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Safe for DemocracyChapter 19
New American Diplomacy
• The Panama Canal Canal through Central America seen
as vital to American power 1901 Hay–Pauncefote Treaty –treaty
with Britain giving US exclusive right to build canal
Two possible sites: Panama and Nicaragua
French company already began dig and failed
US attempted to buy land from Colombia to build canal – Colombia refused
New American Diplomacy
Deal made with Panamanians, French, and US for a revolt against Colombia with US backing
Panamanian revolt succeeded – US got land for canal
• Roosevelt Corollary Changed Monroe Doctrine to
include right of US to intervene in Latin American affairs
“Speak softly and carry a big stick” US intervened numerous times
beginning with Dominican Republic
New American Diplomacy
• Latin America resented US intrusion and influence
• President William Howard Taft instituted new policy
• Dollar Diplomacy – policy in which US helped Latin American industry with intent on increasing trade between US and Latin America
• US continued intervention and Latin America continued to resent US
Wilson & Mexico
• Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy Emphasis on idealism (missionary
diplomacy) situational Mexican Revolution 1911
• Mexican Revolution – moderate Madero
• General Huerta overthrew Madero – angered Wilson
• US invasion of Vera Cruz, Mexico• Carranza and Pancho Villa• General Pershing and Mexican
expedition 1916-1917
Pancho Villa
• Europe at WarOutbreak of war
• Bosnia – Serbia/Black Hand• Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand• Mobilization• Schlieffen Plan
American neutrality• Sympathies of American public
Allied propaganda
World War I
• Triple Alliance = Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy switched sides and was replaced by the Ottoman Empire)
• Triple Entente = Allies (Great Britain, France, and Russia)
• German Plan Fails German attack on France had to go
through neutral Belgium Britain enters war on side of France Germany narrowly fails to take Paris War becomes locked in stalemate Stalemate = Trench Warfare
World War I
World War I
• Freedom of the SeasEconomic interests trumped
propagandaTrade and loans to Allies tied US
closer to themGermany initially unconcerned
about trade – later turned to submarine warfare
Restricted versus unrestricted warfare
The Lusitania and Sussex incidents
World War I
• The Election of 1916Wilson went into election weak
• Won in 1912 due to split in Republican Party
• Needed Progressive supportWooed the ProgressivesTR did not runKey issue was US policy towards
war in Europe• Wilson stressed preparedness• “He kept us out of war”
World War I
• The Road to WarWilson attempted to end the war
through negotiations in 1915 and 1916
Germans lifted ban against unrestricted submarine warfare – America began arming merchant ships
Zimmerman telegramCongress declared war
World War I
• Mobilizing the EconomyMuch of big industry disorganized and slow to respond – most
large weapon systems failed to enter system in time to be usedMost large weapon systems used by US were European madeConscription hot issue – first draftees hit training camps almost 6
months after declaration of warWar Industries Board (WIB) established to coordinate American
war effort
World War I
Process of building the “home front” long w/ many problems
Wilson appointed Herbert Hoover as food administrator
• Able to conserve food without rationing
• “Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Fridays”
• Victory Gardens - backyard vegetable gardens
• Making use of leftoversFarmers profits surged – increase
in income 30%
• Workers in WartimeEmployment and wages
increasedMigrations dramatically
increased – especially blacksNational War Labor Board
established to settle labor disputes – resulted in increase of unionization
World War I
World War I
• Propaganda and Civil LibertiesWilson excelled at mobilizing
public opinionEstablished Committee on Public
Information (CPI) under George Creel – dramatic increase in US war propaganda for home consumption
Those against war: Irish and German Americans, pacifists, and isolationists became targets for abuse by CIP and patriotic public
World War I
Espionage Act and Sedition Act targeted anyone who expressed opinion against war or government
Eugene V. Debs sentenced to prison for making anti-war speech
Espionage Act upheld in Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States – man mailing circulars urging draftees not to report for duty
Repression exceeded anything in both Britain and France
• Wartime ReformsWar seemed to confirm beliefs of Progressives as government
entered into all aspects of societyPartly due to war and progressive push, 18th (prohibition of
alcohol) and 19th (women’s vote) amendments passed after the end of the war
Efforts to eliminate prostitution (versus European view)
World War I
World War I
• Women in the Military Served in non-combat positions Navy enlisted women as radio
operators, clerks, etc. Army did NOT enlist women
except for Army Nursing Corps “Hello Girls” – women with French
language training sent overseas to man phone system for US military
Women served in Red Cross, YMCA, and Salvation Army in France
World War I
• The Great Migration Massive migration of blacks from
South into Northern states Better jobs, pay, conditions Discrimination but mostly not as
severe
• Mexican Migration Large migration of Mexicans into US
for agricultural/ranching jobs in the West
Also took factory jobs in many major cities
Barrios – Mexican neighborhoods
World War IBlacks initially not drafted but
afterwards conscripted in greater numbers in South than whites
Blacks served in two regular army regiments and numerous national guard units
Military units were segregated and most blacks served in labor battalions
Blacks units serving under French control served valiantly and were highly decorated
World War I
• America in the TrenchesAmerican participation in the convoy system
drastically reduced losses to submarinesThe American Expeditionary Force (AEF),
commanded by Pershing, did not take the field until late 1917 – fought on Western Front
Pershing refused to allow US troops to augment Allied forces – US troops remained an independent force (except black regiments)
US forces suffered 262,725 casualties, fought with increasing skills and helped lead Germany to sue for peace
General John “Blackjack” Pershing
A Bloody Conflict
• 1917 Russian Revolution Russian Czar forced to abdicate to
Socialists Socialists continued war – caused
second revolution led by Bolsheviks (Communists)
Bolshevik leader, Lenin, became head of Russia
Russia ended war with Germany – signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Germany could now concentrate on the Western Front
A Bloody Conflict
• Trench Warfare Troops dug in for protection – stalemate
• Machine-guns• High-explosive artillery shells• Airplanes
New weapon technology changed warfare – tried to break stalemate
• Chemical warfare (gas)• Tanks• Flamethrowers
Series of trenches stretched from Switzerland to Atlantic Ocean
No-Man’s Land – area between the opposing trenches
A Bloody Conflict• March 1918 – Germany launched
great offensive hoping to defeat Allies before America could change the war
• American troops deployed against Germans – battled at Chateau-Thierry and Saint-Mihiel
• Americans attacked Argonne Forest – US suffered heavy casualties but took position
• Hero Alvin York – won medals from US, Britain, and France
War’s End
• Preparing for PeaceThe armistice ending hostilities
commenced November 11, 1918Germany – blame & reparationsEurope was in a shambles with
enormous numbers of dead, many wanting revenge, and ideologies like communism enticing
Wilson wanted peace based on his “Fourteen Points” plan
World War I Casualties
Each flag represents 100,000 dead
Each skull represents 100,000 civilian dead
Large # of civilian deaths in Germany due to British
blockade of German ports
Large # of civilian deaths in Russia due to Russian
Revolution in 1917
Large # of civilian deaths in Ottoman Empire due to
genocide of Christian Armenian population in 1915
More people killed by Spanish Flu in 1918 than entire war
Aftermath Wilson made unprecedented appearance
at Versailles Appealed to Americans for Democratic
congress – Republicans won both housesOpposition among Senate Republicans
led by Henry Cabot Lodge – did not want America’s sovereignty threatened
Wilson’s arrogance and stubbornness caused US to reject treaty and League of Nations
Wilson’s behavior may be attributable to a stroke - collapsed campaigning for the treaty
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R)
President Woodrow Wilson (D)
• Demobilization No planEconomic chaos ensued as millions of veterans re-entered the
work forceMilitary contracts worth billions were cancelledAll controls established by the War Industries Board droppedBusiness boomed as consumers bought up products formerly in
short supply – resulting in inflation
Aftermath
Cost of living doubledInflation = labor troubles /
strikes for wage increasesWork stoppages aggravated
shortages / inflation / more strikes
Agricultural prices plummeted
Unemployment soared
Aftermath
The Red ScareRadical elements in unions caused
populace to equate unions with threat of communism
People viewed violent strikes as precursors to revolution
Volatile labor situation exacerbated by anarchist bombings and attempted murders of Rockefeller, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and Attorney General Mitchell Palmer United States Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
Most radicals not American citizens – WWI enemy Germany replaced by the immigrant (Italian, Jew, Slav), usually an industrial worker
Americans felt American way of life in danger – demanded that radicals be suppressed
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer central figure in “Red Scare”1919 established the General Intelligence Division (D of J) headed by J. Edgar
HooverArrests of radicals by Hoover brought widespread public acclaim – many
deported
Palmer, with presidential ambitions, planned thousands of arrestsCivil liberties abused by arrests – public gradually turned against
Palmer’s methodsPalmer announced huge terrorist demonstration on May Day,
1920 – no show made Palmer appear ridiculous and Red Scare subsided
The Election of 1920
• Election of 1920Idealism of Wilson – League of
NationsCox versus HardingPublic disillusioned by war and
tired of progressivismHarding called for “Normalcy”The idea of the League defeated