Network Fuel CellsNetwork Fuel Cells

International TelecommunicationsInternational TelecommunicationsSafety ConferenceSafety Conference

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The Evolution of Telecom Standby PowerThe Evolution of Telecom Standby Power

From coal & dry cellFrom coal & dry cell To diesel & flooded cellTo diesel & flooded cell To HTo H22- battery free- battery free

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In The Beginning There Were BatteriesIn The Beginning There Were Batteries

1844 Morse Telegraph Connects Washingtonand Baltimore

1876 Alexander Graham Bell Demonstratesthe Telephone

1885 American Telephone and TelegraphFormed AT&T

1898 C.L. Brown Organized The BrownTelephone Company which Becomes UnitedTelephone and Now Known as SprintSprint

First Telephones Equipped with Dry Cells

Batteries Move from Phones to Switchboards

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Telecom Batteries - Turn of the CenturyTelecom Batteries - Turn of the Century

1900 Batteries Moved from Switchboard to LocalTelecom Central Office

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Telecom Batteries - Turn of the CenturyTelecom Batteries - Turn of the Century

The Telecom Battery EvolutionThe Telecom Battery Evolution

About the same time batteriesmigrated to the Central Office from local switchboards, Philadelphia Bell experimented with a Ring Generator which came close to electrocuting several of their employees

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Telecom Transition from Analog to DigitalTelecom Transition from Analog to DigitalTechnology & the Resultant Effect on SiteTechnology & the Resultant Effect on SiteBackup PowerBackup PowerOur older analog switches would survive almost anything:

*Heat *Low Voltage Dips*Cold *High Voltage Spikes*Dust *High Humidity*Dirt *Dry Air

And all but the most direct transient surge (Lightning) !

Modern switch buildings need maintained air conditioning

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Utility Outage Support for BatteriesUtility Outage Support for Batteries

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Why Replace Flooded Cell & VR Batteries?Why Replace Flooded Cell & VR Batteries?

− Battery Technology notKeeping Pace withTelecom Advances

− EPA Issue InvolvingDisposal & Acid

− Thermo Runaway− Maintenance Issues− Floor Space Consumption− Not Able to Support New

Loads− Can’t Keep Bldg Cool

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Telecom Anticipated Load GrowthTelecom Anticipated Load Growth

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Types of Fuel Cells & Continuous FlywheelsTypes of Fuel Cells & Continuous Flywheels

electron

neutron

proton

*Bridge or No Break*Phosphoric Acid*Proton Exchange Membrane*Molten Carbonate*Solid Oxide*Alkaline*Direct Methanol*Regenerative Fuel Cells*Zinc Air*Polybromide Zinc*Aluminum Air*Protonic Ceramic

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What is a Fuel CellWhat is a Fuel Cell

Device in which the energyof a chemical reaction isconverted directly intoelectricity. Unlike a batteryfuel cell does not run down;it operates as long as fueland an oxidant aresupplied continuously fromoutside the cell.

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Alternatives to Batteries – Small FlywheelsAlternatives to Batteries – Small Flywheels

Stored energy units or flywheelsprovide continuous ride throughAC power during genset start up.

There are a number of configurationswith sizes ranging from 0.5kVA toto over 2000kVA.

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Alternatives to Alternatives to BatteriesBatteries – 2000kVA No – 2000kVA NoBreakBreak

Generator

Free-wheelClutch

InductionCoupling

Diesel

Inner Rotor

Outer Rotor

Base Frame

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Alternatives to Batteries – ZAFCAlternatives to Batteries – ZAFC

Zinc/Air Fuel Cell

120VAC, 208VAC or 48VDCwith an 8hr running time

The zinc/air fuel cell deliversup to ten times more energy pervolume and mass than lead-acidbatteries … But do they work?

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Alternatives to Batteries – SOFCAlternatives to Batteries – SOFC

SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (SOFC)Electrolyte Solid Zirconium Oxide + YtrriaTemperature 1000°CCapacity 25 kW to 220 kWEfficiency 60 -85 %

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Alternatives to Alternatives to BatteriesBatteries - MCFC - MCFC

MOLTEN CARBONATE (MCFC)Electrolyte : Liquid solution of Lithium,Sodium &/or Potassium CarbonateTemperature: 650°CCatalyst: InexpensiveFuel: Hydrogen, Methane, Landfill gasCapacity: 10 kW to 2 mWEfficiency: 60- 85 %

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Alternatives to Batteries – PAFCAlternatives to Batteries – PAFC

PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL (PAFC)Electrolyte Phosphoric AcidTemperature 150- 200°CElectro-catalyst Platinum (Sulfur & CO above 1.5% is objectionable)Fuel Hydrogen (Impurities acceptable)Max Capacity 200 KW ( 1 MW under testing)Size Generally large.Power Density Low

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Alternatives to Batteries – PAFCAlternatives to Batteries – PAFC

PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM)Electrolyte: Solid Organic Polymer polyTemperature: 80°CElectro-catalyst: Plastic membrane coated with PlatinumFuel: Hydrogen (sensitive to impurities)Capacity: 50-250 kWSize: CompactPower Density: HighResponse: Quick (14sec Start)

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PEM Electrical DesignPEM Electrical Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

Battery Replacement Requirement

48VDC Output …………54.6VDCSuitable Rating……….............40ASize…………………...19”x25”x9”Rackible ………….…………....YesRun time………………..48m/200AOutdoor WP Housing…………Yes4 – 9s H2……………………...LH2Floor Loading…………..150#/Sqft

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Hydrogen Proton Exchange MembraneHydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane

Anode side:2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode side:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- =>

2H2ONet reaction:

2H2 + O2 => 2H2O

Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) entering the fuel cell on the anode side. This gas is forced through the catalyst bythe pressure. When an H2 molecule comes in contact with the platinum on the catalyst, it splits into two H+ ionsand two electrons (e-). The electrons are conducted through the anode, where they make their way through theexternal circuit (doing useful work such as powering DC loads) and return to the cathode side of the fuel cell.Meanwhile, on the cathode side of the fuel cell, oxygen gas (O2) is being forced through the catalyst, where itforms two oxygen atoms. Each of these atoms has a strong negative charge. This negative charge attracts the twoH+ ions through the membrane, where they combine with an oxygen atom and two of the electrons from theexternal circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).

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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellsProton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

PEMs MakeElectricity

From BottledHydrogen and

Exhaust Clean SafeWater

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Safe

Energy Efficient

Reliable

Affordable

ConstructibleMaintainable

Network

Power

Solution

NFPANEC

LifeSafety

Code 101

OSHA

AllLocalCodes

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Major Electrical DesignMajor Electrical Design ConsiderationsConsiderations

On-Site Gaseous Hydrogen:

ConcernsDesign of System (Containers, Pressure, Volume)

Location (Inside Buildings or Outdoor Only)

Operation & Maintenance (Sprint or Outside Contractors)

Life Safety Codes (On-Site H2 - New Direction for Sprint)

Fire Protection (NEC Area Classification)

Cost (Ground Breaking Technology)

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Code ConsiderationsCode Considerations

Electrical Fuel Cell Design is Safe When:

Hold paramount the life safety employees and general publicinvolved in the use our equipment and facilities and weclosely adhere to all electrical codes.

National Electrical CodeLife Safety Codes Code 101OSHALocal Codes and RegulationsSprint Network Practices

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Article 692Article 692““Fuel Cell Systems”Fuel Cell Systems”

I GeneralII Circuit RequirementIII Disconnecting MeansIV Wiring MethodsV GroundingVI MarkingVII Connection to Other CircuitsVIII Output Voltage Over 600V

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Current Model Codes for Hydrogen Storage andCurrent Model Codes for Hydrogen Storage andDistribution - NFPA 50A and IFGCDistribution - NFPA 50A and IFGC

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Current Model Codes for the Installation of FuelCurrent Model Codes for the Installation of FuelCell Power PlantsCell Power Plants

•Electrical Classification•Ventilation•Siting•Fuel Connection•Fire Protection•Detection

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Life Safety Code 101Life Safety Code 101

*Chapter 4 (4-1.9) Telephoneexchangers listed as an IndustrialBuildings

*Chapter 7 (7-1.2) Electricalwiring and equipment shall be inaccordance with NFPA 70 (NEC )

*Chapter 28 (28-5.1) Utilities shallcomply with provisions of Section7-1

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OSHA 1910 & NEC Section 500 - HOSHA 1910 & NEC Section 500 - H22 = IB2 = IB2

Telecom Fuel Cell Power PlantHazardous Classified Location

Class I = Flammable Gas Maybe Present.

Class B = Gaseous HydrogenUsed and Stored.

Division 2 = Hydrogen in ClosedContainers & Only Present inAir by Accident

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Hydrogen FactsHydrogen Facts

Symbol: HAtomic Number: 1Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amuMelting Point: -259.14 °C(14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F)Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005°K, -423.166 °F)Number of Protons/Electrons: 1Number of Neutrons: 0Classification: Crystal Structure:HexagonalDensity @ 293 K: 0.08988 g/cm3Color: colorless

1

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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen

Hydrogen (H2) is the lightest of allgases. Commonly found in nature incompounds with other elements, it isthe most abundant element in theuniverse. Hydrogen is a componentof water, minerals and acids, as wellas an essential part of allhydrocarbons and essentially allother organic substances. In fact, 98percent of the known universe - mostnotably the sun and stars - consists ofhydrogen.

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Hydrogen FactsHydrogen Facts

1

CF perLb

Lbs perCF

SpecificGravity(Air=1)

LowerHeatingValue

(Btu/Lb)

LowerHeatingValue

(Btu/CF)

IgnitionTemp

(F)

NECGasGrp

Molecular

Weight

Substance

187.70.00530.069651605274.91085B2.016 Hydrogen - H2

Hydrogen is flammable and explosive over a much wider range of mixtures thanany conventional fuel, but its lower limits of 4% and 13% respectively in air arebetter than gasoline (1% and 1.1%) and similar to natural gas (5.3% and 6.3%).Hydrogen does not pool on the ground like gasoline or LPG and is therefore less ofa hazard apart from the first few seconds after a spillage. Calculations andexperiments involving kerosene (aviation fuel) suggest that a fire in a hydrogen-fuelled aircraft would last a tenth of the time, produce much less heat and spreadover a smaller area than a comparable kerosene fire. This would certainly savelives if the fire occurred on the ground.

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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen

H2 Fuel Cell Can Not Be MadeInto A Hydrogen Bomb!

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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous HydrogenObservations of the incident showevidence inconsistent with a hydrogenfire: (1) the Hindenburg did notexplode, but burned very rapidly inomnidirectional patterns, (2) the 240-ton airship remained aloft andupright many seconds after the firebegan, (3) falling pieces of fabricwere aflame and not self-extinguishing, and (4) the very brightcolor of the flames was characteristicof a forest fire, not a hydrogen fire(hydrogen makes no visible flame).Also, no one smelled garlic, the scentof which had been added to thehydrogen to help detect a leak.

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Gaseous Hydrogen – Site StorageGaseous Hydrogen – Site Storage

Bumpstop

48ea 2400psi Outdoor WPmanifolded “T” tanks willsupport a 1500A, 54.6VDCPEM power plant for4.8hrs with no rundowndecay in output.

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Sprint’s Ten “T” Bottle Hydrogen ChaletSprint’s Ten “T” Bottle Hydrogen Chalet

Stores a full 8hr RuntimeBackup for a 200A, 48VDCHydrogen Power Plant.Outdoor Installation with NoAir Conditioning Required.

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Gaseous Hydrogen – Site StorageGaseous Hydrogen – Site Storage

Quantum Technologies'TriShield composite cylinderscan hold up to 3 kilograms ofhydrogen at 5,000 psi, which issufficient fuel for a 200-kilometer journey in a standardsedan.

5000PSI Tanks5000PSI Tanks $$ $$

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Metal Hydrides Used for Fuel StorageMetal Hydrides Used for Fuel Storage

Some metal alloys have the ability toabsorb and store hydrogen. Thehydrogen can be released (desorbed)as a gas and the alloy is returned toits original state. These "metalhydrides" provide a safe and efficient"solid state" approach to hydrogenenergy storage. In addition, theenergy implications of thiscontinuously repeatablephenomenon are the basis for a widerange of commercial products.

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell MaintenanceHydrogen Fuel Cell Maintenance

Electrical design systems aremaintainable when:

*Site design is managed bytelecom experiencedconsultants

*Maintenance contract ishandled by a hydrogenexperienced vendor.

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Gaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen

Hydrogen is flammable and burns in air with a pale blue, almost invisibleflame. In its gaseous form, hydrogen dissipates quickly. These uniqueproperties call for strict safety measures in hydrogen use and storage.

Hydrogen is flammable and can act as a simple asphyxiant by displacing theoxygen in the air. In addition, when in its liquid form, it may cause severefrostbite to the eyes and skin. To avoid these harmful effects, it is importantfollow strict safety guidelines for storage and handling just like any other fuel.

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Telecom Handling of Gaseous HydrogenTelecom Handling of Gaseous Hydrogen

Receiving Cylinders and Containers -- Personnel responsible forreceiving cylinders and containers should perform an externalinspection on all packages before moving them to the point of use orto the storage area.Testing for Leaks -- After completing the external inspection, youshould proceed with testing for leaks.Moving Cylinders and Containers -- Cylinders and containers mustalways be moved carefully. Mishandling that results in a damagedvalve or ruptured cylinder can expose personnel to the hazardsassociated with these gases.Storing Cylinders and Containers -- Storage of compressed gascylinders containers is governed by codes of the NFPA. Local codesmay also apply. Know and obey codes governing storage at eachSprint location.

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On Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut DownOn Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut Down

HH2Scan2ScanNew Hydrogen

MonitoringArrangement

Drawing Not To Scale

DC H T e c h n o lo g y,

S er ial P ar t

X xxx3 1 1 4 0 0

Zonal Head Cableqty 1

2

Adapter Optional Item

11

Nut, qty 1 6Bracket, qty 1 5

Controller Assyqty 1

DC

H

1Label, qty 1Note 2

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Controller p/n & s/n ID Tag REF

12cPower Supply, Alternate Item

12a Power Plug, Straight, Standard

Power Cord, Standard Item with Power Supply

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12b Power Plug Right Angle, Alternate Item

8010WEST

SET

AL1

AL3

MAMINAL2

14 Digital Meter,Optional Item

3 Analog Comm Plug

Bracket, qty 1

8 Flat Washer, qty 49 Lock Washer, qty 4

7 Screw, qty 4

4

Power Plug Wire List

Negative (-)

Positive (+)

Outside Dia

Inside DiaSmooth (Printed) Side

Ribbed Side

Plug

12345

0-5V ReturnWhite

Black

n/c

n/c

0-5 Vdc (+) H2 SignalAnalog Comm Plug Wire List

n/cWhite

BlackDigital Meter Wire List2 (+)

3 (-)(+24V1413

(Gnd) (C) 23(NO)24

(NC)22

(C) 20(NO)21

(NC)19

Alarm 2

Alarm 1

n/c

n/c

n/c

n/cRedGrey

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On Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut down

Hydrogen moves into apalladium base lattice (PDalloy film).An equilibrium hydrogendensity is reachedproportional to gasconcentration.The sensor is housed in a1B2 approved enclosure.

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Hydrogen LiberationHydrogen Liberation

PV Array~5 kW

Potable Tap Water45 to 75 psi

H2 Generation Booster Compressor Hydrogen Storage

NEXA Fuel Cell Rack

PCS Tower

Oxygen

SprintStuart EnergyBallard Power

Simplified Process Flow for a

Renewable-Hydrogen Back-up Power System

Proposed Scope of Supply

The Evolution of Telecom Standby PowerIn The Beginning There Were BatteriesTelecom Batteries - Turn of the CenturyTelecom Batteries - Turn of the CenturyTelecom Transition from Analog to DigitalTechnology & the Resultant Effect on Site Backup PowerUtility Outage Support for BatteriesWhy Replace Flooded Cell & VR Batteries?Telecom Anticipated Load GrowthTypes of Fuel Cells & Continuous FlywheelsWhat is a Fuel CellAlternatives to Batteries – Small FlywheelsAlternatives to Batteries – 2000kVA No BreakAlternatives to Batteries – ZAFCAlternatives to Batteries – SOFC Alternatives to Batteries - MCFCAlternatives to Batteries – PAFCAlternatives to Batteries – PAFCPEM Electrical Design ConsiderationsHydrogen Proton Exchange MembraneProton Exchange Membrane Fuel CellsMajor Electrical Design ConsiderationsCode ConsiderationsArticle 692 “Fuel Cell Systems”I GeneralII Circuit RequirementIII Disconnecting MeansIV Wiring MethodsV GroundingVI MaCurrent Model Codes for Hydrogen Storage and Distribution - NFPA 50A and IFGCCurrent Model Codes for the Installation of Fuel Cell Power PlantsLife Safety Code 101OSHA 1910 & NEC Section 500 - H2 = IB2Hydrogen FactsGaseous HydrogenHydrogen FactsGaseous HydrogenGaseous HydrogenGaseous Hydrogen – Site StorageSprint’s Ten “T” Bottle Hydrogen ChaletGaseous Hydrogen – Site StorageMetal Hydrides Used for Fuel StorageHydrogen Fuel Cell MaintenanceGaseous HydrogenTelecom Handling of Gaseous HydrogenOn Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut DownOn Site Hydrogen Monitoring & Shut downHydrogen Liberation