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SUGAR: IS IT REALLY THAT SWEET?
Does sugar cause addiction & if so, does sugar addiction cause obesity?
Krysta McGinnis
SUGAR ADDICTION
Research has revealed that sugar and sweet treats can, not only substitute for addictive drugs but can even be more rewarding and attractive
Food can release endorphins & the “feel-good” neurotransmitter that can temporarily relieve emotional discomfort, anxiety, and depression
HOW IS IT POSSIBLE?
Drugs act on brain systems evolved to reinforce natural behaviors
DOPAMINE
D2Cocain
e
Heroin
Meth
Alcohol
DOPAMINE D2 LEVELS DECREASED IN AN INDIVIDUAL WITH A HIGHER BMI -
BMI: 23 BMI: 30
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS
Sugar has found to cause withdrawal symptoms like addictive drugs cause
Symptoms include: Moodiness Anxiety Anger outbursts Weepiness Headaches Shakiness Intense hunger and/or cravings
TESTED WITH RATS TO DETERMINE EXTRACELLULAR DA AND ACH IN THE NAC
Maintained on one of 4 diets: 1. Daily Intermittent Sucrose + Chow 2. Daily Intermittent Chow 3. Daily Ad libitum Sucrose + Chow 4. Sucrose Twice
Microdialysis performed on Days 1, 2 and 21
Withdrawal signs shown when fasting or given an opioid antagonist
Research concluded: Tolerance of sucrose increased Signs of withdrawal were shown Consumed more than intended Neurochemical changes in the NAc Cross-sensitization Prolictivity to consume other drugs of abuse
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE SUGAR
Sugar disturbs metabolism
Increases risk of developing: High blood pressure Elevated blood triglycerides Heart disease Obesity Inflammation
DOES EXCESS SUGAR CAUSE OBESITY?
Research has shown that sugar doesn’t cause obesity
Sugar addiction is linked to obesity The cause is the increase in caloric foods – many
foods high in sugar are also high in calories
The causes of obesity are complex & specific to the individual
Rat research concluded: Sugar binging didn’t result in an increase in weight Sweet-fat binging rats were hyperphagic
Increased in body weight
LEPTIN
Biochemical negative feedback mechanism Allows humans to prevent caloric excess
In obesity, leptin is defective
Occurs through two mechanisms. 1. Leptin transported across the blood-brain
barrier is impaired 2. Central leptin signal transduction is impaired
in two locations
HOW MUCH SUGAR DO YOU CONSUME?
The average American consumes 152 pounds of sugar per year. This equals 42.5 teaspoons/day! 350 extra calories/day
Determining sugar intake:
39 grams of sugar/4 grams =9.75 teaspoons
1 gram of sugar = 4 calories
ADDED SUGAR CALORIE ALLOWANCE
The American Heart Association recommends limiting the amount of added sugar daily Women: 100 calories per day
Men: 150 calories per day
NATURAL SUGARS VS. ADDED SUGARS
Natural sugars: found “naturally” occurring in foods
Added sugars: any sugars or caloric sweeteners added to food/beverages during processing or preparation
Food makers can also use sweeteners that aren’t technically sugar, but these other sweeteners are in fact forms of added sugar.
INGREDIENTS TO LOOK FOR -
Sugar Lactose Maltose Dextrose Fructose Sorbitol Honey Brown Sugar Corn Sweetener Corn syrup Molasses Sorghum Syrup
Agave Nectar Cane crystals Cane sugar Evaporate can juice Fruit juice concentrates Glucose Malt syrup Maple syrup Raw sugar Syrup Invert sugar Crystalline fructose
Sugar comes in many different forms
KELLO
GG
’S S
MA
RT S
TA
RT H
EA
LTH
Y H
EA
RT C
ER
EA
L
How Much
Sugar
is in your
Greek Yogurt?
28 grams = 7 teaspoons
SUGAR ADDICTION
QUIZ
ARE YOU ADDICTED TO SUGAR?
HOW TO BEAT SUGAR ADDICTION
#1: Stop eating addictive foods Decrease/remove sweetened beverages Separate dessert from meals
#2: Maintain nutritional balance Revamp breakfast Enjoy healthy snacks
#3: Read food labels & ingredient lists Remove sources of hidden sugar from house
As healthy food plans are established, healing begins and the rebalance of brain chemistry
BIBLIOGRAPHY http://foodaddictioninstitute.org/scientific-research/physical-
craving-and-food-addiction-a-scientific-review/?doing_wp_cron=1406056625.6964321136474609375000
http://plentyofthymecookbook.blogspot.com/2011/12/kelloggs-smart-start-my-ass.html
http://www.dhhs.state.nh.us/dphs/nhp/adults/documents/sugar.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2831667/ http://
ezproxy.nwmissouri.edu:2129/pmc/articles/PMC3257837/pdf/fnene-03-00011.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195115/ http://
www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/psychiatry/Research/DPRG/Documents/Nicole_Avena.pdf
http://www.foodaddictionsummit.org/docs/Hoebel-sugaraddiction.pdf
http://www.foodaddictionsummit.org/docs/Hoebel-sugaraddiction.pdf