan.



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ura imis gamo, rom mas erTi Tvis manZilze 700 tona nedlinavTobis gadasamuSaveblad unda daexarja 659 aTasi lari, xologadasaxadebis mTliani Tanxa Seadgenda 743800 lars. aqedangamomdinare, sawarmos Tavisi produqcia unda gaeyida TviTRire-bulebaze 112,8%-iT metad, rac praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo.

saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, met-naklebi zomiT,ekonomikis reformirebis nebismier etapze, did problemebs uqm-nida arastabiluri sagadasaxado sistema. ganuwyveteli cv-lilebebi da damatebebi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi garkveul-wilad xels uwyobda ekonomikuri saqmianobis maCveneblebis mixed-viT sawarmoTa gegmebis Seusruleblobas, gadasaxadebis gadax-dis dagvianebisTvis sanqciebis dawesebas, rasac zogjer gana-pirobebda instruqciebis wina ricxviT ZalaSi Sesvla da a.S.mokled, avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis sistemis arsebobam, araevropulma, aramed, jer kidev, sabWourma orientaciam daRi daas-va samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi, uaryofiTigavlena moaxdina ZiriTad makroekonomikur maCveneblebsa da,aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze.

VI.3. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis TaviseburebebisaqarTveloSi

saqmiani aqtiurobis gamococxlebis, mewarmeobis ganviTarebisada krizisisgan Tavis daRwevis erT-erT realur gzas saqarTvelo-Si mcire biznesis danergva-ganviTareba warmoadgens, rasac TviTganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebac adasturebs.

gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi msoflioSi mcire biznesiekonomikis uperspeqtivo seqtorad iTvleboda, 70-iani wlebismeore naxevridan, piriqiT, wvrilma mewarmeobam farTod moiki-da fexi da, gansakuTrebiT 80-iani wlebidan ganviTarda.

amJamad civilizebuli qveynebis ekonomikur zrdaSi sulufro met rols mcire da saSualo bizness aniWeben. xSiradiaponiis warmatebebs erovnuli xasiaTis Taviseburebebs, tradicie-bsa da kulturas ukavSireben. maT Soris kavSiri, ra Tqma unda,arsebobs, magram ìaponuri saswaulis~ safuZvelSi mcire bizne-sis waxalisebac devs. àmomavali mzis qveyanaSi~ mTeli firme-bis 85% mcirea. mewarmeobis am formiT dakavebulia dasaqmebul-




192

Ta 3/4. aSS-Si mcire firmebis saerTo raodenobam 20 mln-sgadaaWarba, romelTa wilad mTliani erovnuli produqtis 40%-zemeti modis. mcire biznesis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris dev-id biorCis azriT, aSS-Si yovelwliurad 700 aTasi axalifirma iqmneba, aqedan, yvelaze meti umciresi sawarmoebia. niSan-doblivia, rom aSS-Si mcire bizness eweva firmebis 99%.1 sa-frangeTSi sul umciresi(10 kacamde dasaqmebuli) da mcire (50kacamde dasaqmebuli) firmebi sawarmoTa 96,6%-s Seadgenen.italiaSi yovel 15 kacze modis erTi mcire an umciresi firma.didi britaneTi xasiaTdeba mikrobiznesis swrafi ganviTarebiT,sadac erTkaciani firma sakmaod gavrcelebulia dasaqmebis struq-turaSi. es Tavisebureba damaxasiaTebelia SvedeTisTvisac. ger-maniaSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba ekonomikis stabilizaciisada socialuri problemebis gadaWris mniSvnelovani gzaa. aseveswrafi tempiT viTardeba mcire biznesi axalindustriul qvey-nebSi. magaliTad, samxreT koreaSi, gansakuTrebiT gasuli sauku-nis 80-iani wlebidan, qveyana moicva mcire biznesis swrafmaganviTarebam. am tipis sawarmoTa raodenoba firmebis saerToraodenobaSi 9-dan 62%-mde gaizarda.2

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli migvaniSnebs mcire biznesis didrolze ekonomikis aRmavlobaSi. Cveni tradiciuli Sexedulebidangamomdinare, SeiZleba paradoqsuladac ki mogveCvenos, rom xSirSemTxvevaSi mcire sawarmoebis SesaZleblobebi axali saxeobisproduqciis warmoebasa da momsaxurebis danergvaSi gacilebiTdidia, vidre msxvili sawarmoebisa. isini xels uwyoben axalisamuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, SeswevT unari yvela saxeobis resur-sis, maT Soris SromiTi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa.mcire biznesi konkurenciuli sabazro garemos Camoyalibebiskatalizatoria. amasTan, mis safuZvelze warmoqmnili ekonomikuriagentebis simravle mosaxleobisaTvis ramdenadme xalmisawvdomsxdis samomxmareblo saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. amitom aris, rommcire biznesi mTel msoflioSi swrafad viTardeba, Tumca undaSevniSnoT, rom ar SeiZleba misi absolutizeba da panaceadmiCneva: mas ar ZaluZs ZviradRirebuli mecnierul-teqnologiuri

1 Разумнова И. Мелкий бизнес и эффективность американской экономики. М.,2000, "Наука", с. 10, 19.2 Дрожин В. Малые предприятия. М., ШУМКЦ, 1999.

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progresis danergva, bevri socialur-ekonomikuri problemis gadaWra.mcire biznesi Zalze mgrZnobiarea bazris koniunqturis cvlile-bebisadmi. zogjer masze gamanadgurebel gavlenas axdens ekonomikisganviTarebis cikluri xasiaTi. amasTan, mcire biznesis warmarTva-Si erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problemaa kreditze sargeblis ga-nakveTis done. saqme is aris, rom mcire sawarmoebi ganuwyvetlivganicdian kapitalis naklebobas da msxvil kompaniebze metadarian damokidebuli mimdinare brunvis dakreditebaze. bankebi kigaurbian mcire firmebis dakreditebas an cdiloben gaweuliriskisTvis maTgan, rogorc naklebsaimedo msesxeblebisgan, Cveu-lebrivze maRali procentis dawesebiT miiRon kompensacia. bizne-sis mcire masStabi wvril sawarmoebs ar aZlevs saSualebas,gamoiyenon kapitalis mozidvis sxva wyaroebi, magaliTad, gamouS-van aqciebi. maT uWirT iseTi investorebis moZebna, romlebicdainteresebulni iqnebian TavianTi saxsrebis am firmebis saqmeSidabandebiT. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis problemebs ufro arTulebsinflaciuri procesebis gaZliereba. saxeldobr, fasebis matebisgamo izrdeba maTi saWiroeba fuladi saxsrebisadmi. inflaciisdros maT ar SeuZliaT TavianT produqciaze sabazro fasebisada danaxarjebis donis kontrolireba, rac gacilebiT adviliamsxvili firmebisTvis. yovelive amis gamo mcire sawarmoebixSirad ver uZleben konkurencias da kotrdebian. mcire firmebis`sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba~ 7 welia.

am naklovanebebis miuxedavad, mcire biznesis uaryofiTmxareebs udavod faravs dadebiTi, ramac Tanamedrove msoflioekonomikaSi kanonzomieri gaxada gigantebTan maTi Tanaarsebo-ba. amitom mcire biznesis ganviTarebis mimarT saqarTveloSireformirebis dawyebisTanave dadga es sakiTxi. amas alterna-tiva ar hqonda. magram rogor danergiliyo igi axalfexad-gmul ekonomikaSi?

mcire firmebis avtonomiuri sistema iqmneba ara `zemodan~,saministros miTiTebiT, aramed `qvemodan~, sazogadoebis wiaRSi.magram es rodi niSnavs imas, rom mis ganviTarebaSi ar undamonawileobdnen saxelmwifo institutebi. rogorc sazRvarga-reTuli qveynebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, isini xels uwyobenmcire firmebis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli garemos Seqmnas.dasavleTSi mcire firmebis sicocxlisunarianobas ganapirobebs


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ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulireba. raSi gamoixateba igi? ma-galiTad, didi britaneTis parlamentSi aris mcire biznesiskvlevis komiteti(boltonis komiteti); aSS-Si mcire biznesissaqmianobas aregulirebs saxelmwifo, romlis meqanizmSi Sedismcire biznesis administracia, am saqmeTa kvlevis komiteti kon-gresSi, specialuri mudmivi qvedanayofebi saministroebsa dauwyebebSi, romlebic axorcieleben daxmarebis programebs.

aseTi magaliTebis moyvana kidev SeiZleba, magram esec sak-marisia imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSic gaTvaliswinebuliyo esmowinave gamocdileba da mcire biznesis ganviTareba ar momx-dariyo TviTdinebiT, saxelmwifo regulirebis gareSe.

mainc ra saxis daxmarebas uweven mTavrobebi mcire sawar-moebs? uwinares yovlisa, finansurs, rac gamoixateba garan-tirebuli mcireprocentiani sesxebis miwodebaSi, sagadasaxadoSeRavaTebis gawevaSi da a.S. amis garda mcire firmebs saxelm-wifo uwevs teqnikur da sakonsultacio daxmarebas, romelTaumetesoba ufasoa. samTavrobo RonisZiebebis gatarebis safuZ-velze wvrili kapitalisaTvis xelmisawvdomia mowinave teqno-logia. saxelmwifo subsidiebis xarjze mcire firmebisaTvismzaddeba kadrebi, sagareo bazarze maTi gasvlisaTvis iqmnebaxelsayreli pirobebi. bevr qveyanaSi miRebulia antitrestulikanonebi, romlebic zRudaven msxvili firmebis kartelizacias,xolo mcire firmebs uqmnian farTo SesaZleblobas.

mcire firmebis sicocxlisunarianobaze gansakuTrebul gav-lenas axdens Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi: 1) sabazro koniunqturismdgomareoba; 2) kreditze sargeblis ganakveTis done; 3) kapi-talis mozidvis SesaZleblobebi; 4) inflaciis tempebi; 5) biz-nesis samTavrobo reglamentacia.

ra mdgomareoba iyo mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTve-loSi? arsebuli sabazro koniunqtura da inflaciis maRalitempi aferxebda mis starts. Tu gadavxedavT ganvlil wlebs,sabazro urTierTobebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo nak-lebad miuaxlovda mas, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT daSorda kidec.oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi 2008 wels,2003 welTan SedarebiT, mcire da saSualo biznesis wilisamewarmeo seqtoris saqonlis(momsaxurebis) mTlian gamoSve-basa da brunvaSi, msxvili biznesis upiratesi ganviTarebis xar-jze, 9 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda.

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saqarTveloSi mxolod maSin Camoyalibdeba WeSmariti sabazrourTierTobebi, rodesac arsebuli ekonomikuri potencialis racio-naluri gamoyenebiT mivaRwevT ekonomikur zrdas, cxovrebis do-nis amaRlebasa da saSualo fenis realurad Camoyalibebas.amaSi ki mniSvnelovani funqcia mcire bizness akisria.

aRsaniSnavia, rom nebismier qveyanaSi mcire biznesma farTogavrceleba pova rogorc materialur-nivTobrivi warmoebis, isemomsaxurebis sferoSi. man yvelaze metad moikida fexi vaWrobasada sazogadoebriv kvebaSi, sasastumro biznesSi, sainformaciomomsaxurebaSi, agreTve saqmian da profesiul momsaxurebaSi,sadac specializebuli sawarmoebi momxmarebels sTavazoben momsa-xurebis farTo speqtrs: teqnikurs, finansurs, iuridiuls, adminis-traciuls da sxv. mewarmeTa fantazia gamoixateba sxvadasxvamimarTulebiT. esaa saangariSo-sabuRaltro momsaxureba, dax-mareba warmoebisa da gasaRebis organizaciaSi, kadrebis Ser-Cevasa da momzadebaSi, kompaniis safinanso angariSgebis Sedgena-Si, gadasaxadebis gamoTvlaSi da a.S. mravali firma eweva kon-sultaciebs mmarTvelobis sferoSi, atarebs laboratoriul Semow-mebebs, monawileobs axali teqnologiuri procesebis damuSave-baSi. mcire firmebis saxiT funqcionirebs mravali sareklamosaagento da iuridiuli konsultacia, dokumentebis salikvidaciokompaniac ki. saerTod, saqmiani momsaxurebis dargebi (warmoebismomsaxure dargebi) _ lizingi (manqana-mowyobilobebis, satrans-porto saSualebebis, warmoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebis gr-Zelvadiani arenda), inJiniringi (sainJinro-sakonsultacio mom-saxureba), marketingi da a.S. mcire firmebiTaa warmodgenili.mokled, mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba mcire biznesis ayvaveba.

swori ekonomikuri politikis gatarebiT arc saqarTveloiqneboda gamonaklisi. mcire biznesis ganviTarebiT mniSvnelovannabijebs gadavdgamdiT ara mxolod ekonomikuri zrdis Tval-sazrisiT, aramed mosaxleobis saSualo fenis Camoyalibebisa da,aqedan gamomdinare, mwvave socialuri problemebis gadaWraSi. ammxriv, mcire firmebs `pirveli violinos~ roli unda Seesru-lebinaT. maTTvis unda dawesebuliyo SeRavaTiani kreditebi, razecmowinave qveynebis gamocdilebac migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, iaponiaSi,1975_1985 wlebSi, rodesac fexs idgamda mcire mewarmeoba,saqmiani momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli firmebisTvis kreditze sargeb-




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lis ganakveTis done Semcirda 31,9%-iT, ramac stimuli miscamcire firmebis ganviTarebas am sferoSi.

saqarTveloSi, Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, ekonomikisreformirebis I etapze, mcire firmebi unda gaTavisuflebuliyogadasaxadebisgan. aucilebeli iyo saxelmwifo doneze Seqmnil-iyo specialuri uwyeba, romelic mowodebuli iqneboda gadaew-yvita mcire sawarmoebis problemebi, wvril biznesmenTa calkeu-li jgufebisaTvis Seedgina viwromiznobrivi, maTi profilisSesabamisi daxmarebis programebi. mcire firmebisTvis saxelmwi-fos unda Seeqmna Tanabari pirobebi konkurenciul brZolaSi,moexdina saxelmwifo sakredito politikis arsebiTi modifika-cia. samTavrobo dadgenilebis safuZvelze sesxebis erTi mesame-di bankebs unda miecaT mcire firmebisaTvis. aucilebeli iyoiseTi samsaxuris Seqmna, romelic mcire firmebs konsultaciasgauwevda marketingis, sapatento saqmis, axali teqnologiis daner-gvis organizaciasa da sxva sakiTxebSi. gansakuTrebuli yurad-Reba unda miqceoda mcire sawarmoTa ganviTarebas saojaxo daindividualuri mewarmeobis safuZvelze da a.S.1

saqarTveloSi, mcire biznesis ganviTarebisTvis, saxelmwifosaqtiur mxardaWerasTan erTad, aucilebeli iyo mewarmeTaekonomikuri Tavisuflebis damkvidreba, rac mewarmeobis Tval-sazrisiT dakarguli ufleba-movaleobebis aRdgenis erT-erTigza iqneboda. aucilebeli iyo Sesabamisi infrastruqturis swrafiganviTareba. mcire sabiTumo birJebi, bankebi SeRavaTiani reJimiT,salizingo kompaniebi, sabrokero organizaciebi, savaluto dasafondo birJebi, sainformacio-sakonsultacio da auditorulifirmebi, damoukidebeli iuridiuli kantorebi, sadazRvevo ko-mpaniebi da a.S. is atributebia, romlebic did rols asrulebenmcire biznesis ganviTarebaSi. es problema uaRresad aqtu-aluria saqarTveloSi ekonomikis reformirebis nebismier etapze,

VI Tavi

1 am problemas farTod vaSuqebdiT imdroindel presaSi: mcire biznesi daekonomikuri krizisi. gaz. `Tbilisi~, 1992 wlis 16 oqtomberi; saidan iwyebabazari? gaz. ̀ banki~, 1992 wlis 12 ianvari; mTavaria Seiqmnas konkurentunarianibazari. gaz. `reforma~, 1994 wlis dekemberi; sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaradikaluri reformebis gareSe?! ̀ jorjian Taimsi~, 1994 weli, # 006; mTavariaSeiqmnas Sromis motivaciis efeqtiani meqanizmi. gaz. `mSvidoba yovelTa~, 1994wlis noember-dekemberi da a.S. ix.: asaTiani r. patara qveyanas didi Secdomebisufleba ara aqvs. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2005.



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mewarmeobis ganviTarebis mTavari gza ki saxelmwifo (ara bunebrivi)da kerZo monopoliebisagan Tavis daRwevaa.

rogorc wina TavebSi iqna aRniSnuli, saqarTveloSi, savse-biT samarTlianad, erovnuli meurneobis stabilizaciis, axalitipis mewarmeobis ganviTarebisa da sabazro sistemaze gadas-vlis ZiriTad mimarTulebad sakuTrebis deregulireba da, upir-veles yovlisa, privatizacia iqna aRiarebuli. am process, romelicqveyanaSi moumzadeblad da arsebiTi xarvezebiT daiwyo, xelsuSlida srulyofili sakanonmdeblo bazisa da kanonis diqta-turis ararseboba.

socialurad orientirebuli sabazro ekonomikis Seqmni-saTvis, rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, aucilebeliasabazro urTierTobebis srulfasovani subieqtebis _ mewarme-Ta saSualo fenis Camoyalibeba da sameurneo saqmianobis Sereuliformebis danergva. Sereul mewarmeobas farTod unda moekidafexi jandacvaSi, ganaTlebaSi, safinanso-sakredito sferoSi,komunaluri meurneobis samsaxurSi, satransporto saSualebe-bis momsaxurebaSi, saqalaqo transportis eqspluataciaSi, uSiS-roebis samsaxurSi, statistikuri informaciis damuSavebaSida sxv. saxelmwifo da kerZo interesebis Serwymis mniSvnelo-vani forma unda gamxdariyo yovelgvari kompensaciis gareSesaxelmwifo qonebis gadacema kerZo firmebis sargeblobaSi.

mowinave ucxouri gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, erToblivimewarmeobis struqturaSi administraciuli regulirebisa dakontrolis funqcia ekisreba saxelmwifos, xolo ama Tu imsocialuri an komunaluri momsaxurebis warmoeba _ kerZokapitals. am modelSi mesakuTred rCeba saxelmwifo, romelickerZo firmebs arendiT aZlevs saWiro Senoba-nagebobebs, manqana-danadgarebsa da a.S. Tavis mxriv, kerZo kontrahentebi kisru-loben saTanado xarisxis momsaxurebas, romlis tarifebi arunda aRematebodes kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuls. sammarTvelo,saeqspluatacio, samuSao Zalis dasaqiraveblad gaweul xar-jebs kerZo firmebi TviT faraven. Sereul sawarmoSi Seqmnilimogebis nawili ki iricxeba adgilobriv biujetSi.

mxolod am gziT iyo SesaZlebeli saqarTvelos ekonomika-Si monopolizmis daZleva da mniSvnelovani nabijebis gadadgmasamomxmareblo bazris stabilizaciis sferoSi.




198

mcire sawarmoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kapitalis swrafibrunva da saqmis organizaciisaTvis saWiro Tavdapirveli mcireTanxis sakmarisoba xelsayrel garemos Seqmnida saqarTveloSimcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis. xelisuflebas unda eca-da mcire firmebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis mTavari yuradRebamieqcia ara damsjeli, aramed wamaxalisebeli RonisZiebebisaTvis.

miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli naklovanebebisa, saqarTveloSi,SeiZleba iTqvas, inerciiTa da xelisuflebaze saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis zewoliT, agreTve im mozRvavebuli samewarmeounariT, romelic arsebobs qarTul genSi da, saerTod, qveynismosaxleobaSi, mcire (aseve, saSualo) biznesma SeferxebebiT,magram mainc daiwyo ganviTareba, oRond ZiriTadad momsaxurebissferos iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa vaWroba, sasastumro meurneo-ba da restornebi, sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba, sazogadoebrivikveba, transporti, kavSirgabmuloba da a.S.

saanalizo wlebis bolo periodSi gaaqtiurda saamSeneblobiznesi, magram es pozitiuri Zvrebi, samwuxarod, naklebad Seexosoflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobas, rac mniSvnelovnad daetyoqveynis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebas.

saanalizo periodis bolo monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi mcireda saSualo firmebis ricxvma 20 aTass miaRwia, aqedan, mcire17700 iyo.

saqarTveloSi mcires miekuTvneba firma, romelSic 20-mdekacia dasaqmebuli, xolo saSualo wliuri brunva 500 aTaslaramdea.*

saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis geografiuli masStabebis sivi-wrove, ganviTarebis dabali done da saxelmwifo politikis usu-suroba aris is ZiriTadi mizezebi, romlebmac xeli ver SeuwyvesqveyanaSi ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebas. kerZod, sa-soflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlianobam rig produqciazesagrZnoblad iklo saanalizo periodis bolo wlebSi. magaliTad,Tu 2001 wels erTi heqtaridan iwarmoeboda 26,9 centnerixorbali, 2007 wels man Seadgina 16,7 centneri, qeri, Sesabamisad_ 22,0 da 15,0 centneri, mzesumzira _ 9,7 da 7,2, kartofili _

* saSualos miekuTvneba firma, romelSic 20-dan 100-mde kacia dasaqmebuli(saSualo wliuri brunva 500 aTasidan 1,5 mln laramde), msxvils _ 100 dameti (saSualo wliuri brunva 1,5 mln lari da metia).

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199

115,6 da 108,2, bostneuli _ 102,0 da 61,3, Saqris Warxali pi-rutyvis sakvebad _ 209,8 da 200,8 centneri da a.S.

Tu 2005 wels saqarTveloSi sul 34934 sawarmo iyo, 2007wels maTma raodenobam iklo da Seadgina 23137, aqedan, soflismeurneobaSi (nadirobasa da satyeo meurneobasTan erTad) Sesabam-isad _ 378 da 293, samTomopovebiT mrewvelobaSi _ 148 da 117,damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi _ 4306 da 2920, eleqtroenergiis,airisa da wylis warmoeba-ganawilebaSi _ 178 da 169, mSeneblo-baSi _ 1232 da 1248 sawarmo da a.S. (maTSi ar aris asaxulidaukvirvebadi, aRuricxavi ekonomikis maCveneblebi).1

wvrili mewarmeobis principebze dafuZnebuli mcire bizne-sis, rogorc sabazro struqturis mniSvnelovani elementisada samewarmeo saqmianobis yvelaze dinamikuri formis, ganvi-Tareba jansaRi sabazro garemos formirebis aucilebeli pirobaa.igi, rogorc qalaqSi, ise soflad Tanamedrove standartebisada cxovrebis stilis gavrcelebis moqnili saSualebaa, rac,saboloo angariSiT, msxvili saqalaqo aglomeraciis zrdisSezRudvas ganapirobebs. saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi sworedmcire biznesis ganviTarebas unda davukavSiroT mravali mivi-wyebuli soflis aRdgena-ganviTareba.

VI.4. gare efeqtebi da `gadasxmis~ xarjebi

adamianTa saqmianobas axlavs Tanamdevi gare efeqtebi (eqster-naliebi), romlebic ar aisaxeba fasebis sistemaSi. isiniekonomikur agentTa saqmianobis saboloo Sedegebis garkveulimxarea, romelTa RirebulebiTi formiT gamoxatva SeuZlebe-lia. gare efeqtebis gazomvisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba natu-raluri maCveneblebi.

gare efeqtebis mravalferovani xasiaTi da specifika praq-tikulad SeuZlebels xdis ekonomikuri saqmianobis rig sfer-oebSi sabazro ekonomikis im ZiriTadi principebis gamoyenebas,romlebic danaxarjebisa da komerciuli efeqtis Sedarebasgulisxmobs. amitom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba gareefeqtebis swor Sefasebasa da, aqedan gamomdinare, optimaluri


1 saqarTvelos weliwdeuli _ 2008. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebissaministros statistikis departamenti. Tb., 2008, gv. 152.



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gadawyvetilebis miRebas.gare efeqtebs SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc dadebiTi, ise uary-

ofiTi gamoxatuleba. dadebiTi dakavSirebulia sargeblobasTan,sargeblianobasTan, xolo uaryofiTi _ xarjTan. es aris fasSiausaxveli xelsayreloba an xarji da `gare~ ewodeba imitom,rom exeba ara mxolod konkretul saqmianobaSi monawileekonomikur agentebs (sameurneo subieqtebs), aramed vlindebamaT gareT mimdinare procesebSic. gare efeqtebis gamovlenisareali zogjer Zalze masStaburia da vrceldeba mTel sazoga-doebaze. isini Tanamdevi xarjia, ̀ gadasxmis~ xarjia. maT miekuTvnebaTanmxlebi socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtebi, romlebic gamovlin-deba konkretuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis gareT da aisaxebaSromis rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT SedegebSi.

bazars ar SeuZlia misTvis niSandoblivi faswarmoqmnismeqanizmis meSveobiT Seafasos adamianTa saqmianobis gare efeqtebi,romlebic imis mixedviT, dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi, Sesabamisad,gamoixateba ekologiuri wonasworobis dacvasa Tu darRveva-Si, esTetikur faseulobaTa, kulturis ZeglTa, bunebrivi land-Saftebis SenarCunebasa Tu ngrevaSi, mosaxleobis sicocxlisxangrZlivobisa da aqtiuri saqmianobis periodis gadidebasaTu SemoklebaSi, daavadebaTa Semcirebasa Tu gazrdaSi, pirovnebisSemoqmedebiTi potencialis zrdasa Tu daqveiTebaSi, mosaxle-obis fizikuri ganviTarebis donis, moqalaqeobrivi kulturisamaRlebasa Tu dacemaSi da a.S. magaliTad, garemos dacvas, ankidev, infeqciuri daavadebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT sasme-li wylis sanaciis programis ganxorcielebas Tan axlavsuaRresad dadebiTi gare efeqti _ ekologiuri da sanitariu-li normebis darRvevisa da misgan gamowveuli mravalmxrivizaralis Tavidan acileba, xolo garemos gaWuWyianeba war-moSobs uaRresad uaryofiT gare efeqtebs, rac ganapirobebsgareSe pirebis an, SesaZloa, mTeli mosaxleobis xarjebis zrdas.kerZod, Tu ekonomikuri saqmianobiT romelime sameurneo subi-eqti aWuWyianebs mdinares, maSin ̀ gadasxmis~ xarji awveba tvirTadam mdinariT mosargeble pirebs an, zogjer, mTel sazogadoe-basac (Tu am mdinaris wyali sasmelad gamoiyeneba). amrigad,ekonomikuri saqmianobis safuZvelze garemos gaWuWyianebis Sed-egad warmoiSoba xarji, romelsac faravs ara TviT mwarmoebeli,

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aramed mocemul warmoebasTan daukavSirebeli sxva piri an mTe-li sazogadoeba. amis gamo, garemos gamWuWyianebel_mwarmoeblisproduqciis fasSi gacilebiT naklebi xarjia asaxuli, vidresinamdvileSi iqna gaweuli.

gare efeqtebis sailustraciod ara erTi magaliTis moyva-na SeiZleba saqarTvelos bolodroindeli movlenebidan.

cnobilia, rom globaluri finansuri krizisis dawyebamde,saqarTveloSi Semodioda sakmaod mniSvnelovani Semosavlebifuladi gzavnilebis saxiT, romelsac mravali aseuli aTasimigranti agzavnida sazRvargareTidan. am gzavnilebma 2008 welsdaaxloebiT 800 mln dolars miaRwia, rac mTliani Sida produ-qtis 7%-s Seadgenda da 16-jer aRemateba baqo-Tbilisi-jeiha-nis navTobsadenidan miRebul Semosavlebs.1 amas emateboda saer-TaSoriso finansuri institutebis kreditebi, donorebis dax-marebebi da sxv. bunebrivia, yvela es Semosavali qveynisTvismniSvnelovania da saqarTvelosTvis, arsebuli susti ekonomikispirobebSi, mas udidesi pozitiuri datvirTva aqvs. garda amisa,qveyanaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis maRali donis pirobebSi emi-grantebi arapirdapiri gziT dadebiT gavlenas axdenen Sromisbazarze, vinaidan maTi qveynidan gadinebiT mcirdeba umuSevroba,amasTan, garkveulwilad, siRaribis donec ecema. magram am pro-cess Tan axlavs pozitiurTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro didinegatiuri gare efeqtebi, rac gamoixateba SemdegSi: yoveliveaman, sxva mizezebTan erTad, saqarTvelos ekonomika warmoebazeorientirebulis nacvlad, Semosavalze orientirebul ekonomi-kad aqcia, xolo sazogadoeba _ ara mwarmoebel, aramed momx-marebel sazogadoebad. ismis kiTxva: xelsayrelia ki qveynisTvis`ganviTarebis~ es kursi? anda, ra Sedegebs moutans mcirericx-ovan saqarTvelos SromiTi resursebis qveynidan gadineba?

emigrantebi ZiriTadad axalgazrda asakis adamianebi arian,amitom isini danakargebad iTvlebian mSobliuri qveynisTvis.2

umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone kvalificiuri adamianebis emigraciaucxo qveynebSi inteleqtis gadinebas niSnavs. mSobliurma qvey-anam maT aRzrdasa da ganaTlebaze garkveuli soliduri xarji

1 saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebi; samsoni i. ganviTarebis gzebisZieba: saqarTvelos amocanebi. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartalurimimoxilva. GEPLAC. marti, 2006, gv. 80.2 iqve, gv. 81.




202

gaswia, sxva qveyanam ki maTi gamoyenebiT, yovelgvari xarjisgawevis gareSe, mogeba miiRo. amrigad, am TvalsazrisiT, migraciadanakargad iTvleba emigrantis mSobliuri qveynisTvis da udidesiuaryofiTi gare efeqtis matarebelia.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politikis (gansakuTrebiT bolowlebis) erT-erT mTavar miznad ucxouri investiciebis mozid-vaa aRiarebuli, maSin rodesac gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovaniiqneboda mTavrobis mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTuliyo qveynis Sig-niT danazogebisa da kapitalis mobilizebis alternatiuli sa-Sualebebis warmoqmnaze. rogorc `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTve-losa~ da ̀ ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris~ eqspertebisavsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnaven, ̀ ucxouri pirdapiri da port-feluri investiciebi unda ganixilebodes mxolod rogorc qveynisSiga danazogebis deficitis Sevsebis wyaro da ara ekonomikuriganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala~.1 aseTma politikam dadebiT-Tan erTad, gamoavlina uaRresad uaryofiTi gare efeqti, rac,pirvel yovlisa, gamoixata saqarTvelos Siga danazogebis def-icitSi. amasTan, sabanko sistema, romelic damokidebulia kapi-talis saerTaSoriso bazrebis dinamikaze, qveynis ekonomikuriganviTarebis Siga moTxovnis uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisi raode-nobis sasesxo kapitals ar flobs. bunebrivia, es negatiuradaisaxeba ekonomikur saqmianobaze, qveynis realur seqtorze da,mraval sxva uaryofiT gare efeqtTan erTad, ganapirobebs saqarTve-los saeqsporto potencialis (magaliTad, soflis meurneobis)sabanko dafinansebis gareSe datovebas. amis sailustraciodsakmarisia Semdegi statistikuri monacemebic: soflis meurneo-bis sabanko sesxiT dafarvis maCvenebeli 2003 wels iyo 0,96%,2004 wels _ 0,85, 2005 wels _ 0,76, 2006 wels _ 1,32 da2007 wels _ 5,14%.2

gare efeqtebis arseboba ganapirobebs kerZo da socialuridanaxarjebisa da Sedegebis gamijvnis aucileblobas. kerZodanaxarjebi da Sedegebi asaxaven sabazro urTierTobas, xolo

VI Tavi

1 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri safrTxeebisa da mTavrobis krizisisgan dacvisstrategiis analizi da rekomendaciebi. angariSi momzadda koalicia`gamWvirvale finansuri daxmareba saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. Tb., Tebervali,2009, gv. 12.

2 saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebi. http://www.georgia.gov.ge


http://www.georgia.gov.ge


203

maTi cvlileba _ sabazro wonasworobas. socialuri danaxarjebida Sedegebi SeiZleba iyos kerZoze meti an naklebi. amas gan-sazRvravs gare efeqtis xasiaTi _ dadebiTia is Tu uaryofiTi.maTi toloba gamoxatavs fsevdosabazro wonasworobas. mxolodbazars ar SeuZlia fsevdosabazro wonasworobis damyareba. igidgindeba saxelmwifosa da moTxovna-miwodebis meqanizmis er-Toblivi ZalisxmeviT. iq, sadac uZluria bazari, `bazris Cavar-dnebiT~ gamowveuli problemebis gadasaWrelad aucilebeliasaxelmwifos Careva.1 saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs gare efeqtebisgazomvasa da saxelmwifo biujetis meqanizmis meSveobiT Semo-savlebis gadanawilebis organizacias, rac konkretul gamoxatu-lebas specialur dabegvraSi povebs. uaryofiTi gare efeqtebisneitralizacia, ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagadasaxado praqtikaSi,rogorc cnobilia, `pigus gadasaxadis~ gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba.

kembrijis skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli artur pigumoiTxovda uaryofiTi eqsternaliebis gamomwvev saqmianobazeeqsternaluri danaxarjebis sididis toli jarimebis dawese-bas, xolo dadebiTi eqsternaliebis gamomwvevi saqmianobis waxa-lisebas eqsternaluri sargeblis toli sididis subsidiebiT.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare-obda dava gare efeqtebis saxelmwifo regulirebis aucileb-lobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. mudmivad mzard moTxovnasa da moge-baze orientirebuli sabazro Zalebi, rogorc cnobilia, sulufro met bunebriv resurss aqceven ekonomikur brunvaSi, raczians ayenebs gare bunebas, ganapirobebs regionul dispropor-ciebsa da didi qalaqebis problemebis gamwvavebas. ganviTare-bul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan,ekologiuri situaciis seriozulma gauaresebam gamoiwvia sa-bazro konkurenciis negatiuri socialuri àmonabolqvebis~likvidaciis specialuri saxelmwifo regulatorebis Seqmna.ekologiuri safrTxis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, farTod gavr-celda sainvesticio proeqtebis winaswari saxelmwifo eqsper-tiza da `pigus gadasaxadis~ tipis sabiujeto procedurebi.2


1 Pigou A. A study in public finance. London, 1949;2 asaTiani r. momsaxureba da sabazro sistema. Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetisgamomcemloba~, 1993, gv. 41.



204

uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis mqone ekonomikuri saqmianobisSesazRudad da dadebiTi gare efeqtebis matarebeli warmoebisgasafarToeblad aucilebeli gaxda maTi gardaqmna Siga efeqte-bad, rodesac ukve xorcieldeba zRvruli kerZo xarjis daax-loeba zRvrul socialur xarjTan. a. pigum am problemisgadasawyvetad daasabuTa koreqtirebadi gadasaxadisa dakoreqtirebadi subsidiis gamoyenebis aucilebloba. koreqtire-bad gadasaxads ixdis uaryofiTi gare efeqtis mqone warmoeba,romlis mizania zRvruli kerZo xarjis gazrda zRvruli sa-zogadoebrivi xarjis donemde. koreqtirebadi subsidia arisdadebiTi gare efeqtis mqone warmoebis stimulirebisaTvis gam-iznuli subsidia. misi mizania zRvruli kerZo sargeblianobismiaxloeba sazogadoebriv zRvrul sargeblianobasTan.

koreqtirebadi gadasaxadebi da subsidiebi nawilobriv wyvetengare efeqtebTan dakavSirebul problemebs, rac aixsneba imiT,rom, jer erTi, praqtikaSi Zalze Znelia zRvruli xarjisa dasargeblianobis zusti gaangariSeba da, meore, koreqtirebadigadasaxadi yovelTvis ver aRwevs mizans. am garemoebam gana-piroba aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris axali gzebis Zieba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, ingliselma ekonomistma, 1991 wlisnobelis premiis laureatma ronald qouzma wamoayena hipoTe-za, romlis mixedviT, uaryofiTi gare efeqtebi ar iwvevs resurse-bis araracionalur alokacias, Tuki ar arsebobs transaqciu-li xarjebi _ SeTanxmebis dadebisa da misi ganxorcielebisprocesSi warmoqmnili (informaciis mopovebis, molaparakebisada kontraqtebis dadebis, sakuTrebis uflebisa da ekonomikurisaqmianobis specifikis da a.S.) xarjebi, gaweuli molaparakeb-is monawile mxareTa mier.

r. qouzis azriT, Tu transaqciuli xarjebi, srulyofilikonkurenciis pirobebSi, faqtobrivad, mizeruli an nulis to-lia, maSin ekonomikuri agentebis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze kerZoda socialuri xarjebi erTmaneTs utoldeba da maqsimaluradxelsayreli Sedegi miiRweva. arasrulyofili konkurenciispirobebSi bazarze warmoiqmneba Zlieri ekonomikuri Zala _monopolia, romelic monopoliuri fasis Sedegad arRvevs resurse-bis sworad gadanawilebis meqanizms. magram antimonopoliurikanonmdebloba resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebisa da ba-zris fiaskos nawilobrivad daZlevis saSualebas iZleva.

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r. qouzis azriT, romelic man ganaviTara statiaSi `so-cialuri danaxarjebis problema~, eqsternaliebs aqvT urTi-erTganmapirobebeli anu simetriuli buneba. Tu A-s saqmianobazians ayenebs B-s, maSin Semdgomi SezRudvebi A-s saqmianobaSi,B-s dacvis mizniT, avnebs A-s. amitom socialuri problemasituaciis optimalur gadawyvetaSi mdgomareobs.

amrigad, aseT situaciaSi arCevani unda gadaixaros imgadawyvetilebisaken, romelic sazogadoebisaTvis umcires dana-xarjebs gamoiwvevs. paretos optimumi ki miiRweva saxelm-wifos Caurevlad, mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebis safuZvelzesakuTrebis uflebis myari garantiebis pirobebSi.1 Cveni azriT,saqarTveloSi moWarbebuli uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis pirobebSigasaTvaliswinebelia keTildReobis axali ekonomikuriTeoriis ZiriTadi postulatebi.

VI.5. ekonomikuri zrdis modelebida saqarTvelo

dasavleTSi ekonomikuri zrda ganixileba viwro da farTogagebiT: viwro gagebiT _ rogorc saboloo produqtis (droisgarkveul monakveTSi mTliani erovnuli produqtis) zrda damasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi makroekonomikur maCveneblebsada teqnikur-ekonomikur urTierTkavSirebSi, farTo gagebiT _rogorc socialur institutebSi, sakuTrebis struqturaSicvlilebebis procesi, romelic zrdis erTi stadiidan meoreSigadasvlas moaswavebs. am ukanasknels miekuTvneba, magaliTad,u. rostous cnobili Teoria ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stadiebisSesaxeb, romelic sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciebis is-toriuli cvlis marqsistuli Teoriis antipodia. avtorTaumravlesoba ekonomikur zrdas viwro gagebiT ganixilavs.

ekonomikuri zrdis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roliinglisel da amerikel ekonomistebs ekuTvniT. TanamedrovepirobebSi anglo-amerikuli skola ganagrZobs winamorbedTamier gakvalul gzas _ sabazro meurneobis, rogorc ekonomikuri

1 Coase R. The problem of social cost. "Journal of Law and Economics". Vol. 3, 1996, p. 17.




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sistemis, abstraqtul-Teoriul analizs, romlis funqcionire-basac makroekonomikuri kategoriebis moZraobiT gansazRvravs.

ekonomikuri zrdis Tanamedrove Teoria aRmocenda oriTeoriuli wyaros _ makroekonomikuri wonasworobis keinzia-nuri Teoriisa (moTxovnis Teoriis) da neoklasikuri Teoriis(miwodebis Teoriis) safuZvelze. maT ganapirobes ori ZiriTa-di mimarTulebis _ keinzianelobis (Semdeg, neokeinzianelobis)da neoklasikuris warmoSoba.

keinzianelobas safuZveli Cauyara XX saukunis gamoCenil-ma ingliselma ekonomistma jon meinar keinzma, romlis Teor-iac ZiriTadad aisaxa mis cnobil naSromSi _ `dasaqmebis,procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoria~.

keinzianuri Teoria iyo reaqcia 1929-1933 wlebis msof-lio ekonomikur krizissa da misi Semdgomi periodis depre-siaze, rodesac ara mxolod axali investiciebisaTvis, aramedkapitalis ganaxlebisaTvisac ar arsebobda stimulebi. j. kein-zma, rogorc Teoritikosma-novatorma, Tavisi argumentebi dadaskvnebi daupirispira klasikuri Teoriis argumentebsa dadaskvnebs. misi azriT, klasikurma Teoriam amowura TavisiSesaZleblobebi. misi ZiriTadi postulatebi gamoiyeneba mx-olod im SemTxvevamde, sanam ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gamox-atavs wonasworobis ukidures SesaZleblobas.1 j. keinzis Teoriaki swored ekonomikis krizisuli procesebis analizs eZRvneba.igi umTavresad ikvlevs sawarmoTa qronikuli dautvirTaobis,masobrivi umuSevrobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempe-bis gamomwvev mizezebs. amitom mas xSirad `depresiuli~ an`stagnaciuri~ ekonomikis Teorias uwodeben.

j. keinzi makroekonomikuri analizis fuZemdebladaa aRi-arebuli. keinzianelTa makroekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT, calkeulifirmebis ayvavebis pirobebi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes mTeliekonomikis ganviTarebis pirobebs. maT Soris warmoSobili winaaRm-degobebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia ara calkeuli firmebis moge-bis maqsimizaciiT(rogorc es keinziamdel ekonomikur TeoriaSiiyo gabatonebuli), aramed erovnuli ekonomikuri proporciebis

1 Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Перевод с английского.М., "Прогресс", 1978, с. 55.

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aRdgeniTa da kvlavwarmoebis saerTo pirobebis srulyofiT. j.keinzis azriT, sazogadoebis yvela mniSvnelovani sasicocxloproblemis gadawyvetis gza unda moiZebnos ara resursebismiwodebaSi, aramed moTxovnaSi, romelic uzrunvelyofs am resurse-bis realizacias. man wina planze daayena èfeqtiani moTx-ovnisa~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, realizaciis pirobebis regu-lirebis problema. j. keinzma pirvelma ganixila umuSevroba,rogorc èfeqtiani moTxovnis~ ukmarisobis Sedegi. ekonomikurmecnierebaSi man pirvelma gamoTqva azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ̀ efeq-tiani moTxovnis~ SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikis saxelm-wifo regulireba, rom saxelmwifom unda ikisros makropropor-ciebis dacva, bazris `Secdomebis gamosworebisaTvis~ man TavisTavze unda aiRos mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT danazogebsa dainvesticiebs Soris balansirebis uzrunvelyafa.

j. keinzis varaudiT, saxelmwifo, socialuri danaxarjebisgazrdiT an gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, an orive RonisZiebisSerwymiT, SeZlebda erToblivi moTxovnis amaRlebas da amiTgaafarToebda warmoebas, romelic ekonomikas daubrunebda sruldasaqmebas. amaSi mdgomareobda `keinzianuri revoluciis~ mTa-vari idea. amasTan, keinzi miuTiTebda ekonomikuri poli-tikis sferoSi am rekomendaciebis aucileblobas mxo-lod krizisis dros, xolo rodesac ekonomika SeZleb-da misgan Tavis daRwevas, maSin saxelmwifos daxmarebaaRar iqneboda saWiro da mTeli ZaliT amoqmeddebodasabazro regulirebis tradiciuli meTodebi.

ekonomikuri zrdis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlilimiuZRvis keinzis multiplikatoris Teorias, romelic xsnisurTierTdamokidebulebas erovnuli Semosavlis matebasa dainvesticiebis gansazRvrul sidides Soris.

termini `multiplikatori~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa damamravls niSnavs. ekonomikur TeoriaSi igi koeficientia, romelicgamoxatavs gansazRvrul raodenobriv Tanafardobas funqcio-nalur damokidebulebaSi myof or an met cvalebad ekonomikursidides Soris.

multiplikatoris cneba pirvelad SemoiRo ingliselmaekonomistma r. kanma, romelic miznad isaxavda daedgina zoga-di principebi, romlis daxmarebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda inves-




208

ticiebis zrdasa da misgan gamowveul erToblivi dasaqmebismatebas Soris raodenobrivi Tanafardobis gamoTvla.1

multiplikatoris Teoria, romelic Tavdapirvelad exebo-da umuSevrobis problemas da Camoyalibda r. kanis mier kon-cefciis saxiT, SemdgomSi ganviTarda k. keinzis naSromebSi,dasaqmebis multiplikatoris, investiciebis multiplikato-risa da Semosavlebis multiplikatoris saxiT.

j. keinzis Teoriis mixedviT, dasaqmebis multiplikatorigviCvenebs imas, rom pirveladi dasaqmebis mateba, romelsacekonomikis ama Tu im dargSi ganapirobebs investiciebi, mocemuldargsa da sxva dargebs Soris jaWvuri kavSiris arsebobiswyalobiT, am dargebSi iwvevs dasaqmebis gadidebas pirveladdasaqmebasTan gansazRvruli TanafardobiT. dasaqmebis multi-plikators (K') j. keinzi uwodebs erToblivi dasaqmebis matebis(∆N) Sefardebas investiciebTan uSualod dakavSirebul pirve-ladi dasaqmebis matebasTan (∆N2). igi formuliT ase gamoisa-xeba:

2

'NNK

∆∆

=

j. keinzi multiplikatorSi gulisxmobs ara mxolod sruldasaqmebasa da pirvelad dasaqmebas Soris raodenobrivi damoki-debulebis gamomxatvel koeficients, aramed investiciebis moc-ulobaze Semosavlebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, samomxmareblomoTxovnis raodenobrivi damokidebulebis ganmsazRvrel koe-ficientsac. j. keinzi werda, rom multiplikatori Tanafar-dobaa Semosavlebsa da investiciebs Soris.2

dasaqmebis multiplikatorsa (K') da investiciis multi-plikators (K) Soris j. keinzma daadgina gansazRvruli kavSi-ri: Tu dasaqmebis multiplikatori (K') gviCvenebs raodenobrivTanafardobas dasaqmebis saerTo moculobis namatsa (∆N) dainvesticiebis namats (∆IW) Soris, investiciis multiplika-tori (K) raodenobrivi Tanafardobis gamomxatvelia Semosav-

1 Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Перевод с английского.М.,"Прогресс", 1978, с. 55.2 iqve, с. 177.

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lebis namatsa (∆YW) da investiciebis namats (∆IW) Soris. j.keinzis Teoriis mixedviT, am or koeficients Soris urTierT-kavSiri ganisazRvreba imiT, rom dasaqmebis mateba funqciona-lur damokidebulebaSi imyofeba investiciebis matebasTan, xoloSemosavlebis mateba _ dasaqmebis matebasTan. amitom multip-likatoris Teorias safuZvlad udevs Semosavlebsa(YW) dadasaqmebas (N) Soris funqcionaluri urTierTkavSiri.

Semosavlis multiplikatoris Teoriis Sesabamisad, erovnulSemosavals warmoqmnis investiciebi, romlebic am ukanasknelTanimyofeba raodenobriv damokidebulebaSi. erovnuli Semosavlisgadideba da, aqedan gamomdinare, erToblivi moTxovnis namati _wers j. keinzi _ investiciebis saerTo Tanxis gadidebis tolia,gamravlebuli multiplikatorze.1 e.i. Semosavlebis namati (∆YW)tolia investiciebis namati (∆IW) gamravlebuli multiplika-torze (K). formuliT ase gamoixateba:

KΔIΔY WW ⋅=

j. keinzis multiplikatoris Teoria agebulia Semdegmsjelobaze: investiciebis gadideba iwvevs jer dasaqme-bis, xolo Semdeg sazogadoebis Semosavlebis zrdas.Sesabamisad izrdeba moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili dana-xarjebi. samomxmareblo moTxovna miT ufro maRldeba,Semosavlebis rac ufro meti xvedriTi wona ixarjebamoxmarebaze da naklebi _ danazogze. Tavis mxriv, racufro maRalia samomxmareblo moTxovna, miT ufro didiabazris tevadoba da, maSasadame, miT ufro xelsayrelipirobebi iqmneba warmoebis, dasaqmebisa da Semosav-lebis zrdisaTvis. amrigad, multiplikatori pirdapirpro-porciul damokidebulebaSia moxmarebasTan da ukuproporciulSi_ danazogebTan. j. keinzis azriT, rac ufro maRalia `mox-marebisaken zRvruli midrekileba~, miT ufro didia multip-likatoris sidide da maSasadame, miT ufro meti winsvlaadasaqmebaSi, rac gamowveulia cvlilebebiT investiciebSi.2

1 Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Перевод с английского.М., "Прогресс", 1978, с. 189.2 iqve, gv. 191.


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amrigad, multiplikatoris Teoria gamoxatavs meurneobisdargebs Soris jaWvuri kavSirebis arsebobas da wina planzeayenebs garkveul ekonomikur kategoriebs Soris raodenobriviTanafardobis gansazRvris sakiTxs.

jon meinard keinzis makroekonomikuri wonasworobis Teo-riam xeli Seuwyo XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi ekonomikurizrdis neokeinzianuri koncefciis warmoSobas, romelic srulebi-Tac ar iyo misi identuri. neokeinzianelebma (domari, harodi,felneri, hambergi, robinsoni da sxv.) keinzis Teoria gamo-iyenes rogorc meTodologiuri safuZveli axali procesebisanalizisaTvis, ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis axali me-Todebis dasabuTebisaTvis. j. keinzis Teoriaze dayrdnobiTada misi kritikiT, maT sruliad axali koncefcia Seqmnes. neokein-zianelebi asabuTeben im saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobiscentralizebuli koordinaciis aucileblobas, romlebicekonomikis grZelvadiani dagegmvis safuZvelze zemoqmedebenqveynis ekonomikur zrdaze. isini gaurbodnen termin `dagegm-vis~ gamoyenebas, vinaidan masSi xedavdnen Tavisufali mewarmeobissistemis dasasruls. miuxedavad amisa, 1975 wels aSS-Si gamoCenilekonomistTa jgufma wamoayena winadadeba, prezidentTan Seqm-niliyo centralizebuli makoordinirebeli organo, romelsacèkonomikis dagegmvis sabWo~ uwodes. ra Tqma unda, saqme exe-boda indikatur dagegmvas, romelic ar zRudavda kerZo kapi-talis suverenul uflebebs. mis funqciebSi Sedioda ekonomikismdgomareobis Sesaxeb statistikuri informaciis Sekreba, resurse-bisa da moTxovnis gamovlena, ganviTarebis grZelvadiani (5 da15 wliT) gegmebis Sedgena, gancalkevebulad da erTmaneTissawinaaRmdegod moqmedi funqcionirebadi mravalricxovani or-ganoebis koordinireba da a.S.

neokeinzianelebi ekonomikis dinamikuri wonasworobis pirobaderovnuli Semosavlis matebis myar temps miiCnevdnen, xoloerovnuli Semosavlis zrdas mxolod kapitalis dagrovebisfunqcias ukavSirebdnen. danarCen faqtorebs (dasaqmebis dones,mowyobilobaTa gamoyenebis xarisxs, warmoebis organizaciissrulyofas da a.S.) isini mTlianad gamoricxavdnen.

keinzianuri Teoriis modernizacia SemdgomSic gagrZel-da. memarcxene keinzianelobis warmomadgenlebi _ postkeinzi-

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anelebi _ èfeqtiani moTxovnis~ problemas garkveuli so-cialuri reformebis ganxorcielebas ukavSirebdnen. maT Se-qmnes ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis fiskaluri da sakredi-to RonisZiebebis farTo programa.

70-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSiarsebiTi Zvrebi moxda. Sesustda yuradReba dinamikuri wonas-worobis problemis mimarT da wina planze wamoiwia potenci-uri SesaZleblobebis zrdis tempebisa da maTi ganmsazRvrelifaqtorebis problema. neoklasikuri mimarTuleba keinzianur daneokeinzianur koncefciebs daupirispirda.

neoklasikurma mimarTulebam, romlis saTaveebTanac idgnenk. mengeri, f. vizeri, e. bem-baverki (avstriuli skola), u. je-vonsi, l. valrasi, v. pareto (maTematikuri skola), j. klarki(zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis amerikuli skola), dasrulebulisaxe marSalis (kembrijis skola) naSromebSi miiRo, xoloTanamedrove warmomadgenlebi arian j. hiksi (didi britaneTi),r. solou, m. brauni (aSS) da sxv. am mimarTulebis TvalsaCinowarmomadgeneli iyo m. fridmenic (Cikagos skola).

neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria eyrdnoba XX saukunismarJinalizmis ZiriTad meTodebsa da instrumentebs. igi war-moiSva, pirvel yovlisa, SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriis kri-tikuli gadasinjvis safuZvelze. avstriuli da maTematikuriskolis warmomadgenlebma, agreTve j. klarkma, dasabami misceszRvruli sargeblianobis Teorias. pirveli ekonomikur-maTema-tikuri modeli, romelSic zRvruli sargeblianoba fasis er-TaderT safuZvlad aris miCneuli, Seqmna jevonsma. mogvianebiTes koncefcia ganaviTara valrasma sayovelTao ekonomikuriwonasworobis modelis asagebad. zRvruli sargeblianobisTeoriis zogadma principebma Semdgomi ganviTareba pova klarkiszRvruli mwarmoeblurobis TeoriaSi.

neoklasikur Teorias seriozuli dartyma miayena keinziane-lobis warmoSobam. keinzianelebis kritikisa da ekonomikaSi war-moqmnili axali moTxovnis gavleniT, neoklasikuri mimarTuleb-is mimdevrebma gadasinjes zogierTi Zveli koncefcia da nawi-lobriv Secvales TavianTi damokidebuleba saxelmwifos mima-rT. isini aRiarebdnen ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucile-blobas sabazro Zalebis Tavisufali moqmedebis uzrunvelyofi-saTvis.




212

arsebiTi evolucia ganicada zRvruli sargeblianobisTeoriam. faswarmoqmnis procesebis analizis aucileblobammis warmomadgenlebs ukarnaxa, uareyoT am procesebis axsnamxolod sargeblianobis subieqturi faqtoris safuZvelze. amisSedegad yuradRebis centrma sargeblianobidan faswarmoqmnisfaqtorebis kompleqsze gadainacvla. amaSi gansakuTrebiT didiroli Seasrula a. marSalma. man kvlevis centrSi moaqciafasebis formireba sxvadasxva bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebisurTierTmoqmedebis gavleniT. amasTan, igi im azris iyo, romsargeblianoba fasebis gansazRvraSi SeiZleba mTavar rols as-rulebdes drois mcire monakveTSi, magram xangrZlivi periodi-saTvis upirveles mniSvnelobas iZens warmoebis danaxarjebi.

marSalis moZRvrebidan iRebs saTaves agreTve Tanamedroveneoklasikuri mimarTulebis ori ganStoeba _ firmis Teoriada keTildReobis Teoria. zRvruli sargeblianobis TeoriaarsebiTad samomxmareblo arCevnis TeoriaSi gadaizarda, amasTan,amosavalma debulebebma kardinaluri cvlilebebi ganicada.

neoklasikuri mimarTulebis zRvruli mwarmoebluro-bis Teoriam, romelic Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva rogorc Rire-bulebis Seqmnisa da ganawilebis Teoria, meore msoflio omisSemdeg ki biZgi misca ekonomikuri zrdis neoklasikuri Teori-is ganviTarebas, yuradReba gaamaxvila makroekonomikuri me-Todebis analizze. am Teoriis warmomadgenlebis mTavar miznadiqca ekonomikis balansirebuli zrdis pirobebis analizi, agreTveekonomikuri zrdis calkeuli faqtorebis rolis Sefaseba,ramac sawarmoo funqciebis kvlevis ganviTareba ganapiroba.

neoklasikuri principebis realizaciis axali sfero teqno-logiuri cvlilebebis anu teqnikuri progresis Teoria gaxda,romlis mimdevarni ekonomikaSi mimdinare teqnikur cvlile-bebs sawarmoo funqciebis parametrebis cvlilebebs ukavSireben.

neoklasikuri mimarTulebis Tanamedrove warmomadgenlebi,keinzianelebisagan gansxvavebiT, uaryofen saxelmwifo kontrolskvlavwarmoebis procesebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo xar-jebis zrdisadmi da moiTxoven ekonomikaSi Carevis Semofargv-las regulirebis fulad-sakredito formebiT.

maSin rodesac keinzianuri mimarTulebisaTvis realizaci-is problema centraluri iyo, neoklasikosebi mas meorex-

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arisxovnad miiCnevdnen, centralur problemas maTTvis SezRudu-li resursebis miwodeba, maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianoba da war-moebis potenciuri donis gansazRvra warmoadgenda. ekonomikisdinamikuri wonasworobis darRvevis mizezebs keinzianelebi TumoTxovnis naklebobasa an siWarbeSi xedavdnen, neoklasikosebi,piriqiT, dinamikuri wonasworobis SenarCunebaSi gadamwyvetrols warmoebisa da resursebis miwodebas aniWebdnen. kein-zianelebis azriT, kerZo kapitaldabandebebis zrdis xelsayre-li pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis, teqnikuri progresis stimulirebi-sa da axali investiciebis warmoSobisaTvis saxelmwifos undagaezarda xarjebi samecniero gamokvlevebsa da àdamianur kapi-talze~, e.i. ganaTlebaze, kadrebis momzadebasa da gadamzadeba-ze, samecniero momsaxurebaze da a.S. amasTan, keinzianelebimoTxovnisa da warmoebis gadidebaSi saxelmwifo xarjebiszrdas met mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre gadasaxadebis Sem-cirebas, vinaidan pirvels miiCnevdnen ufro efeqtian saSuale-bad. neokeinzianelebi grZelvadiani arainflaciuri zrdis auci-lebel pirobas gadasaxadebis SemcirebaSi xedavdnen. isinifiskaluri politikis mTavari instrumentis rols gadasaxa-debs akisrebdnen. es principi safuZvlad daedo mravali qvey-nis ekonomikur politikas.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevramde civilize-bul qveynebSi sagadasaxado politika ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis saxelmwifo stimulirebis mTavari instrumen-ti iyo. mis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas dabegvris ganakveTisdiferencirebuli Semcireba (upirveles yovlisa, mogebidan)warmoadgenda. am periodSi saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen ise aegoTsagadasaxado politika, rom waexalisebinaT korporaciebi dan-azogebis warmoebaSi dabandebisaTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, erTobliviinvesticiebis zrdas ganapirobebda.

marTalia, liberalizacia moklevadian perspeqtivaSi saxel-mwifo biujetis Semosavlebis Semcirebas iwvevs, magram misigrZelvadiani Sedegebi sruliad gansxvavebulia. igi zrdisbiujetSi Senatanebs da, maSasadame, amuxruWebs inflacias, am-cirebs deficits. sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba, sabolooangariSiT, iwvevs saerTo sagadasaxado Senatanebis ara Sekve-cas, aramed gadidebas. amrigad, sagadasaxado tvirTis radikaluri




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Semsubuqeba, ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebasTan erTad, fed-eraluri Semosavlebis problemebsac wyvets.

ekonomikis zrdis tempebis amaRlebis savsebiT gansxvave-bul faqtorebs asaxelebdnen neoklasikosebi. maTi poziciasakmaod mkafiod gamoxata amerikelma ekonomistma a. bernsma.man neokeinzianur koncefcias `stagnaciis axali Teoria~ uwo-da. a. bernsi da neoklasikuri mimarTulebis sxva warmomadgen-lebi ekonomikuri zrdis jansaR safuZvlad ekonomikis efeq-tianobis amaRlebas, gadaWarbebuli saxelmwifo xarjebis Sem-cirebas, mogebis zrdasa da xelfasis gadidebas Soris pro-porciebis mkacri regulirebis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis Se-muSavebas Tvlidnen. a. bernsis azriT, ekonomikuri zrdis kein-zianuri programis im nawils, romelic iTvaliswinebs social-ur-ekonomikuri saWiroebisaTvis saxelmwifos danaxarjebisgadidebas, araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs ekonomikur zrdasTan,mTavaria amaRldes kapitaldabandebaTa efeqtianoba da aradanaxarjebis saerTo moculoba.

amrigad, ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi warmoiSva ori urT-ierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba: pirveli yuradRebas amaxvilebdamoTxovnaze, meore _ miwodebaze. neokeinzianelebi moiTxovdnen,saxelmwifos danaxarjebis gadidebis safuZvelze zrdis eqs-tensiuri faqtorebis stimulirebas, xolo neoklasikosebi, piriqiT,saxelmwifos saxsrebis ekonomiaze miuTiTebdnen da xazs us-vamdnen intensiuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobas ekonomikis zrdistempebis amaRlebaSi. miwodebis Teoria (ufro zustad,ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic orientirebulia miwodebaze) daneoklasikur mimarTulebaze dafuZnebuli sxva konservatiulimimdinareobebi, saxelmwifos ekonomikur rols mxolod mec-nierul-teqnikur gamokvlevaTa dafinansebaSi, samrewvelo sawar-moTa subsidirebaSi, infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis xar-jebis gadidebasa da samTavrobo garantirebuli kreditebisgacemaSi xedavdnen.

60-iani wlebidan neokeinzianelobasa da neoklasikur mima-rTulebas Soris winaaRmdegobam ramdenadme iklo, rasac xeliSeuwyo ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis zrdam da SedarebiT ̀ srulidasaqmebis~ miRwevam. j. keinzis Teoriis Tanaxmad, aseT pirobebSiSesaZlebeli iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ̀ neoklasikuri kanone-bis~ amoqmedeba.

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omis Semdgom wlebSi, vidre 70-iani wlebis Sua xanebamde,ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur politikaSi warmatebiTgamoiyeneboda sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebiskeinzianuri modeli. misi yvelaze didi mimdevrebi iyvnen dasav-leTevropuli qveynebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mdgomi so-cial-demokratiuli mTavrobebi. keinzianuri modelis realurigansaxierebaa Sereuli, socialurad orientirebuli sabazroekonomikis Seqmna gfr-Si, skandinaviisa da dasavleTis sxvaganviTarebul qveynebSi. es modeli dainerga aSS-Si 60-ianiwlebis Sua xanebSi. swored am periodSi amerikaSi gaataressiRaribesTan brZolis farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebi, maT Soris,janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi miiRes iseTi cnobili pro-gramebi, rogoricaa `medikeri~ _ pensionerebisa da invalideb-isaTvis samedicino daxmarebis saxelmwifo socialuri pro-grama da `medikeidi~ _ mosaxleobis naklebuzrunvelyofilifenebis dacvis socialuri programa. magram, 70-iani wlebismeore naxevridan dasavleTis qveynebSi Tavi iCina ekonomikaSisaxelmwifos metismeti Carevis uaryofiTma Sedegebma. `sax-elmwifo intervencia~ gamovlinda inflaciuri procesebis ga-ZlierebaSi, biujetis deficitis, saxelmwifo valis zrdaSi,saxelmwifo aparatis gabervaSi da, saboloo angariSiT, sax-elmwifo gadasaxadebis rekordul gadidebaSi. aman gamoiwviasabazro ekonomikis stimulebis daClungeba, ris Sedegadacdaiwyo ekonomikuri zrdis Seneleba.

1974-1975 wlebis krizisma, romelic 1929-1933 wlebiskrizisis Semdeg yvelaze Zlieri aRmoCnda, naTeli gaxada, romsaxelmwifo ar iyo yovlisSemZle ekonomikuri zrdis proble-mebis gadaWraSi. daiwyo ekonomikuri zrdis keinzianuri mod-elis mowinaaRmdegeTa Taviseburi ̀ renesansi~, xelSemwyobi pirobe-bi Seiqmna ̀ saxelmwifos minimumis~ klasikuri Teoriis aRorZineb-isaTvis, romlis ideebma praqtikuli gamoyeneba pova dasavle-Tis ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur politikaSi. magali-Tad, neoklasikuri Teoriebis da, upirveles yovlisa, miwodebisTeoriisa da monetarizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi aisaxa aSS-isprezident r. reiganis politikaSi, romelsac `reiganomika~ewoda, xolo did britaneTSi _ m. tetCeris mTavrobis poli-tikaSi (`tetCerizmi~).




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80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, vidre axali aTaswleulisdawyebamde, neoklasikurma mimarTulebam, keinzianelobasTan er-Tad, safuZveli Cauyara ekonomikuri zrdis axal Teorias`neoklasikuri sinTezis~ saxiT. es periodi ekonomikur Teor-iaSi am siaxlis mTavari Semoqmedis _ pol samuelsonis saxelTanaris dakavSirebuli da samuelsonis epoqis saxelwodebiTaacnobili.

es Teoria keinzianuri da neoklasikuri SexedulebebisTaviseburi sinTezia, romelic gulisxmobs ekonomikuri dace-mis pirobebSi moTxovnis regulirebis keinzianuri meTodebisgamoyenebas da, piriqiT, sawarmoo simZlavreebisa da samuSaoZalis arsebuli rezervebis amowurvisas warmoebiTi potencia-lis zrdis yovelmxriv stimulirebas.

axali ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad Semcirda inflacia,umuSevroba da miRweul iqna myari ekonomikuri zrda. marTalia,neokonservatiuli ekonomikuri politikis gatarebam aSS-sa dainglisSi gamoiwvia socialuri danaxarjebis garkveuli Sem-cireba, magram arsebuli Sesabamisi programebis mniSvnelovaniSekveca ar momxdara, Tumca, magaliTad, inglisSi mimdinareobsorganizaciul-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi saxelmwifo biujetidangamoyofili saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis.aSS-Si SenarCunebulia saxelmwifo programebi janmrTelobisdacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi, romelTa ganx-orcielebisaTvis miliardebi ixarjeba. mosaxleobis Raribifenebi saxelmwifo daxmarebas iReben sxvadasxva saxiT.

gfr-is ekonomikur politikaSi, romelsac ̀ neoliberaliz-mis politika~ ewoda, farTod aisaxa `miwodebis Teoriis~ bev-ri idea. sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis keinzia-nur politikaSi principuli koreqtivebi Seitanes. sabazroberketebis amoqmedebam da, upirveles yovlisa, samewarmeo saqmi-anobis stimulirebam dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina qveynisekonomikur ganviTarebaze. gfr-is ekonomika eyrdnoba òrivexelis strategias~, anu rogorc keinzianuri, ise neokonserva-tiuli midgomis mniSvnelovani elementebis gaTvaliswinebassaxelmwifosa da bazris urTierTobaSi.

bolo periodamde dasavleT evropaSi sabazro ekonomikissaxelmwifo regulirebis keinzianuri Teoriis praqtikuli

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gamoyenebis ukanaskneli bastioni SvedeTi iyo. magram iqacdaiwyo brZola keinzianuri modelis winaaRmdeg da gadaidganabijebi misi reformirebisaTvis.

`miwodebis Teoriis~ postulatebis CarTva ekonomikur poli-tikaSi aucilebel moTxovnad iqca. amiT civilizebul qveyneb-Si makroekonomikuri regulirebis ̀ tradiciulma modelma~ da,aqedan gamomdinare, makroekonomikurma politikam, arsebiTi cvli-lebebi ganicada. dRis wesrigSi dadga mecnierul-teqnologiuriprogresis miRwevaTa gamoyenebis safuZvelze ekonomikis stru-qturuli gardaqmna. gamoikveTa sabazro sistemis ganviTarebisaxali mimarTulebebi, romlebic atareben ara koniunqturul,aramed grZelvadiani tendenciebis xasiaTs. ekonomikis axaliTvisebrivi zrda Tanamedrove sabazro meurneobis mniSvnelo-van Taviseburebad iqca.

ekonomikuri regulirebis keinzianuri meTodebis winaaRm-deg gansakuTrebiT mwvaved gailaSqra neoklasikuri mimarTulebiserT-erTma yvelaze gavlenianma nairsaxeobam _ monetarizmma,romlis mTavari warmomadgeneli iyo amerikeli ekonomisti m.fridmeni. am mimdinareobas `fridmenis antikeinzianur rev-oluciasac~ ki uwodeben dasavleTSi. monetaristebi ekonomikurganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas fulad sferos aniWeben,makroekonomikuri wonasworobis mTavar pirobad Tvlian mimo-qcevaSi fuladi masis zrdas wliurad 3-5%-is farglebSi damoiTxoven ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis yvela formis mkveTrSezRudvas.

amrigad, ekonomikuri zrdis modeli, ra formiTac undaiyos warmodgenili _ keinzianuri, neokeinzianuri, neoklasikuri,`neoklasikuri sinTezis~ Tu monetarizmis saxiT, wina planzeayenebs problemaTa or jgufs: ekonomikis dinamikuri (mdgra-di) wonasworobisa da ekonomikis potenciuri SesaZleblobiszrdis problemebs.

m. fridmenis monetaruli Teoriis naklovanebebma TaviiCina ukanasknel periodSi msoflio ekonomikur poli-tikaSi. globaluri finansuri krizisis warmoSobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored makroekonomikuri regulirebismkveTr SezRudvasa da sabiujeto-sagadasaxado regulire-bis SesustebaSi mdgomareobs. qveynis fulad-sakredito




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politikaSi sakredito regulirebis Sesustebam, TviT-dinebaze miSvebam da wina planze fulis fenomenis wa-mowevam gza gauxsna virtualur ekonomikas da msofli-os Rrma finansuri krizisisken ubiZga. amaSi fridmenisada, saerTod, `Cikagos skolis~ monetarulma politi-kam udidesi roli Seasrula. 2008 weli Sevida isto-riaSi `Cikagos skolis~ ìnteleqtualuri kolafsis~(p. krugmani) wlad.

msoflio finansuri krizisi met-naklebi zomiT aisaxa neb-ismier qveyanaSi, rac, pirvel yovlisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixa-ta. aseT situaciaSi, savsebiT logikurad, wina planzeisev keinzianuri Teoriis postulatebi wamoiwia. esgamoixata ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaaqtiurebaSi, saxel-mwifo socialuri xarjebis gazrdasa da gadasaxadebis Sem-cirebaSi, biznesis finansur mxardaWeraSi da a.S.

saqarTvelos gardamavali periodis ekonomikur poli-tikaSi, saanalizo periodis arc erT etapze, samwuxa-rod, saTanadod ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli msofliosekonomikur politikaSi farTod aprobirebuli gamocdile-bebi. klasikuri formiT ekonomikuri zrdis arc erTimodeli ar gamouyenebia saqarTvelos. is ucxouri reko-mendaciebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedo qveynis ekonomikur poli-tikas, ekonomikis ganviTarebis donisa da erovnuli intereseb-is araadekvaturi iyo. qveynis warumateblobis mTavarimizezi swored amaSi unda veZioT.

`keinzianuri revoluciidan~ moyolebuli ar arsebobs qveyana,romelsac krizisul situaciaSi Tavisi ekonomikuri poli-tikis safuZvlad ar daedo ekonomikuri zrdis keinzianurimodeli. maS ratom ar iqna igi gamoyenebuli saqarTve-los ekonomikur politikaSi? SemTxveviTi ar aris, romjon keneT gelbreiTi jon meinard keinzis saxels ukavSirebsekonomikuri ciklis saxelmwifo regulirebas, rogorc saba-zro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenas.

mokled, saqarTvelo isev axali ekonomikuri eqsperimentismsxverpli aRmoCnda. amitomacaa, rom TiTqmis ori aTeuli we-lia erovnuli ekonomika ̀ buqsaobs~, sul ufro da ufro iRebs

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deformaciul formas da qveyana nel-nela kargavs odiTganuflisgan miniWebul mewarmeobis did unarsa da gamocdilebas.arada, eris mama ilia WavWavaZe gvaxsenebs: `...aqamomde miviwye-bul ekonomikurs mxares Cvenis cxovrebisas pirveli adgiliunda daeTmos sxva sazrunavTa Soris, rom ekonomikuri cx-ovrebis moedanze unda veZioT Rone Cvenis gaZlierebisa...~es Segoneba dResac aqtualuria.

VI.6. ekonomikuri zrda da saqarTvelosekonomikuri ganviTareba

ekonomikuri zrda, rogorc makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa(indikatorTa) sistemis amsaxveli kategoria, qveynis ekonomikuriganviTarebis raodenobrivi mxaris gamomxatvelia. saerTaSorisostatistika, romelic gaeros erovnuli angariSebis sistemiTaawarmodgenili, erovnuli ekonomikis funqcionirebis SedegebisdaxasiaTebisaTvis iyenebs ekonomikuri zrdis iseT indikator-ebs, rogoricaa: mTliani Sida produqti (mSp), mTliani erovnu-li produqti (mep), wminda erovnuli Semosavali (weS), gan-kargviTi Semosavali (gS), gankargviTi erovnuli Semosavali(geS), gankargviTi mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (gmeS),ekonomikis mTliani mogeba (emm), ekonomikis wminda mogeba (ewm),mTliani danazogi (md), mTliani erovnuli danazogi (med),wminda erovnuli danazogi (wed) da a.S.* Tumca, Tanamedroveekonomikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, ekonomikur zrdasTan Se-darebiT, upiratesobas ekonomikur ganviTarebas aniWeben damisi mniSvneloba wina planzea wamoweuli.

ekonomikuri ganviTareba mravalwaxnagovania Tavisi Sinaar-siT, gacilebiT meti datvirTva aqvs, vidre ekonomikur zrdas.es ukanaskneli misi erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. ekonomikuriganviTareba aqcents ekonomikis Tvisebriv mxareze akeTebsda Tanamedrove pirobebSi gamoxatavs ekonomikis soci-aluri orientaciis dones. igi qveyanaSi mimdinare insti-tuciuri da struqturuli Zvrebis, grZelvadian periodSi,

* ekonomikuri zrdis zemoaRniSnul indikatorTa Sesaxeb ix.: asaTiani r.Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma`siaxle~, 2009.




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raodenobrivTan erTad, ekonomikuri saqmianobis xarisxobrivicvlilebebis amsaxvelia. amasTan, SeuZlebelia ekonomikuriganviTarebis erTmniSvnelovnad Sefaseba misi mxolod erTiromelime maxasiaTeblis Seswavlis safuZvelze. magaliTad,cxovrebis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis ganviTarebis donis mixed-viT qveynebis ranJirebisas iTvlian cxovrebis xarisxis kreb-siT indeqss, romelic mSp-Tan erTad moicavs: inflaciis saSu-alowliur normas, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebissaSualowliur zrdas, bavSvTa mokvdaobis dones, kaloriismoxmarebas, sufTa wylis xelmisawvdomobas, energiis moxmare-bas mosaxleobis erT sulze, srul pirad Tavisuflebasa daa.S.1 konkurentunarianobis donis mixedviT qveynebis ranJirebi-sas iTvlian konkurentunarianobis krebsiT indeqss iseTi maxa-siaTeblis safuZvelze, rogoricaa: adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi,ekonomikaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxi, qveynis inovaciurida saeqsporto orientacia, bazris dinamika, finansuri mdgomareoba,Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done, stabiluroba da sazogadoeb-rivi Tanxmoba, sanedleulo resursebiT uzrunvelyofa da a.S.2

amrigad, Tanamedrove ekonomikis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani Taviseburebaa axal Tvisebriv zrdaze gadasvla,romlis SefasebaSi CarTulia ara mxolod ekonomikurizrdis, aramed ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebic.magaliTad, saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi dawye-buli ekonomikis konversia, rac gamoixata sistemur gardaq-mnebSi, instituciur, struqturul da a.S. cvlilebebSi dagarkveuli doziT gamoiwvia ekonomikis liberalizacia (fase-bis aSveba, vaWrobis ganTavisufleba administraciuli marwux-ebisagan da a.S.), sakuTrebis mravalformianobis damkvidrebada sxv., udavod qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCvenebelia.garkveul periodebSi, magaliTad, 1991-1995 wlebSi, saqarTveloSi,ekonomikuri ganviTareba dafiqsirda ekonomikuri zrdis gareSe.ekonomikis konversiam, sasikeTo ZvrebTan erTad, mSp-is mkveTriSemcireba, inflaciisa da umuSevrobis mkveTri zrda da, aqedangamomdinare, cxovrebis donis mkveTri dacema ganapiroba. Tum-

1 ufro vrclad ix.: asaTiani r. momsaxureba da sabazro sistema. Tb.,`Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1993, gv. 127.2 iqve, gv. 128.

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ca, rigi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gauaresebis paralelu-rad, saqarTveloSi (ise rogorc mraval sxva postkomunisturqveyanaSi), garkveuli xarvezebiT, magram mainc adgili hqondaekonomikur ganviTarebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, poeziis orfeo-sis vaJa-fSavelas gamonaTqvams moviSveliebdi: ùxeiro decen-tralizacia sjobia saukeTesod mowyobil centralizacias~.1

privatizacia, miuxedavad daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomebisa, mbrZa-neblur-administraciuli mmarTvelobidan saqarTvelos gamos-vlisa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aTvlis wertilia,qveynisTvis wingadadgmuli nabijia, magram is kapitalizmi, romelicCamoyalibda saqarTveloSi, swored qveyanaSi gatarebuli priva-tizaciis SedegebiT iSva, rac mniSvnelovnad abrkolebs demokratiisganviTarebas,* efeqtiani ekonomikis Seqmnasa da ekonomikur zrdas.

aseTi privatizaciis Sedegia is, rom qveyanaSi ver CamoyalibdasaSualo fena, ver viTardeba biznesi. mcire privatizaciam isevwamoativtiva mejRanuaSvilebi saqarTveloSi, xolo masobriviprivatizacia mxolod dacinva iyo sazogadoebis mimarT. qoneb-is realizaciidan aRebuli Tanxa rogor nawildeba? ra mdgo-mareobaSia privatizebuli sawarmoebi? privatizacia TviTmiza-ni xom ar gaxda? aseTi gziT SevZlebT ki socialurad orien-tirebuli sabazro ekonomikis Seqmnas saqarTveloSi? es kiTx-vebi metad aqtualuria dRevandel saqarTveloSi.

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesa da xarisxs didadgansazRvravs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi, romelSic fokusird-eba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegebi da misgan miRebuliiseTi sikeTeebi, rogorebicaa: qveynis ekonomikuri potencialisracionaluri gamoyeneba, ekonomikuri saqmianobisagan miRebuliSemosavlebis zrda, inflaciis moTokva da umuSevrobis Sem-cireba, garemo bunebis gajansaReba da ekologiuri wonasworo-bis aRdgena, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis donis amaR-leba, pirovnebis realuri Tavisuflebis miRweva, sportis, kul-turisa da xelovnebis ganviTareba, romlebSic, rogorc sarke-Si, airekleba qveynis ekonomikur (da ara mxolod ekonomikur)cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebi. amasTan, ekonomikuri zrdis

1 vaJa-fSavela. Txz. X tomi. Tb., 1964, gv. 117-118.* `veluri~ kapitalizmi da demokratiis ganviTareba sruliad SeuTavsebelicnebebia, amitom aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelo demokratiuli verasdros gaxdeba.




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indikatorebi, magaliTad, mSp-is moculobis zrda, romelicgamoxatavs qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze rezidentebisa daararezidentebis mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebiserTobliv sabazro Rirebulebas da ekonomikis yvelaze ganzo-gadebuli maCvenebelia, an mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze gaan-gariSebiT, yovelTvis rodi asaxaven realur suraTs. zogjeres maCveneblebi sazogadoebis keTildReobis amaRlebis donisSefasebas ver iZlevian im martivi mizezis gamo, rom isiniqveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTlian Rire-bulebas gamoxataven ganurCevlad maTi xarisxisa da daniS-nulebisa. aqedan gamomdinare, am indikatorebSi RirebulebiTformaSi, xarisxTan erTad, aisaxeba uxarisxo, an dabali xarisxis,an saerTod, sazogadoebisTvis mavne produqcia, romelzec, mo-saxleobis farTo fenebis mxrivac, Zalze dabalia moTxovna,rac sazogadoebis keTildReobaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.an kidev, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis araadekva-turi samxedro SeiaraReba, romelsac zogjer ekonomikis `gan-viTarebis~ prioritetadac ki miiCneven, sazogadoebisTvis nak-lebadaa sikeTis momtani da xels uSlis keTildeobis amaRle-bas. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad makroekonomikuri gan-viTarebis dabali donisa, gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi sakmaodgaizarda samxedro xarjebi, magram omi ruseTTan xuT dReSisamarcxvinod wavageT. aseve, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa kav-Siri gansakuTrebiT 80-ian wlebSi icavda samxedro paritetsaSS-Tan da amisTvis uzarmazar xarjs eweoda, igi, marTaliasxva gziT, magram, arsebul ekonomikur sistemasTan erTad, maincdaingra, maSin rodesac mas, mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebu-li produqciis mixedviT msoflioSi erT-erTi saukeTeso maCvene-beli hqonda, xolo qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReoba, ganvi-Tarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, _ arasaxarbielo.

amrigad, sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba aqvs iseT ekonomikurzrdas, romelic, saboloo angariSiT, sazogadoebis mudmivadmzard moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebasa da keTildReobis amaR-lebaSi gamoixateba.

civilizebul samyaroSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamed-rove etapze gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qveynis resursuli

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potencialis racionalur gamoyenebas eniWeba. amis sailustra-ciod moviyvanT magaliTs, romelic sayuradReboa saqarTvelosTvis.

bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis TvalsaCi-no nimuSia norvegia, romelmac gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSiaRmoaCina navTobis sabado CrdiloeTis zRvaSi. 1963 wels manmiiRo kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec navTobis maragebi gamocx-adda saxelmwifo sakuTrebad. 1990 wels norvegiaSi Seiqmnasaxelmwifo navTobis fondi, romelsac momavali Taobebis fon-di ewoda. norvegielebi Tvlian, rom ara aqvT ufleba mTli-anad moixmaron navTobidan miRebuli Semosavali, vinaidan igimomaval Taobebsac ekuTvnis. amitom norvegiaSi, kanonis Tanax-mad, mimdinare saxelmwifo xarjebze ixarjeba fondis mxolod4%, danarCeni ki inaxeba Taobebis fondSi, romlis dagrovebamukve sakmaod solidur Tanxas miaRwia. magaliTad, danazogma2005 wels 182 mlrd dolari Seadgina. igi ganTavsebuliasazRvargareTis fasian qaRaldebSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, mniS-vnelovan rols asrulebs qveynis ara mxolod ekonomikurzrdaSi, aramed mTlianad ekonomikur ganviTarebaSic. norvegiarom dRes msoflioSi erT-erTi konkurentunariani qveyanaa,amaSi lomis wili mecnierebatevadi dargebis ganviTarebas mi-uZRvis, rac mravali sxva problemis, maT Soris socialuriproblemis gadaWris gasaRebicaa. amrigad, `momuSave~ danazoge-bi, romelic, erovnul motivTan erTad, maRal ekonomikur efeq-tianobazecaa gaTvlili, norvegiis swrafi ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gzaa.

saqarTveloSi savsebiT sawinaaRmdego suraTia. yvelaferiiyideba, maT Soris bunebrivi resursebic, yovelgvari samomav-lo SesaZleblobebis Tu uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis gauTval-iswineblad, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo bunebrivi resursebisracionalur gamoyenebasTan. saqarTveloSi privatizacia qvey-nis xazinis Sevsebis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqca, inflacia kiSTanTqavs mSp-is garkveul nawils, izrdeba umuSevroba, Ratakdebamosaxleoba, dabalSemosavlian adamianTa raodenobam 2,4 mln-smiaRwia, qveynidan garbis upiratesad Sromisunarian asakSi myofisamuSao Zala, ukve migrirebulia 1,2 mln saqarTvelos mo-qalaqe. samagierod, ssf-is misiis azriT, saqarTvelom war-matebiT Seasrula siRaribis daZlevis programa. albaT, aseTi




224

araadekvaturi daskvnebis gakeTebas safuZvlad udevs arajan-saRi oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi. ise, isic undaaRiniSnos, rom, rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelo adamianis ganvi-Tarebis indeqsis mixedviT 2007 wels msoflioSi 96-e adg-ilze aRmoCnda. savsebiT veTanxmebiT ekonomikur literatur-aSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `Tu kargad arCavuRrmavdebiT am maCveneblebs (igulisxmeba zogierTi ofi-cialuri statistikuri maCvenebeli _ r. a.), maSin im manipula-torTa gavlenaSi moveqceviT, romlebic qoTans yurs saidanacundaT, iqidan abamen.~1 am gamonaTqvams mxolod imas davumateb-di, rom saqarTvelo paradoqsebis qveyanaa. Tumca yvelas undagvaxsovdes uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is sityvebi:`SeiZleba eri mcire iyos, SeiZleba saxelmwifo ar iyos didi,magram socialurad Zlieri iyos da daZlios is gaWirveba daavbediToba, romelic Sexvdeba mas istoriis manZilze. ai, sworedaseTi eria Cveni eri da aseTi saxelmwifoa saqarTvelo: manyvela gaWirveba da avbediToba dasZlia da RvTis madliT,kvlavac daZlevs. igi iarsebebs, sanam arsebobs dedamiwa.~2

gvaxsovdes, RmerTma miwisgan Seqmna adamiani da isev miwasubrunebs. qristianul religias hegeli zneobis religias uwodebs,xolo qristianuli zneobis umaRlesi principia adamianis mieradamianis daxmareba. gviyvardes erTmaneTi da saqarTvelo ay-vavdeba.


abesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTareba. Tb., `meridiani~, 2006;

alaviZe z. ekonomikuri zrdis Sefasebis sakiTxisaTvis.`makro mikro ekonomika~, № 4(77), 2004;

ananiaSvili i., abulaSvili k., mesxia i., papava v., si-lagaZe a., wereTeli g. makroekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebida modelebi. Tb., `mecniereba~, 2003;

VI Tavi

1 iakobiZe d. saqarTvelo da msoflio finansuri krizisi. Tb., `kamertoni~,2009, gv. 59.2 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. Tb., ̀ geokeria~, 2004, gv. 90.



225

asaTiani r. momsaxureba da sabazro sistema. Tavi I, III.Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 1993;

asaTiani r. saiT mivyavarT reformebs? (ekonomikis re-formirebis alternatiuli strategia). ̀ ekonomika~, № 1, 2004;

asaTiani r. qveynis konkurentunarianoba da konkurenciisglobalizacia. `Sromebi~. V tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikurmecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2005;


asaTiani r. gare efeqtebi da `gadasxmis~ xarjebi. èkon-omisti~, № 2, 2009;

asaTiani r. ekonomikuri zrda da saqarTvelos ekonomikuriganviTareba. èkonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi Tanamed-rove etapze~. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti. saqarTve-los ekonomistTa samecniero_praqtikuli konferenciis masalebiskrebuli. 2 ivlisi, 2009. Tb., 2009;

asaTiani r. erovnul angariSTa sistema da ekonomikuriganviTarebis strategiebi. èkonomika da biznesi~, № 6, 2009;

basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postsocialis-turi transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunismijnaze. Tavi VII, Tb., 2001;


gvelesiani r., gogoriSvili i. ekonomikuri politika.wigni II. Tb., ̀ universali~, 2009;

darbuaSvili n. monetaruli politika da ekonomikurizrda. èkonomika~, № 8-9, 2002;

iakobiZe d. saqarTvelo da msoflio finansuri krizisi.Tb., ̀ komentari~, 2009;

kordonie k. ekonomikuri zrda: rogor aviciloT SesaZ-lo riskebi momavalSi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendencie-bi~. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. marti, 2006;

krugmani p. rogor moaxerxes ekonomistebma yvelafrisarasworad gageba. Targmani inglisuridan. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomi-ka~, # 10, 2009;


15. r. asaTiani



226

malaSxia g. qveynis ekonomikuri veqtori. `Sromebi~. VItomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., saga-momcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2008;

malaSxia g. ekonomikaSi qronikuli krizisebis anatomiisSesaxeb. `socialuri ekonomika~, # 4, 2009;

mesxia i., xmalaZe k. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis mak-roekonomikuri problemebi. `gadasaxadebi~, № 23_24, 2007;

oTinaSvili r. saqarTvelos ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo.Tb., ̀ teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009;

papava g. sabazro ekonomikis gajansaRebisa da normal-izaciisaTvis saqarTveloSi. Tb., `finansebi~, 2002;

papava v. inflaciis zegavlena ekonomikur zrdaze. `banki~,№ 1, 2000;

papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis mak-roekonomika. Tb., ̀ Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005;


papava v. oTxi weli `vardisfer~ parlamentSi. Tb., gamom-cemloba ̀ siaxle~, 2009;

papafilipu a. mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis riskebi saqar-TveloSi. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartalurimimoxilva. GEPLAC. Tebervali, 2008;

samsoni i. ganviTarebis gzis Zieba: saqarTvelos amocanebi.`saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvartaluri mimox-ilva. GEPLAC. marti, 2006;

samsoni i. saqarTvelos reformis saSualovadiani pro-gramisa da evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos samoqmedo gegmis Tavseba-dobis Sesaxeb. ̀ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~. kvarta-luri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. oqtomberi, 2006;

samsoni i. saqarTvelos ekonomikis perspeqtivebi saSua-lovadian periodSi. `saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi~.kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. Tebervali, 2008;

VI Tavi



227

saqarTvelos kaTolikos_patriarqi ilia II socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. Semd-geneli g. SixaSvili. Tb., `geokeria~, 2004;

silagaZe a., kaxniaSvili j., meqvabiSvili e. mikroeko-nomiqsi. Tavi 7. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~,2006;

yufunia g. saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tb., `codna~, 2006;Ciqava l. inovaciuri ekonomika. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma

`siaxle~, 2006;

wereTeli g. saqarTvelos erovnuli ekonomikis konkuren-tunarianobis ganviTarebis zogadi moTxovnebi da perspeqtive-bi. `sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTvelo-Si~. III tomi, Tb., ̀ mecniereba~, 2002;

WiTanava n. saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis tenden-ciebi da orientirebi. `Sromebi~. IV tomi. saqarTvelosekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb., sagamomcemlo firma ̀ siax-le~, 2004;

WiTanava n. erovnuli ekonomikis mdgradi da usafrTxoganviTarebis strategiis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis. `Sromebi~.VII tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia. Tb.,sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2009;

WiTanava n. TakalanZe l. socialuri ekonomika. I nawi-li. Tb., ̀ inovacia~, 2008;

Debt Rescheduling Under the Paris Club. SVI-MEP. August, 1999;Thurow L. C. The problem of social cost. "Journal of Lawand Economics".

Vol. 3, 1990;Coase R. The Problem of Social Cost. "Journal of Lawand Economics".

Vol. 3, 1996;;Белл Д. Грядущее постиндустриальное общество. М., "Academia", 1999;Беридзе Т. Грузия в 2008 году: политические и экономические итоги.

`Sromebi~. VII tomi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTaakademia. Tb., 2009;

Гайдар Е. Аномалия экономического роста. М., "Евразия", 1997;Гварамадзе И., Клец К., Синицина И. Грузия в поворотном пункте:

экономические события 1998 и начала 1999 года. "Исследования и анализ".№ 169, Варшава, ЦСЭИ;




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Гоциридзе Р., Канделаки О. Грузия: половинчатость реформ какфактор экономического кризиса. "Центральная Азия и Кавказ", № 6, 2001;

Дрожин В. Малые предприятия. М., "ШУМКЦ", 1999;Есипова Е. Система национальных счетов. М., "Финансы и статистика",

2007;Кейнс Дж. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Перевод с

английсского. М., "Прогресс", 1978;Макализ Д. Экономика бизнеса. Конкуренция, макростабильность и

глобализация. Перевод с английского. М., ГИНОМ, 2007;Надель С. Социальные факторы экономического роста. "МЭиМО",

№ 5, 2005;Нестеренко А. Экономический рост на основе институциональных

изменений. "Вопросы экономики", № 7, 1996;Нуреев Р. Теории развития: новые модели экономического роста (вклад

человеческого капитала). "Вопросы экономики", № 9, 2000;Портер М. Конкуренция. Перевод с английского. Санкт-Петербург,

Москва, Киев. "Вильямс", 2000;Тодаро М. П. Экономическое развитие. М. "Юнити", 1997;Токмазишвили В. Фундамент некроэкономики и развитие деловой

активности в послереволюционной Грузии. "Кавказ и глобализация".№ 1(3),Ca&CC Press, Sweden, 2008;

Разумова И. Мелький бизнес и эффективность американскойэкономики. М., "Наука", 2000;

Филипенко А. Экономическое развитие. М. "Экономика", 2001;Фишер С., Сахаи Р. Стабилизация и рост в переходных экономиках:

первые уроки. "Вопросы экономики", № 5, 1997;Шумпетер Й. Теория экономического развития. Перевод с немецкого.

М., "Прогресс", 1982.http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld_factbook/geashttp://www.chelt.ru/2001/12/uzbashianz12.html

VI Tavi


http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld_factbook/geas

http://www.chelt.ru/2001/12/uzbashianz12.html


229

Si n a arsi

recenziis magier

winasityvaoba

I nawili

Sesavali (saqarTvelos ekonomika qvis xanidan

axal epoqamde). mokle mimoxilva

I Tavi. kvazisocialisturi sistemis trans-

formacia – axali epoqis dasawyisi

saqarTveloSi

I.1. kvazisocialisturi sistemis transformaciis wanamZRvrebi

I.2. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebi – axali epoqis dasawyisi

saqarTveloSi

I.3. ekonomikis konversiis logika: arsi, obieqturi aucileb-

loba, ganxorcielebis winapirobebi

gamoyenebuli da sarekomendacio literatura

II Tavi. postkomunisturi gardamavali pe-

riodi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi:

kanonzomierebebi, Taviseburebebi,

etapebi

II.1. axali tipis gardamavali periodi

II.2. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis strategia

II.3. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisa da makroekonomikuri

stabilizaciis modelebi

3

5

1 1

3 1

3 1

39

47

49

53

53

54

56



230

II.4. ekonomikis konversiis etapebi


III Tavi . instituciuri reformebi

III.1. qarTuli saxelmwifos instituciuri mowyobis ontolo-

giuri gardaqmnis aucilebloba

III.2. instituciuri reformebis mimarTulebebi da prioritetebi

III.3. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriveba rogorc ekonomikuri

reformebis instituciuri bazis formirebis procesi

da safuZveli

III.4. sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebrivebis formebisa da

meTodebis gaxorcielebis Taviseburebebi saqarTvelos post-

komunistur gardamaval ekonomikaSi

III.5. privatizacia – sakuTrebis demokratizaciisa da

erovnuli ekonomikis modernizaciis safuZveli

III.6. ìnstituciuri mibmis~ koncefcia da saqarTvelo


IV Tavi. sabiujeto–sagadasaxado siste-

ma da fiskaluri politika

IV.1. finansuri sistemis transformacia – saqarTvelos

ekonomikis konversiis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba

IV.2. axali tipis sabiujeto-sagadasaxado sistemisa da

saxelmwifo biujetis formireba

IV.3. sabiujeto regulireba da saxelmwifo xarjebis opti-

mizaciis problema

IV.4. saqarTvelos fiskaluri politika

IV.5. sagadasaxado tvirTi: mZime Tu msubuqi saqarTvelos

ekonomikisTvis?

Sinaarsi

62

76

8 1

8 1

83

85

87

94

104

105

109

109

112

119

123

132



231Sinaarsi

IV.6. biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis regulireba da fiskaluri

federalizmis formirebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi


V Tavi. fulad–sakredito sistema da poli-

tika

V.1. myari fulad-sakredito sistema – qveynis mdgradiekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani atributi

V.2. fulis Teoriebis roli fulad-sakredito politikisformirebaSi

V.3. fulad-sakredito politika _ qveynis makroekonomikuriregulirebis instrumenti

V.4. fulad-sakredito sistemis struqturuli gardaqmnebida monetaruli politika saqarTveloSi

V.5. mcdari monetaruli postulatebi da mkacri fulad-sakredito politikis multiplikaciuri efeqti saqarTve-loSi


VI Tavi. mewarmeobis axali tipis formire-

ba saqarTveloSi da ekonomikuri

zrda

VI.1. ekonomikuri saqmianobis regulirebis aucilebloba

VI.2. mewarmeobis axali tipis formireba

VI.3. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

VI.4. gare efeqtebi da `gadasxmis~ xarjebi

VI.5. ekonomikuri zrdis modelebi da saqarTvelo

VI.6. ekonomikuri zrda da saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganvi-Tareba


137

143

147

147

150

156

158

170

176

181

18 1

186

191

199

205

219

224



232

momdevno nawilebis savaraudo

Sinaarsi

II nawili

VII Tavi. ekonomikis realuri seqtori: ad-

aptaciis Taviseburebebi

VII.1. erovnul angariSTa sistema da ekonomikis realuriseqtori.

VII.2. saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtorisdargobrivi struqtura, reformirebis aucilebloba

VII.3. ekonomikis realuri seqtoris restruqturizaciisetapebi da faqtorebi

VII.4. ekonomikis realuri seqtoris dinamikis maxasiaTeblebi

VII.5. ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebis tendenciebi


VIII Tavi. momsaxurebis seqtoris formireba

da ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

VIII.1. momsaxurebis sferos, rogorc ekonomikis mesameuliseqtoris, formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi

VIII.2. ekonomikis `servizacia~ rogorc sazogadoebispostindustriuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani maxasi-aTebeli

VIII.3. momsaxurebis tipologia saqarTveloSi

VIII.4. biznesis Taviseburebebi momsaxurebis sferoSi

VIII.5. mcire biznesis roli momsaxurebis sferos



233

diversifikaciaSi

VIII.6. saqmiani momsaxurebis ganviTareba – axali tendenciasaqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi

VIII.7. franCaizingi saqarTveloSi – saxelSekrulebourTierTobaTa axali sistema momsaxurebis sferoSi

VIII.8. infrastruqturisa da sabazro infrastruqturisformireba da ganviTareba saqarTveloSi


IX Tavi. saqarTvelos rekreaciuli poten-

ciali

IX.1. erovnuli ekonomikis rekreaciuli potencialis arsi

IX.2. rekreaciuli potencialis struqtura

IX.3. rekreaciuli potencialis gamoyenebis done

IX.4. sakurorto-turistuli industriis ganviTarebisekonomikuri efeqtianoba

IX.5. sakurorto-turistuli specializacia – saqarTvelosekonomikis ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTuleba


X Tavi. faqtoruli bazrebi da faqtoru-

li Semosavlebi

X.1. faqtoruli bazrebi makroekonomikuri wrebrunvismodelSi

X.2. Sinameurneobebi (hausholdis bloki): ras awvdianfaqtorul bazrebs?

X.3. adamianiseuli kapitali da Sromis bazris formirebisTaviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

X.4. moTxovna-miwodeba Sromis bazarze

X.5. Sromis birJa rogorc Sromis bazris ZiriTadi

momdevno nawilebis savaraudo Sinaarsi



234

maregulirebeli berketi

X.6. nivTobrivi simdidre: kapitali da miwa. kapitalisbazris struqtura da formirebis TaviseburebebisaqarTveloSi

X.7. miwis bazrisa da agrobiznesis formirebis sabazromeqanizmi da misi ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi

X.8. faqtoruli Semosavlebi

X.9. fuladi kapitalis (fulis) bazari

X.10. investiciis bazari da sainvesticio krizisi saqar-TveloSi

X.11. sadazRvevo bazari: saxeebi, formebi, principebi daorganizaciis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

X.12. sadazRvevo bazris struqtura da ganviTarebis ten-denciebi

X.13. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebi. ra? rogor? visTvis?

X.14. saxelmwifos adgili da funqciebi makroekonomikurwrebrunvaSi

X.15. bazrebis ganviTarebis instituciuri aspeqtebi


XI Tavi. valutis bazari da savaluto po-

litika

XI.1. valutis bazris formireba da savaluto reJimisliberalizacia

XI.2. valutis bazari – qveynis ekonomikuri struqturisSemadgeneli nawili

XI.3. laris gadasacvleli kursis dinamika

XI.4. valutis bazris ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi

XI.5. dolarizaciis swrafi zrdis tendencia




235

XI.6. valutis bazris, rogorc savaluto politikisgatarebis umniSvnelovanesi instrumentis, regulireba

XI.7. valutis kursis ryevebze moqmedi faqtorebi

XI.8. savaluto politikis srulyofisa da valutis bazrisganviTarebis amocanebi saqarTveloSi


XII Tavi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo vali

XII.1. saxelmwifo valis arsi, warmoSobis kanonzomierebebida gamovlenis Taviseburebebi saqarTveloSi

XII.2. qveynis Siga valis moculoba, dinamika da struqtura

XII.3. saqarTvelos sagareo vali finansuri globalizaciispirobebSi

XII.4. sagareo valis zrdis faqtorebi

XII.5. sagareo valis gansazRvris maCveneblebi

XII.6. sagareo valis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba

XII.7. sagareo valis marTvis Taviseburebebi

XII.8. sagareo valis momsaxureba

XII.9. sagareo valis restruqturizacia

XII.10. `nulovani~ variantis ratificireba


XIII Tavi. sagareo vaWroba saqarTvelos

ekonomikis struqturaSi

XIII.1. sagareo vaWroba qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis mniSvnelovani indikatori

XIII.2. sagareo vaWroba saqarTvelos sagareo-ekonomikuriurTierTobebis prizmaSi

XIII.3. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis strategia da taqtika




236

XIII.4. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis dinamika

XIII.5. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis geografiulistruqtura

XIII.6. saqarTvelos sagadasaxdelo balansi da savaWrobalansis deficiti

XIII.7. sagareo-savaWro urTierTobebis saxelmwiforegulireba


XIV Tavi. reformis socialuri fasi

XIV.1. fasebis liberalizaciis gavlena samomxmareblobazarze

XIV.2. inflaciis ganviTarebis dinamika saqarTveloSi damisi gavlena Sinameurneobebis nominalur aqtivebze

XIV.3. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuridiferenciacia

XIV.4. umuSevroba saqarTveloSi: obieqturi monacemebida subieqteri interpretacia

XIV.5. socialuri polarizacia ekonomikuri reformebisfonze

XIV.6. socialuri polarizaciis gaRrmavebis tendenciasaqarTveloSi

XIV.7. saqarTvelos adgili socialuri diferenciaciismodelebSi





237

III nawili

XV Tavi. globalizacia da saqarTvelos

ekonomikis ganviTarebis poziti-

uri da negatiuri efeqtebi

XV.1. globalizaciis genezisi

XV.2. globalizacia da axali msoflio wesrigi

XV.3. globalizaciis negatiuri tendenciebi

XV.4. saqarTvelo globalizaciis konteqstSi


XVI Tavi. erovnuli ekonomika da ekonomi-

kuri usafrTxoeba

XVI.1. ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba _ erovnuli ekonomikisfunqcionirebisa da ganviTarebis garanti

XVI.2. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis roli erovnuliekonomikuri interesebis realizaciaSi

XVI.3. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis organizaciis principebida maTi realizaciis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi

XVI.4. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis maRali multiplikaciuriefeqti sainvesticio klimatis gajansaRebasa da qveynisekonomikur zrdaSi

XVI.5. saqarTveloSi sabazro meqanizmis ekologizacia daekologiuri disbalansis aRmofxvris ZiriTadi mimarTu-lebebi


XVII Tavi. inovaciuri ekonomika – XXI sa-

ukunis prioriteti da saqarTve-

los ganviTareba

XVII.1. saqarTvelos adgili msoflio ekonomikaSi ekonomikis




238

inteleqtualizaciis donis (teqnikur miRwevaTa indeqsis)mixedviT

XVII.2. saqarTvelo adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT

XVII.3. saqarTveloSi inovaciuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebissxva maCvneblebi

XVII.4. inovaciuri ekonomikis ganviTarebis mniSvnelobasaqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi

XVII.5. inovaciuri ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTu-lebebi


XVIII Tavi. axali msoflio wesrigi da sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneb-

loba saqarTveloSi

XVIII.1. msoflios ekonomikuri ganviTareba da axalimsoflio wesrigis damyarebis aucilebloba

XVIII.2. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formireba _ msoflioganviTarebis axali tendencia

XVIII.3. axali msoflio werigi da èrovnuli mundiris~Rirseba

XVIII.4. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis done datempebi saqarTveloSi

XVIII.5. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da saqarTvelos ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis strategiebi





239

s a r C e v i

recenziis magier

winasityvaoba

I nawili

Sesavali (saqarTvelos ekonomika qvis xanidan

axal epoqamde)

I Tavi. kvazisocialisturi sistemis trans-

formacia – axali epoqis dasawyisi

saqarTveloSi

II Tavi. postkomunisturi gardamavali peri-

odi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi: kanon-

zomierebebi, Taviseburebebi, etapebi

III Tavi. instituciuri reformebi

IV Tavi. sabiujeto–sagadasaxado sistema da

fiskaluri politika

V Tavi. fulad–sakredito sistema da poli-

tika

VI Tavi. mewarmeobis axali tipis formireba

saqarTveloSi da ekonomikuri zrda

Sinaarsi


3

5

1 1

33

55

83

1 1 1

149

183

231

234



ROZETA ASATIANI

Publishing house "Siakhle"

Tbilisi 2009

(in Georgian language)

РОЗЕТА АСАТИАНИ

Издательство "Сиахле"

Тбилиси 2009

(на грузинском языке)

ЭКОНОМИКА ГРУЗИИНовая эпоха

ECONOMY OF GEORGIANew Epoch

sabeWdi qaRaldi 60X84 1/16; pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 15,00;saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 15,50;

gamomcemloba `siaxle~, Tbilisi 0162, yifSiZis q. 10.tel.: 899530487; E-mail: [email protected]


mailto:[email protected]


Documents

sagamomcemlo firma `siaxle~ Tbilisi 2009dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/15714/1/Saqartvelos... · 2020. 7. 4. · UDK (uak) 338(47922) a 871 rozeta asaTiani. saqarTvelos ekonomika: