. - _~,r,.;;;.'i.;: ;,

Hashize iminsi itatu gusa ku ya 28 Nyakanga 1959. ibyo byegera by'ibwami byahise byimikaundi mwami wiswe Kigeri V Ndahindurwa. Yimikiwe i Mwima hafi y'iNyanza ku mva yaRudahigwa batarashyingura umugogo (umurambo) we. Ndahindurwa uwo n'ubwo yari umuhunguwa Musinga yari umuntu utazwi na busa. Yawkiye i Kamembe mu wa 1935. akurikira se aho yariyaraciriwe n'Abazungu muri Kongo ahitwa Albertville.hiswe Kalemi Kongo mbiligi imaze kwigenga.Aho se apfiriye mu wa 1944. yagarutse mu Rwanda yiga mu ishuli ryo kwandikisha imashini iNyangezi muri Province ya Kiw. ubundi aba umusushefu hirya no hino mu Rwanda. Iyo ngoma yaKigeri V Ndahindurwa ntiyatinze na busa, kuko ku itariki ya 25 Nyakanga 1960 yagiye iLéopoldville mu minsi mikuru y'ubwigenge bwa Kongo. kuva ubwo ntiyongeye kugaruka gutegeka uRwanda.

4.2.3. Intambara y'amoko mu Rwanda

Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1959. ishyaka rya UNAR ryatangiye politiki y'iterabwoba igamijekwica abanyapolitiki bigaragaje mu mashyaka y'Abahutu.Ni ko byagenze rero. kuko ku ya 01Ugushyingo 1959 insoresore z'abatutsi zashatse gukubita Dominiko Mbonyumutwa wari sushefu kuNdiza akaba n'Umuparmehutu ukomeye. Zamuteye mu Byimana awye mu misa, baragundagurana,ariko Mbonyumutwa arabananira kuko yari afite ingufu nyinshi.Icyo gihe inkuru yarakwiriye muri Gitarama yose ngo Mbonyumutwa Abatutsi bamwishe. nuko hiryano bino mu Rwanda amazu y'Abatutsi barayatwika. abagabo. abagore n'abana barakubitwa,birukanwa mu byabo. abenshi bahungira muri za Misiyoni.bamwe baricwa hamwe na hamwe.Umwami n'ingabo ze na bo bahise bategura ukuntu bakwihorera, ni ko kohereza ibiteroshumabigamije kwica abategetsi b'abahutu. Ni muri iyo minsi Secyuguyiciwe i Nyanza.

Polepole Mukwiye akicirwa i Nzega ku Gikongoro naho Kanyaruka wavaga inda imwe na Giterabakamutsinda i Burundi. Hari n'abandi barwanashyaka b'abahutu biciwe hirya no hino mu gihugu. kuburyo intambara yabaye iy'Abahutu n'Abatutsi ku mugaragaro.

Ababiligi na bo babonye ko byakomeye. bahita bohereza mu Rwanda ingabo bitaga izaKamina, zari ziturutse muri Kongo mbiligi.Ku ya Il Ugushyingo 1959. Koloneli BEM Guy Logiestyagizwe Rezida udasanzwe mu Rwanda. Mu rwego rwo kugarura amahoro mu gihugu, KolonelLogiest yafashe ba batware b'abatutsi bari bateye imwruru bagaba ibitero byo kwica Abahutu nukoarabafunga, abandi barahunga. Yahise abasimbuzaabashefu n'abasushefu b'agateganyo arikob'abahutu. Ibyo byemezo ni bimwe mu byatumye Abahutu batsinda amatora ya Komini yabaye ku ya26 Kamena kugeza ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1960. Ayo matora yatumye hashyirwaho ababurugumesitiri229 n'abakonseye 2.896; muri bo abashyakaParmehutu na Aprosoma akagira 83,8%. Abo bategetsibashya bahise bashyirahQleta y'agateganyo ku ya 20/10/19560; Kayibanda yayibereye Minisitiriw'intebe. Hari hasigaye gukuraho ubwami.

UMUTWE WA V

U RWANDA MULI REPUBULIKA

5.1 Ivuka rya Repubulika

5.1.1 Amatora ya Komini (26/6-30/7/1960)

Ayo matora yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa gikolonize bwari bwemewe icyo gihe, maze

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,. ~ ~ ~-_. .~- -, , ' - '--..--

akurikiza Itegeko O.R.U n0221173ryo ku itariki ya 10WefÙrwe 1960 ryahinduwe nlirya O.R.Un0221/134 ryo ku ya 3 Kamena 1960. Muri ayo matora yari agamijegushyiraho ubutegetsi bwademokarasi mu rwego rwa Komini zose z'u Rwanda, amashyakayari yemewe icyo gihe yabonyeamajwi n'imyanya ku buryo bukurikira :

IMBONEREHEMWE N° 5

ABAKONSEYE BATOWE

* Muri Teritwari ya Shangugu, PARMEHUTU ni APROSOMA byishyize hamwe."

Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko amashyakaPARMEHUTU niAPROSOMA yombi hamwe yabonye83,8% by'amajwi, akegukana imyanyay'Abakonseye 2623 ku giteranyo cya 3125. Mbere y'ayomatora ya Komini yari yarateganyijwe gutangira ku ya 27 Kamena 1960 ariko mu by'ukuri agatangiraku ya 26 Kamena 1960 kandi akarangira ku ya 30 Nyakanga 1960, ishyaka RADER ryari riherutsekwishyira hamwe na PARMEHUTU ni APROSOMA kugira ngo ayo mashyaka yose afatanye mukurwanya igitugu cya UNAR. Icyakora amatora ageze hagati, RADER yabonye nta majwi menshiizabona kubera ko yari ifite abayoboke bake, noneho yitandukanya n'amashyaka ylAbahutu, mazeyifatanya na UNAR yari yanze kwitabira bihagije ayo matora. Aya mashyaka yombi yafashe inziraajya i New York muri Leta Zunze UbumweZlAmerika, avuga ko Ababiligiari bo bazanye ibibazo by'amoko mu Rwanda, ko Abanyarwandabashaka ko umwami wabo yagaruka (ayo matora yabaye mu gihe Kigeri V Ndahindurwa yariUsumbura asa n'ufungishijwe ijisho), kandi amatora ya Kominiya Kamena -Nyakanga 1960akagomba gusubirwamo.

Amatora yandi bashakaga yari ayo kubaza Abanyarwanda niba bashaka ubwami. Mu namay'Inteko Rusange y'Umuryango w'Abibumbyeyabereye i New York ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1960, uwomuryango wafashe icyemezo cy'uko ibyabayemu Rwanda byerekeranye no guhindura ubutegetsibigomba gusubirwamo, maze hakaba itora rya Kamarampaka rigamijekureba no kwemeza icyoabaturage batekereza ku bwami ndetse no ku mwami wari uriho ubwe (Icyemezo 1580/XV). Ibyo nibyo UNAR na RADER zashakaga, cyane cyane kuko ziyemezaganta shiti ko rubanda rwarirukomeye ku bwami no kuri Kigeri V Ndahindurwa.

5.1.2. Ishingwa rya Repubulika (28 Mutarama 1961)

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Amashyaka Ijanisha ryl amajwi (%) Umubare w'Abakonseyebatowe

PARMEHUTU 70,4 2201APROSOMA 7,4 233RADER 6,6 209PARMEHUTU- 6,0 189APROSOMA *UNAR 1,7 56Andi mashvaka 7,9 237

Abakonseye ba PARMEHUTU n'ab'APROSOMAbaherukaga gutorwa muri Kamena naNyakanga 1960 ni bo bateraniye i Gitarama ku ya 28 Mutarama 1961 hamwe n'Ababurugumesitiribabo n'abakuru b'abamashyaka yombi, maze baca burundu ingoma ya gihake ishingiye ku bwami,nuko bashinga Repubulika. Bari batumije inamabitwaje ko ari iyo kwiga ukuntu babumbatiraumutekano. Muri iyo nama, Yohani Batisita Rwasibo wari Minisitiri w'ubutegetsi bw'Igihugu yabajijeabari aho aho umwami yagiye, kandi niba ubwami buzahoraho iteka ryose. Yozefu HabyarimanaGitera yahise avuga ko ubwami buvuyeho bidasubirwaho, ko u Rwanda rubaye Repubulika, kandiyerekana ibendera ryayo. Geregori Kayibanda na we yahise abisubiramo mu gifaransa, kuko Giterayari yabivuze mu kinyarwanda. Icyo gihe Dominiko Mbonyumutwa yatorewe kuba Perezida waRepubulika, naho Kayibanda agirwa Minisitiriw'Intebe. Ibyo byose byakozwe vuba vuba, kuko muriicyo gihe intumwa za ONU zari zageze Usumbura uwo munsi zishaka kugarura umwami Kigeri VNdahindurwa.

Amashyaka y'Abahutu yihutiyekoherereza muri ONU intumwa zo kuburanira inzego nshyazaturutse kuri kudeta yo ku ya 28 Mutara 1961. PARMEHUTU yohereje Fideli Nkundabagenzi naKaliyopi Murindahabi, naho APROSOMA yohereza Tewodori Sindikubwabo, Gerimani Gasingwana Aloyizi Munyangaju. Izo ntumwa ni zo zemeye ko Kamarampaka yabaho nk'uko UNAR naRADER zabishakaga.

5.1.3. Kamarampaka (25 Nzeri 1961)

Abatishimiye ibyari byarabereye i Gitarama bahise babirwanya, bakora ibishoboka byosekugira ngo biseswe banyuze ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligin'ubw'UmuryangoMpuzamahanga wa ONU.Ni cyo cyatumye hagomba gukoreshwa andi matora ku ya 25 Nzeri 1961. Ayo matora yakoreshejwemu nzego ebyiri : urwo gutora abagize Inama ishinga amategeko n'urwa Kamarampaka(Referendum) yabazaga abaturage niba bashaka ubwami cyangwa niba batabushaka, niba rerobabushyigikiye, ko banashaka umwami uriho, ari we Kigeri V Nadahindurwa.

Muri ayo matora hari handitswe abaturage 1.337.096 bashobora gutora. Amajwi yabaruweakemerwa ni 1.255.896, ay'imfabusaaba 22.248. Mu byerekeye itora ry'Abadepite byagenze bitya :

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:~.....---------- ~--,

IMBONERAHAMWE N°6

ITORA RY'ABADEPlTE

* 19isobanuro : akamenyetso -kavuga ko nta ntebe n'imwe ishyaka ryabonye.,

Naho ku byerekeye Kamarampaka, ku bwami abaturage bagombaga gusubiza ikibazo giteyegitya: "urifuza ubwami" ? Amajwiy'abatoye yemewe yari 1.260.302, ay'impfabusa aba 14.329.Amajwi y'abashakaga ubwami yabaye 253.963, naho ay'abanzeubwami aba 1.006.339, ni ukuvuga80% by'amajwi. lkindi kibazo cyabajijwemuri iyo Kamarampaka ni iki : " niba wifuza umwami,urifuza ko yaba Kigeri V " ? Amajwiy'abatoye yemewe yari 1.262.165, ay'impfabusa aba 11.526.Abashakaga ko Kigeri V aba umwami bari 257.510, naho abataramushakaga bari 1.004.655, niukuvuga 80% by'abatoye. Iyo rera ni yo Kamarampaka yashimangiyeibyemezo bya Kongere y'iGitarama mu kwanga ubwami, maze bituma u Rwanda ruba Repubulika yemewe mu rwegompuzamahanga.

Amatora yo ku ya 25 Nzeri 1961 arangiye, Geregori Kayibanda yatorewe kuba Perezida waRepubulika, maze ahita ashyiraho Guverinoma nshya. Mu nama yayo yo ku ya 17Kamena 1962,Inteko Rusange ya ONU yemeje ko u Rwanda n'u Burundi bizaba ibihugu byigenga ku itariki ya 1Nyakanga 1962. Ni ko byagenze rera, kuko kuri iyo tariki nyine u Rwanda rwasubiranye ubwigengekimwe n'u Burundi.

.Icyakora kugira ngo u Rwanda rugere kuri iyo ntambwe habaye ibibazo byinshi :

abanyarwanda benshi barapfuye, abandi barahunga cyane cyane Abatutsi. Imibare yatanzwe n'ishamimpuzamahanga ryita ku mpunzi itumenyeshako mu wa 1964, Abanyarwanda 153.000 baribamaze guhungira mu mahanga. Abapfuye bo ntibazwi neza umubare, ariko hari abavuga ko bababari hagati ya 10.000 na 15.000, abenshi bakaba barapfuye mu wa 1963 nyuma y'igitero cyo muBugesera cyagabwe n'Inyenzi ziturutse mu Burundi. Murumva rera ko ibintu byari bikomeye, koirnzika zari nyinshi cyane, kandi ko ubwumikane bw'amoko agize u Rwanda bwashegeshwe.

5.1.4 Ubwigenge bucagase.

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Amashyaka Amajwi Ijanisha Imyanya(%) y'Abadepite

PARMEHUTU 974.239 77,7 35UNAR 211.929 16,8 7APROSOMA 44.830 3,5 2RADER 4.172 0,3 - *Andimashyaka 20.636 1,7 -

-'~ a_~ cr~__

Ubwo butegetsi bwa gikolonize bwahise butanga Iteka N° 02/3221)'0 ku itariki ya 1Ukwakira 1961 rihamya ko ubwami buciwe mu Rwanda maze busaba Inteko ishinga amategeko y'uRwanda gutora vuba umukuru w'igihugu. Na none Iteka N° 02/326 1)'0ku itariki ya 09Ukwakira19611)'asimbuwe n'il)'a N° 02/3341)'0 ku ya 22 Ukwakira 19611)'emeza ko u Rwanda ariigihugu gitegekwa muri Repubulika Ïfite umuperezida wayo.Ni bwo Inteko ishinga amategekonshyashya itoreye Geregori Kayibanda kuba Perezida wa Repubulika hari Yohani Pawulo Harroy(Haruwa), Rezida Jenerali muri Ruanda-Urundi. Icyo gihe umubare w'Abadepite wagombaga gutorawari 44 bari bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko. Kayibanda yatowe n'Abadepite 36 ba PARMEHUTUn'ab'APROSOMA, naho Abadepite 7 ba UNAR barifashe. Ijwi rimwe ribura ni il)'a Kayibandautaritoye akariha Gasigwa. Ubwo Kayibanda yari abaye Aerezida wa kabiri w'u Rwanda, kukoDominiko Mbonyumutwa yari yarabaye Perezida wa mbere w'u Rwanda, ashyizweho na Kongere y'iGitarama yo kuri 28 Mutarama 1961.

Aya matora tumaze gusesengura yerekana ko ishingiro I)'a Repubulika na demokarasi muRwanda ari abaturage barwo ku bul)'o budasubirwaho. Nta wazabeshyera Abanyarwanda rero ngontibigeze banga ku bushake bwabo ingoma ya gihake na cyami. Aramutse abivuze yaba ashakagusuzugura abaturage abafata nk'amatungo umushumba ashorera akajyana aho ashatse. Ubanzaabagihakana agaciro ka Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 n'inzego z'ubutegetsi ziyikomokaho ari ibyobatekereza.

Hag"atiaho u Rwanda rwavuye no ku butegetsi bwa gikolonize bwuzuye, rujya mu bwigengebucagase bwatangiye ku ya 21 Ukuboza 1961, umunsi Perezida G.Kayibanda abusinyira i Buruselihamwe na Pawulo Heneriko Spaak (Sipaki) wasinye mu izina I)'a Leta y'u Bubiligi. Iyo nyandikoyashimangiwe n'Iteka l)''Umwami w'u Bubiligi1)'0ku ya 25 Mutarama 1962 rihindura il)'o ku ya 25Mutarama 1960 yerekeye imitegekere y'u Rwanda n'u Burundi, bituma uwari Rezida w'u Rwandaahinduka gusa Intumwa y'u Bubuligi mu rwego rwo hejuru.

5.1.5 Ubwigenge bwuzuye

Umul)'ango w'Abibumbye (ONU) na wo kubera ko ari wo u Bubiligi bwategekeraga uRwanda, mu cyemezo cy'lnteko rusange yawo N°1743 (XVI) washyizeho Komisiyo y'abantu batanubashinzwe kunga imitwe ya politiki iri mu Rwanda, gutahura impunzi, kubahiriza uburenganzirabw'ikiremwamuntu, kubahiriza umutekano no gushyiraho ingabo zigizwe n'Abanyarwanda zigombagusimbura iz'Ababiligi. Iyo Komisiyo kandi yari ishinzweguhuza u Rwanda n'u Burundi leubul)'obyagira urwego rukuru rw'ubutegetsi byazahuriraho, kandi igategura ubwigenge bwuzuye bw'ibyobihugu byombi. Ariko kubera impamvu zinyuranyentibyashobotse. Mu cyemezo cyawo N°1746(XVI) cyo leuya 27 Kamena 1962Umul)'ango w'Abibumbyeumaze kubyumvikanaho n'Ababiligi,wakuyeho inyandiko yo ku ya 13Ukuboza 1946 yemereraga u Bubiligigutegeka Ruanda-Urundi,maze ibyo bihugu byombi bikazigenga guhera ku itariki ya 1Nyakanga 1962. Koko rero kuri iyotariki ni ko byagenze. U Rwanda 'u Burundi byasubiranyeubwigenge bwabyo ku itariki ya 1Nyakanga 1962.

Koloneri Logiest wategekaga ingabo z'u Bubiligi mu Rwanda ni we wahise agirwa Ambasaderi wambere wlu Bubiligi mu Rwanda.

5.1.6 Itegekonshinga 1)'0ku wa 24 Ugushyingo 1962

Kubera ko Repubulika y'u Rwanda yari itaragira Itegeko-nshinga I)'ayo, ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligibwari bwashyizeho Itegeko I)'emeza ko ubutegetsi bw'uRwanda ari Repubulika ishingiyeku Nteko ishinga amategeko, ikaba ari yo itora Perezida w'igihugu

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kandi ikagenzura Guverinoma igashobora no kuyikuraho. Mu by'ukuri imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw'uRwanda muri Repubulika ya mbere n'iya kabiriyagendeye ku Itegekonshinga ryatangajwe naPerezida Geregori Kayibanda ku itariki ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962, u Rwanda rumaze amezi hafi atanumu bwigenge. Iryo Tegekonshinga ni ryo ryahamijeburundu ko u Rwanda ari Repubulika igenderakuri demokarasi izira uburetwa, ubuhake n'ubundibucakara bwose bushingiye ku ivanguran'isumbana ry'abaturage iryo ari ryose ryitwaza ubwoko, akarere, amavuko, igitsina, amadini n'ibindi.

5.2 Repubulika ya mbere

Itegekonshinga ryo ku wa 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ryagize u Rwanda Repubulika ishingiye kuridemokarasi no ku mategeko agomba kubahiriza ikiremwamuntuku buryo bujyanye n'amategekompuzamahanga cyane cyane n'Itangazo mpuzamahanga leuburenganzira bw'umuntu ry'Umuryangow'Abibumbye(ONU)ryemejwen'IntekoRusangeyawoleuitarikiya 10Ukuboza 1948.

5.2.1 Repubulika irangwa na demokarasi

Kuba u Rwanda ari Repubulika ishingiyekuri demokarasi ku buryo budasubirwaho, tubisangamuri iryo Tegekonshinga ryo ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ku buryo bugaragara, nk'uko tubisanga mungingo ya l, 2, 3, 4 ,7, 8, 9, 10. Izo ngingo zerekana ko ubutegetsi bwa Leta y'u Rwanda mu nzegozabwo zose bugomba gukomoka gusa ku bushake bw'abaturage bose b'u Rwanda bafite imyaka yogutora igenwa n'amategeko. Ubwo bushake bwabo bakabugaragariza mu matora adafifitse kandiazira iterabwoba iryo ari ryo ryose, abiyamamazabatanzwe n'imitwe y'amashyaka menshi yemewemu gihugu. Iyo ni yo demokarasi nyayo. Igabana ry'ubutegetsi ridashingiye ku matora nk'ayontirishobora leubarijyanyedemokarasi.

5.2.2. Leta igendera leumategeko yubahirizauburenganzira bw'umuntu

Nk'uko ingingo nyinshiz'iryo Tegekonshinga zibivuga: -umuntu ni inzirakarengane kandiLeta ibereyeho kubahiriza ubwo buzirakarengane bwe.- Uburenganzira bw'iremezo uko bwasobanuwe n'Itangazo mpuzamahanga ku burenganzirabw'umuntu Leta y'u Rwanda yiyemeje kubwubahiriza.- Ubwigenge bwa buri muntu ku giti cye ntibuhungabanywa.- Nta wushobora guhanwa bidaturutse leuitegeko ryatangiye guleurikizwaicyo cyahakitarakorwa.

- Igihano cyose kigomba gucishwa leumategeko yanditse.- Uwakoze icyaha ni we ukiryozwa ku giti cye.

- Ukwiregura ni uburenganzira budahungabana mu iburanishwaryose.- Impunzi ifite uburenganzira bwo kwakirwa.- Abaturage bose barareshya imbere y'amategeko ku buryo buzira ivangura rishingiye leunkomoko,ubwoko, ibara ry'umubiri, igitsina cyangwa idini.- Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kuvuga no gukwiza-Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwiga nta nkomyi, ahohose kandi hagerwa na bose.- Abaturage bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kwiremamo amashyaka n'imiryango uko bashakabanyuze mu nzira zemewe n'amategeko.- Ibanga ry'amabarwa, ry'ubutumwa bunyujijwemu iposita,ntirihungabanywa.- Abaturage bose b'URwanda bafite uburenganzira bwo kujya no gutura aho bashatse hose mu

ibitekerezo bye.yashobora kungura ubwenge

telegaramu cg telefoni

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gihugu.- Nta muntu ushobora kugenzurwa hatari mu bihe byateganijwe n'itegeko.- Icyo umuntu atunze ku giti cye cyangwa asangiyen'abandi benshi ntigikorwaho. Iyo gikozwehobinyuze mu mategeko hagomba indishyiikwiye.- Urugo rw'umuntu ntiruvogerwa.- Ubusugire bw'umuntu mu mutima-namawe muri rusange no mu byerekeranye n'amadinintibuvogerwa.- Umukozi wese ashobora kwinjira muri sendika yihitiyemo.

Uretse ubwo burenganzira Itegekonshinga ryemeza, hari ibyo ribuza nk'ibibikurikira :-Uburenganzira bwose bushingiye ku moko.- Ubucakara n'ubuja ubwo ari bwo bwose.- Umurimo w'agahato udatewe n'igihano cyemewen'amategeko.

Ikintu gihora gitera ibibazo mu bihugu byose, ni ukumenya igiheLeta yemerewe gusatiraby'agateganyo cyangwa ku buryo buhoraho ubwo burenganzira tumaze kuvuga.

5.2.3 Imiterere y'ubutegetsi

lkindi kiranga Repubulika ya demokarasi ni imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu ivangura inzegoz'ubutegetsi, ku buryo urwego rwubahiriza amategeko, urwego rushinga amategeko n'urwego rucaimanza zitandukana ku buryo bugaragara, ntihagireurwivanga mu mikorere y'urundi, ahubwozikuzuzanya mu nzira ziteganywa n'amategeko.

Itegekonshinga ryo kuri 24 Ugushyingo 1962 ryagiraga Perezida wa Repubulika umukuruw'igihugu n'uwa Guverinoma, akunganirwa n'Abaminisitiri,akaba kandi n'umugaba w'ingabo.Umwanya wa Visi-Perezida wari uteganijwe ariko ntiyigeze ashyirwaho.

Ububasha bushinga amategeko bwari buhuriweho n'Inteko nkuru y'amategeko na Perezidawa Repubulika. Ibyo byateganywaga n'ingingo ya 73 y'Itegekonshinga. Ikongeraho ko : Inteko nkuruy'amategeko igenzura imikorere ya Perezida wa Repubulika na Leta ye. Iyo Nteko igizwen'abaturage bitwa "Abadepite" batorwa ku buryo butaziguye n'abaturage bose bujuje imyakangombwa yo gutora kandi bagatorerwa imyaka ine.

Ubutabera bwari bushinzwe inkiko zica imanza muri Repubulika mu izina ry'abaturage.Inkiko zisanzwe ni izi : Urukiko rwa Kanto; Urukiko rwa mbere rw'lremezo; Urukiko rw'Ubujuriren'Urukiko rw'lkirenga..Inkiko zidasanzwe zari ziteganyijwe n'Itegekonshinga zari :Urukiko rwa Gisirikari; Urukiko rwa Gisirikarirw'ubujurire; Urukiko rucira imanza abakoze ibyahabihungabanya umutekano wa Leta n'Urukiko ruca imanzazerekeye ubucurizi. Ingingo ya 99 ivugakandi ko itegeko rishobora gushyiraho izindinkiko zidasanzwe.

Iyo Repubulika ya mbere yubahiriza mu ngingo zaryo zose iryo Tegekonshinga wenda ibayarakomeje. Kubera kutubahiriza amategeko kw'abategetsi bamwe bo muriiyo Repubulika ya mberenk'uko bizagenda mu ya kabiri, u Rwanda rwagiye ruhura n'ingorane zikomeye cyane. Kuri izongorane hiyongeraho n'ikibazo cy'impunziz'abanyarwada bahungiye mu mahanga zajyaga ziremaudutsiko twagiye dutera igihugu. Ni byo tugiye kureba ubu.

5.2.4. Ibitero by'lnyenzi

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Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 na Leta yayiturutseho ntibyashimishijeabo yavukije ubutegetsi.Bari bahagarariwe cyane n'ishyakarya UNAR ryashinzwe kuri 15Nzeri 1959. Mu nyandikoshingiroyayo, UNAR yahise yerekana ko idashaka demokarasi mu Rwanda, kuko byanze bikunze iyodemokarasi yagombaga IrugenderaIruri rubanda nyamwinshiy'Abahutu, UNAR yitiranyagan'ubushyo bw'inka budashoboye gutekereza no gutegeka.Ubwo rero abari bafite ibitekerezo bicuramye kandi bibink'ibyo, hamwe n'abandi bahunze Iruberaubwoba, bageze hanze barisuganya batangira kugaba ibitero mu Rwanda, Irugirango bongerebarwigarurire Irungufu. Ibyo bitero byahungabanyijeumutekano mu Rwanda Iruvamu wa 1963Irugeramu wa 1967, binatuma abaturage bahora basubiranamo bapfa amoko, aho Irugira ngo biyungebaharanire demokarasi nyayo. Ibyo bitero biri mu byatumye demokarasi ishingiye Irumashyakamenshi izima hagati ya 1963 na 1965, hagasigara ishyaka rimwe rukumbi ari ryo rya MDR-PARMEHUTU.Ubwo rero UNAR yakoreraga mu gihugu yazimye nyumay'igitero cy'inyenzicyo mu Bugesera muKuboza 1963 imaze gutakaza abayobozi baya b'imbere mu gihugu. Ubwo hasigaye UNARyakoreraga hanze, ari na yo yagiye itegura ibitero. UNAR yo hanze yarimo amashami manini atatu :irya Rukeba, iry'umwami n'irya Sebyeza.

Ishami rya Rukeba ryatangiye mu wa 1962 rikorera i Bujumbura riyoborwa na Rukeba,Hamoud Ben SalimKayitare na Nzamwita, nyumayaho, riza Irumeraho andi mashami abiri : iryaMudandi ryashinzwe mu wa 1964 ryitwa "Armée de Libération" rikomeza gukorera i Bujumbura;irya kabiri ni irya Rwangombwa ryashinzwe mu wa 1963 rijya muri Zayire aho ryafatanyije n'abaMulele, inyeshyamba yo muri Zayire yayogoje igihugu.

Kuri ayo mashami y'i Bujumbura haje kwiyongeraho iry'abasore bari bavuye mu mashuli iLovanium muri Zayire, ariko bakaba batarashakaga ubwami. Iryo shami ryiyise "Front de Libérationdu Rwanda" (1963-1964), maze ritegekwa na Gakwaya na Munana.

Ishami ry'umwami ryakoreraga i Dar es Salam, i Kampala n'i Nairobi, rikaba ryarategekwagana Kayihura, Mungarurire na Sebyeza. Mu wa 1963 Sebyezayaje gushyiraho ishami rye akorera iBujumbura; nyuma mu wa 1964 ajya gukorera i Kampala, noneho ishami rihinduka Ishyaka ryagisosiyalisiti (parti Socialiste) ryari rigamijekugendera kuri Repubulika inyuze mu inzira ryashakaga;mu wa 1966 rihinduka Umuryango w'Ubwiyunge bw'Abanyagihugu(Organisation pour laRéconciliation nationale). Amwe muri ayo mashamiyaje kuvaho burundu, andi asimburwa n'andimashyaka yageze aho ~byaraFPR-Inkotanyi.

Amashami y'abo bakunze kwita" Inyenzi"yagiye atera u Rwanda ku wa 1963 Irugeza mu wa1967 akomoka Iruri iyo UNAR yo hanze. Ibitero by'inyenzibyakurikiranye bitya :-19itero cyo Iruri25 Ugushyingo 1963 cy'abantu bageze ku 1500 bari mu Burundi bayobowe naRukeba, Hamoud Ben Salim, Kayitare na Nzamwita cyahagaritswe na Jandarumori y'i Burundikitaragera Irumupaka w'u Rwanda.- Igitero cyo Iruri21 UIruboza 1963 cyahisegik:urikiraho.Icyo gihe bafashe ikigo cy'abasirikari cy'iGako mu Bugesera,baza gukumirwa na "Garde Nationale" ku musozi wa Kanzenze hafi y'ikiraro cyaNyabarongo. Ubwo Inyenzi zaratsinzwe, izidapfuyezikwira imishwaro zisubira iyo zaturutse, n'ukozicika mu Bugesera. Icyo gitero cyabyukijeuburakari n'imvururumu baturage cyane cyane muriGikongoro, zihitana abantu b'inzirakarengane,na demokarasi irahazaharira.- Ibitero byo muri Mutarama 1964 mu Bugesera no mu Bugarama byombi byavuye i Burundi.

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-Mu Gushyingo 1964, habaye igitero gikomeye mu Nshiri na cyo giturutse mu Burundi. Nyumay'icyo gitero kugeza mu wa 1967 hakomeje kubaho ibiteroshuma, bigeze aho birahagarara kugezaejo bundi mu Kwakira 1990.

5.2.5. Repubulika ya mbere yaie kuvaho ite?

Repubulika ya mbere yamaze gutsindira demokarasi n'ubwigenge ntiyahamya ibi bikurikira :kurangiza ikibazo cy'impunzin'ubwiyunge bw'Abanyarwandabose; gukomeza demokarasi ishingiyeku mashyaka menshi; kubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu.Ahubwo yaguye mu mutego wo kwirara no kumva ko nta bibazo bigihari, cyane cyane aho Inyenzi

zasaga n'izatsinzwe burundu.

Ku byerekeye ikibazo cy'impunzi,nta wavuga ko Repubulika ya mbere yari yarakirekeyeaho. Hari ibyo yari yaragerageje gukora kugira ngo kirangire. Dore nko mu wa 1964 mu kwezi kwagatatu Perezida Kayibanda yabwiye impunzi z'abanyarwandako u Rwanda rwiteguye kubakirarubifashijwemo n'imiryango mpuzamahanga, ariko ugarutse wese akaba azi ko nta muturage ugombakwibwira ko yavukiye kujya hejuru y'abandi, kuko muri demokarasi nta wugira uburenganziraadahawe n'amategeko. Ariko iyo politiki nziza Perezida Kayibanda yatangiye ntiyageze ku cyoyashakaga, kuko nyuma y'aho ibitero by'Inyenzibyakomeje.

Ku byerekeye demokarasi ishingiyeku mashyaka menshi nk'uko yari yemewe muItegekonshinga ryo kuri 24 Ugushyingo 1962, iyo politiki ntiyubahirijwe.Mu matora yo mu wa 1960hari hiyamamaje PARMEHUTU, APROSO~ RADER, UNAR n'andi mashyaka mato.

Icyo gihe PARMEHUTU yari yabonye 70,4% by'amajwi,andi mashyaka abona amajwi asigaye. Mumatora yo mu wa 1961, PARMEHUTUyari yabonye 77,7% by'amajwi,naho mu wa 1963 yabonye97,9% by'amajwi y'abaturage bari batoye mu matora yo mu Makomini noneho mu matoray'Abadepite yo mu wa 1965, kubera ko PARMEHUTU ari ryo shyaka ryari risigaye, yabonye 100%by'amajwi. Ubwo rero ubutegetsi bwari busigaye nta kivuguruza bwariraye, hatangira ibyogutegekesha igitugu hirya no hino mu gihugu no kudacunga neza umutungo wa rubandan'uw'igihugu. lkindi cyagaragaye niamacakubiri mu bategetsi bo hejuru ubwabo ashingiyecyane ku turere, ku buryo abari barafatanyije

kuzana demokarasi mu Rwanda biciyemouduce basubiranamo. Ibyo byagaragaye cyane ubwo muwa 1964 no mu wa 1968, Inteko ishinga amategeko yashyiragaho za Komisiyo z'Abadepite zokugenzura imitegekere y'igihugu.

Iyo mu wa 1964 yari ishinzwe kugenzura imitegekerey'igihugu kandi yemerwa na PerezidaGeregori Kayibanda, ijya aho yagombaga kujya mu gihugu hose irakora, noneho ivuyeyo itangaraporo yayo yerekana aho ubutegetsi bw'igihugu budakora neza. Ari Perezida wa Repubulika arin'izindi nzego, nta witaye gukosora ibitagenda neza bivugwa muri iyo raporo : ahubwo iyo raporoyarabitswe birangirira aho.

Naho Komisiyo yo mu wa 1968 yagombaga kugenzura ibitagenda neza mu gihugu. Ubwobamwe bahise bayirwanya ku buryo hari aho yageraga bakayimaza dosiye. Imaze kurangiza raporoyayo iyishyikirizaInteko ishinga amategeko. Bamwe mu Badepite ubwabo batangiye kuyirwanya ngoitigwa, kuko harimo byinshi binenga imitegekere y'igihugu,ndetse bimwe binavuga Perezida waRepubulika ubwe. Ubwo koko iyo raporo ntiyashoboye kwigwa n'Inteko ishinga amategeko.Ahubwo yakurikiwe n'itotezwa ry'Abadepite bari basinye iyo raporo. Ibyo bise "guta umurongo" niaho byavuye.

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Ibyo ni bimwe mu byabaye intandaro yo guhindura ubutegetsi mu wa 1973. Bimwe mu byoiyo Komisiyo yasabaga ni uko hajya habaho amatora akurikijedemokarasi kandi adafifitse. Ikavugakandi ko ubumwe n'ubusabane no kwitangira igihugu mu butegetsi bisa n'ibyazimye,bikababyarasimbuwe n'ukwikunda, ubutiriganya, uburiganya, umururumba w'amafaranga n'amacakubiriashingiye ku turere.

5.3. Repubulika ya kabiri

5.3.1 Uko yaie

Repubulika ya kabiri yatangiranye na "Coup d'Etat" ya gisirikari yo ku wa 5 Nyakanga 1973yayobowe na Jenerali Majoro Habyarimana Yuvenali wari umukuru wa " Etat-Major" na Minisitiriw'Ingabo wahise aba umukuru w'igihugu, bityo asimbura Geregori Kayibanda. Ubuyobozi bukurubw'Ingabo bwahise butangaza kuri Radiyo rwanda ku wa 5 Nyakanga 1973, ko ubutegetsi bwaribugiye guca igihugu mo uduce no kukiroha mu rwobo, bitewe na bamwe mu byegera bya PerezidaKayibanda byamushukaga, akaba ari yo mpamvu abasirikaribafashe ubutegetsi kugira ngo barengereubumwe bw'igihugu.

Ubwo inzego zimwe z'ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika zarahagaritswe ndetse na Guverinoma ubwayo,maze hashytrwaho Komite y'Amahoro n'Ubumwe bw'igihuguyari igizwe na ba Ofisiye cumun'umwe bo rwego rwo hejuru. Ubwo hakurikiyeho ishyirwahorya Guverinoma ku itariki ya 1Kanama 1973; yari igizwe n'Abaminisitiribatanu b'abasirikarin' abandi umunani b'abasivili.

5.3.2. lmitegekere ya Repubulika ya kabiri

Repubulika ya kabiri imaze gushyiraho Guverinoma,yihatiye gukangurira Abanyarwandaibikorwa by'amaboko biteza igihugu imbere, ishyiraho inzego za politiki, Itegekonshinga rishyan'Inama y'Igihugu Iharanira Amajyambere ari yo Nama nkuru ishinga amategeko. Ku itariki ya 2Gashyantare 1974 ni ho umuganda watangiye ugamije kumvisha Abanyarwanda ko mbere na mbereu Rwanda ruzazamurwa n'amaboko y'abana barwo. Umuganda wageze kuri byinshi byiza okaguharura imihanda, kubaka amashuli, ibigo nderabuzima, kurwanya isuri, gutera igiti, gukoraimiyoboro y'amazi n'ibindibishoboka kandi Leta itari kubishobora iyo binyura mu nzira zisanzwez'akazi k'amafaranga. Ariko hari byinshibyashoboraga gukosorwa mu mitegurire no mumitunganyirize yawo. Nyuma y'umuganda, hashyizwehoMuvama Revolisiyoneri IharaniraAmajyambere (MRND), ijyaho igomba kuba ari rwo rwego rwa politiki rwonyine rwemewe mugihugu, rugahuza Abanyarwanda bose mu mugambiw'ubumwe, amahoro n'amajyambere. :MRNDyagiyeho kuwa 5 Nyakanga 1975, ubwo rero na yo iba ishyakarimwe rukumbi nk'uko MDR-PAREHUTU yari imeze.

Ku itariki ya 20 Ukuboza 1978 hatangajwe irindi Tegekonshinga rishya ryagize 1\.1RNDurwego rumwe rukumbi rwa politiki mu gihugu. Ryavugaga ka rishimangira demokarasi yazanywena Revolisiyo ya 1959. Iryo Tegekonshinga kandi ryashakaga guhuza n'igihe igihugu kigezemoamahame yashyizweho n'Itegekonshinga ryo kuwa 24 Ugushyingo 1962. Ryiyemeje kandi kubahirizaikiremwamuntu no gushyigikiraubwigenge bw'iremezo hakurikijweitangazo mpuzamahanga kuburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu. Ryavugaga kandi ko ubwo burenganzira budashobora kugerwahohatariho inzego z'ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokarasi zubahirizaubwigenge, ubutabera, amahoron'ubumwe bw'igihugu.Nyuma yaho hashyizweho inzego za:MRND, hakoreshwa amatora, hajyahoAbadepite mu Nama Nkuru y'lgihugu Iharanira Amajyambere(CND).Ubwo igihugu cyagize umutekano uhagije, hakorwa imishingamyinshi, igihugu gitera imbere ku

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.i~~J.;e\~.i~ i~J:fJ;;jja;.:J.1J1/J.';.~~~~l},.1J,k.t:~_\'~~~wautr~~'ÙA;i.fJ..W!.i~'J~;;~~~,~t!:'~i~/I~~::'~' ::::.jt,;:~;~:~'~~~:.i.iJ.i-}~:'):~~:&;l;~1.::.~~[.:.t.;'O :~~:~t~..~t.1 .~.~-_'~" ".. ......

buryo bugaragara n'ubwo hatabuze ingorane.

5.3.3. Ingorane za Repubulika ya kabiri

Repubulika ya kabiri, n'ubwo yazanye arnajyambereakomeye mu gihugu, yagize ingoranenyinshi;muri zo ikomeye ikaba iy'intambara igihugu kimazemo imyaka irenga itatu. Izo ngoranezavuye he?

Ingorane ya mbere ituruka kuri rya Tegekonshinga ryo mu wa 1978 ubwaryo, ryavuze ko uRwanda rugomba kugendera kuri MRND yonyinemu byerekeye politiki. Demokarasi nyayo igombakugira amashyaka menshi ya politiki n'izindinzego abantu bavugiramo, kugira ngo ibibazo bafitebyumvikane, bishakirwe umuti. .

Kuba mu ishyaka rimwe ritagira kivuguruza, byakuruye kwirara mu bakozi ba Leta mu nzegonyinshi, bashyira imbere inyungu zabo bwite n'iza bene wabo, aho kureba iz'igihugu mbere na mbere.Ubwo umururumba w'ifaranga no gukira vuba uzana ruswa n'ubundi busarnbo bwinshi.

Ingorane ya kabiri ituruka ku kibazo cy'impunziRepubulika ya kabiri itashoboye kuboneraumuti ku buryo bunoze kandi vuba n'ubwo intambarayatangiye kiri hafi kubonerwa umuti nyawongo impunzi zose zibishaka zitahuke mu mahoro.,

Ingorane ya gatatu ni politiki y'iringanizaitarumvikanyweho na bose kandi no kuyishyira mubikorwa hakagaragaramo arnakosa menshi.

Ingorane ya Kane ni uko gukemura ikibazo cy'ubukene kizana inzara buri gihe mu tureretumwe na tumwe tw'igihugu bititabiwe bihagije, ngo habe porogaramu ihamye kandi iboneye yokurwanya ubwo bukene bukurura inzara.

Ibyo Repubulika ya kabiri itashoboye gukemura ni byo Inkotanyi zitwaje, zibigira intandaroyo gushoza intambara y'Ukwakira 1990 zibeshya ngo zirashaka kuzana demokarasi n'ubutabera mugihugu, nyamara mu by'ukuri zishakira gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu kandi ku buryo butagabanywa.

UMUTWE WA VI

INTAMBARA Y'UKWAKIRA 1990NA POLITIKI Y'AMASHYAKA MENSm

6.1. Intambara y'Ukwakira

Kuva ku itariki ya 1Ukwakira 1990, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n'intambara yayogoje ibintun'abantu. Mun iyo serwakira y'intambara ni ho politiki y'arnashyakamenshi yatangiye. Ibyo byosebyatumye u Rwanda rusigara iheruheru, ku buryo kuzongera kurwubaka bizagora.

6.1.1 Intandaro y'intambara

Na none umuntu ntiyabura kwibaza imparnvunyakuri zatumye FPR-Inkotanyi itera uRwanda. Mbere na mbere turasuzuma ibyo Inkotanyi zagize urwitwazo ngo zishoze intambara,

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