Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
THINKING beyond the canopy
Safeguards and REDD+: potential of voluntary standards
Robert NasiCBD COP 10, Biodiversity Pavilion, REDD+ hour
Nagoya, Oct. 21, 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Barriers to sustainability� Governance
• Lack of serious intent by the major stakeholders (governments, industry, communities);
• High opportunity costs of maintaining forests as forests;• Lack of tenure security or unclear tenure and resource rights.
� Economy• Excessive costs and lack of clear financial benefits from
improved management vs. Business as usual;• Inappropriate wage systems for forest workers;• Inefficiency and waste in the forest and along the market chain.
� Knowledge and technical guidance• Inadequate information or knowledge about improved
management;• Improved management regulations appear too complicated or
unrealistic;• Lack of trained staff to implement improved management.
THINKING beyond the canopySource: Harvey et al. 2009
REDD+ features and potential impacts on biodiversity conservation
THINKING beyond the canopy
Safeguards and standards?
� Safeguards on REDD+ activities can become a major disincentive against their implementation
� Voluntary forest and carbon certification schemes can be seen an alternative to a prescribed safeguards policy,• Voluntary nature • Achieve overall public acceptance by minimizing social,
environmental and biodiversity risks• Must not pose too high transaction costs on their
application.
� This trade-offs between achieving legitimacy and economic efficiency of standards is a major difficulty of standard setting and has led to specialized standards by project type, scope and modality.
THINKING beyond the canopy
Sustainable Forest Management Standards
REDD+ Project/Program Design Standards
GHG Accounting Standards
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC)
CCBA REDD+ Social & Environmental (S&E) Standards
Climate, Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Standards
CarbonFix Standard (CFS)
Global Conservation Standard (GCS)
Plan Vivo Standards
SOCIALCARBON Standard
ISO 14064:2006 Parts 2 and 3
Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS)
From Merger, Dutschke and Verchot 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Standard Certification typeVerification
periodicityEligible third-party auditors
CCB StandardsNet positive climate, social and
environmental project performanceEvery five years
- CDM DOEs scope 14
- FSC certification bodies
FSCSustainable forest management and
chain of custody
Every five years +
annual surveillance
audits
- FSC Certification bodies accredited by
Accredited Services International (ASI)
PEFCSustainable forest management and
chain of custody
Every three years +
annual surveillance
audits
- Members of the International
Accreditation Forum compliant with ISO
CarbonFixNet positive GHG benefits certification,
social and environmental project
performance
Two years after
project start; every
five years thereafter
- DOEs for A/R CDM
- FSC certification bodies (accredited for
sustainable forest management)
GCSConservation benefits and net positive
social and environmental performance
of conserved areas
Annually - Under development
Plan VivoNet positive GHG benefits certification,
social and environmental project
performance
Annual revision by
Plan Vivo and third-
party verification at
least every five years
- CDM DOEs scope 14
- FSC certification bodies
- ISO 14064 accredited bodies
- Accredited certification bodies by the
California Climate Action Reserve
SOCIALCARBONNet positive socioeconomic
performanceFlexible - CDM DOEs
VCS ( ISO 14064) Net positive GHG benefitsAt least every five
years
- DOEs sectoral scope 14
- Accredited Independent JI Entities
- Approved Certification Bodies of the
Climate Action Reserve (accredited
under ISO 14065:2007)
- VCS Temporary Accreditation Program
bodies
From Merger, Dutschke and Verchot 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Assessment of standards
� 4 substantive criteria
• Poverty alleviation• Sustainable forest
management
• Biodiversity conservation
• GHG emission reductions
� 2 procedural criteria
• Certification• Monitoring and evaluation
From Merger, Dutschke and Verchot 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Sustainable forest management
FSC PEFC
From Merger, Dutschke and Verchot 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Social-economical
CCB REDD+ S&E CCB
SOCIALCARBON
From Merger, Dutschke and
Verchot 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Net GHG benefits
CarbonFix VCS and ISO 14064
From Merger, Dutschke and Verchot 2010
THINKING beyond the canopy
Uptake?
� FSC : 135 M ha� PEFC : 226 M ha
� CCB : 26 CCBA projects� CCB REDD+ S&E : too early (June 2010)
� CarbonFix : 1 project
� VCS : 1 REDD met approved� ISO 14064 : no certificates by design
� Plan Vivo : 4 projects� GCS : too early (still in dev.)
� SOCIALCARBON : too early
THINKING beyond the canopy
Conclusion
� Standards could be a efficient way to address safeguards
� Many existing standards for GHG are still “too young”� SFM type standards do no consider GHG
� None of the considered standards is comprehensive
� Either the most comprehensive are completed for the missing parts (but then what about the specificities?)
� Or project proponents will need to search certification by more than one standard