Safety and Health

Lecturer: Nazarenko Olga BronislavovnaProfessor of Ecology and Human Safety Department155 room 8 building

Rating

Lectures – 16 h (8) Laboratory works – 16 h (4) Practical classes – 16 h (8) Self-study – 60 h Total – 108 h Test – 2 Essay and presentation – 2 Exam

Course objectives

The main objective is the formation of students' of professional safety culture, which means the readiness and ability of the individual to use an obtained set of knowledge and skills to ensure safety in the area of professional activity, as well as the way of thinking, in which safety issues are considered as a priority.

Obtaining knowledge and practical skills needed for

identification of negative factors of living environments of natural, technogenic and anthropogenic origin;

creating a comfortable state of the environment in the areas of employment and human recreation;

developing and implementing protection measures humans and the environment from the negative effects

predicting the development and evaluation of consequences of emergencies;

ensuring the stability of functioning of objects and technical systems in regular and emergency situations;

decisions on protection of industrial workers and the public from the possible consequences of emergencies and during their liquidation.

Course structure

1. Theoretical basis of “Safety and health”2. Safety management3. Occupational health4. Occupational safety5. Safety in emergencies6. Environmental safety

Theoretical basis of “Safety and health”

1. Interaction in «Human↔Environment» system

2. Potential danger. Axiom about potential danger

3. Dangerous and harmful factors4. Criteria of safety5. Risk6. Structure of “Safety and Health”

Introduction. Basic concepts

“Safety and Health” is a science of comfortable and safe interaction of man with the environment

The environment (living space) is some part of space specifying by series of factors (physical, chemical, biological and social ones), which can exert influence (direct or indirect, immediate or postponed) upon human activities, health and offspring.

System “Human↔Environment”

“Human↔Natural environment”

“Human↔Industrial environment”

“Human↔Domestic environmental”

Special conditions of interaction in “Human↔Environment” system: comfortable (optimal) condition. There are created

optimal conditions for activity and rest of the people. We can observe maximum efficiency for productive activity.

permissible condition. Negative affect oh health is absent, but interaction in «Human↔Environment» system leads to discomfort, decrease of efficiency for activity.

dangerous condition. There are active factors exceed permissible levels and could provide negative affect on human health, causing illnesses and damage of natural environment.

extremely dangerous condition. During short period of time high level of active factors could cause traumas, death or serious damage in natural environment.

Hazard

The interaction between human and environment can be positive or negative. Negative one is hazard.

Hazards are some processes, phenomena, objects, human activity or conditions that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, environmental damage.

Types of hazards

Natural origin earthquakes, flood, hurricanes, tornadoes, etc.

Man-made origin caused by human

activity and products of his labour

Axiom about potential hazard

All human actions and components of the environment, in addition to the positive results and properties have the ability to generate dangerous and harmful factors. At the same time, any new positive action or the result is inevitably accompanied by the formation of new negative factors.

Dangerous and harmful factors

In accordance with character of effect on human all negative factors are divided into dangerous and harmful factors.

Dangerous factor is negative influence on human, which leads to injures and death.

Harmful factor is negative influence on human body, which can cause changes for the worse in health or illness. The influence of harmful factor on workers for a long time can cause professional diseases.

electric current, fire, blast wave, moving parts of machinery, sharp-edged subjects,falling subjects

vibrations and noises, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, high and low temperatures, irrationally designed illumination, monotony of work, hard physical work, toxic substances.

The effect of molten metal on the worker

Classification Dangerous and harmful factors

1. physical factors

2. chemical factors

3. biological factors

4. psychophysiological factors

(physical overload and psychological overloads)

The result of exposure of the dangerous and harmful factors on human and the environment is the increase in injures, the number and severity of the diseases, the number of accidents and disasters, the increase in material damage.

The data on emergencies in 2013 (Russia) In 2013 on the territory of the Russian Federation

were 332 emergencies. As a result of emergencies 631 people died, 208439 people were injured.

Emergencies People died People injured

Technogenic 166 / 50% 574 / 91 % 1542

Natural 114 / 34 % 6 / 1 % 206292

Biologic-social 45 / 14 % - 362

Terrorist acts 7 / 2 % 51 / 8 % 243

The main objective of “Safety and Health” as a science

Protecting people from the negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and to achieve comfortable living conditions.

safety and comfort

Safety criteria The conditions of safety are achieved at full

absence of danger impacts or if level of danger impact are decreased to maximum permissible value (Threshold limit value).

Safety criteria are the restrictions imposed on the concentration of substances and energy flow in living space.

MPC MPL

maximum maximum permissible level (MPL), which characterize the influence of physical dangerous and harmful factors

maximum permissible concentration (MPC), which characterize safety content of harmful substances in environment

Safety conditions

Сi ≤ MPCi

n ∑ Сi / MPCi ≤ 1 i =1

Ii ≤ MPLi

n ∑ Ii ≤ MPLi i =1

Сi – the concentration of і-some substance in environment, MPCi – maximum permissible concentration of this substance,n – number of substances with the same action

Ii - the intensity of the i-some energy flow (physical factor), MPLi – maximum permissible level of this factor,N – number of the factor sources

Risk Risk is the probability of realization of negative

action

R = Nem/Nо ≤ Racc

R - risk, Nem - number of emergency events in a year, Nо - total number of events in a year, Racc - acceptable risk

Tolerable (acceptable) risk = 10-6. This is the level of risk from destruction by natural

factors to which people have historically adapted

The characteristic values of the risk

Cancer 1,6·10-3

Heart desease 8,5·10-3

Car accident 2,5·10-4

Aviation accident 1·10-5

Natural disasters 1·10-6

Electric shock 6·10-6

Hurricane 5·10-7

Comfort criteria

Comfort - the optimal combination of microclimate, amenities, cosiness and livability in areas of human activity and rest.

Criteria for comfort - air temperature, humidity, and its mobility, the illumination value and a number of other indicators of the lighting system

Possible location of the danger zone and working area

Safe situation Situation of short-term or local danger

Dangerous situationConventially dangerous

situation

The main safety methods spatial and temporal separation of the

danger zone and working area organization of activities and engineering

solutions adaptation of the environment to the

possibilities of the workers collective protection equipment

adaptation of the person to the environment and improving its protection training personnel for safety and use of personal

protective equipment

Collective Protective Equipment (CPE)

 is used for group protection of personnel

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 is used to protect individuals

PPE are classified according to organ of the body to be protected

S & H

Labor safety

Safety in emergencies Environmental

safety

Structure of “Safety and Health”

Environmental safety by studying the patterns of interaction between man and nature provides evidence-based recommendations for the protection of nature and reproduction of natural resources

Safety in emergencies protects the population in emergency situations: natural disasters, anthropogenic catastrophes, socio-political conflicts

Labor safety – a system of legislation, socio-economic, organizational, technical, sanitary, and medical-prophylactic measures and means of ensuring safety, maintaining the health and performance in the work process.

1. Occupational health

2. Occupational safety

3. Fire prevention

4. Organizational and legal basis

LS

Occupational health - is a system of organizational measures and technical tools to prevent or reduce the impact on the workers of harmful industrial factors

Occupational safety - system of organizational measures and technical means to prevent action on the workers of dangerous industrial factors

Fire Prevention - is a system of organizational measures and technical tools aimed at prevention and liquidation of fires and explosions, the limitation of their consequences

Organizational and legal basis for the protection of labor is considering the legislation and regulations of the organization of work safety

The main objectives of S&H

1. Identification of dangerous and harmful factors and their control

2. Protection of people from dangerous and harmful factors: the development and use of means of protection from the dangers of instruction in bases protection against hazards

3. Liquidation of consequences of hazards action