S. ChandStudent’s

CompanionPart - II

S. Chand

[A FOUNDATION COURSE IN ENGLISH FOR SECONDARY AND SENIOR SECONDARY CLASSES]

S. CHAND & COMPANYRAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055

2005

Student’sCompanion

S. CHANDAN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY

Part - II

Dr. N.D.V. PRASADA RAOM.A., D.T.E., Ph.D.

(Reviser of Wren’s English Grammar Series &Wren & Martin’s High School English Grammar & Composition)

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© Copyright ReservedAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (includingphotocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whetheror not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyrightowner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts,Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.

First Edition 2005Subsequent Editions and Reprints 2006, 2007, 2013Reprint with correction 2014

ISBN : 81-219-2533-9 Code : 11A 833

PRINTED IN INDIA

By B.D. Print-o-pac, D-2/126, Street No. 5, Mahavir Enclave, New Delhi -110 045and published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

PREFACE

The aim of this book is to help young learners of English to expand their vocabulary,improve their grammar and attain communicative competence in the language.The book is intended for students at the secondary and higher secondary levels.

The book presents words in groups associated with the same area or subject (e.g.types of people, occupations, places, group words). This approach would make it easyfor students to consolidate and expand their vocabulary. The material dealing withword building stimulates their self-help resources and offers opportunities for exploringrelationships among words in word families.

The book contains a systematic treatment of grammar and usage in simple English.The main emphasis is on the points of usage which are often problematic to Indianstudents and presumably also to the students in other countries where English is usedas a second or foreign language. Units 46, 47 and 48 focus on grammar trouble-spotsand deal with the mistakes frequently made by non-native speakers of English.

Practice exercises are provided where necessary, mainly in grammar sections.There is a key at the end of the book, particularly for the use of students working ontheir own.

Some material dealing with general knowledge has been supplemented so as tomake the book a complete companion.

It is hoped that this need-based book, attractively designed and richly illustrated,will be liked by both students and teachers. The multi-colour illustrations, by and large,make learning enjoyable.

The book is comprehensive enough in scope to prove to be useful not only tostudents for whom it is primarily intended but to all those who wish to increase theirproficiency in English. It is also expected to meet the needs of students preparing forcompetitive examinations.

I had to consult several dictionaries and encyclopaedias during the preparation ofthe material relating to vocabulary and general knowledge. I am indebted to them all. I acknowledge the assistance of my sons, N. Koteswara Rao and N. Murali MohanaRao, in the preparation of the units dealing with general knowledge.

I would like to thank Mr Anil Parganiha and Mr Harish Parganiha for theircommendable illustrations and Mr Dhan Singh Karki for the elegant layout and designof the book.

I express my deeply-felt gratitude to Messrs S. Chand and Company for encouragingme to do this project. The contribution mady by Dr (Mrs) Shalini Verma, Editor, SchoolBooks and the editorial team to the final shape of this book needs special mention.

N.D.V. PRASADA RAO

Units Page

1. A Glance at Word Classes 1

2. Parts of the Body 3

3. Verbs of Movement 5

4. Types of People 6

5. Occupations 11

6. Words Referring to Places 18

7. Laboratory Equipment 22

8. Words Referring to Stationery, Tools, etc. 24

9. Group Words 27

10. Words Referring to Sounds 29

11. Verbs for Different Ways of Looking, Speaking,Laughing, etc. 33

12. Sciences and Arts 37

13. Scientific Instruments 40

14. Homophones 42

15. Words Likely to be Misspelt 44

16. Twin Words 47

17. Synonyms 49

18. Antonyms 54

19. Idioms 59

20. Foreign Phrases and Words in Common Use 66

21. American English 68

22. Similes 70

23. Proverbs 73

24. Abbreviations 80

25. Kinds of Nouns 86

CONTENTS

(vii)

26. Singular and Plural Nouns 90

27. More about Nouns 93

28. Articles 98

29. Introduction to Verbs 103

30. Irregular Verbs 105

31. Tenses: Talking about the Present and Past 110

32. Tenses: Talking about the Future 117

33. -ing form and Infinitive 120

34. Uses of Modal Verbs 122

35. Conditionals and Wishes 127

36. Pronouns 130

37. Adjectives 133

38. Adverbs 137

39. Prepositions 142

40. Phrasal Verbs 148

41. Conjunctions and Clauses 157

42. Agreement of the Verb with the Subject 161

43. Active and Passive Voice 163

44. Direct and Reported Speech 167

45. Punctuation 172

46. Common Mistakes: Nouns and Articles 175

47. Common Mistakes: Verbs 179

48. Common Mistakes: Pronouns, Adjectives,

Prepositions, Structures, etc. 184

49. Word Building : Prefixes, Suffixes and Compounds 190

50. Word Building:Word Families 196

51. General Knowledge (1) 214

52. General Knowledge (2) 218

Answers to Exercises 225

(viii)

1S. Chand Student's Companion – II

There are eight word classes in English. They are: nouns, pronouns, verbs,adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

There is also another class of words called determiners.Word classes are often called parts of speech.A noun is a word which names or refers to a person,

animal, place or thing. The words student, Mohan, cow,city, Delhi, computer, video, beauty, joy and friendshipare all nouns.

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. The mainpronouns are:

I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, us, him, her, themA verb is a word like speak, eat, fall, die, which refers

to an action or event. That is, a verb says what somebody orsomething does or what happens.

Grace speaks English fluently.A robot operates this machine.She fell down the stairs.

A verb also says what somebody or something is.She is a teacher.The grapes were sour.

An adjective is a word such as clever, lazy, tall,difficult, which describes (or tells more about) a noun or pronoun.

A lazy student rarely succeeds. (The adjective describes the noun student.)He is lazy. (The adjective describes the pronoun he.)What a tall building!It is tall.

A determiner is a word that goes before a noun andlimits the meaning of the noun or shows which person orthing is being talked about. Determiners include the, a, an,this (used as in “this book”), these, that (‘‘that bag”), those,each (“each boy”), every, all, both, some, any, my, your,her, their, one, two, etc. Most of the determiners (almost allexcept the and a/an) are often treated as adjectives intraditional grammars.

1 A Glance at Word Classes

S. Chand Student's Companion – II2

An adverb is a word that gives more information about a verb, an adjective oranother adverb. It says, for example, how, when or where something happens.Many adverbs end in -ly.

He drives carefully.I bought these CDs yesterday.She hasn’t come here.It is extremely good.He has batted very well.

In the fourth sentence the adverbextremely modifies the adjective good. In thelast sentence the adverb very modifies anotheradverb (well).

A preposition is a word (or group of words) such as in, on, at, with, from, to,behind, in front of, out of, used before a noun or pronoun to show time, place,method, etc.

at 9 o’clock, in the room, by plane, out of thespaceship

Words like and, or, but, yet, when, before, till, if,though are conjunctions. A conjunction joins words orgroups of words.

Sanjay and Salim are friends.

Let’s wait till she comes.

An interjection is a wordlike oh, hey, bravo, ssh, spokensuddenly to express some strongfeeling.

Oh! I’ve lost my keys!

Bravo! Well hit.

ExerciseClassify the words in bold.

A man went to the doctor.‘‘I’ve bought a new bed and I just can’t get to sleep in it, ’’ the man said sadly.‘‘Try running 10 kilometres a day for a week,’’ advised the doctor.Seven days later the man phoned the doctor to report back. ‘‘I ran 10kilometeres every day this week,’’ he said to him.‘‘Excellent,’’ said the doctor. ‘‘And have you been able to sleep well?‘‘How would I know?’’ said the man. ‘‘I’m seventy kilometres from home.’’‘‘Oh! How foolish!’’ the doctor exclaimed.

Exercise

3S. Chand Student's Companion – II

Parts of the Body2

mouth

h a i r

nose

e y ee ye l a sh

e y e b r owf o r e h e a d

no s t r i l

l i p

c h e e k

e a r

ch in

The face

l i t t le f inger

nai l

Middle f inger

ring finger

knuck le

w r i s tpa lm

t h umb

index f inge r/f i r s t f inge r

e y e b r ow

cornea

pupi li r i s

The eye

The hand

t h umb

palmneck

shou l de r

e l bow

knee

foot

big toes

c h e s t

h a i r

e a r

a rmp i t

f o r e a rm

b a c k

sh in

a rm

gro in

l e g

nave l

nipple

w a i s t

h ip

t h i g h

heel

c a l f

toena i l

ank le

t o e s

s t omach

h e a d

w r i s t

The body

j a w

t o o t h

S. Chand Student's Companion – II4

ulna

r a di u s

s kul l

co lla r

bone

should

er bla

de

b r ea s t

b on e

hipbon

e f i bu l a

t i bi a

kneeca

p

sp ine

r i bc a g

ehumeru

sj aw

bone

f e mu r

Exercise

Some verbs are used with particular parts ofthe body to express certain feelings or attitudes,e.g.

You scratch your head when you are puzzled.

Match parts A and B to make such sentences.

A B

1. You nod your head (a) when you mean ‘‘no’’.

2. You shake your head (b) when you are angry or aggressive.

3. You bite your lips (c) when you are ashamed.

4. You click your fingers (d) when you mean ‘‘yes’’.

5. You clinch your fist (e) when you are nervous.

6. You raise your eyebrows (f) when you are disappointed or whenyou dislike something.

7. You purse your lips (g) when you are trying to remember

something.

8. You shrug your shoulders (h) when you are surprised or when you

are enquiring.

9. You drum or tap your fingers (i) when you are puzzled.

10. You stamp your foot (j) when you doubt something.

11. You wrinkle your forehead (k) when you are impatient.

12. You hang your head (l) when you are angry.

Exercise

The skeleton

5S. Chand Student's Companion – II

DRAG LIFTPUSH PULL

HIT CATCH THROW KICK

KNEEL SQUAT CREEP

CRAWL

Verbs of Movement3

S. Chand Student's Companion – II6

accomplice : a person who helps another to commit a crimes

the accused : a person who is on trial for committing a crime

ancestor : a relative who lived a long time ago

altruist : one who cares about the needs of other peoplerather than one’s own

amateur : a person who does something for the love of itand not for money

aristocrat : a member of the highest social rank

assassin : a person who kills someone important orfamous, often for money

atheist : a person who believes that there is no God

barbarian : a person who behaves very cruelly

benefactor : a person who does good or who givesmoney for a good purpose

beneficiary : someone who receives money, help, etc.from something or someone else

burglar : someone who gets into buildings to stealthings

cannibal : someone who eats human flesh

castaway : a person whose ship has sunk and whoreaches the shore of a strange country

chaperone : an older woman who goes withand takes care of a youngunmarried woman

civilian : someone who is not a memberof a military organisation or thepolice

comedian : (a) a person who tells jokes ordoes amusing things to make people laugh (b) an actor whoplays funny parts in plays or films

connoisseur : someone who knows a lot about beauty, food, music, etc.

4 Types of People

S.Chand’s Students Companion Part-2

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121925334Author : Dr N D V PrasadaRao

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