S. Pejovic with T. - Mississauga Chapter Events/10_28_09_Report.pdf · 2009-11-27 · 11/16/2009 1 Hydro Power and Storage Technology PEO Mississauga Chapter 28 October 2009 S. Pejovic

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Hydro Power and Storage Technology

PEO Mississauga Chapter28 October 2009

S. Pejovic with T. Maricic

Prof Stan Pejovic Ph D PEng

1

Prof. Stan Pejovic, Ph.D., P.Eng.

E‐mails: [email protected]

Tim Maricic, P.Eng, Senior Plant EngAsset Management Dept. Niagara Plant Group, OPG

E-mail: [email protected]

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Information in this report are based on the knowledge, experience and opinion of the authors and do not represent any other commitment than it is stated and authors shall in no way be liable for any indirect incidental or consequential damagesany indirect, incidental, or consequential damages.

Data and conclusions in this document may be used or copied only by permission of the authors. Only the authors of this document are authorised to make changes and additional explanations. The authors are not liable if the third persons use this presentation in any way to make any conclusion and action.

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Contents

• IEEE EPEC 2009 Conference / Conclusions / Recommendations

• Science Research & Development (Cases of Troubleshooting)• Science, Research & Development (Cases of Troubleshooting)

• Electricity Market Stability and Blackouts

• Transfer of Knowledge and Experience

• Optimization and Spinning reserve

• Storage, Pumped Storage, Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Thermal Together

• Teaching LearningTeaching, Learning

• Cases

• Bottlenecks

TEEE CanadaElectrical Power and Energy Conference

October 22 ‐ 23, 2009 Montreal, Quebec, Canada

• Session F3.2 PANEL#3

•Hydro Power and Storage TechnologySto age ec o ogy

• Room: Ballroom• Time: 14:00• Chair: Stan Pejovic• Co-Chair: John Douglas

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• Chairs opening:

• Science, Research & Development

IEEE EPEC 2009 Session F3.2 PANEL#3

• Engineering know‐how has dwindled.

• Teams and expertise have to be built up again.

• Electricity – Energy crisis.

• After decades pumped storage renewed attention

• Experts to discuss the issue! Invited! Welcomed!

• Conclusions and Recommendations.

• Co‐Chair: John Douglas, founder, President and CEO of Riverbank Power Corp: project Aquabank™, 1000 MW, the first hydro planned to be “identical.” John opened this Panel Session

IEEE EPEC 2009 Session F3.2 PANEL#3

• First Speaker: Bryan Karney, Associate Dean, Cross‐Disciplinary Programs. New Initiatives Relating to Energy at University of Toronto

• We are introducing courses: “Design of Hydroelectric Plants.” F th fi t ti i N th A i !For the first time in North America!

• But I really failed in organized transfer of experience and knowledge.

• We don’t have financial support. Universities, electricity sector and governments don’t yet support this extremely important action!

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John Douglas opened the Session

• Pumped storage and hydroelectric storage are becoming very important in today’s climate, even becoming very important in today s climate, even US President Barack Obama and US Energy Secretary Dr. Steven Chu support and understand their importance

• After decades of little or no development, hydro pumped storage is seeing renewed attention Inpumped storage is seeing renewed attention. In the past two years, the US has approved 21 preliminary permits for pumped‐storage projects totalling more than 12,000 MW.

• Energy Secretary Steven Chu said hydro pumped storage must be a part of a national plan tostorage must be a part of a national plan to expand clean‐energy resources and integrate variable renewable energy resources into the transmission grid.

• Sources say the Ontario Power Authority is alsoSources say the Ontario Power Authority is also looking seriously at hydroelectric pumped storage projects that could store energy from wind and solar farms and dispatch the power as needed.

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Sessions: Hydro Power and Storage TechnologyIEEE Canada Electric Power and Energy Conference 2009

October 22 ‐ 23, 2009. Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Conclusions and Recommendations• These Conclusions and Recommendations are based on previously

published articles, papers presented at this Conference and Electrical Power Conference (EPC) 2007, and the EPC 2007 HydroPanel Session Chair's Report, available at

http://www.ieee.ca/epc07/IEEE_EPC2007_Panel_Session_HydroPowerTechnology.pdf

Your vision and comments on this text please send to Stan Pejovic Sessions Chair (E‐mail: pejovics@asme org)Pejovic, Sessions Chair (E‐mail: [email protected])

Will be posted on the Conference website Appendix posted at the end of this presentation

Conclusions

• 30 Years Gap

• Renewables and Storages

• Designs and Reviews

• Storage, Pumped Storage Together with Nukes, Coal, Wind, Solar

• Main Conclusions

• Recommendations

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Main Conclusions• More than 50% hydroelectric plants have trouble in operation.

• Continuity of knowledge and experience is being lost.

• The use of review boards on large hydro projects is now a (common) practice for many projects in some countries(common) practice for many projects in some countries.

• Review boards are rarely used on smaller hydro projects, primarily due to cost.

• Action should be undertaken all projects, including short‐altering, correctly to be designed and reviewed.

• Taking short cuts can lead – and indeed has often led – to large l blscale problems

• Hydro reservoir storages and pumped‐storages provide the lowest cost of storing clean renewable energy – wind and solar.

• Nuclear and fossil fuelled plants could be combined with pump‐storage plants to reduce pollution.

Recommendations

• Hydro and Pumped storages can be used to make a modern system efficient, stable and blackouts free.modern system efficient, stable and blackouts free.

• Organized multidisciplinary transfer of experience is a priority task to be undertaken by universities and the electricity sector.

• Any hydroelectric installation, large, or small, as a rule, should be designed using several stages.

At h t j t h ld b i d b• At each stage, project should be reviewed by independent reviewers.

• Strong recommendations can be made for reviews on smaller projects.

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Science, Research & Development

IEEE EPEC, 22IEEE EPEC, 22--23 Oct 2009 Montreal, Canada 23 Oct 2009 Montreal, Canada

CavitationCavitation (damage) Strips with Span(damage) Strips with Span--wise Regularitywise RegularityIdentified from Three Gorges TurbinesIdentified from Three Gorges Turbines

Shengcai Li Shengcai Li （李（李胜才胜才））英国英国华威大学流体动力学研究中心华威大学流体动力学研究中心

Cavitation Research Group, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;Cavitation Research Group, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University, China;State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University, China;

Hebei University of Engineering, ChinaHebei University of Engineering, [email protected]@warwick.ac.uk

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (致谢)1. UK EPSRC (WIMRC): financial support (R.ESCM.9001 and R.ESCM9004);2. UK Royal Academy of Engineers (R.ESCM.3021);3. China State Key Lab of Turbulence & Complex Systems, Peking University; 4. China State Key Lab of Hydroscience & Engineering, Tsinghua University; 5. China CTGPC: financial & technical support;6. Prof Lee Cun-Biao (李存标，PKU), Prof Dai Jiang (戴江, CTGPC), and Prof K Sen, (IIT,

India) for valuable discussions.

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From the Editor(2007) (No1 subscription in the field)I meant to ask, out of interest, how the actual turbine manufacturers at Three Gorges reacted to the damage illustrated in your paper…You'll be pleased to note I've mentioned to a few people about the article and everyone is very interested to read. Should get a great response from the readers!

A NEW TYPE OF CAVITATION (DAMAGE)A NEW TYPE OF CAVITATION (DAMAGE)IDENTIFIED FROM THREE GORGES TURBINESIDENTIFIED FROM THREE GORGES TURBINES

Three Gorge Three Gorge TurbinesTurbinesCorrosion ? Corrosion ? Galvanic erosion ?Galvanic erosion ?Particle impacts ?Particle impacts ?Material defects ?Material defects ?

Plenary speeches at international conferences

Manufacturers: Alstom, GE & Voith Siemens‘Absolutely no cavitation on our machines !’ Michel Couston, Expert

Principal (Alstom) before the Conference, 29 Oct 2006, Beijing

Cavitation Dinorwig turbine UK) [Li, 2001]

……

Site inspection (19Site inspection (19thth March 2006) with Chief March 2006) with Chief Engineer (CTGPC) Prof Dai JiangEngineer (CTGPC) Prof Dai Jiang

14 machines (left14 machines (left--plant ) made by 2 consortiums plant ) made by 2 consortiums

Specifications (11F):Specifications (11F):

BASIC INFORMATION BASIC INFORMATION

p ( )p ( ) Rated power 710 MWRated power 710 MW

Max efficiency, 96.26%Max efficiency, 96.26%

Rated headRated head 80.6 M80.6 M

Min head 61.0 M Min head 61.0 M

Max head 113.0 MMax head 113.0 M

Rated speed 75 rpmRated speed 75 rpm

Run away <150 rpmRun away <150 rpm

(Courtesy of Harbin Electric Works)

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Brief Information of DamagesBrief Information of Damages机组表面损伤的基本情况机组表面损伤的基本情况

ManMan’’tureture MaterialMaterial CommComm’’eded DiscoveredDiscovered OpOp’’ting ting hourshourshourshours

1111FF ALSTOM X3CrNiMo13-4(EN(EN--1088)1088)

27/07/0427/07/040404年年 77月月 2727日日

14/10/0514/10/050505年年1010月月1414日日

10245.7810245.78小时小时

1010FF 哈尔滨电机厂 S41500S41500(ASTM A240)(ASTM A240)

07/04/0407/04/040404年年44月月77日日

27/12/0527/12/050505年年1212月月2727日日

11924.5511924.55小时小时

99FF 东方电机厂 GX5CrNi13GX5CrNi13--44 11/09/0511/09/05 11/12/0511/12/05 2328.412328.4199FF 东方电机厂 GX5CrNi13GX5CrNi13 44 / // /0505年年99月月1111日日

/ // /100100天后整顿检修天后整顿检修

(05(05年年1212月月1111日日))

2328.412328.41小时小时

Operating condition: upstream 135Operating condition: upstream 135--139 m; downstream 64139 m; downstream 64--70 m70 m运行工况：运行工况：上游水位：上游水位：135135－－139139米，下游水位：米，下游水位：6464－－7070米；米；

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11F活动导叶表面损伤No damage on upper surface

11F Guide Vane Surface Damage

Prototype Performance (11F)Prototype Performance (11F)

Note: Predicted cavitation zones

Operating zone

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11F活动导叶损伤部位局部图(Wedged head: enlarged)

Shallow corroded surface with heated sign

Heat SourceHeat Source

MultiMulti--Bubble Collapse (hydrodynamic)Bubble Collapse (hydrodynamic)[S Li, Z Zuo, P Dunkley et al, 2004][S Li, Z Zuo, P Dunkley et al, 2004]

BubbleBubble--bubble interactionbubble interaction[for detail, see Li, 2001][for detail, see Li, 2001]

Exposure time:100ns; frame Exposure time:100ns; frame interval:20usinterval:20us

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Heat SourceHeat Source

Cavitation is the only possible heatCavitation is the only possible heat--source source

The experimentally proven temperature that aThe experimentally proven temperature that a The experimentally proven temperature that a The experimentally proven temperature that a collapsing single bubble could generate is collapsing single bubble could generate is about about 60006000ºº C~7000C~7000ºº CC (comparing with (comparing with black bodyblack body’’s spectra)s spectra)

MultiMulti--bubble collapses produce even higher bubble collapses produce even higher temperature (bubbletemperature (bubble--bubble interaction)bubble interaction)

See following slides for more informationSee following slides for more information……

Why Corroded?Why Corroded?

StainlessStainless character occurscharacter occursStainlessStainless character occurs character occurs if Cr>12 wt%.if Cr>12 wt%.

Then why all have Then why all have corrosion features?corrosion features?

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High Turbulence in F SHigh Turbulence in F S

Heated sign associated with the damage.

New cavitation identified from Three Gorges: finding solutions for large hydro-turbinesInnovation & Research Focus Issue 75 NOVEMBER 2008http://www.innovationandresearchfocus.org.uk/articles/html/issue_75/new_cavitation_identified_from_three_gorges.asp

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Commonly seen sponge-like cavitation damage on Europe’s l b Dlargest pump-turbine at Dinorwigpump-storage power station, which was examined by Prof Li in Dec 1987 (for details see his bookCavitation of Hydraulic Machinery)Machinery).

New cavitation identified from Three Gorges: finding solutions for large hydro-turbinesInnovation & Research Focus Issue 75 NOVEMBER 2008http://www.innovationandresearchfocus.org.uk/articles/html/issue_75/new_cavitation_identified_from_three_gorges.asp

Electricity – Energy crisis.

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US HistoryWhat goes around comes around.

In '30s, 75 percent of all nationwide electric power generation was controlled by 16 holding companies, g y g p ,which were averse to running unprofitable lines to the rural farm communities.

To break this monopoly, President Roosevelt first moved to regulate the private utilities and, in 1935, created the Rural Electrification Agency (REA).

Morris J. Cooke first head of the REA. and their backers brought electric power to the rural homestead.

11/16/2009 29Prof Stan Pejovic, PhD, P Eng

Bush administration, deregulation of public utilities has proceeded, with the advent once again of huge power broker industries.

What goes around comes around. As someone onceWhat goes around comes around. As someone once said, "If we ignore the past, we are doomed to repeat it."


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Disparity between urban and rural service was a catalyst for change.

Farmers, toiling with outmoded techniques and feeling isolated from fruits of modern industrialization, petitioned the government for assistance in obtaining electricity.

They found a sympathetic ear in Franklin D. Roosevelt, who as governor of New York in 1931 created the New York Power Authority to develop hydroelectric generating capacity,

As U.S. president two years later set out to correct inequities foisted upon the nation by the electric power holding companies.

Rural Electrification Administration used $410 million in appropriated funds to construct the infrastructure that could deliver electricity to the farms and countryside.


Conservative members of Congress did not want the government to interfere with the economy, believing that the REA and other New Deal programs would bring the nation to the doorstep of socialismof socialism.

Nevertheless, rural electrification forged ahead.


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Two of the three units in the Cardinal station at Brilliant, Ohio, are owned by Buckeye Power, which was established by the t t ' l l t i tstate's rural electric co-ops to

deliver electricity.


Canadian electricity history

1883, Parliaments Buildings in Ottawa are lighted by lamps, powered by a steam-driven plant on the Ottawa River.

1890, first electric streetcar service begins operation in Victoria.

1891, the Canadian Electrical Association is formed to represent the industry.

1893, Niagara Falls boasts the world's largest generating station, with three 5,000 hp generators.

1897, first long-distance high-tension transmission (11 kV) 27 km from St-Narcisse on Batiscan River to Trois-Rivières, Québec.

1897, Canadian National Electrical Code first published.


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1903, the world's longest transmission line (136 km), 50 kV from Shawinigan Electric Company to Montreal.

1920 h d t f th 97 t f th l t i it1920, hydro accounts for more than 97 per cent of the electricity generated in Canada.

As increasingly remote sites must now be developed, and thermal generation becomes more economically attractive, this percentage begins to fall.

1921 Ontario Hydro opens Sir Adam Beck No. 1, the world's largest power plant.

1928, the first 220kV transmission, 440 km from Paugan Falls, Québec to Toronto.

1928, first 10 MW turbo-generator, running at 3,600 rpm, at its Rossdale Plant.


Canadian electricity history1944, The Québec Hydro-Electric Commission (later Hydro-Québec) is

formed by expropriating investor-owned utilities. Today, it is one of North America's largest utilities.

1944 Edmonton's 330 MW Rossdale Generating Station with six coal1944, Edmonton s 330 MW Rossdale Generating Station, with six coal-fired steam turbine sets, Canada's largest thermal power plant. It is converted to natural gas in the 1950s.

1951, Canada's first 100 MW steam turbo-generator set goes into service at the Richard L. Hearn plant in Toronto.

1957, B.C. Electric is Canada's first utility to build a 360 kV transmission line.transmission line.

1962, Canada's first prototype nuclear power station, 25-MW,

1965, Hydro-Québec,world's first 735-kV commercial transmission line.


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1967, The first commercial nuclear plant, the 200 MW Douglas Point NGS, delivers power to Ontario’s grid

1971 1973 Th fi t f it f th Pi k i l t ti1971-1973. The first four units of the Pickering nuclear power station are completed

1971 – 1974 Churchill Falls Hydro-Electric Generating Station 11 units (475,000 kW each), the largest hydroelectric installation of its kind in the world.

1984, Nova Scotia Tidal Power Corp. North America's first tidal generating station in 1984.

In 1998 Ontario becomes the second province to introduce legislation in support of industry deregulation.


Ontario History

• Electricity’s economic impact has been i ifi t hi t i ll " t t"significant historically as "power at cost"

facilitated private sector growth; the pragmatic consensus for public ownership became unhinged in the early 1990s

• C. B. Codd, B. W. Karney, University of Toronto, An Assessment of Electricity System Reliability in an Evolving World , TEEE Canada Electrical Power and Energy Conference. October 22 - 23, 2009 Montreal, Quebec, Canada


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• The 2004 Electricity Conservation and Supply Task Force (ECSTF) concluded:Task Force (ECSTF) concluded:

• market approach alone would not produce the needed generation, and that Ontario needed a long-term planning function, a conservation champion, and a contracting function to serve as a credit-worthy counterpartyfunction to serve as a credit worthy counterparty to investors in new generation capacity

• C. B. Codd, B. W. Karney, University of Toronto, An Assessment of Electricity System Reliability in an Evolving World , TEEE Canada Electrical Power and Energy Conference. October 22 - 23, 2009 Montreal, Quebec, Canada


Privatisation and Markets Several jurisdictions have privatised utility monopolies

E.g., Ontario, Alberta, England, numerous U.S. States

Purpose was to encourage private investment and Purpose was to encourage private investment and improve investment efficiency

However, there is less control over the electricity system and there have been instances of market manipulation E.g., California and Enron

Key Considerations: Are there mechanisms to improve the operation of the market?

Should there be publicly held resources to create price stability?

40

C. B. Codd, B. W. Karney, University of Toronto, An Assessment of Electricity System Reliability in an Evolving World , TEEE Canada Electrical Power and Energy Conference. October 22 ‐ 23, 2009 Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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February 18, 2009 Price Spike At 9:59 am on February 18, 2009, a breaker outage y , , g

forced a major 500 kV line out of service

This caused 1,350 MW at Bruce Nuclear Generation Station to be forced offline This was about 7% of Ontario’s load at the time

Operators re-dispatched the system to replace constrained generationconstrained generation

System security was maintained, but were prices stable?

41


February 18, 2009 Price Spike (2)1500

2000

MW

h)

500

1000

En

erg

y P

ric

e ($

/

0

9:0

0

9:3

0

10

:00

10

:30

11:0

0

11:3

0

12

:00

12

:30

13

:00

13

:30

Time of Day

Feb-18 Feb-19 42

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Providing Price Stability Ontario’s energy market on February 18, 2009 between gy y ,

9:00 and 13:00 was valued at over $66 million The same period on February 19, 2009 was under $3 million

Pumped-storage generation could be used to provide replacement power to mitigate market response This could have greatly reduced the cost to consumers

N h i il bl i O t i t ll f th No mechanisms are available in Ontario to allow for the operation of pumped-storage generation in this way

43


Black Start Power Black start power was an issue after the 2003 blackout p

that affected 55 million people in Ontario and eight states

There were difficulties re-energizing the electricity system to restart and synchronize large generators

Black start power was provided from hydroelectric units

Pumped-storage could be used to provide black start d th ill ipower and other ancillary services

44

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Conclusion Shifts in the electricity industry have created new y y

considerations for reliability and price stability

The versatility of pumped-storage generation provides unique opportunities to benefit electricity consumers

Further study of pumped-storage generation’s value in providing these services to consumers is needed

45Sir Adam Beck Pumped Generation Station Reservoir (Source: OPG)

Ontario Taps TransCanada To Build $1.2 Billion Power Plant

900-megawatt Oakville Generating Station

The natural gas fired combined cycle facility is expected to begin producing power by the end of 2013.

46


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Smart Grids Better with Integrated Energy System

Pejovic Stanislav, Karney Bryan, Maricic Tihomir

My name

Stan Pejovic

e‐mail [email protected]

Comprehensive and Integrated Energy System through Electricity

• Smart generators

• Smart grid

• Smart generation

S• Smart users

• Smart maintenance

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• Achievement of, and threat to, modern society is abandon withwhich energy is used for vehicles, electricity, and spaceheating/cooling.

• The very scale of these activities is changing the atmosphere,landscape and even the way we think.

• Electrical system is key: in the context of transportation andheating/cooling demands, can facilitate a move to cleaner andgreener sources.

• Benefits of energy optimization, efficiency and storage becomeeven more crucial.

When all units generate at the best efficiency costs are ~minimum – ~lowest price $/kWhDifference between power at high efficiency and design (rated) power is the cheapest spinning g ( ) p p p greserve.

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50 H

300

MW

Frequency

Dinorwig and Ffestiniog pumped storage plants - UKResponse 22-05-02 17:42

Jump 170 MWTwo units600 MW

50 Hz

S i i l d

q y

90 MW

Jump 40 MW

51

49,50Spinning no load

17.0 time (hour) 17.3

In 1.1 min 900 MWjump 5 units

210 MW jump in few seconds; 920 MW in ~1 minutehttp://www.hydropower.org/psd/articles/sustainable_energy.html

Unit Exposure Rate and ExposureRate Measured On-Line

agingoftime

timerealteExposurera

0

1

2

3

4

0 50 100 150 200

Exp

osu

re R

ate

(-)

This difference is proportionalto the real measured vibrations

52

Power (MW)

,...) , ,,,

,,,,,,,,,,,,(

sticscharacteriFluidcontentAironCondensatiCorosionerosion

FatigueStressQualityTypennHQFATEE sRR

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Characteristic Production Costs

When units operate with lowest costs, contributed spinning reserve is the difference between possible overload and current point of operation:

53

Spinning reserves of all running generators form total system reserve

Transfer of knowledge and experience

?• Proper design, construction, selection, and application of electric (thermal, nuclear, hydro, etc) and other plants are economically significant but must be safe and reliable.

• Continuity of centuries accrued skill died even inside the bests companies

54Stan Pejovic

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Electrification is Underway!15 lead‐acid batteries, PFC charger, and regulatorsinstalled into WhiteBird, a PHEV‐10 conversion of a

Toyota Prius

Plug‐in Hybrid Vehicles

Move to electric Vehicles?

Potentially large gains in efficiency!

But grid implications!

Complex Implications: Replacement of old refrigerators in Canada:The percentage change of GHG emissions is least for Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) where it represents an increase of 2% of residential GHG emissions in 2002 and greatest for British Columbia (BC) where it represents an increase of 5% of

residential GHG emissions

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• Proper design construction selection and• Proper design, construction, selection, and application of electric (thermal, nuclear, hydro, etc) and other plants are economically significant but must be safe and reliable.

• Transfer of experience and knowledge failed.


57Stan Pejovic

Montreal: IEEE Electrical Power Conference 2007Hydro Power Technology

Secessions’ Chair: S. Pejovic, University of Toronto

• More than 50% hydroelectric plants have trouble in operation.

• Continuity of knowledge and experience has been lost.

• Organizedmultidisciplinary transfer of experience is aOrganizedmultidisciplinary transfer of experience is a priority task.

• Taking short cuts can lead – and indeed has often led – to large‐scale problems.

http://www.ieee.ca/epc07/IEEE EPC2007 Panel Session HydroPowerTechnology.pdf

Stan Pejovic 58

p // / p / _ _ _ _ y gy phttp://myelab.net/~cane/Cane_in_Canada/Folders/IEEE/IEEE%202007%20Report%20SP%20UofT.doc.

Nuclear plants have up to 25+ hydraulic systems Safety paramount

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??? “Smart electricity!!!” ???

K l d kill d iKnowledge, skill and experience.

Published standards, guidelines,

our books incomplete!Smart policyp y

University of TorontoEnergy Option: 3S

3S SemesterC l i iECE Electric Drives

CIV Design of Hydro and Wind Electric Plants

AER Linear Systems and Control

ECE Energy Systems and Distributed Generation

HSS Energy Policy

ESC Engineering Science Option Seminar

Division of Engineering Science……Engineers for the World

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On‐Line Management, Control and Optimization of Electricityand Optimization of Electricity

Generation

S. Pejovicje‐mail: [email protected]

OPTIMISATION

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When all units generate at the best efficiency costs are ~minimum – ~lowest price $/kWh

Difference between power at high efficiency and design (rated) power is the cheapest (free)power is the cheapest (free) spinning reserve.

Existing resources ▐ include Required Capacity ▬▬

which must be above consumption ▬▬ +spinning reserve ▬▬ and plus stand by reserve ▬▬

Basic data from Shane Pospisil, Sep. 28, 2004

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Characteristic Production Costs

When units operate with lowest costs, contributed spinning reserve is the difference between possible overload and current point of operation:

Spinning reserves of all running generators form total system reserve

Turbine VibrationOn-Line measured operating point and

Vibration characteristic (on 22 March 1995)

200

250

300

e (

m)

Severe VibrationsStrong Vibrations

Normal Vibrations

120

7030

0

50

100

150

0 50 100 150 200Power (MW)

Am

pli

tud

e

When bearing vibrations are close to prescribed limits (120 mμ), operation is acceptable, but only under close monitoring and supervision; if this limit is exceeded, accidents should be expected

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Unit Exposure Rate and ExposureRate Measured On-Line

timereal

agingoftimeteExposurera

0

1

2

3

4

0 50 100 150 200

Exp

osu

re R

ate

(-)

This difference is proportionalto the real measured vibrations

Power (MW)

,...) , ,,,

,,,,,,,,,,,,(

sticscharacteriFluidcontentAironCondensatiCorosionerosion

FatigueStressQualityTypennHQFATEE sRR

Profit, Water Losses and Profit On-LineUS$/h

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000Profit

Water Loses

Profit lossesWater orFuel losses

-2000

-1000

0

0 50 100 150 200Power (MW)

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When all units generate at the best efficiency (or the lowest costs) total costs are not minimum.!

Each generator has its lowest price.

The lowest costs of the whole system means that some generators y gwill operate only few hundred hours per year and

some will not operate at all, but system must have them as ahave them as a reserve

50 H

300

MW

Frequency

Dinorwig and Ffestiniog pumped storage plants - UKResponse 22-05-02 17:42

Jump 170 MWTwo units600 MW

50 Hz

S i i l d

q y

90 MW

Jump 40 MW

49,50Spinning no load

17.0 time (hour) 17.3

In 1.1 min 900 MWjump 5 units

210 MW jump in few seconds; 920 MW in few minuteshttp://www.hydropower.org/psd/articles/sustainable_energy.html

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Requirements for New Graduatesend

Experts

• New graduates, particularly Masters or PhD • Should have 10 to 15 years of design experience• Should have 10 to 15 years site experience • Able to select and read journals and textbooks. • When few experts, learning time should be increased

– Number of accidents and errors must be reduced

– Education costs millions, accidents cost billions … and can endanger livesendanger lives

Do we have transfer of knowledge and experience?

• Planned multidisciplinary transfer of know‐hhow

• Assignment facing the electricity sector and universities in Ontario and Canada

• Pivotal decisions should have already been mademade.

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Ontario and Canadian (US) universities are not t hi t d tteaching students

– to design

– to maintain

– to operate

electric plants and auxiliary systems of bigelectric plants and auxiliary systems of big power plants

Up‐to‐date Spinning Reserve

• Storage and pumped storage hydro plants are t d i l d li bl l titoday economical and reliable solutions; lowest costs.

• Generators running hydrogen production will eventually be solution for clean fuel storageeventually be solution for clean fuel storage

and spinning reserve.

(But when?)

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Need for Reserve

• As Banks must carry a credit reserves to avoid financial instability and runs…

• So power production must carry an operational reserve.

– This cannot be paid for in the same way as power consumed!power consumed!

– If not put in place, the system will fail again and again….

Immediate Priorities

• Peak generators• Peak generators• Speed no load generators• Stand by generators• Renewable energy production• Transmission lines• Energy conservationgy• Production optimization

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We must pay for car insurance but

Neither car owners nor insurance companies want accidents or claims

Ontario must be insured with running and spinning no‐load reserve

ororwe will all have to pay billions for blackouts

Without explicit consideration of

production and spinning reserves

stability in the generation system cannot bestability in the generation system cannot be achieved.

Instability create huge economic and social consequences.

BLACKOUT becomes inevitable

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Smart System

Market Maintenance

Production Library

On‐Line Management and Control

Pumped Storage

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Definition: Pumped Storage

A system of generating A system of generating electricity with hydroelectricelectricity with hydroelectricelectricity with hydroelectric electricity with hydroelectric powerpower

in which the electricity is in which the electricity is generated during hours of generated during hours of peak consumptionpeak consumption

by using water that has by using water that has been pumped into an been pumped into an elevated reservoir during elevated reservoir during the hours of low the hours of low consumptionconsumptionconsumption.consumption.

A typical pumped storage A typical pumped storage plant is shown in Fig1.plant is shown in Fig1.

Fig 1 Typical Pumped Storage Plant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped‐storage_hydroelectricity

Ontario and Canada have many suitable locations

Rivers, lakes, seas‐shores and a hill nearby

Lake on the top of a hill and tens of m of shore

82http://seawaterpower.com/mp‐sps.html http://web.archive.org/web/20030430003158/www.jcold.or.jp/Eng/Seawater/Outline.htm

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GenerationConsumption

a Hydro run-of-river generatorsb Thermal and nuclear plants

P(MW)

b Thermal and nuclear plantsc Peakers: Storage plants &

pumped-storage plantsd Pumping / storage

1 Run-of-river plants (a&b)2 Peakers (c)

0 12 24 h

2 Peakers (c)

Spinning reserve

Hydrogen production must be equal to the spinning reserveq p g

When the biggest generator system fail production of hydrogen is automatically reduced

blackout prevented.

Future 10 – 20 years?

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Storage, Pumped‐Storage, Windmills, Solar Nuclear CoalSolar, Nuclear, Coal

Stan Pejovic

Few slides from my lecture notes University of Toronto

EDV301H1 S Design of Hydro and Wind Electric Plants Winter 2009 for the first time in North America

85S. Pejovic

Aquabank Who: John DouglasRiverbank Power Co. everywhere

r h r

86S. Pejovic

everywhere

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AquabankWho: John DouglasRiverbank Power Co.

1. Wiscasset undergo an energy renaissance ‐Maine Yankee

2. Sparta Energy Center New Jersey’s ‐ Limecrest Quarry

3. Massena ‐ St. Lawrence‐FDR Power Project

4. Niagara Rockland

5. Queens County

87S. Pejovic

everywhere

Riverbank’s Aquabank™ is an underground alternative power generation facility that produces electricity from turbines located underground near a suitable water source with a combined installed capacity of 1,000 MW.

88S. Pejovic

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Riverbank’s Aquabank

• Approximate data: First commissioning 2014Approximate data:

• Head 2000 ft = 610 m

• 600 m

• Power 4x250 MW

• 4 units

First commissioning 2014Construction period 4 years

• $2 billion

• 2000 $/kW

• Q = 215 m3/s

89S. Pejovic

Similarities and DifferencesStorage - Pumped-Storage

• Conventional hydropower plants also store and release energy as needed

• Quite common for hydro power plants to be

M

• Quite common for hydro-power plants to be used primarily for peak demands

• Excellent for this purpose:– Capable of being started and stopped quickly, easily

and at little cost. • But they also require considerable water flow

and water storage

90

and water storage – Large upper reservoir and sustained yields from

catchment

S. Pejovic

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46

By Contrast, Pumped Storage• Can effectively absorb power from the grid

– absorbing surplus output at night• This is crucial for many generating mixes:This is crucial for many generating mixes:

– Nuclear plants can only change load slowly – Maintenance costs of some power stations

increase sharply if they are forced to reduce load at night

– All other generators can be operated closer

91

g pto their optimum efficiency

• Thus, pumped storage leads to reduced emissions and improved overall system performance.

S. PejovicH

ALSTOM main references

S. Pejovic 92

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S. Pejovic 93

Single Stage Pump-Turbine heads:zero up to 782 m

Progress in Pumping Head of Pomp-Turbines

My design

M

94S. Pejovic

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48

Pumped Storage Plant Bajina Basta

2 Pump

Turbine

My First Experience

4x90 MW 4x150 m3/s

Turbine

Motor

Generator

units

Each

300 MW

My project600 MW

Feasibility study.to.

95

.Trial operation

95S. Pejovic

Pumped Storage Plant Bajina Basta

2 Pump-Turbine Motor-Generator units Each 300 MW

M

96S. Pejovic

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COMPERISON

2 UNITS GENERATING (2x298 MW), ONE LOAD REJECTING M

400MW

97

300MW

200MW

S. Pejovic

Leningrad 1976: Published for the first time

UNSTABLE OPERATION OF HIGH‐HEAD REVERSIBLE PUMP‐TURBINES

Pejovic S, Krsmanovic Lj., Jemcov R.,

M

Crnkovic P.

98S. Pejovic

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1995ACCIDENT

Running in

“S”Unstable Zone

S. Pejovic 99

Martin C,S., Post Accident Report, Frequency, Resonance, and Hydraulic Transient Analysis, Bhira Pumped Storage Installation, The Tata Power Company Limited, 1996.

S. Pejovic 100

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Turbine unit data

Power 300.0 MWGD2 4100 t∙m2Rated speed nr 500.0 r/minRunner diameter D1 4.080 m

D2 2.045 m Rated head Hr 526 0 mRated head Hr 526.0 mRated flow Qr 67.7m 3/sRated Turbine output Pr 306.0 MWMax. output Pmax 337.0 MWUnit installation EL 225.0 m

101S. Pejovichttp://www.power‐technology.com/projects/tianhuangping/

Very low specific speed

H

• Nq 37

• Runner is jumping up at full load.℃)

102

at full load.

2001Why?

)

S. Pejovic

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52

• Construction began in 1994 and the plant came online in 2001

• Estimated cost of $1.08 billion.

• The first generator began operation in October 1998,

• The remaining five 306MW units came online in stages during 1999 and 2000.

P t ti d 316 illi MWh f l t i it

US$600 per kWL

• Power station produces 316 million MWh of electricity a year

• http://www.power‐technology.com/projects/tianhuangping/

103S. Pejovic

Ontario and Canada have many suitable locations

Rivers, lakes, seas-shores and a hill nearbyy

Lake on the top of a hill and tens of m of shore

H

http://seawaterpower.com/shephydro.html

104

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AdvantagesTop hill reservoir and underground pumped storage

Efficient use of land

More freedom in site selection(more relaxed topographical requirements)

Plants may sometimes be close to the demands thus reducing power transmission costs

Reduced environment impact and preserving natural landscape

105

10S. PejovicH

Pumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days. y

Their efficiency is in the 70% to 85% range.

There is over 100 GW of pumped storage in operation world wide which is about 3 % of

106

operation world wide, which is about 3 % of global generation capacity.

S. PejovicH

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Peak hours bothPeak hours both units generate and

pollute

107S. PejovicH

Nuclear and Thermal plants cannot stop

108S. PejovicH

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Low consumptionpumping

One pump storage and and one thermal or nuclear

109S. PejovicH

Peak hours both units generate 50% pollution

110S. PejovicH

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111S. Pejovic

Hydro Electric

• Significant untapped potential in Ontario

• Clean and renewable energy

• Low price per kWh

• Drought can endanger reliable supply ofelectricity

112S. Pejovic

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pumped storage:• It works as reserve to cope with any unexpected

demand or generation-loss fluctuationdemand or generation loss fluctuation • It responds automatically to rises and falls in

supply frequency with no intervention by the grid system operator.

• It contributes to maintain quality of electric powersuch as its frequency and voltage,

113

such as its frequency and voltage,• It improves reliability of system.

S. PejovicH

Renewables

• Solar Biomass Wind

L

• Utilising solar or wind in a grid requires duplication of generating capacity due to their intermittent nature OR storage!

• All require significant embedded energy investments to construct

114

investments to construct.

Impact on the overall power generation requirements for Ontario is likely small, but magnified with storage.

S. Pejovic

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Wind generatorsL

115S. Pejovic

No windsNo sunshineWho deliver?

HYDRO

Storage plants62 – 70%

116

Help

S. PejovicH

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Wind30 – 38%

No windsNo sunshineWho deliver?

HYDRO

Solar generators 30 – 38%UTLines

Storage plants

30 38%

62 – 70%

Surpluses

117

Help

S. PejovicH

Germany & Denmark

• Essentially what happens with Denmark: wind capacity is complemented by linkwind capacity is complemented by link and storage in Norway and Sweden.

118S. PejovicH

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From OCAA “Energy Facts”

119S. PejovicH

Low price per kWh

120S. PejovicH

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Reversible Pump-Turbine Storage Power Plants

• Solution to Peak Power Generation• Solution for “spinning no load” reserve• Solution for stand-by reserve• Clean and renewable energy• Low price per kWh

D ht d t d l t i l l

121

• Droughts do not endanger electrical supply• But, lack of Canadian know-how?

S. PejovicH

US Energy Secretary Steven Chuon

Pumped Storage’s Essential RolePumped Storage s Essential Role in the

Development of Renewable Energy

• February 18, 2009

122S. Pejovic

Repetition

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62

• “The good news is that there is a potential for pumped storage;

• namely, when you can install capacity, you can use that energy to pump water up to the hydroelectric dams.

• And when you need it and the wind isn't blowing, you can lay it back down into a holding volume, a holding pond or something down below.”

• “… this is a perfect system for trying to ‐‐ going to a much higher renewable system.”

US Energy Secretary Steven Chu

123S. Pejovic

Repetition

S. Pejovic 124

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Essential Role of Technical Review in Hydro‐Designs

Maricic Tihomir, Karney Bryan, Pejovic Stanislav

Presenterese te

Tim Maricic

e‐mail: [email protected]

125

Essential Role of Technical Review in Hydro‐Designs

Maricic Tihomir, Karney Bryan, Pejovic Stanislav

• Proper design, construction, selection, and application of ope des g , co st uct o , se ect o , a d app cat o oelectric (thermal, nuclear, hydro, etc) and other plants are economically significant but must be safe and reliable.

• Transfer of experience and knowledge failed.


lResults:Cases:

126

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Montreal: IEEE Electrical Power Conference 2007Hydro Power Technology

Secessions’ Chair: S. Pejovic, University of Toronto

• More than 50% hydroelectric plants have trouble in operation.

• Continuity of knowledge and experience has been lost.

• Organizedmultidisciplinary transfer of experience is aOrganizedmultidisciplinary transfer of experience is a priority task.

• Taking short cuts can lead – and indeed has often led – to large‐scale problems.

http://www.ieee.ca/epc07/IEEE EPC2007 Panel Session HydroPowerTechnology.pdf

127

p // / p / _ _ _ _ y gy phttp://myelab.net/~cane/Cane_in_Canada/Folders/IEEE/IEEE%202007%20Report%20SP%20UofT.doc.

Nuclear plants have up to 25 hydraulic systems Safety paramount

Sir Adam Back 2 (Satellite photo)

128

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Grand Coulee hydroelectric Plant

129

Grand Coulee hydroelectric Plant

130

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Pumped Storage Plant Bajina Basta, 600 MW, “S” instability and reverse waterhammer. Protected, maintenance extremely important!

Examples / experiences

Masjed-e-Soleyman , 2000 MW, cavitation, water column separation. Incomplete protection, maintenance extremely important.y p

Iron Gate 2 (Djerdap 2), 16 x 28 MW, High vibrations; shaft cracks, … Jenpeg has identical units.

Pumped Storage Plant Richard B. Russell, 4 x 75 MW. Cavitation, vibration, thrust bearing accidents, …

Many other cases of dilemmas, troubles, problems, …:

http://www.ieee.ca/epc07/IEEE_EPC2007_Panel_Session_HydroPowerTechnology.pdfhttp://myelab.net/~cane/Cane_in_Canada/Folders/IEEE/IEEE%202007%20Report%20SP%20UofT.dochttp://myelab.net/~cane/IEEE%202007%20Smaller%20Hydro%20Higher%20Risk.pdf.

Hydraulic systems of thermal plats: “Nikola Tesla” 2800 MW; “Pillaiperum” 330 MW, … Drinking water systems: “Belgrade,” and many others. Vacuum and water column separation.

131

HYDRO DEVELOPMENT TO MINIMIZE DILEMMA, GET BESTDESIGN, TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE AND SKILL

SEQUENCE: • Feasibility study,• General design,• Detailed design (after bidding)• Detailed design (after bidding),• Commissioning and running-in process,• Trouble-shooting investigations, and• Reconstruction, redesign, adjustment or enlargement.• Review at each stage.• Construction and inspection is an extra (obvious) stage.p ( ) g

132

Best way to educate experts and young engineersReviews by official reviewers

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Knowledge, skill and experience are hidden by companies and individuals

In North America Universities do not teach design of electric plants. University of Toronto was the first starting with a program in 2009

Most of the schools in other countries do not teach as well

Published standards, guidelines, or books are incomplete

133

IEEE EPEC IEEE EPEC 20092009

Niagara P mp Generating StationNiagara P mp Generating StationNiagara Pump Generating StationNiagara Pump Generating Station

Proven Functionality Proven Functionality

Unique in CanadaUnique in Canada

Maricic Tihomir, Haber Don, Pejovic Stanislav

PresenterPresenter

Tim Tim MaricicMaricic

ee--mail: [email protected]: [email protected]

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Niagara Pump G. S.Niagara Pump G. S.

Niagara River OverviewNiagara River Overview


Boundary waters between Canada and the USA are dealt with by Boundary waters between Canada and the USA are dealt with by treaties between the two countriestreaties between the two countries

The Niagara River is covered by the 1950 Niagara TreatyThe Niagara River is covered by the 1950 Niagara Treaty

This treaty specifies that the first call on water coming down the river is This treaty specifies that the first call on water coming down the river is to be used for domestic purposes and navigation.to be used for domestic purposes and navigation.

The next portion of water is to be maintained over the falls for scenic The next portion of water is to be maintained over the falls for scenic beautybeauty

After those obligations are met, the remaining waters are allocated After those obligations are met, the remaining waters are allocated equally between the two countries for power generationequally between the two countries for power generationequally between the two countries for power generationequally between the two countries for power generation

Except that Canada is entitled to 5,000 cfs more due to Ogoki Except that Canada is entitled to 5,000 cfs more due to Ogoki DiversionDiversion–– During the 1940’s Canada rerouted 5,000 cfs from Hudson’s Bay During the 1940’s Canada rerouted 5,000 cfs from Hudson’s Bay

watershed to Great Lakes watershed, which is fully credited to Canadawatershed to Great Lakes watershed, which is fully credited to Canada

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The Pump Generating Station provides power through The Pump Generating Station provides power through three distinct mechanismsthree distinct mechanismsthree distinct mechanismsthree distinct mechanisms

–– Direct generation through the machines (up to 174 MW)Direct generation through the machines (up to 174 MW)

–– Additional head at SAB 1 and SAB 2 (approx. 2.4 m)Additional head at SAB 1 and SAB 2 (approx. 2.4 m)

–– Additional water available for use at SAB 1 and SAB 2 Additional water available for use at SAB 1 and SAB 2 (up to 33,000 cfs)(up to 33,000 cfs)

However these are typically not all available at the same However these are typically not all available at the same timetime

Also, full generation from PGS will raise “crossover” and Also, full generation from PGS will raise “crossover” and prevent full diversion of water allotment from Niagara Riverprevent full diversion of water allotment from Niagara River


Sir Adam Beck Site Simplified ModelSir Adam Beck Site Simplified Model

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Deriaz RunnerDeriaz Runner

AdvantagesAdvantages–– High EfficienciesHigh Efficiencies

–– Direct on line startingDirect on line starting

–– Eliminates need for complex pole switching techniques Eliminates need for complex pole switching techniques


DisadvantagesDisadvantages–– Very complex internal Very complex internal

mechanismmechanism–– Oil filled hub (thousands of litres) Oil filled hub (thousands of litres)

in water passage in water passage

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Niagara Pump G. S.Niagara Pump G. S. Fixed blade reversible machines typically require a higher speed Fixed blade reversible machines typically require a higher speed

for pumping than generating to provide optimum efficiencyfor pumping than generating to provide optimum efficiency

This is normally accomplished using a complex pole switchingThis is normally accomplished using a complex pole switchingThis is normally accomplished using a complex pole switching This is normally accomplished using a complex pole switching techniquetechnique

Deriaz machines enable turbine blade angle and guide vane flap Deriaz machines enable turbine blade angle and guide vane flap optimization for various heads providing higher overall optimization for various heads providing higher overall efficienciesefficiencies


Supply & Demand in OntarioSupply & Demand in Ontario Ontario’s electricity supply mix is now predominantly nuclearOntario’s electricity supply mix is now predominantly nuclear Ontario s electricity supply mix is now predominantly nuclear, Ontario s electricity supply mix is now predominantly nuclear,

hydroelectric and fossil (mostly coal)hydroelectric and fossil (mostly coal)–– 45% Nuclear, 34% Hydro, 21% fossil in 200845% Nuclear, 34% Hydro, 21% fossil in 2008

Also a growing nonAlso a growing non--dispatchable renewable component (primarily dispatchable renewable component (primarily wind)wind)

Currently over 1,000 installed MW of wind generation and increasing Currently over 1,000 installed MW of wind generation and increasing quicklyquickly

Al li it dAl li it d b t ib t i h t lt i l tih t lt i l ti Also limited Also limited -- but growing but growing -- photo voltaic solar generationphoto voltaic solar generation

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Wind and solar generation swings widely and must be Wind and solar generation swings widely and must be accommodated when available (nonaccommodated when available (non--dispatchable)dispatchable)accommodated when available (nonaccommodated when available (non dispatchable)dispatchable)

Nuclear units are not amenable to wide or rapid load Nuclear units are not amenable to wide or rapid load changeschanges

Coal units are better but still limitedCoal units are better but still limited Hydroelectric units can respond in secondsHydroelectric units can respond in seconds This makes hydro an ideal technology to enable renewable This makes hydro an ideal technology to enable renewable

energy sources to feed into the electricity grid with minimalenergy sources to feed into the electricity grid with minimalenergy sources to feed into the electricity grid with minimal energy sources to feed into the electricity grid with minimal impact on stabilityimpact on stability

HoweverHowever


When hydro electric units shut down, water in the river When hydro electric units shut down, water in the river does not stop flowingdoes not stop flowingdoes not stop flowingdoes not stop flowing

Sometimes adequate capacity is in place behind the dams Sometimes adequate capacity is in place behind the dams to store this waterto store this water

Otherwise the water would have to be “spilled” Otherwise the water would have to be “spilled” -- released released down the river without generating electricitydown the river without generating electricity

One of the solutions to this issue is pump/generating One of the solutions to this issue is pump/generating technologytechnology

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73


Pump Generating stations provide the ability to (almost) Pump Generating stations provide the ability to (almost) instantaneously add load to the system, often in 100 MWinstantaneously add load to the system, often in 100 MWinstantaneously add load to the system, often in 100 MW instantaneously add load to the system, often in 100 MW blocks.blocks.

This permits wide swings in wind generation to feed into This permits wide swings in wind generation to feed into the grid the grid

This also results in storage of water (fuel) for later useThis also results in storage of water (fuel) for later use It also enable equally large generation to be injected to the It also enable equally large generation to be injected to the

grid when the renewable generation suddenly dropsgrid when the renewable generation suddenly drops Finally pump/generating stations enable the storage of fuel Finally pump/generating stations enable the storage of fuel

using low cost power (generally nights and weekends) and using low cost power (generally nights and weekends) and generate at higher cost times minimizing the cost to power generate at higher cost times minimizing the cost to power consumers consumers

Pump Generating G. S.Pump Generating G. S.Without them this paper would not exist.Without them this paper would not exist.

Many thanks to:Many thanks to:

IEEE Conference 2009IEEE Conference 2009IEEE Conference 2009IEEE Conference 2009 OPG, Asset Management Dept. Niagara Plant Group, OPG, Asset Management Dept. Niagara Plant Group, University of Toronto, Department of Civil University of Toronto, Department of Civil

Engineering, Engineering, Don Haber and Brian Karney who believed, Don Haber and Brian Karney who believed,

supported and encouraged the work on this project,supported and encouraged the work on this project, Stanislav Pejovic a man with a strong will and vision,Stanislav Pejovic a man with a strong will and vision,Stanislav Pejovic a man with a strong will and vision,Stanislav Pejovic a man with a strong will and vision, My wife Dusica and sons Nenad and Dragan who My wife Dusica and sons Nenad and Dragan who

were always patiently waiting for me to come home.were always patiently waiting for me to come home.

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ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

Devices can be characterised by the followingDevices can be characterised by the following parameters:

• Overall energy content.• Maximum energy flow during charge and discharge.• Efficiency at high/low cycling rates.• Energy density per mass• Energy density per mass.• Average life time.• Cost.

STORAGE• Very Short Term Solutions: (Power Quality

reinforcing)• ¨ Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems• ¨ Flywheels Energy Storage Systems • ¨ Battery• Battery • ¨ Hydraulic Accumulator System • ¨ Mini Compress Air Energy Storage • ¨ Super capacitor

• Short Term Solutions: (Smoothing of wind power variations due to wind speed turbulence)p )

• ¨ Flywheels Energy Storage System • ¨ Batteries• ¨ Hydraulic Accumulator System • ¨ Mini Compress Air Energy Storage

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• Medium Term Solutions: (Local wind fluctuations, Load levelling)

• ¨ Batteries• ¨ Flow Fuel Cell• ¨ Hydrogen (Electrolysis + Fuel Cells)

¨ Compressed Air Energy Storage• Compressed Air Energy Storage• ¨ Minihydro

• Long Term Solutions: (High capacity credit, daily or seasonal wind power variations)

• ¨ Batteries• ¨ Hydrogen • ¨ Compressed Air • ¨ Pumped Hydro

Electrolysis of waterBy providing energy from electricity grid (battery), water (H2O) can be dissociated into the diatomic molecules of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).

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Thermodynamics bottleneckSecond Law says that no heat engine can use all heat to generate work

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw2.html#c1

Energy Storage and Transformation

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Prof. Stan Pejovic, Ph.D., P.Eng..E-mails: [email protected]

stan pejovic@utoronto ca

PEO Mississauga Chapter28 October 2009

[email protected]@ryerson.ca

Websites: http://individual.utoronto.ca/StanPejovichttp://myelab.net/~cane/

Biography: Experience: Two Centuries

154

Tim Maricic, P.Eng, Senior Plant Eng.Asset Management Dept. Niagara Plant Group, OPG

|E-mail: [email protected]

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AppendixConclusions and Recommendations

Panel Session: Hydro Power and Storage TechnologyPanel Session: Hydro Power and Storage Technology

IEEE Canada Electric Power and Energy Conference (EPEC) 2009

October 22 - 23, 2009. Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Introduction

These Conclusions and Recommendations are based on previously published articles, papers presented at this Conference and Electrical Power Conference (EPC) 2007, and the EPC 2007 HydroPanel Session Chair's Report, available aty p ,

http://www.ieee.ca/epc07/IEEE_EPC2007_Panel_Session_HydroPowerTechnology.pdf

Please send your comments on this text and suggestions to Stan Pejovic, Panel Session Chair (E-mail: [email protected]).

Conclusions

30-Year Gap

An increase in worldwide electricity demand requires additional production and supply of many different energy sources. In all parts of the World, especially in regions where the terrain is adequate, particular emphasis has been placed on current and future use of hydropower due to its

Appendix

q , p p p y pconsistent ‘green’ source of energy.

There is currently resurgence in the construction of hydro power facilities in Ontario, Canada and worldwide. This construction activity is straining the resources of hydro consultants, to the extent that many are understaffed and their engineers are overworked. Furthermore, there is a paucity of senior hydro engineers due to the lack of hydro activity in the last thirty years, when few hydro plants were built. During this period, many hydro engineers either retired or sought employment in other fields. Consequently, a risk of design and construction mistakes made due to a lack of knowledge at utilities and among consultants increased significantly.

Renewables and Storage

Hydro storages and pumped-storages are of paramount importance as the most reliable and cheapest storages of clean renewable energy – wind and solar. However, such energy sources require a large investment of capital and knowledge of hydropower technology but still are sources of cheapest electricity. Design, construction and operation of hydroelectric projects requires tens of thousands of details to be accurate, well conceived and executed, and carefully coordinated for a project to achieve safe and economical operation that can be judged a social, technological, and environmental success.

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Loss of Experience

But with current wardens of hydropower projects having over 50 years of knowledge approaching their retirement age, there are concerns that knowledge exchange to the new hydropower generation appears to be on the verge of collapsing. At the same time, there are inexperienced manufacturers, engineers and “experts” that are attempting to design and operate hydroelectric projects and taking short cuts in the design process. These design errors often result in large-scale problems that can endanger the project’s long-term feasibility. But while the experienced

Appendix

p g p j g y pwardens of the hydropower technology are appointed as consultants to troubleshoot problematic hydroelectric projects, owners and manufacturers are reluctant to publish the design faults and corresponding retrofits in fear of the negative publicity. As a result, hydropower technology knowledge is ultimately retained by these wardens and lessons learned from past experience are not transferred to the new generation of hydroelectric engineers and experts. So unless specific action is taken to preserve and improve knowledge transfer pertaining to design, construction and operation of hydroelectric projects, the current and future state of Canadian and worldwide hydroelectric projects will be in jeopardy. Survey discussed in 2007 at IEEE Panel and Oral sections has come to the conclusion that more than 50% of hydro plants have troubles in operation.

Design and Reviews

Over the past decade, there have been several instances where the performance of new hydro developments has been compromised by unsatisfactory operation of some components associated with the hydraulic design of the facilities. Very few articles outline the types of deficiencies encountered, and suggest some remedies.

At each stage, all project documentation should be reviewed by independent reviewers selected and nominated by official authorities. Reducing the amount of analysis, without justification, or worse yet, neglecting the design procedures puts the project at risk.

Storage & Pumped Storage in Conjunction with Nuclear, Coal, Wind, and Solar Energy

Storage and reversible pumped-turbine storage electric plants are a better solution than any other system to meet peak energy demand: they respond faster and are the only ones producing or taking advantage of clean energy. Furthermore, they typically have a long service life (sometimes up to a hundred years or more) and they are very efficient.

In Ontario and some countries which do not have plants with large reservoirs reversible pump

Appendix

In Ontario and some countries which do not have plants with large reservoirs, reversible pump-turbine storage electric plants reduce production costs for the system. Apart from one small low-head installation at Niagara Falls built in 1957, the Province of Ontario does not have reversible plants that could accumulate low-cost energy (deriving from wind and solar sources or when thermal plants operate below the technical minimum) by pumping water into storage reservoirs when there is a surplus of generating capacity and then releasing it when needed back through the pump-turbine assembly, which would operate in turbine mode.

Two thermal power plants (nuclear and/or fossil fueled) could be exchanged with one thermal and one pump storage facility which transfers the (nightly) energy surplus delivered by the thermal plant into its water storage reservoir. When consumers need more (daytime) peak energy, both the thermal and pump-storage plants would furnish the required electricity. Therefore, the p p g p q yinconvenience of nuclear plant downtime could be reduced substantially.

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Main Conclusions

1 M h 0% h d l i l h bl i i

Appendix

1. More than 50% hydroelectric plants have trouble in operation.

2. Continuity of knowledge and experience is being lost.

3. The use of review boards on large hydro projects is now a (common) practice for some projects in some countries.

4. Review boards are rarely used on smaller hydro projects, primarily due to cost.

5. Action should be undertaken all projects, including short-altering, correctly to be designed and reviewed.

6. Taking short cuts can lead – and indeed has often led – to large scale problems

7 Hydro reservoir storages and pumped storages provide the lowest cost of storing7. Hydro reservoir storages and pumped-storages provide the lowest cost of storing clean renewable energy – wind and solar.

8. Nuclear and fossil fuelled plants could be combined with pump-storage plants to reduce pollution.

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Recommendations

1 P d h ld b d i ffi i bili

Appendix

1. Pumped storage should be used to improve power system efficiency, stability, and susceptibility to blackouts.

2. Organized multidisciplinary transfer of experience is a priority task for universities and the electricity sector.

3. Any hydroelectric installation, large, or small, as a rule, should be designed in several well defined stages.

4. At each stage, the project design should be reviewed by independent reviewers.

5. The points 3-4 should apply especially to reviews of smaller projects

Documents

S. Pejovic with T. - Mississauga Chapter Events/10_28_09_Report.pdf · 2009-11-27 · 11/16/2009 1 Hydro Power and Storage Technology PEO Mississauga Chapter 28 October 2009 S. Pejovic