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________________________________________ Pre-Medical Honors Program 2018
Wednesday, November 14, 2018 - Session # 7
Agenda:
4:00 PM – 5:15 PM
Pathology 101 Presentation: Jacob Jay Lindenthal, Ph.D., Dr.PH.
Bleeding Control Workshop
5:30 PM – 6:45 PM
Medical Student Seminar Discussion Groups: Careers in Medicine
Formal Lectures
7:00 PM – 8:00 PM
Medical Imaging Screening for Breast Cancer In The Average Risk and High
Risk Patient
by
Basil Hubbi, M.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Radiology
8:00 PM – 9:00 PM
Sunlight, Vitamin D, and Cancer
by
George Studzinski, M.D., Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School
ANNOUNCEMENTS
1. There will be a Cardio-Pulmonary Pathophysiology class scheduled for
Sunday, November 18th from 8:30 am til 12 Noon in room B 552. This
class is free of charge. Sign-up sheets will be posted on google docs. Class
attendance fulfills the weekend requirement for obtaining HONORS at
graduation.
2. The next Basic Life Support Session is scheduled for Sunday, November
18th from 1 pm til 5 pm. Those who register online for this class and
successfully complete it will receive a certification card through the
American Heart Association. Certification will last for two years. In
order to participate in this class, students must matriculate through prior
online registration. The cost of the Basic Life Support course remains at
$ 50.00 by typing in the Promo code: “Minimed”. Students may register
for either class, using the individual link specific for the BLS session:
November 18, 2018: https://uhnj.enrollware.com/enroll?id=2494637
Students must pay ONLY through either credit or debit card online. NO
CASH PAYMENT IS ALLOWED. No walk-in students will be accepted
without prior registration and confirmation. Students who registered
online, should follow the directions sent by the Community Training
Center to attend this class. For further information or for on-line
registration difficulties, call Mr. Dennis Boos or Mr. John Cruz at the
Community Training Center: 973.972.4373; 8 am til 4 pm.
3. Any student who still owes tuition money for our program must submit
payment by check or money order as soon as possible. Failure to do so
may result in not receiving a graduation certificate at the end of the
program. If you have any questions regarding this matter or any other
matter, please direct questions or concerns to Mr. Michael Grabow,
Program Administrator at [email protected] or by phone:
973.972.1269.
4. Instructions for taking the Pre-Medical Honors Program Honors Exam:
The Honors Exam consists of 25 questions that test your knowledge of
content covered in the preceptor-led homeroom sessions. It does not
include content from lectures administered by NJMS faculty. You will
have 50 minutes to complete the exam. Please only take the exam once; if
you take the exam multiple times, only your first attempt will be counted.
In addition, there is no cutoff grade for HONORS at this time. After all
students have completed the exam, the top 33rd percentile of students will
receive HONORS.
The exam will be due on Wednesday, November 21st at 11:59pm. No
exceptions to this deadline will be made. We encourage you to complete
this exam as soon as possible as technical difficulties will not be accepted
as an excuse to extend the deadline for the quiz. In an event that you do
experience any kind of technical difficulties or any other kind of problems,
please email us at [email protected] so that we may address
your concerns immediately.
The link to access the exam will be emailed out on Wednesday, November
14th at 9:00 pm. If you do not receive an email by Thursday, feel free to
email us [email protected] so that we can send you the link.
Good Luck on the exam !
5. Please note that there will be NO PROGRAM SESSION on Wednesday,
November 21st, Thanksgiving Eve.
6. Please note that on the last session, Wednesday, November 28th, the
program involves a full evening session starting at 5:30 PM followed by a
graduation ceremony at 8:00 PM. The graduation ceremony should
conclude at approximately 9:00 PM. Although attire for the evening is
totally discretionary, we would suggest that consideration be made for
more formal casual wear given that graduation night has always been
considered a special event. Please invite your family and friends to attend
our graduation ceremony.
We wish Everyone a Happy, Healthful, And Safe
Thanksgiving Holiday Weekend !
CAREERS IN MEDICINEMoving forward as you graduate from Mini-Med!
Mini-Med Fall 2018
DISCLAIMER
●It’s absolutely okay if you don’t know what you want to do right now.
●This conversation is about looking forward and helping you think about what may be interesting to you!
What career are you currently considering?
Go around the room and give an example of what you imagine you want your career to be.
CAREERS IN MEDICINE
● Healthcare is among the fastest growing fields.
● Of the 20 fastest growing jobs, 10 are in the field of medicine.
● There are so many reasons why medicine is growing so fast. Some are
below:
○ Aging Population
○ Advances in Medical Technology
○ Shift from in-patient to out-patient care
● What are some other reasons medicine is growing so fast?
Jobs Growth %
Veterinary
Technician/Technologist
41%
Physician Assistant 39%
Athletic Trainer 37%
Medical Assistant 34%
Veterinarian 33%
Pharmacy Technician 32%
Dental Hygienist 30%
Physical Therapist 27%
Radiation Therapist 25%
Surgical Technician 24%
Registered Nurse 22.2%
Pharmacist 22%
Physicians 14%
FASTEST GROWING MEDICAL CAREERS
Common Misconceptions
#1: Only science majors get into medical school.
● As long as you take the required science sequence, you can major in any subject you
want.
○ A non-traditional major could help you stand out while applying to medical school.
○ Studying the humanities or social sciences can really improve your writing and
communication skills, and it might even improve your MCAT score!
● YOU CAN BE ANY MAJOR AS LONG AS YOU INCLUDE:
○ 1 year of biology with laboratory, 1 year of general chemistry with laboratory, 1
year of organic chemistry with laboratory, 1 year of physics with laboratory, 1
semester of biochemistry, 1 semester of upper division biology (required by some
med schools), 1 year of college-level math (usually a calculus and statistics course)
○ *If you AP out, most schools still like you do a similar course or a higher level
course in that subject in college.
#2: I’m not smart enough for medical school.
● Grades are important but they are not the only thing a school is looking for!
● Make sure you are a well-rounded student: ○ Pursue your interests through hobbies and extracurricular activities. ○ Find volunteer work that is meaningful to you. ○ If research is something you are interested in, look into different
research opportunities.● Don't hesitate to take a gap year to do something that is important to you
and grow as a person.● If you want to give your academics a boost before coming to medical
school, look into a science intensive post-bac or masters program.
#3: There’s only one way to medical school.
●Everyone has their own path to medical school, whether it take 4 years or 15 years!
●The average age of an incoming medical student is 25, which means most will end up taking time between college and medical school.
●Students end up working in other careers, taking research years, or getting additional masters degree before medical school.
○ Some reasons for this include: making money to go to medical school (☹), finding passion later in life, or making their application more competitive!
Suggestions Moving Forward
Think & Be Independently
●Medicine is a very long career, filled with twists and turns. May times the only thing keeping us above water is the fact that we all selected this career for ourselves and there’s no where else we’d rather be!
●Being independent is often really hard, not just for you but also for the people who love you!
●Start small: get your own email address, start calling for yourself, work on learning how to cook/do your own laundry, read the news, begin crafting your own opinions!
You can’t do this by yourself! Seek guidance.●Looking for mentors and guidance is a major key to success!
●You should focus on two different types of guidance
○ PERSONAL MENTORS
■ These are people you admire - use their experiences to shape your own!
■ Examples include: your preceptors, a favorite teacher, a doctors/healthcare
professional you admire, fellow students
○ CAREER DEVELOPMENT GUIDES
■ These are people who will help you navigate your way to your ideal career.
■ Examples include: your guidance counselor, your pre-health advisor in college,
Deans, teaching faculty
● Mentorship is not just handed to you! You often need to seek them out whether it’s
in person, via email, or online!
Keep your eyes and hearts open.
●EYES OPEN:○ Keep your eyes open, and seek experiences which will help you examine and
understand the field of medicine. ○ Opportunities like shadowing will let you see if you’re interested in the day to day
of medicine. ○ Reach will allow you to explore what is yet unknown!○ Seek experiences which challenge you and allow you to discover what you love.
●HEART OPEN:○ You’ll know when you feel like you’re not going down the right path.○ If you realize you don’t really don’t love something, then you probably
shouldn’t be doing it.
Learn how to market yourself!●Starting with applying to college, people are going to ask you about yourself!
○ Spend some time thinking about you!
○ What experiences made you who you are?
○ Write these things down! (trust me when it comes time to writing those essays…they always escape me)
●Document what you’ve done!○ Whether it’s a list on your computer, a resume, or a CV, document what you’ve done
and for how long.
○ For example, Mini-Med should be on that list!
○ How would you write Mini-Med on a resume?
●To succeed you have to be able to market yourself to employers/colleges/medical schools/peers leadership on you as a person. Some of that is through essays, others is in person!
Elevator Pitches
Elevator Pitch
The elevator pitch: the hypothetical situation where you find yourself in an elevator with someone that you want to work with, and you have only the time it takes to travel a few floors to introduce yourself, your value, and a proposition. If ever you have a short amount of time to present yourself to someone, here are some things to keep in mind.
• Make it flexible, but know those key elements listed on the next slide intimately.• Use the pitch as a conversation starter, not a monologue.• Be concise. Less is more!• Parties, concerts, exhibitions, family functions, etc. All are great practice arenas
of the “pitch.”
Let’s practice! With a partner, you have 2 minutes to “pitch” yourself! We will be asking a few volunteers to do it in front of the class.
And close with What do you want from this encounter!
QuestionsPlease use this time to ask your preceptors about their path to medicine!
Some Questions
● What got you interested in medicine?
● What is the biggest misconception people have about
medicine/medical school?
● What is the biggest risks you took? Do you regret any of them?
● What is the best piece of advice your received on your path?
● What activities were you involved with in college/high school?
● If you could do it all over what would you change? Would you go
into medicine again?
THANK YOU!
Basil Hubbi, M.D.
Dr. Basil Hubbi has served as Assistant Professor of Radiology and Director of Breast
Imaging at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School since 2009. He graduated Summa
Cum Laude from Rutgers School of Engineering in 1999 and graduated from Rutgers
New Jersey Medical School in 2003. He went on to complete a one year Internship
in General Surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York, NY and a 4 year residency in
Diagnostic Radiology at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School in Newark, NJ followed
by a one year fellowship in Breast and Body Imaging at Rutgers New Jersey Medical
School. His clinical activities mainly focus on all modalities of breast imaging
including mammography, breast ultrasound, and breast MRI as well as breast
interventional procedures including image guided biopsies and pre-operative
localizations. He is a member of the radiology residency faculty and gives local and
regional lectures regularly. Dr. Hubbi has earned numerous teaching awards
including the New Jersey Medical School Golden Apple for Excellence in Teaching
and the Radiology Residency Program Best Teacher of Residents award. He was
also appointed as the Radiology Residency Program Director. His research interests
include radiologic-pathologic correlation of breast carcinoma, improving public
education of breast cancer, improving patient compliance with breast imaging, and
radiology graduate medical education and policy. E-mail:
Medical Imaging Screening for Breast Cancer in the Average Risk and High Risk Patient
B. Hubbi, M.D.Assistant Professor of Radiology
Rutgers UniversityNew Jersey Medical School
Newark, NJ
Background• Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in women
worldwide
• Second leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the US after lung cancer
• An estimated 231 840 women in the US will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2016
• An estimated 40 290 women in the United States will die of breast cancer in 2016
• Mortality from breast cancer has declined steadily since 1990, largely due to improvements in early detection and treatment
Oeffinger, et al. Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk 2015 Guideline Update from the American Cancer
Society. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2015;314(15):1599-1614.
Screening• Test used in a population to identify an
unrecognized disease in individuals without signs or symptoms
• Performed on people in apparently good health
• Designed to identify disease in a community early to enable earlier intervention and management in the hope to reduce mortality and suffering from a disease
Traditional Forms of Breast Cancer Screening
• Mammography
– Screening
– Diagnostic
• Clinical Breast Examination
– Physician performed
– Self performed
Mammogram
• X-ray exam of the breast used to detect and evaluate the breast and underlying changes
Screening Mammogram
• X-ray of the breast in a woman who has no symptoms
• Goal: To find cancer when it is too small to be felt by a woman or her doctor
• Two pictures of each breast
Diagnostic Mammogram
• X-ray exam of the breast in women reporting breast lumps or other symptoms. Essentially answering a specific problem
– Different from screening mammography in that additional views of the breast are usually taken
– Diagnostic mammography is usually more time-consuming and costly than screening mammography
– Patient remains in department until work-up completed
– Radiologist generally discusses findings with patient
How is it done?
• Breast is compressed between an X-ray plate and a plastic plate. Compression is needed to spread the tissue apart. This ensures little movement and a sharper image. Entire procedure takes approximately 20 minutes.
Digital Mammography
Displayed and Compared to
Priors
BI-RADS
• Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System
• 7 different categories
– 0- Need additional imaging.
– 1,2- Benign. No evidence of cancer. Return in 1 year
– 3- Probably Benign. 98% or more are NOT CANCER. Return in 6 months.
BI-RADS
• 4- Biopsy required. Low to Moderate suspicion for cancer.
• 5- Biopsy required. High suspicion for cancer. At least 95% chance.
• 6- Biopsy proven cancer.
False Positives vs True Positives
• False positive: A positive test result that does NOT correlate with TRUE disease
• True positive: A positive test result that does correlate with TRUE disease
• False negative: A negative test result when the disease IS present
• True negative: A negative test result when the disease IS NOT present
False Positives vs True Positives
• False positive: A positive test result that does NOT correlate with TRUE disease
• True positive: A positive test result that does correlate with TRUE disease
• False negative: A negative test result when the disease IS present
• True negative: A negative test result when the disease IS NOT present
Sensitivity and Specificity
• Sensitivity of a test is defined as the proportion of people who have the disease who test positive for it
• Specificity of a test is defined as the proportion of patients who do not have the disease who will test negative for it
What is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Mammography in the General Population?
• Data from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium shows the Sensitivity and Specificity to be:
Age Sensitivity Specificity
40-44 73.6% 88.2%
45-49 80.3% 89.2%
50-54 82.4% 90.5%
55-59 84.6% 91.5%
60-64 84.9% 91.9%
65-69 84.6% 92.3%
70-74 84.7% 92.9%
75-89 86.6% 93.4%
TOTAL 83.5% 90.9%
Is Mammography Perfect?
• False negative rate of up to 27% in women in their early 40’s
• False negative rate of 17% when screening women across all age groups
So what is mammography good for?
• Mammography is the only screening examination for breast cancer that has been shown to decrease mortality– Evidence from Randomized Control Trials (RCT’s)
conducted in Europe and North America that involved nearly 500,000 women showed statistically significant decrease in mortality
– Statistical analysis of all the RCT’s demonstrated 26% reduction in mortality*
* Kerlikowske, K., Grady, D., Rubin, S.M. et al. Efficacy of screening mammography (A metaanalysis) . JAMA. 1995;273: 149–154
The problem with breast density
• Described as the ratio of fibroglandular tissue (white stuff) to fat (dark stuff)
• Four categories: – Extremely Dense : More than 75% FGT
– Heterogenously Dense: Between 50%-75% FGT
– Scattered Fibroglandular Tissue: Between 25%-50% FGT
– Predominantly Fatty: Less than 25% FGT
Breast “Density”
• Described as the ratio of fibroglandular tissue (white stuff) to fat (dark stuff)
• Four categories: – Extremely Dense : More than 75% FGT
– Heterogenously Dense: Between 50%-75% FGT
– Scattered Fibroglandular Tissue: Between 25%-50% FGT
– Predominantly Fatty: Less than 25% FGT
Dense
Breasts
Limitations of Mammography
• For women with fatty breasts, the sensitivity of mammography is 87% as compared to 63% for women with extremely dense breasts*
• False negative rate of 37% in women with extremely dense breasts*
*Carney PA, Miglioretti DL, Yankaskas BC, Kerlikowske K, Rosenberg R, Rutter CM, et al. Individual and Combined Effects of Age, Breast Density, and Hormone Replacement Therapy Use on the Accuracy of Screening Mammography. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:168-175.
So how do we improve on mammography for those women deemed High Risk?
What is a high risk patient?
Patients with increased lifetime risk of the development of breast cancer as compared to the general population
What is a high risk patient?
American Cancer Society* Describes High Risk Groups as:
– BRCA Mutation
– First degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) of a BRCA carrier
– Lifetime risk of 20% or greater based on disease models
*Saslow et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89
Model Characteristics Races Evaluated Recommended by ACS
GailRace
Age at menarche
Age at first live birth
Number of previous breast
Biopsies
Number of first-degree relatives with
breast cancer
Does not include paternal family
history
White
African American
NO
ClausNumber of relatives with breast cancer
Ages at diagnosis of these relatives
Maternal and paternal family history
White NO
BRCAPROPersonal history of breast cancer
or a history of breast or ovarian
cancer among her first-degree and
second-degree relatives
White with some data for
African American
YES
BODICEAEstimates the likelihood of carrying
BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation as well as
the risk for developing breast or
ovarian cancer
White YES
Tyrer-Cuzick
Age at first period
Age at first live birth
Family history of breast cancer in first-
degree relative
Number of breast biopsies
showing atypical hyperplasia
Race/ethnicity
White and other races
YES
Breast MRI
• MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures
• MRI does not use ionizing radiation
Breast Coil
• Patient placed in prone position, minimizing effect of respiratory motion
• Unilateral or Bilateral breast coil
• Most coils are open at the side to allow lateral access for intervention
Imaging Protocols
• T2W Fast Spin Echo with or without fat suppression
• T1W with fat suppression without and with Gadolinium. Subtraction of noncontrast from contrast images.
• Sagittal or Axial plane
Contrast Material
• Gadolinium injected at usual dose of 0.1 mmol/Kg as a bolus
• Subsequent T1W contrast enhanced images obtained continuously over 5 minutes approximately 6-8 minutes after initial contrast bolus
Increased density of microvessels and increased permeability results
in preferential uptake of Gadolinium by breast cancers relative to
normal breast parenchyma
Breast MRI Performance in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Across All Women
Study Sensitivity Specificity
Warner (2004) 77% 95%
Kuhl (2005) 91% 97%
Kriege (2004) 80% 90%
Leach (2005) 77% 81%
Sardanelli (2011) 91% 97%
Weinstein (2009) 71% 79%
Le-Petross et al. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Breast Ultrasanography as an
adjunct to Mammographic Screening in High Risk Patients. Seminars in Ultrasound
CT and MRI. 2011;32:266-272
Breast MRI Performance in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Across All Women
MRI Sensitivity ranges from 77-91% and
Specificity ranges from 79-95%
Mammography Sensitivity Ranges from 73-
84% and Specificity ranges from 88-90%
Breast MRI Performance in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Across HIGH RISK Women
Saslow et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an
Adjunct to Mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89
Study Sensitivity Specificity
The Netherlands 80% (33%) 90% (95%)
Canada 77% (36%) 95% (99%)
UK 77% (40%) 81% (93%)
Germany 97% (33%) 95% (97%)
USA 100% (25%) 95% (98%)
Italy 100% (16%) 99% (0%)
Breast MRI Performance in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Across HIGH RISK Women
Saslow et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with MRI as an
Adjunct to Mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89
MRI Sensitivity ranges from 71-100% and
Specificity ranges from 81-99%
Mammography Sensitivity Ranges from 16-
40% and Specificity ranges from 93-99%
*Saslow et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines for Breast Screening with
MRI as an Adjunct to Mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89
Insufficient Evidence to Recommend MRI
• Lifetime risk of 15-20%
• Lobular Neoplasia consisting of Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS) or Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia (ADH)
• Heterogeneously or Extremely dense breast on Mammography
• Women with a personal history of breast cancer
What about Breast Ultrasound?• Ultrasound imaging
• Involves the use of a small transducer (probe) and ultrasound gel placed directly on the skin
• High-frequency sound waves are transmitted from the probe through the gel into the body
• The transducer collects the sounds that bounce back and a computer then uses those sound waves to create an image
Breast Ultrasound
• Indicated for women and girls <30 years old presenting with a breast complaint (lump, nipple discharge, focal noncyclical pain)
• Used to assess findings which persist after additional mammographic imaging or as an adjunct to mammographic evaluation of a breast abnormality in women > 30 years
• Guidance for breast intervention
Breast Ultrasound
What about using Ultrasound for Screening?
•Assessed the effects of adding annual screening breast ultrasound performed by expert trained physicians to annual screening mammography
•High Risk patients
•Adding a single screening US to
Mammography will yield an additional 4.3
cancers per 1000 high-risk women, but
will also substantially increase the number
of false positives (PPV for M= 22.6%;
PPV for M+US = 11.2%). TWICE THE
NUMBER OF BIOPSIES
• Only 7.4 % of lesions recommended
for biopsy based on ultrasound were
found to be cancer
•Compared with 38% of lesions
recommended for biopsy based on
mammography
Ultrasound as Screening Tool
• Advantages:– Can find more cancers in high risk women at a
smaller size than mammography
– No radiation concern
• Disadvantages:– High sensitivity and low specificity substantially
increasing biopsy rate
– Operator dependent with wide variability
– Long exam
Breast Ultrasound
No major professional society in the US or elsewhere recommend the use of screening ultrasound for breast cancer
Summary
• Mammography remains standard of care for screening for breast cancer
• Screening mammography has been shown to decrease mortality from breast cancer
• MRI is superior to both mammography and ultrasound in identifying breast cancers but limited by decreased specificity
• Use of MRI in women with low-to-moderate risk is not recommended
• Ultrasound is limited by time, operator dependency, and high false positive rate
Oeffinger, et al. Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk
2015 Guideline Update from the American Cancer Society. Journal of the
American Medical Association. 2015;314(15):1599-1614.
Updated ACS Guidelines
• Women with an average risk of breast cancer should undergo regular screening mammography starting at age 45 years – Strong Recommendation
• Women aged 45 to 54 years should be screened annually• Women 55 years and older should transition to biennial
screening or have the opportunity to continue screening annually
• Women should have the opportunity to begin annual screening between the ages of 40 and 44 years
• Women should continue screening mammography as long as their overall health is good and they have a life expectancy of 10 years or longer
Updated ACS Guidelines
Thank You
NOTES
George Studzinski, M.D., Ph.D.
Dr. George Studzinski is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. He completed his undergraduate studies and majored in Biochemistry at the University of Glasgow, Scotland. He subsequently also completed his undergraduate medical education at the same institution as well as earning his doctoral degree in Experimental Pathology and where he also completed his residency in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. He has authored numerous articles and reviews in the field of cancer and aging especially researching the effects of Vitamin D on cancerous cells. Dr. Studzinski also has extensively taught classes in General Pathology to graduate, medical, and dental students over a few decades and has received many honors; has served on numerous committees at Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School; at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and at other research societies. E-mail: [email protected].
George P Studzinski, MD, PhD
Professor Emeritus, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School,
Newark, NJ , USA
" Sunlight, Vitamin D and Cancer."
OH
OHHO
Vitamin D3 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
( Active Form )
HO
7-dehydrocholesterol
( Precursor )
HO
In 1822, Sniadecki recognized the importance
of sun exposure for the prevention and cure of
rickets. Like in other European cities, children
in Warsaw, Poland, developed a severe bone-
deforming disease now known as rickets.
[Mozolowski W. Jedrzej Sniadecki (1768–1838)
on the cure of rickets. Nature.1939;143:121–
124.]
In nineteen thirties my father, a graduate of
the Warsaw Medical University, used a UV
lamp to provide me with vitamin D at an early
age.
An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the United
States due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B
radiation.
Grant WB Cancer 94, 1867-1875, 2002
Mortality rates in white Americans were twice as high in New
England as they were in the southern states for cancers of -
Bladder, breast, colon, corpus uteri, esophagus,
ovary, rectum and stomach.
Grant WB:
Detailed analyses of cancer rates in the various regions of
US showed that these were inversely proportional to the
amount of UV-B to which the population was exposed,
even when corrected for other known factors.
It is estimated that 85,000 fewer cases and 30,000 fewer
deaths (out of projected 1,285,000/555,000) would occur if
the entire U.S. population received UV-B exposure
equivalent to that in the southern part of the country. By
way of comparison, additional deaths from melanoma and
other skin cancer would be 3,000.
The Promise of Vitamin D as a Cancer
Therapeutic:
Sunlight generates vitamin D and seems to lower
cancer incidence.
Human (and mouse) cancer cells can be
“normalized” by active vitamin D (1,25D).
Lots of anecdotes how vitamin D improves health
and longevity.
Main Functions of 1,25 D3
Classical function: elevates serum calcium
level and bone mineralization by increasing
intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of
calcium and phosphorus
Effect on differentiation and proliferation:
Inhibition of proliferation in many malignant cells, including colon, breast, and prostate cancer cells.
Induction of differentiation in some cancercells, such as leukemia cells.
HL60 (an acute promyeloblastic
leukemia cell line)
Macrophage-like cell
(Adherent)
1,25D3
1,25 D3
Monocytoid cell
(Nonadherent)
CD11b
CD14 CD14
CD11bCD14
CD11b
CD14CD14
CD11b
1,25 D3 Induced Differentiation of HL60 cells
Differentiation markers:
CD14
CD11b
MSE
1,25D
VDR
A. Proliferation
p21, hOP, 24OH,etc
C/EBP
CD14 MSE
?
GF/Cytokines
Raf-1
PP
Grb
MEK1/2
ERK1/2
KSR-1
p90RSK
C/EBP
P
Ras Sos
+
C. Late Differentiation
Raf-1
PP
Grb
MEK1/2
ERK1/2
Ras Sos
p90RSKc-myc,
Ets
GF/Cytokines
Differentiation
Targets
Proliferation
Targets
p90RSK
?
Differentiation
Other
targets
?
B. Early Differentiation
Raf-1
PP
Grb
MEK1/2
ERK1/2
Ras Sos
KSR-1
p90RSK
CD14
GF/Cytokines
Induction of differentiation in some cancercells, such as leukemia cells.
However,
1. The concentrations required to achieve
differentiation and/or cell cycle arrest far exceed the
levels of circulating 1,25D.
2. High concentrations of 1,25D are incompatible with
life, due mainly to arterial and multiple organ
calcifications.
16Calcification in heart
17Calcification in lung
18Adrenal glands showing caseous necrosis and calcification
Clinical trials of Calcitriol (I,25D)
or analogs generally failed to
show anticancer activity.
Table . Selected completed/terminated clinical trials with calcitriol during the years 2009-2015.
STUDY
NUMBER
TYPE OF
CANCER
COMPOUNDS PHASE COMMENTS/
COMPLETION YEAR
NCT00794547Non-small-cell lung
carcinoma Calcitriol, cisplatin, docetaxel I/II
Pharmacokinetics studies; results
published
/ 2013 (Ramnath N at all 2013)
NCT00524589Androgen independent
prostate cancer Calcitriol, dexamethasone II
Interventional studies;
closed due to absence of results / 2014
NCT01093092Inoperable advanced solid
tumors
Calcitriol, cisplatin,
gemcitabine hydrochloride I
Pharmacological studies;
terminated due to absence of results /
2015
NCT01293682 Breast cancer Calcitriol IIEfficacy and feasibility studies;
closed due to absence of results / 2015
But, “Absence of proof is not
proof of absence.”
Vitamin D supplementation
Improved clinical outcomes associated with vitamin D
supplementation during adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with
HER2+ non-metastatic breast cancer. Zeichner SB, Koru-Sengul 2, Shah
N, Liu Q, Markward NJ, Montero AJ, Glück S, Silva O, Ahn ER. Clin Breast
Cancer; 2015;15:e1-11.
A retrospective review of all patients (n = 308) given trastuzumab-based
chemotherapy between 2006 and 2012 at the University of Miami.
CONCLUSION: Vit D supplementation in patients with nonmetastatic
HER2(+) breast cancer is associated with improved DFS.
Serum vitamin D levels and cancer
Low Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Inferior Survival in
Follicular Lymphoma: A Prospective Evaluation in SWOG and LYSA Studies.
Kelly JL, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33:1482-90.
[< 20 ng/mL]
•Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations ≥40 ng/ml Are Associated with
>65% Lower Cancer Risk: Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trial and
Prospective Cohort Study. Sharon L. McDonnell , et al. Published: April 6 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152441
•Conclusion based on data obtained from studies of multiple invasive cancers in
women aged 55 years and older.
Association of Vitamin D Levels with Outcome in Patients With Melanoma
after Adjustment for C-Reactive Protein. Shenying Fang, et al. J Clin Oncol.
March 21, 2016
Conclusion: Lower vitamin D levels in patients with melanoma were associated with
poorer outcomes. The median vitamin D level was 25.0 ng/mL( measured as 25-D).
So- How can the barriers be overcome?
1. Restoration of adequate funding for vitamin D
and cancer studies.
2. Better understanding of the mechanisms that
underlie anti-cancer effects of 1,25D.
3. Additional evidence from correlations of the
levels of circulating vitamin D ( usually 25-D)
with cancer incidence, progression, and the
response to conventional therapy.
4. Search for factors that confound the above
studies.
5. Standardization of procedures and patient
stratification in Clinical Trials.
6. Importantly, mechanism-based scheduling,
dosage, and combination with non-toxic
agents which enhance the effect of vitamin D
compounds.
So - How can the barriers be overcome?
6. Importantly , mechanism-based scheduling,
dosage, and combination with non -toxic
agents which enhance the effect of vitamin D
compounds.
Carnosic Acid promotes monocytic
differentiation initated by 1,25-dihydroxy
vitamin D3
Danilenko M, Wang X, and Studzinski, G.P.
J. Natl Cancer Institute 93:1224-23, 2001.
• Carnosic acid is an anti-oxidant derived from the plant Rosemary
• Has little pro-differentiation activity, but markedly increases differentiation induced by 1,25D3
• Increases expression of the receptor for 1,25D3
Synergistic antileukemic activity of carnosic acid-rich rosemary extract and the 19-nor Gemini
vitamin D analogue in a mouse model of systemic acute myeloid leukemia. Shabtay A, Sharabani H,
Barvish Z, Kafka M, Amichay D, Levy J, Sharoni Y, Uskokovic MR, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M. Oncology.
2008;75: 203-14.
Doxercalciferol
(1-D2)
• Vitamin D2 derivative hydroxylated in C1 alfa position.
• Since it lacks the hydroxyl group on C25, needs to beactivated in the body- mostly by the liver.
• Approved by FDA for human use- mostly for chronickidney diseases.
• Has been found safe in myelodysplastic syndromes- apreleukemia condition.
31
PJ Cook et al. Nature, 1-6 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature07849
H2AX Y142 phosphorylation discriminates
between apoptotic and repair responses to DNA damage.
Autophagy
Protective Cells downsize
Cytotoxic Results in necrosis-like cell death
Several regulators (eg Beclin, BNIP3, etc)
Multiple markers (eg p62, LC3).
In malignant cells with DNA damage, 1-D2/Carnosic acid
combination induces activation of the caspase cascade and
autophagy by –
1,25D-> VDR-> -> TXNIP-> ASK1-> JNK-> Bim->Caspases-
>Beclin/BNIP3L
Cell Death
Differentiation
agents
1-D2/CAAraC
DNA
Damage
Cell death
Apoptosis
Autophagy
Necrosis
Cell death
VDR
BRAF
TXNIP
ASK1
JNK1
BIM
BNIP3L
Conventional therapy Enhancement of cell death (ECD)
Our studies show that the enhancement of AraC-induced cell
death is associated with increased DNA damage and higher
levels of DNA damage response (DDR) markers. An important
component of the enhanced cytotoxicity is apoptosis that results
from exposure of cells with DNA damaged by AraC to the
differentiation-promoting combination of 1-OH-D2 and CA.
• Thank you
• 谢谢 (Xie Xie)
• Dziekuje
• תודה (todá)
NOTES
NOTES