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This piece was published in Grey Areas: Identity, Politics, andRepresentation in Contemporary South African Art, Co-editors: Brenda Atkinsonand Candice Breitz, Johannesburg, (South Africa), Chalkham Hill Press, 1999.
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7/16/2019 Ruth Rosengarten, The Pot Calling the Kettle Black
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ruth-rosengarten-the-pot-calling-the-kettle-black 1/8
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ThePotCallingtheKettleBlack
Inthefirstinstance,IwanttocontextualisewhatIamabouttosayhere.InMarchthisyear,thespringnumber(nº25)oftheGermanmagazineTextezurKunstpublishedanarticlebyOlu
Oguibeenititled'BringingtheNativestoGraz',aratheracerbiccriticismofPeterWeibel'sshow
'Inclusion/Exclusion'heldinGrazlastyear.ThearrowofOguibe'scriticismfinallytouchedmetoo,
forOguibeendedhispiecewithanattackonaround-tablediscussionheldduringtheexhibition
'Don'tMesswithMisterInbetween:FifteenArtistsfromSouthAfrica',whichIcuratedat
CulturgestinLisbonin1996.Oguibe'scriticismwasparticularlyoffensivetomebecausehe
neitherattendedtheshow,norwashepresentattheround-tablediscussion:hisattitudewas
informedbywordofmouth,andseemedtoindicatethecamaraderieofanetworkoraclub,with
alltheinclusion/exclusionthatthatimplies.
Ataroundthesametime,IbegantoreceivethefirstE-mailsinthepolemicthathasragedinthe
SouthAfricanartworldoverthelastfewmonths,towhich'GreyAreas'isaresponse.Ithasbeen
difficultforme,overthistime,toteaseouttheprecisechronology(thoughperhapsincybertime,
chronologyisnotreallyimportant!)ofevents/attacks/responses,butearlyon,IwrotetoCandice
Breitzinsomewayofferingmysupporttoher.InthisfirstlettertoBreitz,Isentheracopyofmy
ownresponsetoOguibe'simplicitattackonme.ThisresponsehasnowbeenpublishedinTexte
zurKunstnº26,andIwouldliketoincludeithereasanappendix,becauseIthinkittangentially
touchesonsomeofthetopicsraisedbythecurrentdebate.MyinitialresponsetoBreitzwas
fuelledbythefactthatIfeltincensedbytheextremelynarrownotionof'representation'that
wasbeingofferedasthepoliticallycorrectstanceforSouthAfricanartiststoday,andthehidden
agendasimplicitinthelegitimatingsystemsthatpolicedtheboundariesdividingthe'acceptable'
fromthe'unacceptable'.
In'Breitz/GeersintheWeeklyMail'(E-mailof29March1997),Breitzquestionstheconflationof
theideaof'representation'withthatof'speakingonbehalfof'—apertinentdistinction.It
seemedtomeimportanttosupportthisdistinction,asitsoppositeimpliedakindofethnicand
genderauthoritarianismthatnarroweddownthepossibilitiesof'representation'toarisible
paucity.Wherewerethelimitsofthekindofpurism—orfundamentalism—thatstipulatedthat
theonlylegitimatevoiceswerethoseofcard-carryingmembersofagivengender/racial/class
group?Thiswhittleddownthepossiblerangeofrepresentationaloptionstoanabsurdly
impoverishedminimum,anactofaesthetic,intellectualandevenpoliticalreductionism.
Contrariwise,Iwaswellawareofthecautionthathad/hastobeexercisedintherepresentation
—andpotentialreification—ofanygiven'Other'.Thisisafraughtarea,andtoitthereareno
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easysolutionsorquickstep-by-steprecipes.Itisaproblemthatmustbeaddressedaneweach
andeverytime,ineachandeveryrepresentation.
IntheE-mailsthatfollowed,thefactthattheintersectionofvariousvectorsandlinesofforcebetweengenderpoliticsandracialpoliticswasbeingthrownupforgrabsseemedtometostake
outaninterestingandindeedcrucialareaofdebate.ItwasparticularlysuccinctlyputinOlu
Oguibe'scritiqueofMinnetteVari'swork,whereheunderlinesthe'continuedwhitelicenceto
theblackbody',andparticularlytotheblackfemalebody,askingpertinentlywhetherwemust
'genderize,asitwere,inordertopolemicize'.Myown'allegiances'emerged—andindeedkeep
emergingandbeingtransformed—asincreasinglycomplex,'greyareas'indeed.
Moreconcretely,however,inresponsetothecrossfireofcommunicationsbetweenthevarious
actorsinthis'drama',Iwasstruckbytheself-righteousness,abreast-beating,attention-seeking
petulencewherebyallplayerswerethumpingforattention.Power-linesdrawnandre-drawn.A
bunchofmalecuratorsdictatingthenorms,andmanypersonalrivalries—andambitions—
wrappedupinapparentlypoliticaltalk.
ItwasonlyfairlylateinthedaythatIactuallygottoreadOkwuiEnwezor'spiece'Reframingthe
blacksubject:IdeologyandfantasyinContemporarySouthAfricanArt'whichhadignitedthe
polemic.ThepiecethrewmepreciselybecauseEnwezor'sresponsewas,forthemostpart,so
cogent,socoherent,andbecausehewasjustifiedinsomuchofwhathesaid.Uponreadingthis,
itseemedtomethatineffect,manyoftheartistsweresimplygettinghotunderthecollar
becausetheirownworkwasunderattack.Andmore:thatgettingindignantinthiswaywasan
attention-seekingstrategy,awayofelbowingintothelimelightatatimewhen,letusnotforget,
selectionsforthenextJohannesburgBiennalewerebeingmade.
Inhisanalysisofthe'controloftheblackbody'inSouthAfricanart,Enwezorquitecorrectly
pointstothewaysinwhichthecolonialrelationshipsetsuptherepressedsubjectasmuteand
unabletorepresenthim/herself.Thisisparticularlyordoublytruewithregardtothe
representationoftheblackfemalebody.ItiswhatRobertJ.C.Youngsuccinctlyterms'white
power:whitedesire.'GayatriChakravortySpivak(1)hastheorisedthisareaatlength,arguing
thatthesubalternwoman,takenalwaysasanobjectofknowledgebybothcolonialand
indigenousrulerswhoare'masculinist',isarguedaboutandlegislatedfor,butallowedno
discursivepositionfromwhichtospeakforherself.
ThethreeartistswhoaresubjectedtothemoststringentscrutinybyEnwezorarePippaSkotnes,
LienBothaandCandiceBreitz—artistswhoseworkotherwisehasnoaffinityorsimilarity
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whatsoever.Othersarementioned:WayneBarker,PennySiopis,GuntherHerbst.MinnetteVari
isimplicated,thoughsheisn'tpersonallymentioned.PietPienaaris(correctly)letoffthehook,
asisWillieBester,who—inwhatseemstobeacompletelackofaestheticorpoliticaljudgement
—isheldupassomesortofparagonofexcellenceandmoralcorrectness.(AmIinsomewaymisreadingEnwezor?).Iamlessconcernedwithsplittinghairsherethanwithgeneralpoints.
Indeed,Miscast,curatedbyPippaSkotnes,wasextremelyambitious,notuninteresting,butalso
highlyproblematicinwaysunderlinedbyEnwezor.Likewise,CandiceBreitz'scollagedgraftsof
whiteandblackfemalebodiesaredoubtlesslywellintentioned,but'friezedbyboth
pornographicandethnographicdesire'theyinvokeproblemsofspectaclewithoutinanyway
problematisingthem;thearedescriptiveandsimplistic,especiallywhencomparedtoHannah
Höch'sphotomontagesof1919,whichtheyquiteobviouslyformallyevoke.Theyarecallowmore
thananythingelse.Bethatasitmay,herverbalargumentsmakeafinerpoint.MinetteVari's
splicingofimagesusesthenotionofgraftingsosimplisticallyastohardlyregisterasacritiqueat
all.LienBotha'sworkisacaseapart:sheisobviouslyusingimagesinthepublicdomaininorder
toworkthrough—verybravely,Imightadd—anextremelypainfulpersonal/collectivehistory.
WayneBarker'sironycannotbeoverlooked:hisworkdealswithakindofwhite'tourism'andthe
consumptionof'curios':withouthissnatchedimagesofthespectacleofblackethnicity,his
wholeenterprisewouldmakenosenseatall.Thenthereareothers,likeWilliamKentridge,who
brilliantlyfilterstheexperienceofbothlandscapeandtheurbanenvironmentasthegraph/map
ofhistory(andhenceofcolonialhistory)throughlayerednarrativesandpersonalexperience.I
amtalkinghereaboutwhiteartistswhoaretryinginsomewaytoworkthroughtheirpersonal
(andoftencollective)historiesinrelationtothecomplexitiesofSouthAfricanpoliticsandpost-
colonialdiscourse.Whoareobviouslyconstantlyfacedwiththequestions:whatcanIrepresent?
AndwhatlanguagemightIuse?Doesbeingwhitenecessarilynowmeannothavingamandateto
speakatall?
Myobjections,then,withregardtobothEnwezorandOguibe,lienotwiththeirargumentsper
se,butmorewiththeimplicitessentialism(racialandgender)thatrendersonlymembersof
givengroups(class,racial,gender)aslegitimatevoices—thereasonsforwhichEnwezor
championsWillieBesterorLornaSimpson(notthatSimpsonisn'taninterestingartist…),ormore
problematicallystill,thereasonswhyOguibechampionsanartistlikeElAnatsui,simply,one
imagines,forbeingan'African',forhisworklookslikeasecond-gradeimitationofearlywestern
modernistslikeJacobEpsteinor,atapush,HenryMoore.
InarecentarticleinthemagazineThirdText(2),SionaWilsonforgesananalysisaroundthework
oftheEnglishteamJoSpenceandTerryDennett,focussingparticularlyonthephotograph
entitled'Colonization',whichworksironicallyaroundquestionsofclass,raceandgender.Wilson
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clearlyunderlinesthecomplexmeaningsandmis-understandingsgeneratedbytheterm
'representation',focussingonanargumentcogentlyputforthbyGayatriChakravortySpivakin
heressay'CantheSubalternSpeak?'(seefootnote1).Thetwoconceptionsoftheterm
'represent'aremappedoutbySpivak/Wilsonas'speakingfor'(forwhichtheGermanword'vertreten'isused—asinpolitics,whenaleader'speaksfor'thepeople)and're-presentation'
(forwhichtheGermanword'darstellen'isused,asinartandphilosophy.Spivak'sargument,in
turn,isaimedatFoucaultand,specifically,atDeleuze,whose"dismissaloftheissueispredicated
onhissuppositionthatthetheoristwho'speaksandacts'(' darstellen')cannotbethe
representativeof('vertreten')"thosewhoactandstruggle"(3).AsIunderstandit,Spivak
criticizesDeleuzeforreinstatinghimselfasthe'representative'asatheorist,andhenceinthe
politicalsense,byestablishingacomplicitybetweenpoliticalrepresentation(' vertreten')andre-
presentation('darstellen')inthephilosophic/
aestheticsenseoftheterm.
Thereisnodoubtthatthesetwoformsof'representation'areeasilyconflatable,easily
confounded.Thisisparticularly,thoughnotexclusivelythecasewhentheimageisproducedin
andforthesamesystem/regimethatengenderstheconditionsitalsorepresents(which,in
effect,isNOTthecaseintheworkofBreitz,BothaorVari,forexample).Itneverthelessseemsto
meessentialtoteaseoutthesetwostrandsoftheterms'representation'.Tothinkof
representationasmerely'speakingfor'istoreduceanyformofartisticorliteraryexpressiontoa
univocitythatdiminishestheevocativeandcriticalpotentialofanygivenwork.Itistoconflate
artwithideologyorwithpoliticsinthemostbruteandsimplisticway.Topolicerepresentation,
stipulatingrulesastowhoispermittedto'represent'(' darstellen')whatistoremovefromawork
ofartallbutitsmanifestcontent.Surelyifpost-modernismasadiscoursehastaughtusanything,
itisthattograftanimageisnotnecessarilyto'speakfor'thatwhichisrepresented,butsimply
tore-contextualiseitinwayswhicharemoreorlesscritical,moreorlessinteresting.Thefactof
suchgraftingisinitselfirrelevant,unlesstakenholistically,inconjunctionwiththemannerin
whichthisisdone.
Inshort,manyofEnwezor'scriticismsarejustified,asindeedareOguibe's.Butthefactthatthese
criticsfallpreytoakindoffundamentalismthateradicatestherighttoalldifferenceotherthan
thatcondonedorratifiedbythemselves—self-promotedasexpertsandlegislators—landsup
flatteningouttherelevanceoftheirargumentsandlookingincreasinglyliketheyaresimply
stakingoutareasinsomekindofMonopolygame.Nodoubt,theproductionofimagestreadsa
narrowanddangerouspathbetweentwoformsof'representation',andthatthesetwoforms
haveconstantlytobere-examined,re-negotiated.Butisn'tthatwheretheinterestlies?We
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don't,surely,wanttoseeabland,uniformandboringlysanctionedformofStateArtinSouth
Africa—dowe?
Here,then,asanappendix,ismyresponsetoOluOguibe's'BringingtheNativestoGraz'(Texte
zurKunst,nº25,1997)
IreadwithgreatinterestOluOguibe'sarticle'BringingtheNativestoGraz'intheMarchissueof
TextezurKunst(nº25).Nothavingattendedtheexhibition'Inclusion/Exclusion'curatedbyPeter
WeibelinGrazlastyear,IaminnopositiontocommentonhowMr.Oguibe'sargumentrelatesto
thatexhibitionitself.However,hisarticleastutelybroughtupsomeoftheimportantcritical
issuesaroundthequestionsofpost-colonialism,migration,ethnicityandracialidentitythat
Weibel'sshow—andmanyothersaroundtheglobeoverthepastdecade—purportedly
address.Mr.Oguibe'scommentthat'post-colonialismandmigrationareinforWeibelinthe
samemannerthatelectronicartwasforhimashortwhileago.Andheisnotalone'pointstothe
unfortunatefactthatwhatforsomepeopleisapressingissue(alife-issueaswellasan
intellectualone)forothersbecomesafashion.Andthatwhenitcomestobeingafashionvictim,
well,no-oneisimmune.Theunprecedentedpowerinvestedinthefigureofthecurator
nowadays,allowsformanyofusintheartbusinesstojumponthetrendybandwagon,andthat
doesn'texcludeMr.Oguibehimself.
AlsoimplicitinMr.Oguibe'sattackonthosewhousepoliticalissuestoshapeuptheirownCV's,
isthemoredubiousnotionthatonlyaclosedcircleofinitiates,gainingcredibilitythroughaself-
regulating,self-approvingandhencetautologicalsystemoflegitimation(aclub,inotherwords)is
entitledtoaddresssuchissuesaspost-colonialism,migration,andthe'Other'question.Following
onhiscriticismofPeterWeibel,Mr.OguibenotesthatinthesameweekthatWeibelgathered
'hisnatives'inGraz,'anothercuratorhadassembledapanelinLisboninconnectionwithashow
ofSouthAfricanart,andthetopicofthepaneldiscussionwas—youguessedit—colonialism
andpost-colonialism'.
TheexhibitionIcuratedatCulturgestinLisbonwasentitled'Don'tMesswithMisterInbetween',
anditgatheredfifteenartistsfromSouthAfricaworkingaroundissuesthatinsomewaybridged
agapbetweenthebinarypolesofrationalist(Cartesian)thinking.Notbeingoftheschoolof
believersthatartisanillustrationofideology,Iusedthisnotiontoprovideaflexibleframework
fortheshow,ratherthanarigidprogramme.Itwas,forme,apointofpersonalandintellectual
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honestynottotakeintoaccountratiosystemsoranyformofethnicorracialclassificationofthe
artistsincludedintheexhibition.Iamnotsurewhatpedigreeis,intermsofcurrentlyfashionalbe
P.C.codes,requiredofacuratorinorderforhim/hertobelegitimisedtoinclude/excludeartists
fromanexhibition.IhappentobeCaucasian,justasIhappentobefemaleandJewish:thesethingsIcannothelp.Myassistant,AngelaFerreira,isaPortuguese/SouthAfricanartist.I
consideredthefactIlivedinSouthAfricaforwelloveradecade,sufficientlegitimationforan
investmentandinvolvementinsuchaproject.
ThepaneldiscussionthatMr.Oguiberefersto,wasorganisedaroundapaperdeliveredbyPenny
Siopis,oneoftheartistsintheexhibition,and,wellyouguessedit,thetopicofthepaperhad
nothingtodowithpost-colonialism.Itstitlewas'DomesticAffairs:RaceandGenderin
ContemporarySouthAfricanArt'.Theissuesaddressedwerepreciselythosedealingwith'the
persistenceofracialviolenceagainstblacksinSouthAfricanvisualrepresentation,issuesof
censorshipandlicensetotheblackbody'thatMr.Oguibesoauthoritativelyandcondesendingly
noteswerenotraised.Ofcourseissuesaroundpost-colonialismcameup:thiswasbecausethe
paneldiscussionwasorganisednotonlyinorderfurthertoarticulateissuesrelatedtoSouth
Africa(those'crucialculturalandpoliticalquestionsnowplaguingSouthAfrica'which,through
'sheerpoliticalopportunism'Iapparentlyfailedtoaddress)butratheralsoinordertoraise
questionsrelevanttoPortugal'sownpost-colonialpositioninthelightoftheexhibitionofthe
workofSouthAfricanartists,andhencetogeneratesomesortofdiscursiveencounterbetween
thetwohistoricalsituations,thatofSouthAfricaandthatofPortugal.This—ifitneedsspelling
out—becauseitseemedimportanttoremindourselvesofthepoliticsofhostingcertaintypesof
exhibitions.
ButofcourseMr.Oguibecouldnotbeexpectedtoknowallthis:hewas,afterall,notpresentat
thepaneldiscussion,nordidheattendtheexhibition,andanyinformationhehadaboutthe
discussioncouldonlyhavebeenrelayedbypersonalsources,viawordofmouth(presumably
thatofthe'Spaniard'hereferstoinhisarticle:andtosettherecordstraight,Iamnot'a
Portuguese',Iamamigrantinthiscountry.Andyes,thereweretwoPortuguesepeopleinthe
panel—theytoohaveopinions).Anyhow,ifhehadgivenhimselfthetroubletoreadthetextin
thecataloguetotheexhibition,Mr.Oguibewouldhavenotedthatthe'post'ofpost-colonialism
waspositedasavexedprefix,notwithintheclosureofthesagitallogicofa'progress'myth,but
ratherasaproblematisedterm,inrelationtotheequallyproblematic'post'of'post-modernism'.
Mr.Oguibe'sargumentthat'SouthAfrica,asweknow,isnotapost-colonialcountryanymore
thantheUnitedStatesis,andSouthAfricanartistshavenopost-colonialexperience'is
predicatedonanotionthatthe'post'of'post-colonial'isaprefixwhichsimplydenotesa
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historicalpositioningwithinatemporalcontinuum.Inthefirstinstance,anyoneremotelyfamiliar
withSouthAfricawillknowthattheauthoritarianregimewhichheldSouthAfricawithinthe
strangleholdofapartheid,wasalwaysconsideredbythemajorityofthepopulationtobeoneof
'settlers'.Tosplithairsandtryandfinddistinctionbetween'settlers'andacolonialpower(suchasFranceorEngland,orindeedPortugal)mightbeanentertainingintellectualpastime;itseems
tome,however,morefruitfultoaddresscolonialismbothhistoricallyand,morebroadly,asan
attitudeofmind.(Whatothermeaningcouldtheexhortationto'decolonizeourminds'have?)It
isonlythenewnessconstantlyandcontinuouslyclaimedbytheideologyofprogressitself
(implicitinalinearconstructionofhistory)thatposits'post-colonial'withinthestraitconfines
suggestedbyMr.Oguibe—ie.asthatwhichcomes'after'colonialism.
FromtheperspectiveofaPortuguesevenueandaPortuguesepublic,addressingissuesof'post-
colonialism'wasofprimordialinterest.Giventhegeneralisedamnesiainthiscountrytoitsown
recentpastinAfrica,itseemedcrucialtoexaminehowtheissuesaddressedbytheexhibition
'Don'tMesswithInbetween'overlappedwithunstatedconflictsinPortugueseculture.Whether
ornotwesucceededisnotformetosay;however,Mr.Oguibe'sownabsencefromtheevent
removesfromhimanymandatetocommentuponitwithanyauthority.Theassertionthatsuch
debatesareopportunisticappropriationsand'trivialisationsofserioushistorialexperience'must,
ofcourse,begivenseriousconsideration.However,theclaimingforthemselvesofsuchareasof
debatebyaself-promoting,self-congratulatinggroupofbuddies,isanattitudeofarrogancethat
isincompatiblewithintellectualhonesty.What'personalgain'couldIpossiblehaveachieved
from'exhibitingthenatives'when,inMr.Oguibe'srathernarrowterms,manyofthoseexhibited
werenotproperlyspeaking'natives'?
1)GayatriC.Spivak,'CantheSubalternSpeak?',inC.NelsonandL.Grossberg,(eds), Marxism
andtheInterpretationofCulture ,Macmillan,1988;also'|TheProblemofCulturalSelf-
Representation',interviewbetweenGayatriC.SpivakandWalterAdamsonin ThePostColonial
Critic:Interviews,Strategies,Dialogues ,ed.bySarahHarasym,Routledge,1990.
2)SionaWilson,'WhiteMetonymy',ThirdText ,nº37,Winter1996-7,pp3-16
3)Ibid.,p7
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RuthRosengaten