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SKELETON SYSTEM
BONE TRIVIABONE TRIVIA Smallest bone?
Middle Ear Longest bone?
Femur Flattest bone?
Sternum Most fractured bone?
Clavicle Most numerous bones in one area?
Hand and foot = 28 bones each
FUNCTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETONSKELETON206 Bones in the human adult body
FrameworkSupport body’s muscles, fat, and skin
ProtectionSurround vital organs to protect them
FUNCTIONS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETONSKELETON Levers
Attach to muscles to help provide movement
StorageStore most of our calcium supply
HemopoiesisProduces both red and white blood cells
in the red marrow
Long Bones
ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONE Epiphysis
End of a long bone
DiaphysisShaft of the bone
Articular Cartilage“End caps” of the
bone covering the epiphysis
Shock absorber of a joint
KNEE
ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONEPeriosteum
Tough fibrous outer covering of the bone
Necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
Osteoblasts: special cells that form new bone tissue
ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONE Sponge Bone
“Lattice” structureResists the stresses
of our weightContains RED
MARROW Red Marrow
Produces red and white blood cells
Found in long, flat bones such as: humerus, femur, sternum, ribs, and cranium
ANATOMY OF A BONEANATOMY OF A BONEMedullary cavity or
canalContains YELLOW
MARROW, which in adults, contains fat
Nutrient artery
SECTIONS OF THE SECTIONS OF THE
SKELETONSKELETON Axial skeleton
Forms main trunk of the body,Composed of the skull, spinal column,
ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeletonForms extremities (arms, legs, shoulder
girdle, pelvic girdle)
AXIAL SKELETON = AXIAL SKELETON = CRANIUM or SKULLCRANIUM or SKULL
Structure that surrounds and protects the brain
Has eight bonesFrontal = forms the foreheadTwo Parietal = roof and sides of the skullTwo Temporal = houses the earsOccipital = forms the base of the skullEthmoid = located between the eyes and forms
part of the noseSphenoid = looks like a bat, key bone of the
skull because all other bones connect to it
AXIAL SKELETON = AXIAL SKELETON = CRANIUMCRANIUM
FONTANELS:1. At birth, the cranium is not solid bone2. “Soft spots” allow for the enlargement of the
skull as brain growth occurs3. Turns into solid bone by about 18 months of age
SINUSES: air spaces in the bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice
FORAMINA: openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
SUTURES: Areas where cranial bones have joined together
14 FACIAL BONES14 FACIAL BONES 5 Nasal
forms your nose2 make the bridge1 makes septum2 make the side walls of the nasal cavity
2 Maxilla – upper jaw 2 Lacrimal – inner aspect of eyes, contains tear ducts 2 Zygomatic – cheek bones 2 Palatine – two bones of hard palate (roof) of mouth 1 Mandible – lower jaw, only movable bone in the face
AXIAL SKELETON = AXIAL SKELETON = SPINAL COLUMN SPINAL COLUMN Spinal column
made of 26 bones called vertebrae
Provides support for the head
Place for the ribs to attach
VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAE 7 Cervical = neck
12 Thoracic = back of chest, attach to ribs
5 Lumbar = lower back
1 Sacrum = made up of 5 fused bones, pelvic girdle
1 Coccyx = 4 fused bones, tailbone
INTERVERTEBRAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISKSDISKS
Pads of cartilage tissue that separate vertebrae
Act as shock absorbers
Permit bending and twisting movements of vertebral column
RIBSRIBS 12 pairs Attach to thoracic vertebrae on dorsal surface of body True Ribs- 1st 7 pairs-attach directly to sternum on front of body False ribs-next 5 pairs- the 1st 3 pairs attach to cartilage of rib Floating ribs-last 2 pairs-no attachment on front of body
JOINTSJOINTS Area where two or more bones join together
Articulation: “a jointed state”, a joint Ligaments are connective tissue bands that hold long
bones together Main types
Ball and socket joints- freely movable Example: Shoulder and hip
Hinge joints Example: elbows and knees
Slightly movable Example: Ribs
Immovable Example: Cranium
DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Arthritis
Involves the inflammation of the joint Two main types
Osteoarthritis (bones and joints inflamed) Rheumatoid Arthritis (autoimmune disorder that
inflames the joints)
DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Osteoarthritis
Occurs with aging Symptoms are joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited ROM
(range of motion) Treatment
Rest Heat/cold applications Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) Steroid injections Special exercises – physical therapy Joint replacement
DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Rheumatoid arthritis
Worse of the two inflammatory diseases of the joints
Autoimmune (the body attacking itself) disease of connective tissues and joints
Often begins between the ages of 35-45 3 times more common in women than men Progressive attacks cause scar tissue
formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue
These “attacks” may cause deformity and immobility
DISEASES OFDISEASES OFTHE SKELETON SYSTEMTHE SKELETON SYSTEM Rheumatoid Arthritis – Treatment Similar treatment as osteoarthritis
Rest Heat/cold applications Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) Steroid injections Special exercises – physical therapy Joint replacement
Additional medication choices such as methotrexate or gold salts
Bursitis Inflammation of the bursae: small, fluid-filled
sacs surrounding the joints Symptoms: severe pain, limited movement,
and fluid accumulation in the joint Treatment:
Pain medicationSteroid injectionsAspirating fluidPT
Bursitis
FRACTURES-A CRACK OR FRACTURES-A CRACK OR BREAK IN THE BONEBREAK IN THE BONE Greenstick- bone is bent and splits causing
a crack-common in children Simple- complete break with no damage to
skin Compound- break in bone that ruptures
through the skin: increased chance of infection
Impacted- broken bone ends jam into each other
FRACTURES-A CRACK OR BREAK IN FRACTURES-A CRACK OR BREAK IN THE BONETHE BONE
Comminuted- bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces
Spiral- severe twisting of a bone causes one or more breaks: common in skiing or skating accidents
Depressed- broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries
Fracture Types
Fracture Types
Cast
REDUCTIONREDUCTION Definition: Process by which bone is put
back into proper alignment Closed reduction- position bone in alignment,
usually with traction, and apply cast or splint to maintain position
Open reduction- surgical repair of bone, and at times, insertion of pins, plates, and other devices.
DISLOCATIONDISLOCATION Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint Frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and
hips Reduced and immobilized with splint, cast, or
traction
SPRAINSPRAIN Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint Common sites are wrists and ankles Symptoms
Pain, swelling, discolorations, limited movement Treatment
RICE- Rest, Ice, Compression, and elevation
Osteoporosis
The thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time.
The most common type of bone disease. currently about 10 million Americans suffering from
osteoporosis about 20% of American women over the age of 50 have
osteoporosis Occurs when the body fails to form enough new
bone, or when too much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both
Osteoporosis Risk Factors
Women who are white, especially those with a family history of osteoporosis, have a greater risk of developing osteoporosis
Other risk factors smoking, eating disorders, low body weight,
low amount of calcium in the diet, heavy alcohol consumption, early menopause, use of certain medications, such as steroids and anticonvulsants
Osteoporosis Treatment
Treatments focus on slowing down or stopping bone loss, & preventing bone fractures
Drugs Fosamax, Raloxifene, HRT, Calcitonin
Exercise increases bone density Diet
Include adequate calcium, vitamin D, proteins Stop unhealthy habits
Quit smoking, limit alcohol Prevent falls
Aging Bone
ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE
Kyphosis-hunchback or rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area.
ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE
Scoliosis- side to side or lateral curvature
ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE
Lordosis-swayback or abnormal inward curvature of lumbar vertebrae
ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINEABNORMAL CURVATURES OF SPINE
CAUSE: Poor posture, congenital defects, structural defects of vertebrae, malnutrition, degeneration of vertebrae
TREATMENTTherapeutic exercisesFirm mattressesBraces Surgical repair for severe deformities
Herniated Disc
Herniated Disk
Also called a slipped or ruptured disk Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasms, impaired
movement, and/or numbness Treatment:
Medications: Pain, anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant Rest Traction Physical Therapy Massage Therapy Chiropractic Treatments Heat and/or cold applications Laminectomy: surgical removal of the protruding disk
Gout Gout is a type of arthritis caused by too much uric
acid in the blood Symptoms: swelling, tenderness, redness, and
sharp pain usually in your big toe Treatment:
Medications: anti-inflammatory (not aspirin), steroid injections, medications to decrease the amount of uric acid
Prevention: Manage weight Limit alcohol use – especially beer Limit meat and seafood intake (purines: a chemical
compound that breaks down into uric acid)
Gout
X-ray