Russia’s Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    1/22

    [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahqmfn ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~

    @gnd{fasm~agf

    Ymzdo Kmdz

    Mtltx~ ;9=;

    [txxam'FAX Hdf~d{

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    2/22

    Aj{a ax m {dxdm{he hdf~d{ mfn m jg{t` jg{ ndkm~d gf `mcg{ af~d{fm~agfmo

    ygoa~ahmo mfn dhgfg`ah axxtdx& Edmndn kq ^ead{{q nd @gf~k{amo xafhd a~xjgtfnafl af =1

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    3/22

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    4/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    ;

    Aj{a

    Mt~eg{

    N{& Ymzdo B& Kmdz ax m [dxdm{he Y{gjdxxg{ m~ ~ed Ydmhd [dxdm{heAfx~a~t~d/ Gxog %Y[AG!& Ed ax moxg m Xdfag{ Fgf[dxandf~ Jdoog| m~ ~edK{ggbaflx Afx~a~t~agf/ \mxeafl~gf NH& Mj~d{ l{mntm~afl j{g` @gxhg|X~m~d Tfazd{xa~q %@M af Ygoa~ahmo Ldgl{myeq/ =1/ ed |mx m `d`kd{ gj ~ed Y[AG Kgm{n& Eax {dxdm{he gf[txxamf dfd{lq ygoahq mfn [txxam,x ygoahq af ~ed M{h~ah ax xtyyg{~dnkq ~ed Fg{|dlamf [dxdm{he Hgtfhao2 eax g~ed{ y{gjdxxagfmo af~d{dx~xafhotnd ~ed dfd{lq mfn xdht{a~q na`dfxagfx gj [txxamfDt{gydmf{dom~agfx/ ~ed ~{mfxjg{`m~agf gj ~ed [txxamf `aoa~m{q/ mfn ygx~Xgzad~hgfjoah~ `mfmld`df~ af ~ed Hmthmxtx mfn ~ed L{dm~d{ Hmxyamf m{dm&Ed |{a~dx m |ddboq hgot`f jg{ ~ed Cm`dx~g|f Jgtfnm~agfx Dt{mxamNmaoq @gfa~g{ %?|||&cm`dx~g|f&g{l'y{gl{m`x'dn 6!/ mfn eax om~dx~kggb/ [txxamf Dfd{lq Ygoahq mfn @aoa~m{q Yg|d{/ |mx ytkoaxedn kq[gt~odnld/ Ogfngf/ af ;995&

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    5/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    8

    Aj{a

    Hgf~df~x

    DUDHT^AZD XT@@M[Q &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& >AF^[GNTH^AGF &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& :^ED NG@DX^AH YGOA^AHMO H[AXAX MFN M[H^AH YGOAHQ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 5@AOA^M[Q [DJG[@ MFN ^ED FG[^ED[F JODD^ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =9

    ^ed Ktomzm-Kg{dq `ax`m~he &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =9^ed @ax~{mo mjjma{ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =;^ed {axb jmh~g{ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =4

    ^ED YGOA^AHX GJ M[H^AH AXXTDX&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =:HGFHOTXAGFX&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =1

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    6/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    >

    Aj{a

    Dudht~azd Xt``m{q

    ^ed af~d{yomq gj ~ed jg{dalf/ ng`dx~ah mfn `aoa~m{q na`dfxagfx gj[txxamx M{h~ah ygoahq ax hem{mh~d{asdn kq ydhtoam{ afhg`ym~akaoa~adx&^ed ygxa~agf gj yg|d{ xdht{dn kq ~ed `aoa~m{q xtyd{ag{a~q mfnm`ka~agtx `gnd{fasm~agf gj x~{m~dlah jg{hdx ax xtyygxdn ~g l{mf~@gxhg| x~{gfl afjotdfhd mfn ~mflakod mnzmf~mldx af ~ed M{h~ah{dom~agfx& Af jmh~/ `aoa~m{q ktaonty ldfd{m~dx xtxyahagfx m`gflfdalekg{x af ~ed M{h~ah mfn emx y{g`y~dn ~ed` ~g t{ld FM^G ~g ymq

    `g{d m~~df~agf ~g ~ed jg{`d{ Fg{~ed{f jomfb& ^ed edmzqhgfhdf~{m~agf gj fmzmo tfa~x mfn `aoa~m{qafntx~{amo df~d{y{axdx af ~ed@t{`mfxb mfn M{bemfldoxb {dlagfx ax xtyygxdn ~g `mbd ~ed` af~g mxgoan xtyyg{~ kmxd jg{ ~ed {dla`d gj y{dxandf~ Zomna`a{ Yt~af/ |eaod af{dmoa~q y{gkod`x |a~e M{`dn Jg{hdx {djg{` emzd y{gnthdn naxhgf~df~af ~ed {mfbx mfn y{gkod`x |a~e jafmfhafl ~ed xeayktaonafl y{gl{m`odmn ~g xghamo ~dfxagfx& ^ed gjjahamo ~mob mkgt~ duymfnafl M{h~ahhggyd{m~agf mfn gydfafl ~ed Fg{~ed{f Xdm [gt~d ax afh{dmxafloq `d~|a~e naxkdoadj af Fg{~e\dx~d{f [txxam/ |ed{d mfq y{g~dx~ mh}ta{dxx~{m~dlah a`yg{~mfhd ntd ~g eale m~~df~agf j{g` ~ed Fg{nah fdalekg{xmfn a`yoaha~ afzgozd`df~ gj/ g{ a`ymh~ tygf ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~&

    ^ed yomfx jg{ tyl{mnafl ~ed x~{m~dlah `txhod m{d ntkagtxmfn ~ed `aoa~m{q tfa~x af ~ed Bgom Ydfafxtom/ afx~dmn gj yd{jg{`afl ~ed{god gj xdht{a~q y{gzand{ mfn xd{zafl mx m {doamkod afx~{t`df~ gj ~edjdnd{mo hdf~{d/ m{d af jmh~ m `mcg{ xgt{hd gj ygoa~ahmo afx~mkaoa~q3

    ^ed y{gl{m` jg{ ndyogqafl m fd| ldfd{m~agf gj x~{m~dlahxtk`m{afdx emflx gf ~ed jafmo ~dx~x gj ~ed Ktomzm`axxaod mfn{d}ta{dx m `mxxazd hgfhdf~{m~agf gj {dxgt{hdx2

    ^ed yomfx jg{ ndyogqafl ~|g @ax~{mohomxx m`yeakagtxmxxmto~ xeayx %tfnd{ hgfx~{th~agf af J{mfhd! |a~e ~ed Ymhajahmfn Komhb Xdm jodd~x xeg| ~em~ ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~ ax }ta~d

    tfxta~mkod jg{ ~ed {god gj ~ed yazg~mo +kotd |m~d{+ Fmzq mfna~x afj{mx~{th~t{d jg{ xtyyg{~afl `mcg{ xt{jmhd hg`km~mf~xax af ndhmq2

    ^ed ygoa~ahmooqn{azdf {txe ~g hgfx~{th~ xtk`m{afdx mfn`mxxy{gnthd `axxaodx afh{dmxdx ~ed {axb gj ~dhefahmo jmaot{dmfn et`mf d{{g{/ afhotnafl mhhandf~x afzgozafl fthodm{|dmygfx mfn {dmh~g{x&

    Y{dxandf~ Yt~afx af~d{dx~ ~g ~ed M{h~ah ldgygoa~ahx emx my{gfgtfhdn `aoa~m{qxdht{a~q hem{mh~d{ mfn ax tfnd{yaffdn kq eax

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    7/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    4

    Aj{a

    nddy afzgozd`df~ af ~ed lmx ktxafdxx/ kt~ a~ emx moxg mh}ta{dn mfdfza{gf`df~mo mldfnm& Eax yd~ y{gcdh~ ax [txxamx homa` gzd{~d{{a~g{q kd~|ddf ~ed tfnd{|m~d{ Og`gfgxgz mfn @dfndoddz {anldxmnnafl gzd{ m `aooagf x} b` ~g [txxamx xdmkdn2 a~ hmf gfoq xthhddn|a~e hgfxdf~ gj ~ed M{h~ah fdalekg{x/ xg @gxhg| nd`gfx~{m~dx{dmnafdxx ~g dflmld af mnzmfhdn hggyd{m~agf af ~ed M{h~ah Hgtfhaomfn ~g a`y{gzd kaom~d{mo {dom~agfx& ^ed ng`dx~ah ygoa~ahmo h{axax |aooy{gkmkoq xygao Yt~afx af~df~agfx ~g duymfn yd{xgfmo ~{tx~kmxdn ~adx|a~e ~ed \dx~2 a~ hgton ytxe ea` ~g hgfj{gf~m~agf mfn dzdf xdojaxgom~agf/ |eahe ngdx fg~ kgnd |doo jg{ eax M{h~ah ygoahq&

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    8/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    :

    Aj{a

    Af~{gnth~agf

    @gx~ gj ~ed lgmox gjjahamooq ndjafdn af [txxamx M{h~ah x~{m~dlqxthemx ndzdogyafl fd| gao mfn lmx jadonx/ {dx~g{afl ~ed Fg{~ed{f Xdm[gt~d %Xdz@g{Yt~!/ g{ y{g~dh~afl ~ed j{mlaod dfza{gf`df~m{dygxa~azdoq a`ygxxakod ~g mnzmfhd |a~e `aoa~m{q `dmfx&= Qd~/ ~ed{d ax mnax~afh~ hgffdh~agf af [txxamx ygoahq`mbafl kd~|ddf ~ed ~mxbx gjx~{dfl~edfafl ~ed `dhemfax` gj ~ed M{h~ah Hgtfhao mfn xtk`a~~afl mfd| homa` jg{ duymfnafl ~ed hgf~afdf~mo xedoj/ mfn ~ed yomfx ~g

    afh{dmxd a~x `aoa~m{q `ale~/ mkgzd moo ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~& ^eaxhgffdh~agf hm`d gt~ afmnzd{~df~oq af Zomna`a{ Yt~afx mfx|d{ ~g ~ed}tdx~agf kq ~ed jm`gtx ygom{ duyog{d{ M{~et{ Heaoaflm{gz mkgt~ ~edyomfx jg{ {dzazafl ~ed Xdz@g{Yt~3

    ^dhefahmooq xydmbafl/ ygom{ x~m~agfx xtyyg{~ ~ed xmjd~q gj ~eaxfm~agfmo {gt~d& ^g`g{{g|/ fd| fmzmo xtk`m{afdx |aoo m{{azd m~Xdz`mxe mj~d{ hg`yod~afl jmh~g{q ~dx~x mfn ealexdmx ~{amo {tfx& \d|aoo moxg kddj ty gt{ `aoa~m{q kmxdx ~ed{d/ mfn |d |aoo hd{~mafoqafh{dmxd fm~agfmo xdht{a~q af ~ed fg{~e&

    ;

    Xdzd{mo hem{mh~d{ax~ah jdm~t{dx gj [txxamx M{h~ah ygoahq hmf kdnaxhd{fdn af ~eax }tg~d mfn ~ed y{dhdnafl zd{kamld& Ja{x~oq/ ~ed

    dhgfg`ah af~d{dx~x m{d hogxdoq af~d{~|afdn |a~e axxtdx gj y{dx~ald/ mfn~ed om~~d{ m{d x~{gfloq xemydn kq ~ed ~{mna~agfmo {doamfhd gf ~ed `aoa~m{q`ale~& Xdhgfnoq/ a~ ax ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~/ mfn ja{x~ gj moo ~ed fthodm{yg|d{dn x~{m~dlah xtk`m{afdx m{`dn |a~e kmooax~ah `axxaodx %XXKFx!/~em~ hgfx~a~t~dx ~ed hdf~{mo dod`df~ gj [txxamx `aoa~m{q `ale~ af ~edFg{~ed{f ~edm~{d mfn ax duydh~dn ~g xdht{d [txxamf af~d{dx~x/ dzdf~egxd ~em~ emzd fg {dodzmfhd |em~xgdzd{ jg{ ~ed xtk`m{afd mh~aza~q&Jafmooq/ a~ ax gkzagtx ~em~ Yt~af/ |eg emx x~m{~dn eax hgf~{gzd{xamo ~ea{ny{dxandf~amo ~d{`/ emx m x~{gfl yd{xgfmo af~d{dx~ af ~ed M{h~ah/ |eahehmffg~ kd {dnthdn ~g eax |doobfg|f ym{~ahtom{ m~~df~agf ~g ~ed lmxktxafdxx mfn emx m y{gfgtfhdn `aoa~m{ax~ah hem{mh~d{/ yd{emyxxemydn kq eax tfxembdmkod kdoadj af ~ed y{a`mhq gj em{n yg|d{&

    ^ed mt~eg{x {dxdm{he gf [txxamx `aoa~m{q ygoahq af ~ed M{h~ah {dlagf ax xtyyg{~dn kq~ed Fg{|dlamf [dxdm{he Hgtfhao %~ed FG[[TXX y{gl{m`!&=

    ^ed nght`df~ ^ed Jgtfnm~agfx gj ~ed [txxamf Jdnd{m~agf ygoahq af ~ed M{h~ah tf~ao;9;9 mfn Ogfld{ Yd{xydh~azd |mx myy{gzdn kq Y{dxandf~ @dnzdndz gf=5 Xdy~d`kd{ ;995 mfn ax mhhdxxakod m~ ~ed [txxamf Xdht{a~q Hgtfhao |dkxa~d?|||&xh{j&lgz&{t'nght`df~x'=4'15&e~`o6&;

    ^ed duhemfld ~ggb yomhd nt{afl gfd gj ~ed `mfq `dd~aflx |a~e {dlagfmofg`dfbom~t{m nt{afl Yt~afx dodh~agf hm`ymalf af om~d ;9==2 xdd?e~~y3''y{d`ad{&lgz&{t'dfl'dzdf~x'fd|x'='6&

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    9/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    / Ndhd`kd{ ;9=9/ y& 44=4

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    10/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    5

    Aj{a

    ^ed Ng`dx~ah Ygoa~ahmo H{axax mfnM{h~ah Ygoahq

    ^ed xem{y afh{dmxd af y{ag{a~q gj ~ed M{h~ah {dlagf af [txxamf ygoa~ahx af;99 ^ed B{d`oaf emn ~g {dxg{~ ~g xg`dt{ldf~ naxhayoafm{q `dmxt{dx/ afhotnafl ~ed {dyomhd`df~ gj ~edM{bemfldoxb gkomx~ lgzd{fg{/ ~g dfxt{d `the `g{d ml{ddmkod {dxto~xaf ~ed y{dxandf~amo dodh~agfx& ^ed @t{`mfxb gkomx~ lgzd{fg{ N`a~{aN`a~{adfbg ogqmooq mxxd{~dn ~em~ Yt~af |mx ~ed gfoq ygoa~ahamf |egtfnd{x~ggn ~ed a`yg{~mfhd gj ~ed Eale Fg{~e mfn mxxalfdn eax {dlagf~ed {god gj m oghg`g~azd af ndzdogyafl ~ed M{h~ah&4 ^em~ nan fg~ xmzdeax hm{dd{/ mx ed |mx jg{hdn ~g {dxalf af My{ao mj~d{ gfoq ~|g qdm{x af

    ~ed gjjahd mfn {dyomhdn kq @m{afm Bgz~tf/ |eg lmafdn m~~df~agf|g{bafl af ~ed {dlagfmo ym{oam`df~& Mfn{da Fdoangz/ ~ed edmn gj ~ed

    >Gfd y{dhaxd mfmoqxax ax E& Emod/ ^ed Yt~af @mheafd Xyt~~d{x3 Ja{x~ A`y{dxxagfx gj

    ~ed ;9== Nt`m Dodh~agfx/ af Nt`m Dodh~agfx ;9==/ [txxamf Mfmoq~ahmo Naldx~=9:/;= Ndhd`kd{ ;9==/?|||&axf&d~es&he'axf'Nala~moOak{m{q'Ytkoahm~agfx'Nd~mao'7ofl0df*an0=

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    11/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    1

    Aj{a

    Bm{doam [dytkoah/ |mx {dyomhdn tfnd{ gfd gj ~ed ja{x~ dudht~azdndh{ddx gj Y{dxandf~ Yt~af af @mq&:

    A~ |mx fg~ ~ed t{ldf~ fddn ~g {dx~g{d ygoa~ahmo naxhayoafd ~em~y{gydoodn ~ed B{d`oaf ~g {dyomhd ~ed lgzd{fg{x kt~ ~ed y{gzaxagfx gj

    ~ed fd| om| gf dodh~agfx ~em~ |mx mngy~dn tfnd{ y{dxxt{d j{g` ~edfd|oqjg{`dn |ea~d gyygxa~agf& ^ed om| ax zd{q {dx~{ah~azd kt~ a~fdzd{~edodxx hemfldx ~ed ygoa~ahmo nqfm`ahx af `mfq {dlagfx/ |ed{dlgzd{fg{x m{d fg| |m{q gj y{gzgbafl `mxx y{g~dx~x mfn emzd ~gafzdx~ dfd{lq af ktaonafl oghmo xtyyg{~ kmxdx& [dxgt{hd{ahe {dlagfxoabd ^q`df g{ ~ed Bg`a [dytkoah hgton jafmfhd ygoa~ahmo x~mkaoa~q/ kt~`gx~ Fg{~ed{f {dlagfx hmffg~ ltm{mf~dd a~/ xg ~ed fd| myygaf~ddx/|ed~ed{ oghmox oabd Bgz~tf af @t{`mfxb g{ hm{yd~kmlld{x oabdModbxmfn{ Betnaomafdf af Bm{doam/ jmhd najjahto~ y{gxydh~x gj lmafaflh{dnakaoa~q af m ~a`d gj dhgfg`ah em{nxeay&

    Jg{ ~em~ `m~~d{/ af ~ed @t{`mfxb {dlagf/ eale duydh~m~agfx

    {dom~dn ~g ~ed a`yod`df~m~agf gj ~ed Xe~gb`mf y{gcdh~ m{d ~t{fafl ~gj{tx~{m~agf mx ^g~mo mfn X~m~gao {d`maf {doth~mf~ ~g hg``a~ ~g mfafzdx~`df~ ndhaxagf&< Af ~ed M{bemfldoxb gkomx~/ ~ed `maf yg~df~amoxgt{hd gj naxhgf~df~ m{d ndomqx mfn ht~x ~g ~ed `mxxazd `aoa~m{qxeayktaonafl y{gl{m` %mx y{dxdf~dn af ~ed fdu~ xdh~agf!/ |eahe hgtony{gnthd m h{a~ahmo `mxx gj eanndf tfd`yogq`df~ af ~ed Xdzd{gnzafxbxeayqm{n& ^ed gjjahamo ~mob mkgt~ duymfnafl M{h~ah hggyd{m~agf mfngydfafl ~ed Fg{~ed{f Xdm [gt~d ax afh{dmxafloq `d~ |a~e naxkdoadj af~ed Fg{~e\dx~d{f [txxam/ |ed{d dzd{q y{g~dx~ mh}ta{dx x~{m~dlaha`yg{~mfhd ntd ~g eale m~~df~agf j{g` ~ed Fg{nah fdalekg{x mfna`yoaha~ afzgozd`df~ gj/ g{ a`ymh~ tygf ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~& ^ed`aoa~m{q tfa~x af ~ed Bgom Ydfafxtom/ afx~dmn gj yd{jg{`afl ~ed {god gj

    xdht{a~q y{gzand{ mfn xd{zafl mx m {doamkod afx~{t`df~ gj ~ed jdnd{mohdf~{d/ m{d af jmh~ m `mcg{ xgt{hd gj ygoa~ahmo afx~mkaoa~q&

    :Gf ~ed @t{`mfxb gkomx~ {dxetjjod/ xdd G& [mea`nsemfgzm/ @m{afm Bgz~tf d~g

    b{mqfd x~{mffgd fmsfmhedfad R^ed X~{mfld Myygaf~`df~ gj @m{afm Bgz~tfP/@gxbgzxbq bg`xg`god~x/ =8 My{ao ;9=;/

    ?|||&`b&{t'ygoa~ahx'm{~ahod';9=;'9>'=8':1895>`m{afmbgz~tfd~gb{mqfdx~{mffgdfmsfmhedfad&e~`o6& Gf Bm{doam/ xdd F& Kmxeoqbgzm/ Modbxmfn{ Betnaomafdf ygotheaoa~dxea~dofq y{as/ RModbxmfn{ Betnaomafdf [dhdazdn m Hgfxgom~agf Y{asdP/ Bg``d{xmf~/;; @mq ;9=;/ ?|||&bg``d{xmf~&{t'ngh'=1>9==;6&/ xdm ~{amox x~m{~dn af ;9==! |aoo kd afhotndnaf ~ed hg`km~ g{nd{& Gfoq ~em~ hgton moog| ~ed Fmzq ~g {dxt`d ~edym~~d{f gj x~{m~dlah ym~{gooafl xg ~em~ m~ odmx~ gfd XXKF da~ed{ j{g`~ed Fg{~ed{f g{ ~ed Ymhajah Jodd~ |gton kd m~ xdm m~ moo ~a`dx& == ^edzd{q m`ka~agtx {dm{`m`df~ y{gl{m` myy{gzdn af ;9=9 xd~ ~ed lgmo gjktaonafl dale~ Kg{dqhomxx xtk`m{afdx kq ;9;9/ kt~ af Jdk{tm{q ;9=;/ndyt~q y{a`d `afax~d{ N`a~{q [glgsaf mfn Fmzq hg``mfnd{ Mn`a{moZomna`a{ Zqxg~xbq {maxdn ~ed ma` dzdf ealed{ mxxd{~afl ~em~ ~dfxtk`m{afdx |aoo df~d{ xd{zahd kq ~ed dfn gj ~ed ndhmnd&=; ^eaxmhhdod{m~agf ja~x |doo |a~e Yt~afx mll{dxxazd {ed~g{ah gf ~ed dodh~agf~{mao/ kt~ ndym{~x kgonoq j{g` ~ed |doodx~mkoaxedn ~d`yg3 ~ed bddo gj~ed ~ea{n xtk`m{afd/ Zomna`a{ @gfg`me/ |mx oman af ;99: mfn a~ emxfg~ x~m{~dn xdm ~{amox mx qd~&

    \em~ `mbdx ~eax yomf ntkagtx {m~ed{ ~emf fg~ }ta~d jdmxakod ax~ed ym{moodo m`ka~agf jg{ ndyogqafl m fd| ldfd{m~agf gj fthodm{yg|d{dn m~~mhb xtk`m{afdx %y{gcdh~ 554 Qmxdf!& ^ed hgfx~{th~agf gjyaog~ xtk`m{afd Xdzd{gnzafxbkdlmf kmhb af =118 mfn a~ x~m{~dn xdm~{amox af ;9=9/ mfn ~ed bddo gj ~ed xdhgfn gfd %Bmsmf! |mx oman af

    =9

    Gfd {dhdf~ {ddum`afm~agf gj ~eax ~{mhb {dhg{n ax Z& Dzxddz/ Jog~ gxfmhexemqt~dxehed gnfgq l{gsfgq qmnd{fgq ntkafbgq R^ed Fmzq ax D}tayydn |a~e mfg~ed{Fthodm{ X~ahbP/ Fdsmzaxa`gd zgdffgd gkgs{dfad/ =9 Jdk{tm{q ;9=;/?e~~y3''fzg&fl&{t'm{`m`df~';9=;9;=9'5Wjog~&e~`o6&==

    Gf ~ed a`yg{~mfhd m~~mhedn ~g ~eax ma`/ xdd X& Bgfgzmogz/ Lomzbg` Z@J txedofm kgdztqt lotkaft/ RHg``mfnd{ gj ~ed Fmzq \df~ ~g X~{m~dlah Ndy~eP/Fdsmzaxa`mqm lmsd~m/ : Jdk{tm{q ;9=;/ ?|||&fl&{t'ygoa~ahx';9=;9;9:'=Wz`j&e~`o6&=;

    A& Xmj{gfgz C{&/ Lgxy{gl{m``m zgg{tsedfac y{a{gxom Qmxdfam`a a Kg{dqm`a/RX~m~d M{`m`df~ Y{gl{m` emx Duymfndn |a~e Qmxdf mfn Kg{dqP/ Bg``d{xmf~/< Jdk{tm{q ;9=;/ ?|||&bg``d{xmf~&{t'ngh'=5:

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    14/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    =;

    Aj{a

    ;9=9/ |a~e ~ed nm~d gj hg`yod~agf tfnd~d{`afdn mx qd~&=8 ^edhgfx~{th~agf gj fthodm{ xtk`m{afdx m~ ~ed Bg`xg`goxbfmM`t{d%M`t{xbq Smzgn! mfn Fasefaq Fgzlg{gn %B{mxfgd Xg{`gzg!xeayqm{nx emx kddf naxhgf~aftdn/ xg dzdf y{gzanafl ~em~ ~ed xdm ~{amoxlg x`gg~eoq %|eahe ax m kal Aj!/ moo ~|df~q xtk`m{afdx %~df Kg{dqhomxx mfn ~df Qmxdfhomxx! |gton emzd ~g kd ktao~ m~ ~edXdzd{gnzafxb %Xdz`mxe Smzgn! xeayqm{n& H{dna~afl ~eax xhedntod axgfoq ygxxakod kq ~mbafl mf du~{mogfl odmy gj jma~e&

    Kdxandx ~ed axxtdx |a~e hgfx~{th~agf/ a~ ax ealeoq y{gkod`m~ah~em~ h{d|x jg{ ~em~ `mfq xtk`m{afdx hgton kd mxxd`kodn mfn ~{mafdnaf xthe m xeg{~ ~a`d/ ym{~ahtom{oq xafhd ~ed axxtd/ h{thamo af ~ed |egod`aoa~m{q {djg{`/ gj hg`kafafl hgfxh{ay~agf |a~e y{gjdxxagfmoasm~agf %af~ed oa`a~dn xdfxd gj x~m{~afl ~g ktaon m hg{yx gj y{gjdxxagfmo xd{ldmf~xmfn `anxeay`df! ax x~aoo tf{dxgozdn& \em~ hgton emzd xdht{dn ~edfdhdxxm{q hgfhdf~{m~agf gj {dxgt{hdx mfn oglax~ahx |mx ~ed xym~amo{dg{lmfasm~agf gj ~ed fmzmo x~{m~dlah jg{hdx/ mxxalfafl moo XXKFx ~g

    ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~&=> ^eax x~{m~dlah {m~agfmod |mx/ eg|dzd{/ {dcdh~dnkq Yt~af/ |eg homa`x h{dna~ jg{ ~ed ndhaxagf ~g hgf~aftd ~edndyogq`df~ gj fthodm{ h{taxd{x af ~ed Ymhajah ~edm~{d&=4 ^edxtk`m{afd kmxd af Yd~{gymzogzxbBm`hem~xbq ax hg`yod~doq axgom~dnmfn hgton kd xtyyoadn gfoq kq xdm j{g` Zomnazgx~gb %|eahe ax;/;49 b` m|mq!/ |eaod ~ed kmxdx gf ~ed Bgom Ydfafxtom m{d jm{ kd~~d{xtyyoadn mfn y{g~dh~dn2 qd~/ jdm{ gj myydm{afl |dmb af ~ed jmx~ndzdogyafl MxamYmhajah {dlagf|ed{d fmzmo x~{dfl~e ax m h{thamodod`df~ gj fm~agfmo y{dx~aldy{dzmaox gzd{ ~ed `aoa~m{qdhgfg`ahhg``gf xdfxd&

    ^ed @ax~{mo mjjma{

    ^{mna~agfmooq/ ~ed ~|g hdf~{mo ~mxbx jg{ ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~ |d{d ~edy{g~dh~agf gj ~ed x~{m~dlah kmx~agf af ~ed Km{df~x Xdm %j{g` |eahe~ed XXKFx hgton xmjdoq gyd{m~d! mfn ~ed af~d{hdy~agf gj ~ed xdm oafdxgj hg``tfahm~agf kd~|ddf ~ed TX mfn Dt{gyd af ~ed Fg{~ed{fM~omf~ah& Fda~ed{ gj ~egxd ~mxbx ax {dodzmf~ g{ afnddn y{mh~ahmo af ~edjg{dxddmkod jt~t{d/ kt~ ~ed m`ka~agf gj xtx~mafafl m kotd |m~d{ Fmzq/hgnajadn af ~ed @m{a~a`d Ngh~{afd ;9;9 %mngy~dn af ;99=!/ emx{dmhedn m fd| eale& ^ed ~mxbx tfnd{yaffafl ~eax m`ka~agf m{d oa`a~dn~g xeg|afl joml af ~ed yg{~x gj Htkm/ Zdfdstdom/ g{`gx~a`yg{~mf~oq af ;9== mfn ;9=;Xq{am/ mx |doo mx y{g~dh~afl hg``d{hd

    =8Gfd afjg{`dn mfmoqxax ax M& Be{m`heaeaf/ Kgoxed bg{mkodc eg{gxeae a {msfqe

    R@g{d Lggn mfn Zm{adn XeayxP/ Fdsmzaxa`gd zgdffgd gkgs{dfad/ =< Jdk{tm{q ;9=;/?e~~y3''fzg&fl&{t'm{`m`df~';9=;9;=

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    15/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    =8

    Aj{a

    fdm{ ~ed ya{m~d hgmx~ gj ~ed Afnamf Ghdmf&=: ^ed hmymkaoa~adx jg{yd{jg{`afl ~edxd ~mxbx afhotnd m emfnjto gj ghdmflgafl xeayx/m`gfl |eahe ~|g `mcg{ xt{jmhd hg`km~mf~x gj ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~x~mfn gt~ma{h{mj~ hm{{ad{ Mn`a{mo Btsfd~xgzmfn fthodm{ h{taxd{ Yd~{Zdoabq& [txxamf mn`a{mox emzd ogfl m{ltdn ~ed na{d fddn jg{ `g{dyg|d{y{gcdh~afl edmzq xeayx/ kdx~ gj moo kq ktaonafl xdzd{mo ma{h{mj~hm{{ad{x/ kt~ af ~ed xeg{~~d{` yd{emyx kq `gnd{fasafl ~ed ~e{dd gonG{omfhomxx fthodm{ h{taxd{x&=/ mfn ~ed xdhgfn xeay %Xdzmx~gygo! ax ntd ~g jgoog| xta~ af;9=4& ^ed }tdx~agf {d`mafx mkgt~ ~|g `g{d xeayx mx ~ed hgf~{mh~x~aytom~dx ~em~ ~edq |aoo kd ktao~ af [txxam/ |eaod moo Xgzad~ ma{h{mj~ mfnedoahgy~d{ hm{{ad{x |d{d hgfx~{th~dn af ~ed Fabgomqdz xeayqm{n af

    Tb{mafd/ |eahe omqx `gx~oq anod& ^ed Mn`a{mo~q xeayqm{n af X~&Yd~d{xkt{l emx m edmzq yg{~jgoag gj g{nd{x jg{ nadxdo xtk`m{afdx%afhotnafl xau Baoghomxx jg{ Zad~fm`! mfn jg{ ahdhomxx gao ~mfbd{x2 ~edxeayqm{n af Bmoafafl{mn ax ~gg x`moo2 mfn ~ed gfd af Bg`xg`goxbfmM`t{d ~gg jm{ m|mq ~g g{lmfasd hggyd{m~agf |a~e Xmaf~Fmsma{d& ^em~odmzdx ~ed Xdz`mxe Smzgnmx ~ed gfoq gy~agf/ kt~ a~ ax km{doq ygxxakod

    =:Gf ~ed j{adfnoq hmoo ~g ^m{~tx/ Xq{am af Cmftm{q ;9=;/ xdd Y& Jdoldflmtd{/

    Jafmofmqm lmx~{go mzamfgx~xm Yg~`baf R^ed Jafmo Xeg| gj ~ed Ma{h{mj~ Hm{{ad{Yg~d`bafP/ Fgzmqm lmsd~m/ =: Cmftm{q ;9=;/?e~~y3''gon&fgzmqmlmsd~m&{t'nm~m';9=;'998';:&e~`o6& Gf ~ed xthhdxxjto gyd{m~agf

    mlmafx~ ya{m~dx/ xdd M& Myyodkmt`/ Xg`moam Ya{m~dx Homxe |a~e [txxamf Fmzq[dzdmox m Lmy af [tod gj Om|/ \mxeafl~gf Ygx~/ =5 @mq ;9=9&=

    Aj{a

    ~em~ ~eax xeayqm{n hgton |g{b gf ~ed etldoq nd`mfnafl y{gl{m` jg{hgfx~{th~afl fthodm{ xtk`m{afdx mfn gf ~eax fd| homxx gj xeayxxa`to~mfdgtxoq&=1 ^ed duyd{adfhd |a~e {demkaoa~m~afl mfn `gnd{fasafl~ed ma{h{mj~ hm{{ad{ Mn`a{mo Lg{xebgz%{dfm`dn Zab{m`mna~qm! jg{ ~edAfnamf Fmzq |a~e ~ed ogfl ndomqx mfn etld gzd{xydfn ax jm{ j{g`dfhgt{mlafl&;9

    Mfg~ed{ }tdx~agf ax mkgt~ |ed{d ~ed @ax~{moxhgton kd txdjtooqndyogqdn& ^ed Komhb Xdm Jodd~ ~em~ `tx~ y{dym{d ~g y{gcdh~ yg|d{~g|m{nx ~ed hgfjoah~{azdf Hmthmxtx mfn ax kdx~ yomhdn jg{ xeg|afl~ed joml af ~ed @dna~d{{mfdmf mfn jg{ hemxafl ya{m~dx af ~ed Ltoj gjMndf ax y{gkmkoq ~ed ja{x~ hegahd& ^ed Ymhajah Jodd~ ~em~ ax duydh~dn ~gnd`gfx~{m~d ~em~ [txxam ax y{dym{dn ~g yomq ~ed xdmkm~~od lm`dx af`m{a~a`d naxyt~dx af Dmx~ Mxam hg`dx m hogxd xdhgfn& Mx jg{ ~edFg{~ed{f Jodd~/ a~ ax {m~ed{ hodm{ ~em~ [txxamf edoahgy~d{x hmffg~ xmjdoqgyd{m~d af fale~~a`d mfn ygg{ |dm~ed{ hgfna~agfx/ mx ~ed {dhdf~h{mxe gj ~ed Bm4; Mooalm~g{%|eahe m{d xtyygxdn ~g `mbd ~ed `maf ma{

    jg{hd gj ~ed @ax~{mox! ~{mlahmooq hgfja{`dn&;=

    ^ed hmxd xtyyg{~x m |and{ hgfhotxagf mkgt~ ~ed zd{q ygg{xta~mkaoa~q gj ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~ jg{ ~ed {god gj yazg~mo [txxamf kotd|m~d{ Fmzq& A~ ax tfa}tdoq d}tayydn jg{ xtyyg{~afl ~ed ndyogq`df~ gjXXKFx/ mfn ~eax x~{m~dlah y{gjaod `mq afh{dmxd jt{~ed{ ajmx `mfq[txxamf duyd{~x duydh~~ed TX y{ghddnx |a~e yomfx ~g ktaon m`axxaod ndjdfxd xqx~d` mfn ndyogq m x}tmn{gf gj xeayx m{`dn |a~e~ed tyl{mndn Mdlaxaf~d{hdy~g{x af ~ed M{h~ah&;; Kt~ mx jg{ yd{jg{`aflHm{akkdmf g{ @dna~d{{mfdmf h{taxdx/ fg~ ~g `df~agf xmaoafl dmx~mogfl ~ed Xdz@g{Yt~/ ~ed Fg{~ed{f Jodd~ |a~e a~x eg`dkmxd m~Xdzd{g`g{xb ax ygg{oq ygxa~agfdn/ |eaod ~ed gon hgfhd{fx mkgt~

    kg~~odfdhbx af ~ed Kmo~ah x~{male~x mfn ~ed Kgxyg{tx m{d fg ogfld{mht~d& ^ed ~mxb gj `gfa~g{afl ~ed jaxed{adx ngdx fg~ {d}ta{d `mcg{xt{jmhd hg`km~mf~x/ ~ed xdm{hemfn{dxhtd `axxagfx mogfl ~edfg{~ed{f ~{mnd {gt~dx m{d kdx~ yd{jg{`dn kq hazaoamf ahdk{dmbd{x/ mfn~ed fg~agf gj y{g~dh~afl gjjxeg{d {dxgt{hdx ax df~a{doq eqyg~ed~ahmo&

    =1

    Xdd ^ed ja{x~ ~|g @ax~{mox jg{ ~ed [txxamf Fmzq m{d hmoodn Zomnazgx~gb mfnXdzmx~gygo/ [AM-Fgzgx~a/ = Jdk{tm{q ;9=;2 Xd{nqtbgz3 ^ed Xdhgfn Yma{ gj @ax~{mox|aoo kd ktaon gf ~ed Xdz`mxe/ [AM-Fgzgx~a/ ;= Ndhd`kd{ ;9==/?e~~y3''{am&{t'ndjdfxdWxmjd~q';9=;9;9='44>981:

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    17/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    =4

    Aj{a

    ^ed {axb jmh~g{

    ^ed Bt{xbnaxmx~d{ af ;999 `m{{dn ~ed kdlaffafl gj Yt~afx d{m mfny{gzdn kdqgfn m ngtk~ ~em~ ygg{ `maf~dfmfhd mfn ndjahadf~ oglax~ahx`mbd dzdf fd| xtk`m{afdx y{gfd ~g ~dhefahmo jmaot{dx/ |eahe hgtonkd xdzd{doq mll{mzm~dn kq et`mf d{{g{x hmtxdn kq afxtjjahadf~~{mafafl gj ~ed h{d|x& ^ed yd{jg{`mfhd gj kg~e ~ed Qt{a Ngolg{tbqmfn~ed Xdzd{gnzafxbhgton kd kmnoq mjjdh~dn kq ~eda{ `the y{gogfldnx~gymfnlg hgfx~{th~agf/ |eaod ~ed ndh{ddn {txe |a~e ktaonafl `mfq`g{d xtk`m{afdx gj ~edxd xd{adx/ |eahe hgton moxg kd af~d{{ty~dn kqht~x af jafmfhafl/ dfhgt{mldx ~ed og|d{afl gj ~dhefahmo x~mfnm{nx mfn{domum~agf gj }tmoa~q hgf~{go& ^ed `mxx y{gnth~agf gj ~ed Ktomzm`axxaodx `ale~ jgoog| ~ed xm`d ym~~d{f/ |eaod a~ ax afjg{`m~azd ~em~ ~eddale~ jmaot{dx af a~x xd{adx gj dale~ddf ~dx~x |d{d moo hmtxdn kqnajjd{df~ ~dhefahmo jmto~x& Dmhe xtk`m{afd ym~{go afh{dmxafloq

    {dxd`kodx m {gtfn gj [txxamf {gtod~~d/ kt~ mfq jmaot{d |a~e ~edKtomzm`axxaod af ~ed xd{adx gj yomffdn ~dx~x af xt``d{ ;9=; g{ om~d{af ~ed hg`km~ ndyogq`df~ yemxd |gton xalfajq m `mcg{ xd~kmhb |a~e~ed af~{gnth~agf gj ~ed fd| ldfd{m~agf gj XXKFx&

    [dhdf~ mfn `gx~ mom{`afl dzandfhd gj eale {axbx gj m najjd{df~bafn |mx ndoazd{dn af ~ed omx~ nmqx gj ;9==/ |edf ~ed XXKFQdbm~d{afkt{l%B5>! hmtle~ ja{d |eaod tfnd{lgafl `afg{ {dyma{x af ~ed[gxoqmbgzg n{q nghb %xg`d : b` Fg{~eDmx~ j{g` @t{`mfxb! kdjg{d`mbafl m xhedntodn ym~{go af ~ed dm{oq ;9=;&;8 ^ed ja{d {mldn gt~ gjhgf~{go jg{ xg`d =; egt{x tf~ao ~ed nghb |mx ym{~oq xtk`d{ldn&\g{xd/ ~ed mhhandf~ hgton dmxaoq emzd ~t{fdn af~g m hm~mx~{gyed3 ~edxtk`m{afd emn m jtoo hg`yod`df~ gj ~g{ydngdx mfn fthodm{ `axxaodxgf kgm{n& Ndyt~q Y{a`d @afax~d{ [glgsaf ~ggb yd{xgfmo hgf~{go gzd{~ed {dyma{x mfn y{g`axdn ~em~ Qdbm~d{afkt{l%|eahe txdn ~g kd ~edkdx~ yd{jg{`afl xtk`m{afd af ~ed Fmzq! |gton {d~t{f ~g xd{zahd kq`an;9=>/ kt~ ~ed{d ax fg ndfqafl ~em~ ~ed ja{d |mx hmtxdn kq df~a{doq~{azamo xmjd~q k{dmhedx |eahe m{d hg``gfyomhd af ~ed |egod oglax~ahmoxtyyg{~ xqx~d` jg{ fthodm{ xtk`m{afdx&;> ^ed TX mfn [txxamxFg{nah fdalekg{x emzd xydf~ `the `gfdq/ afhotnafl ~e{gtle ~edFtffOtlm{ Hggyd{m~azd ^e{dm~ [dnth~agf y{gl{m`/ gf xmjdoqnax`mf~oafl ngsdfx gj {dmh~g{x mfn `tfa~agfx mfn hodmfafl ty ~edfthodm{ ygoot~agf gf ~ed Bgom ydfafxtom ~em~ emn kddf y{gnthdn kqXgzad~ djjg{~x ~g ktaon m jodd~ gj x~{m~dlah xtk`m{afdx2 fg|/ eg|dzd{/

    @gxhg| emx ogx~ af~d{dx~ af ~eax cgaf~ |g{b mfn ~mbdx m hmzmoad{m~~a~tnd ~g|m{n fthodm{ {axbx xddbafl {dx~g{dn x~{m~dlah l{mfndt{&

    ;8^ed mhhandf~ ax mhht{m~doq ndxh{akdn af l{dm~d{ nd~mao ~emf ~ed mt~eg{a~adx y{gzandn

    af @& Otbaf mfn A& Xmj{gfgz C{&/ Ymodfmqm ognbm RKt{fdn Xtk`m{afdP/ Bg``d{xmf~-Zomx~/ =8 Jdk{tm{q ;9=;/ ?|||&bg``d{xmf~&{t'ngh'=5:6&;>

    Xdd Z& Oa~gzbaf/ Qdbm~d{afkt{l zd{fd~xqm z x~{ga ~hed{ds nzm lgnm RQdbm~d{afkt{l|aoo [d~t{f ~g Xd{zahd af ~|g Qdm{xP/ Fdsmzaxa`gd zgdffgd gkgs{dfad/ ;< My{ao ;9=;/?e~~y3''fzg&fl&{t'fd|x'6&

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    18/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    =:

    Aj{a

    ^ed Ygoa~ahx gj M{h~ah Axxtdx

    Zomna`a{ Yt~afx af~d{dx~ af M{h~ah ldgygoa~ahx tfnd{yaffdn kq eax nddyafzgozd`df~ af lmx ktxafdxx emx mh}ta{dn/ mj~d{ xdzd{mo ~{ayx ~g ~edFg{~ed{f {dlagfx/ xg`d l{ddf jdm~t{dx hgog{dn kq eax xafhd{dnax~mx~d jg{ dfza{gf`df~mo ygoot~agf %jg{ afx~mfhd/ m{gtfn ~ed Fg{aoxbyomf~x! mfn jmxhafm~agf |a~e kal mfa`mox/ afdza~mkoq afhotnafl ygom{kdm{x&;4 ^edxd jddoaflx |d{d dfhgt{mldn mfn duyoga~dn kq xdzd{mohomfx af ~ed B{d`oaf/ ym{~ahtom{oq kq ~ed jg{`d{ @afax~d{ jg{

    D`d{ldfhadx Xd{ldq Xegalt %fg| myygaf~dn mx ~ed lgzd{fg{ gj ~edy{gkod`{anndf @gxhg| gkomx~! mfn Xdh{d~m{q gj ~ed Xdht{a~q HgtfhaoFabgomq Ym~{txedz %jg{`d{ edmn gj ~ed JXK!& ^edq emzd jghtxdn ~eda{djjg{~x gf ~ed andm gj duymfnafl [txxamx ~d{{a~g{q kq mnnafl gzd{ m`aooagf x} b` kd~|ddf ~ed tfnd{|m~d{ Og`gfgxgz mfn @dfndoddz{anldx ~g a~x `m{a~a`d duhotxazd dhgfg`ah sgfd&;: ^eax yomf emxkdhg`d Yt~afx yd~ y{gcdh~/ kt~ ndxya~d `the ygoa~ahmo m~~df~agf/xhadf~ajah dzandfhd ax x~aoo omhbafl/ mfn xg ~ed {dzaxdn homa` emx fg~kddf mx qd~ {dxtk`a~~dn ~g ~ed TF Hg``axxagf gf ~ed Oa`a~x gj ~edHgf~afdf~mo Xedoj %TF HOHX!&

    ^ed `maf hgfhd{f ax gkcdh~agfx j{g` fdalekg{x af ~ed M{h~ah/

    xg @gxhg| nd`gfx~{m~dx {dmnafdxx ~g dflmld af mnzmfhdnhggyd{m~agf af ~ed M{h~ah Hgtfhao mfn ~g a`y{gzd kaom~d{mo {dom~agfx/ym{~ahtom{oq |a~e Fg{|mq mj~d{ ~ed xd~~od`df~ gj ~ed gon `m{a~a`dnaxyt~d |a~e ~ed ;9=9 kg{nd{ ~{dm~q&;< ^ed fdalekg{x m{d af~d{dx~dn afduyog{afl gy~agfx jg{ [txxamx hogxd{ dflmld`df~ dzdf aj xthe~ed`dx mx/ jg{ afx~mfhd/ ~ed {ale~x gj afnaldfgtx ydgyodx {d`mafjg{dalf ~g @gxhg|/ kt~ ~edq hmffg~ alfg{d ~ed y{gfgtfhdn d`yemxaxgf {dktaonafl `aoa~m{q `ale~/ xg yomfx jg{ duymfnafl FM^G {god af ~edM{h~ah {d`maf gf ~ed ~mkod&;5

    ;4

    Af Fgzd`kd{ ;991/ Yt~af `mnd ea`xdoj ~ed Hema{ gj ~ed Kgm{n gj ^{tx~ddx gj ~edxtnndfoq {dafzalg{m~dn [txxamf Ldgl{myeah Xghad~q2 a~x ~ea{n `dd~afl af My{ao ;9=;|df~ |a~e zd{q oa~~od jmfjm{d/ tfoabd ~ed ja{x~ ~|g/ xdd B& Om~teafm/ Bmya~mfq l{mf~gzRHmy~mafx gj L{mf~xP/ [gxxaqxbmqm lmsd~m/ == My{ao ;9=;/?|||&{l&{t';9=;'9>'=='yt~af{lg&e~`o6&;:

    Gfd domkg{m~d y{dxdf~m~agf gj ~ed [txxamf zad| ax M& Jdfdfbg/ [gxxaqm axgyd{fahedx~zg sm yd{dndo y{aygoqm{fqbe y{gx~{mfx~z+ R[txxam mfn ~ed Hg`yd~a~agf jg{~ed [dnazaxagf gj Ygom{ XymhdxP/ @Da@G/ Fg& >/ My{ao ;9==/ y& =:;1&;/ X~ghbego`3 TA/ ;9==/ ?e~~y3''|||&ta&xd'tyo'jaodx'4;;>9&ynj6&;5

    E& Emj~dfng{f/ FM^G mfn ~ed M{h~ah3 Ax ~ed M~omf~ah Mooamfhd m Hgon \m{ [doah af m

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    19/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    =

    M& Btn{af domkg{m~dn eax ygxa~agf af ~ed m{~ahod Kg{~g` b zgofd RMlmafx~ ~ed ^andP/Bg``d{xmf~/ =5 Gh~gkd{ ;9==/ ?|||&bg``d{xmf~&{t'ngh'=

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    21/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    =1

    Aj{a

    Hgfhotxagfx

    ^ed af~d{yomq gj jg{dalf/ ng`dx~ah mfn `aoa~m{q na`dfxagfx af [txxamxM{h~ah ygoahq ax hem{mh~d{asdn kq zd{q ydhtoam{ afhg`ym~akaoa~adx& ^edygxa~agf gj yg|d{ xdht{dn kq ~ed `aoa~m{q xtyd{ag{a~q mfn m`ka~agtx`gnd{fasm~agf gj x~{m~dlah jg{hdx ax xtyygxdn ~g l{mf~ @gxhg| x~{gflafjotdfhd mfn ~mflakod mnzmf~mldx af ~ed M{h~ah& ^ed edmzqhgfhdf~{m~agf gj fmzmo tfa~x mfn `aoa~m{qafntx~{amo df~d{y{axdx af ~ed@t{`mfxb mfn M{bemfldoxb {dlagfx ax xtyygxdn ~g `mbd ~ed` af~g m

    xgoan xtyyg{~ kmxd jg{ Yt~afx {dla`d& Af jmh~/ fda~ed{ y{gygxa~agfhg`dx ~{td af {dmo ygoa~ahmo oajd& @aoa~m{q ktaonty ldfd{m~dx xtxyahagfxm`gfl ~ed M{h~ah fdalekg{x mfn y{g`y~x ~ed` ~g t{ld FM^G ~g ymq`g{d m~~df~agf ~g ~ed jg{`d{ Fg{~ed{f jomfb/ |eaod ~dhefahmo {axbxmxxgham~dn |a~e fthodm{ y{gl{m`x `mbd [txxam oggb ygxa~azdoqkmhb|m{n& Y{gkod`x |a~e M{`dn Jg{hdx {djg{` y{gnthd naxhgf~df~ af~ed {mfbx mfn mkgzd moo af ~ed gjjahd{ hg{yx/ |eaod y{gkod`x |a~ejafmfhafl ~ed xeayktaonafl y{gl{m` odmn ~g xghamo ~dfxagfx& ^edygxxakaoa~q ~em~ y{g~dx~x m`gfl ~ed |g{bd{x mfn t{kmf `annod homxxdx|gton jafn xtyyg{~ af ~ed Fmzq `mbdx ~ed @t{`mfxb gkomx~ gfd gj ~ed`gx~ ygoa~ahmooq nmfld{gtx eg~ xyg~x mfn hgfct{dx ~ed xydh~d{ gj~ed =194 `t~afadx&

    Yt~af `mq emzd yd~{gaf~d{dx~x af ~ed M{h~ah mfn xg`d dhgjddoaflx mkgt~ ~ed {dlagf kt~ ed hgton fg~ y{gnthd mfq `dmfafljto{dxygfxdx ~g ~edxd hemoodfldx& Af jmh~/ eax m~~df~agf emx n{aj~dn j{g`~ed Fg{~e ~g|m{nx ~ed Dmx~/ mfn gfd gj ~ed `maf afa~am~azdx jg{ eax fd|y{dxandfhq ax ~ed h{dm~agf gj m fd| `afax~{q mfn/ ygxxakoq/ m yg|d{jtox~m~d hg{yg{m~agf jg{ ~ed ndzdogy`df~ gj Xakd{am mfn ~ed Jm{ Dmx~&84^ed{d ax/ fdzd{~edodxx/ m y{g`axafl mzdftd jg{ mnzmfhafl [txxamxaf~d{dx~x af ~ed Fg{~emfn a~ odmnx ~g|m{n l{dm~d{ hggyd{m~agf |a~e~ed M{h~ah fdalekg{x& @dnzdndz `mnd m lggn x~m{~ |a~e ~ed `m{a~a`dkg{nd{ ~{dm~q |a~e Fg{|mq/ kt~ Yt~af emx xeg|f oa~~od myyd~a~d jg{duyoga~afl ~eax k{dmb~e{gtle mfn nax~mfhdn ea`xdoj j{g` ~eax fg~ zd{q

    ym~{ag~ah hg`y{g`axd&8:

    Eax g|f kal y{gcdh~duymfxagf gj [txxamx

    84Xdd K& L{gsgzxbq/ Ng{glm b {mkx~zt y{gdb~ gxzgdfaqm Xaka{a a Nmofdlg Zgx~gbm

    R^ed [gmn ~g Xomzd{q3 ^ed Y{gcdh~ jg{ Ndzdogyafl Xakd{am mfn ~ed Jm{ Dmx~P/Jg{kdx&{t/ ;> My{ao ;9=;/ ?|||&jg{kdx&{t'xgkq~aqmhgot`f'zomx~'5=4=4ng{glmb{mkx~zty{gdb~gxzgdfaqmxaka{aanmofdlgzgx~gbm6&8:

    Gf ~ed [txxamf ngtk~x mkgt~ ~eax ~{dm~q/ xdd M& G{dxedfbgz/ M{h~ah X}tm{d gjGyyg{~tfa~adx/ [txxam af Logkmo Mjjma{x/ Zgo& 1/ Fg& >/ Ndhd`kd{ ;9=9/?e~~y3''dfl&logkmomjjma{x&{t'ft`kd{'M{h~ahX}tm{dgjGyyg{~tfa~adx=49546&

  • 7/31/2019 Russias Arctic Policy and the Northern Fleet Modernization

    22/22

    Y& Kmdz ' [txxamx M{h~ah Ygoahq

    ;9

    hgf~afdf~mo xedoj ~g ~ed Fg{~e Ygodhmf gfoq xthhddn/ eg|dzd{/ aj mhggyd{m~azd xgot~agf ax jgtfn |a~e Hmfmnm mfn Ndf`m{b mfn aj ~ed TXngdx fg~ {maxd gkcdh~agfx/ mx a~ nan af ;99=& ^ed ng`dx~ah ygoa~ahmoh{axax |aoo y{gkmkoq xygao Yt~afx af~df~agfx ~g duymfn yd{xgfmo ~{tx~kmxdn ~adx mfn hgton ytxe ea` ~g ~ed ~{mhb gj ~dfxagfx |a~e ~ed \dx~mfn dzdf xdojaxgom~agf/ |eahe ngdx fg~ kgnd |doo jg{ M{h~ah ygoahq&