Safety in Slinging and Signalling (Rigging and Banksman ... · 2 SESSION LIBRARY Safety in Slinging and Signalling (Rigging and Banksman) LTG1702 Choose an experience level and then

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Safety in Slinging and Signalling(Rigging and Banksman)LTG1702

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SESSION LIBRARY

Safety in Slinging and Signalling(Rigging and Banksman)LTG1702

Choose an experience level and then pick your sessions

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20 m

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S6 - Slinger Calculations

To familiarise candidates with the principles affecting the capacities of the slinging equipment used to lift and move a load.

Classroom

• PC and compatible projector with screen• Whiteboard or flip chart• Examples of slings, leg chains, wire rope• Example lifting accessories (e.g., dynamo bolts, shackles, etc.)• Load angle chart• Tape measure• 30cm ruler• Cotton reel• Blu Tack• Appendix 1

By the end of this session, candidates will be able to discuss the factors affecting the capacities of various pieces of lifting equipment and calculate the de-rating effect of different slinging methods and lifting angles. Additionally, candidates will be able to calculate the mass of an object and determine its centre of gravity.

Suggested Durations

RATIO NOVICE EXISTING REFRESHER

4:1 2 hrs 30 mins 2 hrs 30 mins 60 mins





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Why?Recap on the initial practical exercise during which the candidates analysed a lifting scenario and suggested how the item might be lifted and moved. As you will have discussed, there are many factors that must be considered when determining a) the most appropriate slinging equipment, and b) the best method of slinging the load and attaching it to the crane. For example, explain that five such considerations are:

• The dimensions of the object – for example, the length, width and depth will all have a bearing on

how the slinging equipment is arranged. As an example, explain that the dimensions of the object

will dictate the amount of slinging material required or the amount of chain length required, this

in turn will affect the angle at which the item is lifted; the angle of the lift affects the SWL of the

lifting equipment (more on angles later). Take a moment to explain that candidates might often see

“SWL” and “WLL” on lifting Equipment. “SWL” or Safe Working Load is the maximum weight that the

equipment can lift in different configuration; “WLL” or Working Load Limit is the maximum weight

that the equipment can safely lift in a given configuration.

• The mass of the object – which will have an influence on equipment selection and, potentially, the

arrangement of that equipment. Recap on the first point: is the chosen slinging equipment capable

of supporting the load in the configuration that you intend to use?

• Centre of gravity – which will be fundamental to equipment selection.

• Material and structure of the object to be lifted – different material will be able to withstand different

amounts of stress and some structures will offer dedicated lifting points while others won’t. Also

consider friction and abrasion: the effect that the object will have on the slinging equipment and

vice versa.

• Environmental conditions – where is the lift taking place? Is the weather a factor and will it affect

the integrity of the lifting equipment or the load?

These five examples illustrate that each lift should be considered on its own merits and that there are a number of factors to consider.

The points discussed in this session should typically form part of the lifting plan, which will often be formulated by the Appointed Person; however, on some occasions slingers might be required to calculate such things as slinging angles, mass estimations and centres of gravity. So it is important not to take for granted that there will always be a lifting plan with all the answers for every conceivable situation.

Slinging Angles

Conduct an exercise with one volunteer. Ask them to hold an object down by their side and then lift their arm away from their body and hold near the horizontal. What is the effect? The item feels heavier.


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Explain that:

When the horizontal angle between the leg of a sling and the load decreases, effective weight on the leg increases. The effect is the same, no matter what slinging method is used (for example, straight, choker or basket). This is what happens when the volunteer lifts their arm – as their arm is raised to the horizontal, the angle decreases and the load or effective weight on the arm therefore increases.

Hand out copies of the load angle chart (Appendix 1). Using the whiteboard, draw a diagram to show a 1000kg block suspended on a vertical chain that is centred.

Ask the group how much weight the chain is carrying.

The answer is 1000kg.

Now draw the block again, this time suspended beneath a spreader bar with two chains evenly attached to each end of the block.

Ask the group how much weight each chain is carrying.


Finally, draw the block again and this time place a hook centrally above it with a 2 leg chain coming down to either end of the block, creating an angle of 45 degrees from the inside of the chains to the centre of the block.

Ask the group how much effective weight each chain is carrying.



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Explain to the group that as the angle of the chains decreases, the effective weight they are carrying increases. It should be noted that sling angles of less than 30 degrees should be avoided. Discuss how the length of the chains and the size of the load will necessarily increase or decrease the angle, therefore altering the effective weight being carried. It is important to understand that it is not as such the weight of the item that is changing, rather the capability of the chains is no longer sufficient due to the increase in effective weight caused by the angles. The choice of equipment (in particular its working load limit) is therefore very important and must be considered for each load type.

Explain and demonstrate that this de-rating effect is calculated using a “load factor”, which is a variable that always applies to specific angles. The load factor is used to calculate the SWL for each leg in a sling in the following way:

1. Divide the total weight of the load by the number of legs to be used. This gives the total

weight that can be accommodated by each leg when the load is lifted vertically.

2. Measure the angle between the load and the leg.

3. Multiply the vertical load per leg by the load factor that corresponds to the angle. This will

determine the effective weight placed on each leg.

Explain to the group that this calculation should be modified slightly when working with a "4 leg" slinging configuration. Because it is difficult to calculate equal loading on the legs in a 4 leg configuration, many slingers (riggers) calculate for 3 legs, using the fourth leg for stability only.


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Slinging MethodsExplain that there are a number of ways that an object can be attached or secured to the crane using a variety of equipment such as webbing slings, wire ropes, fibre ropes and chains. The method adopted will be dictated by the type of load, the material, its dimensions, and its weight.

It is important to understand that just as the slinging angle affects the effective weight carried by the sling, the method used for attaching the sling to the load impacts on the rated capacity of the sling. Using a suitable example, show the group the rated capacity label on a sling and discuss how the different methods of attaching the sling, illustrated on the label, reduce the safe working load (SWL). Discuss the fact that some loads will be fitted with dedicated “eyes” or lifting points, so wrapping a sling around the load may not be required.

Even if a load appears to have dedicated lifting points, the slinger must still consider the ramifications of lifting at that point (always refer to the lifting plan) and the condition of the lifting points, the accessory being used for the lift and the load itself. If in doubt, do not lift. Once a load is attached, always have the crane operator perform a test lift and check the integrity of the load before commencing. Have the load placed back down if any issues are identified.

Discuss with the group the different slinging methods that might be applied to different scenarios and their relative advantages and/or limitations. Ensure that your discussion includes:

• Direct lifting

• Basket hitch lifting

• Choke hitch lifting

• Clamp lifting

• Vacuum lifting

• Unevenly shaped loads

• Spreader beams


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It is the slinger’s responsibility to ensure that the load is suitable for lifting and that the slinging method used is appropriate. It is therefore essential that the slinger has a grasp on the basics of mass estimation.

Explain to the group that the weight of an object is the force of the gravity exerted on it.

Ask the group if they know the difference between “weight” and “mass”.

The mass of an object is the amount of “matter” that it has. Explain that mass is constant, irrespective of gravity; however, the effect that gravity has on that mass (the weight) changes dependent on the strength of gravity. For example a block of concrete might have a mass of 20kg, which means that the effects of gravity here on Earth makes it weigh 20kg. If the block was taken to the moon, the mass would remain the same but the effect of the lower gravity on that mass would mean that it weighed less.

What does this mean for slinging and signalling work?

Discuss the importance of slingers knowing the mass of the items that the crane will be lifting in relation to the capacity of the crane, it’s components and the slinging equipment the slingers will be working with.

Show the group an example webbing sling or wire rope and show them where they can find the WLL (working load limit) and SWL (safe working load) information.

Link back to the discussion on slinging angles. Remind the group that the SWL derates dependent on the attachment method and angle of the lift.

An understanding of the mass is also important from a safety on the ground point of view. Ask the group: what happens to a load on a hook when the crane slews?

Discuss inertia. Explain in simple terms: an item that is attached to a crane hook will continue in the direction of travel when slewing/travelling slows or stops. It is also important to point out that during rotation (where relevant) an object is “flung” out from its centre due to centrifugal force. The more mass an object has, the harder it is to retain its centre and not travel outwards. The greater the speed of rotation,

Many loads are not labelled at all.

Calculating Estimated MassExplain that as well as considering the lifting equipment, the slinger needs to have a good understanding of the material they will be lifting, and in particular its mass. Ask the group: why is it important that they are able to estimate mass?

Explain that goods are often labelled in order to provide information such as weight. However, this information should never be taken for granted as things can change – for example, a load might become wet in transit. Also consider that people can make mistakes and items might be incorrectly labelled or damaged.


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the greater the force acting on the object. These are important points to remember both for a slinger’s own safety and the safety of others working near the path of the crane. Communication with the operator and a keen eye on the load and their surroundings are key.

Calculating the Mass of a Uniform Load

Explain to the group that the first thing to establish is the volume of the item.

For example:

Imagine a container measuring: 1m wide, 1m long and 1m high. The volume is: 1m x 1m x 1m = 1m3.

Once the item’s volume has been established, the mass is calculated bymultiplying the volume by the load’s density:

1m3 x density

Explain that density is the measurement of how tightly the matter that makes up the object is packed together. This information can be found out for typical objects on the Internet, in books and charts. Some examples of densities:

• Water – 1,000kg/m3

• Steel – 8,050kg/m3

• Concrete – 2,400kg/m3

There are a lot of materials out there, this web page will give some good examples of densities: http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_materials.htm

Using a flipchart, set a new example. The load dimensions are 2m x 2m x 2m and it is block of concrete. Calculate the net mass of the load (the mass of the concrete minus the slinging equipment) with the group.

Volume: 2m x 2m x 2m = 8m3

Density of concrete (have a volunteer look it up on the chart): 2,403kg/m3

Therefore: 8m3x 2,403kg/m3 = 19,225kg


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Explain to the group that so far you have calculated the mass of a uniform load. As the candidates will be aware, there are many different types and shapes of load that might be lifted and moved by a crane, and many do not have a neat, tidy uniform mass. Slingers must be able to take their fundamental understanding of calculating mass for a uniform load and apply it to estimating less uniform loads.

During this exercise you have explained how to calculate the mass of a standard uniform load. However, there are many different types of uniform load, such as spheres, cubes, cones, cylinders and ellipsoids. Volume calculation can be complex, but there are a number of good online sources for guidance, for example http://www.calculator.net/volume-calculator.html.


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Safety in Slinging and Signalling (Rigging and Banksman ... · 2 SESSION LIBRARY Safety in Slinging and Signalling (Rigging and Banksman) LTG1702 Choose an experience level and then