Russian-North Korean Relations and the Prospects for Multilateral Conflict Resolution on the Korean Peninsula

8/3/2019 Russian-North Korean Relations and the Prospects for Multilateral Conflict Resolution on the Korean Peninsula

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5 Ulb a``hchik E^]J ebkbfiuhad iu ulb srgghu uikjs cag~}hsbe Jhg Xadf'dig+ ~}bshebdu a` ulb^}bshehrg a` ulb E^]J Sr~}bgb ^ba~kb‘s Issbgmkx: Oa Gxadf'}aj+ eh}bcua} a` ulb Fbdb}ik âkhuhcikEb~i}ugbdu a` ulb JÎ+ vla hs iksa ̀ h}su phcb'clih}gid a` ulb E^]J Diuhadik Eb`bdsb Cagghsshad:Jhg Xadf'clrd+ clhb` a` ulb Fbdb}ik Sui`` a` ulb JÎ+ vla hs iksa i gbgmb} a` ulb E^]J DiuhadikEb`bdsb Cagghsshad: Jhg Hk'clak+ ghdhsub} a` ulb ̂ ba~kb‘s I}gbe @a}cbs+ vla hs iksa phcb'clih}gida` ulb E^]J Diuhadik Eb`bdsb Cagghsshad: Oad ̂ xadf'la+ gbgmb} a` ulb E^]J Diuhadik Eb`bdsbCagghsshad ide sbc}bui}x a` ulb JV^ Cbdu}ik Cagghuubb: Clab Ulib'maj+ clih}gid a` ulb E^]J Sr~}bgb ^ba~kb‘s Issbgmkx: Clab Xadf'}hg+ ~}asbcrua}'fbdb}ik a` ulb Cbdu}ik ^rmkhc ^}asbcrua}‘sA``hcb: Jhg Jrj'ulib ide Jhg Xadf'srd+ sbc}bui}hbs a` ulb JV^ Cbdu}ik Cagghuubb: ̂ ibj Dig'srd+ghdhsub} a` à}bhfd i`ìh}s: îj Rh'clrd+ E^]J igmissiea} ua ]rsshi: ide ieehuhadik kbiehdf a``h'chiks a` ~i}ux+ i}gbe à}cbs+ ide ~avb} hdsuhuruhads+ cagghsshads ide ghdhsu}hbs a` ulb cimhdbu+ idediuhadik hdsuhuruhads$

2 Hd i sxgmakhc fbsur}b a` }bi``h}giuhad a` u}iehuhadik ]rsshid'Da}ul Ja}bid `}hbdeslh~+ ad => Orkx

=>>>+ ^}bshebdu ^ruhd ide Fbdb}ik Sbc}bui}x Jhg Oadf'hk kihe i v}biul mbà}b ulb Khmb}iuhad Uavb} ide amsb}pbe i gagbdu a` shkbdcb hd gbga}x a` ulb sakehb}s a` ulb Saphbu i}gx vla lie ìkkbd hdsic}be miuukbs à} ulb khmb}iuhad a` Ja}bi hd Irfrsu 9852$




]rsshi b|~}bssbe hus sr~~a}u à} ulb Da}ul Ja}bid ~ashuhad+ su}bsshdf ulb

dbbe ua }bsakpb ulb yrbsuhad a` Ja}bid }brdh`hciuhad hdeb~bdebdukx mx Ja}b'ids ulbgsbkpbs hd i ~bicb`rk ide ebgac}iuhc giddb}$ Gascav ide ̂ xadfxidf

}bhub}iube ulb sli}be mbkhb` uliu ulb arusheb ~avb}s cadcb}dbe slarke sr~'~a}u mru }b`}ihd `}ag hdub}pbduhad hd ulhs ~}acbss a` Ja}bid }bcadchkhiuhad$^}bshebdu ^ruhd cad`h}gbe lhs sr~~a}u à} ulb 92 Ordb Da}ul'Sarul Oahdu Ebcki}iuhad ide ~}aghsbe ua va}j uavi}e bdsr}hdf i ~bicb`rk }brdh`hciuhad

a` ulb ehphebe ~bdhdsrki$ Hd ulbh} oahdu suiubgbdu+ ulb uva kbieb}s b|~}bssbeulbh} a~~ashuhad ua Vislhdfuad‘s diuhadik ghsshkb eb`bdsb ~kids ide ulbiub} ghsshkb eb`bdsb ~kids+ sixhdf uliu R$S$ cadcb}ds imaru i ~asshmkb ul}biu ̀ }ag

^xadfxidf vb}b ‛f}ardekbss$‗ Ulb oahdu ebcki}iuhad suiube uliu ulb E^]J‘sghsshkb ~}af}ig ‛eabs dau ~asb idx ul}biu ua idxmaex mru hs ~r}bkx ~bicb`rkhd hus diur}b$‗ Ga}bapb}+ Jhg Oadf'hk hdehciube ua ^}bshebdu ^ruhd uliu ulb

E^]J vis vhkkhdf ua à}`bhu `r}ulb} ebpbka~gbdu a` hus hdub}caduhdbduik mik'khsuhc ghsshkbs h` ulb Rdhube Suiubs ide aulb} cardu}hbs cadcb}dbe vb}b uaif}bb ua isshsu ^xadfxidf hd hus s~icb b|~ka}iuhad b`à}us ide hd hus ~kids ua

kirdcl uva a} ul}bb Da}ul Ja}bid siubkkhubs ~b} xbi} iu ulbh} b|~bdsb$ Hd isbdsb+ hd lhs cadpb}siuhads vhul ^ruhd+ ulb E^]J kbieb} arukhdbe i `}igb' va}j à} i ~asshmkb dbv ebik mbuvbbd ^xadfxidf ide Vislhdfuad+ vlhcl

carke sbuukb ulb sa'cikkbe Da}ul Ja}bid ghsshkb yrbsuhad$

Ulb Gascav Srgghu

Jhg Oadf'hk gieb i }bur}d phshu ua ]rsshi `}ag =0 Orkx ua 9< Irfrsu =>>9+u}ipbkhdf ga}b ulid =>+>>> jg hd lhs ~b}sadik i}ga}be u}ihd `}ag ulb ]rs'shid'E^]J ma}eb} iu Jlisid ua Su$ ̂ bub}smr}f ad ulb Mikuhc Sbi ide micj$ Ida``hchik suiub phshu hd Gascav uaaj ~kicb ad 5–2 Irfrsu =>>9$ Ulhs kidegi}j

oar}dbx 0 e}igiuhcikkx hg~}apbe Jhg Oadf'hk‘s ide ulb Da}ul Ja}bid bkhub‘s~b}cb~uhads a` ]rsshi+ hus dbv fbdb}iuhad a` }bà}ghsu kbieb}s+ ide hus su}rf'fkhdf ~ba~kbs+ is vbkk is hdc}bisbe ulbh} rdeb}suidehdf a` ]rsshid hdsuhur'

uhadik }bà}gs ide sachabcadaghc ide ~akhuhcik clidfbs rdàkehdf hd ulbcardu}x$ Ulb capb}ifb a` ulb phshu hd ulb va}ke gbehi khùbe sagbvliu ulbei}j pbhk apb} ulb ~b}sadikhux a` Jhg Oadf'hk ide cadsheb}imkx hg~}apbe lhs

hgifb hd ulb va}ke$6 Ulb ìcu uliu Jhg ,ulb ‛Ebi} Kbieb}‗( `bku cad`hebdu bdarfl ua kbipb lhs cardu}x ̀ a} i vlakb gadul ide bpbd cbkbm}iub hus a``hchik

0 Jhg Oadf'hk sihe uliu ulb ~r}~asb a` ulb oar}dbx vis ‛dau ua ehscrss ulb }ihkvix yrbsuhad+ vlhcl hsi ubcldhcik ~}amkbg à} s~bchikhsus ua }bsakpb+‗ mru ua amsb}pb lav ulb ]rsshid @i} Bisu+ Shmb}hi+Gascav+ ide Su$ ̂ bub}smr}f lipb clidfbe shdcb lhs ~}bphars u}h~ ua vliu vis ulbd ulb Saphbu Rdhad+ga}b ulid 5> xbi}s ifa ,^rkhjapsjx =>>=+ 56($ Sagb b|~b}us iksa su}bss ulb sxgmakhc shfdh`hcidcb a` ulb u}ihd u}h~ ide hus shghki}hux vhul Jhg Hk'srdf‘s sh|'vbbj u}ipbk ua ulb Saphbu mkac hd ulb srggb} a` 98<5$ Jhg Hk'srdf‘s 98<5 }ihk u}h~ hs c}behube vhul kirdclhdf i ~b}hae a` vi}gb} }bkiuhads ide hd'c}bisbe ihe `}ag Gascav hd ulb ghe'98<>s$ Hd ulb sigb pbhd+ Jhg Oadf'hk‘s }ihk u}h~ hd =>>9hs c}be'hube vhul hg~}aphdf ]rsshid'E^]J }bkiuhads hd ulb =>>>s$

6 Ulb mbsu iccardu a` Jhg Oadf'hk‘s phshu ua ]rsshi hd srggb} =>>9 hs ^rkhjapsjx ,=>>=($ Jadsuiduhd

^rkhjapsjx+ ~kbdh~aubduhi}x }b~}bsbduiuhpb a` ulb ~}bshebdu a` ulb ]rsshid @beb}iuhad ua ulb @i} Bisu'b}d Ehsu}hcu a` ]rsshi+ vis ̂ }bshebdu ̂ ruhd‘s ~b}sadik bdpax bsca}uhdf Jhg Oadf'hk ad lhs u}ihd er}hdf lhs gadul'kadf oar}dbx ic}ass ]rsshi$




Khmb}iuhad Eix a` 92 Irfrsu hd i à}bhfd kide vis `r}ulb} ~}aa` uliu lb vis

`h}gkx hd cadu}ak a` lhs fapb}dgbdu+ bdoaxbe uauik ~a~rki} sr~~a}u+ ide ehedau `bi} a~~ashuhad clikkbdfbs vlhkb lb vis ivix$

Srgghu uikjs iu ulb J}bgkhd ad 5 Irfrsu =>>9 capb}be fkamik ~akhuhcs ide pi}hars mhkiub}ik }bkiuhads hd ulb Ishi'îch`hc+ ~}as~bcus à} mhkiub}ik u}iebide ghkhui}x'ubcldhcik caa~b}iuhad+ ulb yrbsuhad a` khdjhdf ulb U}ids'Ja}bid}ihkvixs ,UJ]( vhul ulb U}ids'Shmb}hid ]ihkvix ,US](+ ]rsshid caggb}chik

rsb a` ulb ~a}u a` ]iohd+ ide gidx aulb} hg~a}uidu hssrbs$ Hd ulb bde+ ^}bsh'ebdu ^ruhd ide Clih}gid Jhg Oadf'hk shfdbe id bhflu'~ahdu oahdu ebcki}iuhad$

Ulb Gascav Ebcki}iuhad suiube ulb uva cardu}hbs‘ mbkhb` hd ulb }rkb a`

hdub}diuhadik kiv+ ulb ~}hdch~kb a` byrikhux a` suiubs+ ide ulb kbiehdf }akb a` ulb Rdhube Diuhads hd va}ke i`ìh}s$ Ifihdsu ulb micjf}arde a` bscikiuhdf ubdshads hd R$S$'E^]J }bkiuhads cirsbe mx ̂ }bshebdu Fba}fb V$ Mrsl‘s hdckr'

shad a` Da}ul Ja}bi hd ulb sa'cikkbe i|hs a` bphk hd Oidri}x =>>9+ ulb GascavEbcki}iuhad su}bssbe ulb dbbe ua }bsakpb hdub}diuhadik ehs~rubs mx ~akhuhcikgbids+ ul}arfl dbfauhiuhads ad ulb mishs a` dadcad`}aduiuhad: ide hu rd'

eb}khdbe ulb }hflu a` bpb}x suiub ua id ‛byrik ebf}bb a` sbcr}hux+‗ }bfi}ekbss a` hus shzb a} ~akhuhcik sxsubg$ Maul shebs if}bbe ua oahd b`à}us ua cagmiu hdub}'diuhadik ub}}a}hsg ide ghkhuidu sb~i}iuhsg$ ̂ xadfxidf }bhub}iube hus sr~~a}u

à} ]rsshi‘s ~ashuhad ad ulb Iduh'Mikkhsuhc Ghsshkb U}biux ‛is i ca}db}suadb a` su}iubfhc suimhkhux‗ hd b|clidfb à} ]rsshid vbkcagb a` ulb E^]J‘s ~ashuhadad hus ghsshkb ~}af}ig+ vlhcl ‛lis ~bicb`rk cli}icub} ide eabs dau ~asb i

ul}biu ua idx cardu}x uliu }bs~bcus ulb sapb}bhfdux a` ulb E^]J$‗

Gascav vbkcagbe ulb Da}ul'Sarul 92 Ordb ebcki}iuhad ide ikk }bkiubehdub}'Ja}bid if}bbgbdus+ ide ~}aghsbe ua caduhdrb ua ~kix i ‛cadsu}rcuhpb

ide }bs~adshmkb }akb hd ~ashuhpb ~}acbssbs ad ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki$‗ Maulshebs vi}dbe ifihdsu idx b|ub}dik amsu}rcuhads ua ulb ~}acbss a` hdub}'Ja}bid}bcadchkhiuhad$ I }bik m}bijul}arfl ̀ a} ̂ xadfxidf vis Gascav‘s rdb|~bcube

b|~}bsshad a` rdeb}suidehdf à} ulb cki}h`hciuhad a` ulb E^]J‘s a``hchik ~ash'uhad ad ulb R$S$ ghkhui}x ~}bsbdcb hd Ja}bi+ digbkx uliu ‛ulb vhule}ivik a` ulb R$S$ u}aa~s `}ag Sarul Ja}bi hs id r}fbdu ~}amkbg uliu grsu mb }b'

sakpbe vhularu ebkix hd ulb hdub}bsus a` gihduihdhdf ~bicb ide sbcr}hux ad

ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki ide Da}ulbisu Ishi‗ ,~i}if}i~l bhflu($ ]rsshi su}bssbeulb dbbe ua ~}apheb ̀ a} ~bicb ide sbcr}hux ad ulb ~bdhdsrki mx ‛dadghkhui}x

gbids$‗ Ulb ebcki}iuhad ehe dau gbduhad ulb drckbi} yrbsuhad+ vlhcl vissr~~asbe ua lipb mbbd }bsakpbe mx ulb R$S$'E^]J hg~kbgbduiuhad a` ulb9885 Fbdbpi If}bbe @}igbva}j$ ]rsshi vbkcagbe ulb ~}acbss a` da}gik'

hziuhad a` }bkiuhads mbuvbbd ulb E^]J ide ulb Rdhube Suiubs ide Oi~id$ Is à} ulb `rur}b a` mhkiub}ik }bkiuhads+ ulb Gascav Ebcki}iuhad bg~li'

shzbe ulb ‛ebb~ lhsua}hcik }aaus a` u}iehuhadik Ja}bid']rsshid }bkiuhads a`

`}hbdeslh~ ide caa~b}iuhad‗ ,~i}if}i~l ul}bb( ide lhflkhflube shfdh`hcidu ~}af}bss gieb hd }bsakphdf i drgmb} a` ~}bsshdf mhkiub}ik bcadaghc ~}am'

kbgs+ hdckrehdf ̂ xadfxidf‘s a``hchik }bcafdhuhad a` hus ~isu ebmus ua ulb ̀ a}gb} Saphbu Rdhad+ ulb ebsh}imhkhux a` ulh}e'~i}ux ,hd aulb} va}es+ ]AJ( ̀ hdidchdf




a` cb}uihd oahdu ~}aobcus hdpakphdf ulb }bcadsu}rcuhad ide gaeb}dhziuhad a`

ulb ake Saphbu'mrhku bkbcu}hc ~avb} suiuhads hd ulb Da}ul+ ide+ `hdikkx+ ulb~}hdch~kb a` grurik ~}a`huimhkhux er}hdf ulb cadsu}rcuhad a` ulb UJ]'US] }ihk'

vix u}ids~a}u ca}}hea} caddbcuhdf Sarul Ja}bi+ Da}ul Ja}bi+ ]rsshi+ ideBr}a~b$Hd srg+ vlbd Jhg Oadf'hk vis caggbduhdf hd ~}hpiub ad ulb shfdh`hcidcb

a` ulb Gascav Ebcki}iuhad+ lb }b~a}ubekx sihe+ ‛Ulbsb eixs+ ~ba~kb khjb ua

uikj imaru “~i}udb}slh~s+‘ “su}iubfhc ~i}udb}slh~s+‘ ide sa ad$ @a}bhfd dbvsgbehi dauhcbe uliu ulb}b vis da }b`b}bdcb ua “su}iubfhc ~i}udb}slh~‘ mbuvbbdrs$ Mru H uake ̂ }bshebdu ̂ ruhd uliu vb ehe dau dbbe ua cagb r~ vhul idx ub}g

a` uliu jhde+ mbcirsb ikk uliu vis imaru eh~kagicx+ vlb}bis vliu vb dbbebe vis shdcb}hux$ Ide lb if}bbe vhul gb$ H ea dau vidu ua mb i “~i}udb}+‘ mbcirsbmbuvbbd `}hbdes vb ea dau cikk bicl aulb} “~i}udb}s‘ ,^rkhjapsjx =>>=+ 59–=($‗

Ga}bapb}+ vlbd Jhg Oadf'hk vis ~isshdf ul}arfl Gascav ad lhs vix micj `}ag Su$ ^bub}smr}f ua ulb Da}ul+ ^}bshebdu ^ruhd rdb|~bcubekx hdphube lhgà} i kisu'ghdrub krdcl iu lhs ~}hpiub }bshebdcb iu ulb J}bgkhd+ ad < Irfrsu

=>>9$ Uliu ~}hpiub krdcl vhul ^ruhd‘s ìghkx }b~a}ubekx gieb yrhub i eh``b}'bdcb hd `r}ulb} hg~}aphdf Jhg Oadf'hk‘s ~b}cb~uhads a` ]rsshi ide hus xardf+hddapiuhpb kbieb}$ Vliu maul kbieb}s lie hd caggad vis ulb ebsh}b ua mrhke

i ~avb}`rk ide ~}as~b}ars diuhad à} ulbh} }bs~bcuhpb ~ba~kbs hd i }iulb} lasuhkb hdub}diuhadik bdph}adgbdu$ Ulbx ebpbka~be i f}biu ebik a` ~b}sadikclbghsu}x+ grurik }bs~bcu+ ide rdeb}suidehdf$ Sagb bpbd six uliu ulbx mb'

cigb ‛u}rb `}hbdes$‗ Jhg Oadf'hk srggbe hu r~ is àkkavs? ‛Vlbd ~ba~kb

u}biu gb hd i eh~kagiuhc ìslhad+ H mbcagb i eh~kagiu gxsbk`$ Hd cadu}isu+^ruhd vis pb}x su}ihfluà}vi}e vhul gb+ ide H a~bdbe gx sark ua lhg

,^rkhjapsjx =>>=+ 50($‗ Hd fbdb}ik+ ulb Ebi} Kbieb} vis pb}x siuhs`hbe vhululb oar}dbx+ vlhcl eb`hdhubkx ckbi}be r~ gidx ghsrdeb}suidehdfs ideghs~b}cb~uhads imaru ]rsshi ide hus ~akhchbs hd lhs ghde$

Sagb ]rsshid idikxsus mbkhbpb uliu ulb vbikul a` hdà}giuhad fiulb}beide kbssads kbi}dbe mx Jhg Oadf'hk ide lhs bduar}ifb er}hdf lhs ̀ h}su oar}dbx ic}ass ]rsshi ~}aphebe ulb àrdeiuhad à} ulb Orkx =>>= ~akhcx ebchshads

iddardcbe hd ^xadfxidf+ srcl is ~i}uhik khmb}ikhziuhad a` ~}hcbs ide vifbs+

gi}jbuhziuhad a` sb}phcbs ide ruhkhuhbs+ hdu}aercuhad a` ~i}uhik cadpb}uhmhkhux a` ulb vad cr}}bdcx+ ide }bki|iuhad a` kima}'gi}jbu cadu}aks$ Ulbx hdub}~}bube

ulasb ‛bcadaghc hg~}apbgbdu gbisr}bs‗ bgidiuhdf `}ag ^xadfxidf dau is ulb hdhuhiuhad a` Clhdbsb'suxkb gi}jbu'a}hbdube }bà}gs mru is ulb Da}ulJa}bid fapb}dgbdu‘s iuubg~u ua gijb i yridurg kbi~ `}ag ulb M}bzldbp'

suxkb }behsu}hmruhadik sachikhsg a` ulb 986>s ua ulb Fa}miclbp'suxkb ~b}bsu}ahjia` ulb kiub 98<>s–bi}kx 988>s hd ulb à}gb} Saphbu Rdhad ,Ikb|bxbp =>>=($ Ikularfl Da}ul Ja}bids caduhdrbe ua phbv ulb Fa}miclbp ~b}hae hd Saphbu

lhsua}x vhul i f}biu ebik a` dbfiuhphux+ ]rsshids mbfid ua }bfi}e Jhg Oadf'hkis ulb Da}ul Ja}bid suiubsgid'}bà}gb}+ grcl khjb Ghjlihk Fa}miclbp$



32< I Dbv Hdub}diuhadik Bdfifbgbdu @}igbva}j à} Da}ul Ja}bi1

Ulb Pkiehpasuaj Srgghu

Ad =>–=5 Irfrsu =>>=+ Jhg Oadf'hk ifihd u}ipbkbe mx u}ihd i}arde ulb ]rs'shid @i} Bisu+< s~bch`hcikkx ua ulb chuhbs a` Jlimi}apsj ide Jagsagaksj'r~ad'

Igr}$ Ad =3 Irfrsu =>>3+ lb lbke i ulh}e srgghu gbbuhdf ide lie i ~}h' piub ehddb} vhul ^}bshebdu ^ruhd hd Pkiehpasuaj$8

Er}hdf lhs sbcade phshu ua ]rsshi+ Jhg Oadf'hk gbu gidx ]rsshid ~}aphd'chik ide kacik fapb}dgbdu a``hchiks+ ~}hpiub mrshdbss~ba~kb+ ide eb`bdsb hd'

ersu}x gidifb}s: lb vis pb}x hdub}bsube hd `r}ulb} surexhdf ulb ~ashuhpb idedbfiuhpb shebs a` adfahdf ]rsshid bcadaghc ide ~akhuhcik }bà}gs$ Lb ~ihes~bchik iuubduhad ua ulb sa'cikkbe ]rsshid gaebk a` u}idshuhad uavi}e gi}jbu

bcadagx+ eb`bdsb hdersu}x cadpb}shad+ ide gi}jbu ieorsugbdus hd ulb ]rs'shid ghkhui}x'hdersu}hik cag~kb|$ ]rsshid idikxsus mbkhbpb uliu hd =>>5 ulbE^]J fapb}dgbdu vhkk caduhdrb ulb cardu}x‘s bcadaghc }bà}gs+ bs~bchikkx

hd hus ghkhui}x'hdersu}hik cag~kb|+ àkkavhdf sagb a` ulb kbssads kbi}dbeer}hdf Jhg‘s =>>= u}h~ ua ulb ]rsshid @i} Bisu$

@}ag i fba~akhuhcik suide~ahdu+ ulb Ebi} Kbieb} gix lipb ~kixbe i ]rs'

shid ci}e ifihd$ Mx ~asu~adhdf lhs sclberkbe ^]C u}h~ ide hdsb}uhdf hdsubieid rd~kiddbe phshu ua ulb ]rsshid @i} Bisu hd lhs ‛mrsx cikbdei}‗ iu ulb kisu ghdrub+ ulb Ebi} Kbieb} gix lipb u}hbe ua ebgadsu}iub ua ulb ^]C+ cadshe'

b}be mx gidx ulb gihd s~adsa} a` ulb E^]J hd ulb hdub}diuhadik i}bdi+ uliu ^xadfxidf eabs lipb i ]rsshid ikub}diuhpb$ Ulb hdubdu gix lipb mbbd ua ~ru hd earmu idx b|ckrshpb suiurs à} Mbhohdf hd Ja}bid i`ìh}s ide+ ~b}li~s+ ua

~rsl Mbhohdf ua hdc}bisb hus bcadaghc isshsuidcb ua Da}ul Ja}bi ide ua hdubd'sh`x hus ~akhuhcik sr~~a}u à} ^xadfxidf ua cardub} va}sbdhdf E^]J'R$S$ }b'kiuhads$ Mbi}hdf hd ghde ^}bshebdu ^ruhd‘s va}es iu i dbvs cad`b}bdcb iùb} ulb srgghu uliu ‛]rsshi grsu mrhke ulb UJ] à} ulb shg~kb }bisad uliu h` hu

eabs dau+ ulbd ar} ebi} `}hbde Clhdi varke ea hu+‗ adb gix s~bcrkiub uliu Jhg Oadf'hk gix lipb iuubg~ube ua suhgrkiub u}iehuhadik ]rsshid'Clhdbsbcadu}iehcuhads ad ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki mx ~kixhdf ]rsshi a`` ifihdsu Clhdi

ad ulb }ihkvix hssrb$ Iu ulb srgghu+ ^}bshebdu ^ruhd hs sihe ua lipb issr}be Jhg Oadf'hk uliu

Gascav varke dau sr~~a}u idx R$S$ b`à}us ua hg~asb i sa'cikkbe H}iyh scb'

di}ha ad hus Da}ul Ja}bid dbhflma}+ ide uliu ]rsshi varke dau oahd idx iduh'E^]J hdub}diuhadik caikhuhad$ Ga}bapb}+ ]rsshi varke u}x ua lbk~ ulb E^]J ehsuidcb husbk` ̀ }ag ulb sa'cikkbe i|hs a` bphk ide b|u}hciub husbk` ̀ }ag hus R$S$'

< Er}hdf lhs =>>= oar}dbx ua ]rsshi+ Jhg Oadf'hk vis iccag~idhbe mx Jhg Xadf'clrd+ i gbgmb} a` ulb Diuhadik Eb`bdsb Cagghsshad ,DEC( ide clhb` a` ulb fbdb}ik sui`` a` ulb JÎ: Xad Lxadf'grj+ gbgmb} a` ulb DEC: Jhg Xadf'srd+ sbc}bui}x a` ulb JV^ Cbdu}ik Cagghuubb: Jidf Saj'or+`h}su phcb ghdhsub} a` à}bhfd i`ìh}s: îj Dig'fh+ clih}gid a` ulb Suiub ^kiddhdf Cagghsshad: Jhg

Xadf'sig+ ghdhsub} a` }ihkvixs: ide Oidf Sadf'ulibj ide Or Jxr'clidf+ `h}su phcb eb~i}ugbdu eh}bc'ua}s a` ulb JV^ Cbdu}ik Cagghuubb$

8 Ulb srgghu hebi vis ehscrssbe ide if}bbe r~ad er}hdf ulb phshu a` ulb ]rsshid à}bhfd ghdhsub}+

Hfa} Hpidap+ ua ^xadfxidf ad =8 Orkx =>>=$ Jhg Oadf'hk lbke uikjs vhul Hpidap à} sbpb}ik lar}s+er}hdf vlhcl lb ebsc}hmbe hd f}biu ebuihk ulb bcadaghc }bà}gs rdàkehdf hd ulb E^]J$ Ulbx iksab|clidfbe phbvs ad arusuidehdf hssrbs a` }bfhadik sbcr}hux ide a` mhkiub}ik cadcb}d ,Ikb|bxbp =>>=($




s~adsa}be hdub}diuhadik hsakiuhad$ @r}ulb}+ ulb Pkiehpasuaj srgghu ikkavbe

Jhg Oadf'hk ua }bfihd ulb hdhuhiuhpb hd hdub}'Ja}bid }bkiuhads―id hdhuhiuhpbuliu vis `}azbd is i }bsrku a` ulb Ordb =>>= dipik ckislbs hd ulb Xbkkav Sbi―

ide ua }bphpb ulb ehscrsshads imaru ulb }ihkvix }bcaddbcuhad ~}aobcu$ Ga}b'apb}+ ^}bshebdu ^ruhd hs }rga}be ua lipb bdcar}ifbe Jhg Oadf'hk ua hdphub^}hgb Ghdhsub} Jahzrgh a` Oi~id ua ^xadfxidf ide gijb dbcbssi}x cadcbs'shads hd a}eb} ua da}gikhzb ulb E^]J'Oi~idbsb }bkiuhads à} ulb sijb a` `r'

ur}b ~}as~b}hux a` ulb Da}ul Ja}bid ~ba~kb ide ~bicb ide suimhkhux hd Da}ul'bisu Ishi$

Jhg Oadf'hk‘s sbcade ]rsshi u}h~ cbgbdube ~}a~huhars cadehuhads à} id

rd~}bcbebdube r~svhdf hd E^]J']rsshid hdub}suiub ide ~akhuhcik }bkiuhads$Bpbd er}hdf ulb ebciebs a` `}iub}dik `}hbdeslh~ uliu vis misbe ad sachikhsu hdub}diuhadikhsg+ Da}ul Ja}bid ide Saphbu kbieb}s ehe dau bdoax ulb lhfl

ebf}bb a` hdub}~b}sadik u}rsu ide c}behmhkhux uliu ^}bshebdu ^ruhd ide Clih}'gid Jhg i~~bi} ua sli}b ulbsb eixs$

Ulb Da}ul Ja}bid kbieb} cr}}bdukx ebgadsu}iubs i gi}jbe vi}gul ide i

s~bchik iuubduhpbdbss ua ]rsshi$ Shdcb ulb mbfhddhdf a` =>>3+ lb lis ̀ }byrbdukx gbu vhul ulb ]rsshid igmissiea}+ Ide}bh I$ Ji}kap+ hd i pb}x ca}ehik iuga's~lb}b9> ide lis lbke ga}b ulid i eazbd ~}akadfbe cadpb}siuhads vhul lhfl'

}idjhdf a``hchiks `}ag ]rsshi‘s Ghdhsu}x a` @a}bhfd I`ìh}s+ hdckrehdf Eb~rux @a}bhfd Ghdhsub} Kasxrjap ide sbdha} eh~kagius iu ulb ]rsshid bgmissx hd^xadfxidf$ Ulb Da}ul Ja}bid kbieb}s i~~}bchiub ulb ̀ icu uliu ̂ }bshebdu ̂ ruhd

ikadb caduhdrbs ua caggrdhciub ~b}sadikkx ide ebik vhul ulbg eh}bcukx ad

ulb mishs a` byrikhux+ shdcb}hux+ ide grurik }bs~bcu+ ebs~hub ulb hdc}bishdf iduh'E^]J hdub}diuhadik cig~ihfd s~adsa}be mx ulb Rdhube Suiubs ua `hflu

‛}afrb suiubs‗ ide aulb} gbgmb}s a` ulb i|hs a` bphk$ Iu kadf kisu+ ulb Da}ul Ja}bid kbieb}s sbbg ua lipb f}is~be dbv ]rsshid

}bikhuhbs ide }bikhzb uliu ulbh} cardu}x ide ~ba~kb icurikkx lipb ga}b hd cag'

gad vhul ]rsshi ide ]rsshids ulid hs rsrikkx mbkhbpbe$ Da}ul Ja}bid–suxkbsachikhsg vis id a``s~}hdf a` ulb Saphbu Suikhdhsu gaebk$ Ulb Da}ul Ja}bidide ]rsshid bkhubs sli}b i caggad fbdbshs$ Ulb gbduikhux a` ulb uva ~ba~kbs

vis à}gbe vhulhd ulb sigb Saphbu sachikhsu ~i}iehfg ide bpakpbe ikadf

shghki} khdbs er}hdf ulb ~b}hae a` grurikkx }bkhidu sachikhsu cadsu}rcuhad$ Is~i}u ide ~i}cbk a` ulb Saphbu'cbdu}hc va}ke+ ulbx rsbe ua sli}b ulb pikrbs+

mbdb`hus+ ~}amkbgs+ ide eb`hchbdchbs a` ulb sigb Saphbu sachikhsu chphkhziuhad$ Ikk ulbsb ebpbka~gbduik shghki}huhbs gijb hu bishb} ̀ a} ulb Da}ul Ja}bid bkhubsua rdeb}suide vlb}b ]rsshi hs caghdf `}ag+ vlx ulhdfs bpakpb ulb vix ulbx

ea ulb}b+ ide vliu ulb `rur}b ghflu lake à} ulbg$ Iu ulb sigb uhgb+ ulbx a``b} rsb`rk hdshflus ua ^xadfxidf is ua lav hu cid i~~}aicl pi}hars dbvebpbka~gbduik clikkbdfbs ad hus avd }aie ua bcadaghc }bsu}rcur}hdf ide

~akhuhcik khmb}ikhziuhad$ @a} Da}ul Ja}bi+ ]rsshi sb}pbs is i }akb gaebk a`

9> Ulbsb }b~biube phshus mx Jhg Oadf'hk ua ulb ]rsshid bgmissx i}b daube mbcirsb hu hs lhflkx rdrsrikà} ulb lbie a` suiub ua `}byrbdu i à}bhfd bgmissx sa aùbd$



30> I Dbv Hdub}diuhadik Bdfifbgbdu @}igbva}j à} Da}ul Ja}bi1

sa}us ide i vhdeav hdua gaeb}d chphkhziuhad$ Hu a``b}s id b|ig~kb a` vliu

gix icurikkx li~~bd hd ulb Da}ul slarke uliu cardu}x sb}harskx bgmi}j adi }aie a` hdub}dik }bà}giuhad$

Dav ^xadfxidf sbbgs ua mb vhkkhdf ua gihduihd suimkb ide hduhgiub ehi'kafrb iu ulb lhflbsu ~asshmkb kbpbk vhul Gascav$ Hd ur}d+ Gascav+ uaa+ pik'rbs i ckasb mhkiub}ik }bkiuhadslh~ vhul hus Da}ul Ja}bid dbhflma} ide hs }b'krcuidu ua oba~i}ehzb hu à} ulb sijb a` rd~}apbe grkuhkiub}ik à}grkis$ I

lhfl ebf}bb a` hdub}~b}sadik u}rsu ide hdubdsb ~akhuhcik ehikafrb ikkav ]rs'shi ua dau adkx amuihd c}behmkb hdà}giuhad imaru ulb kiubsu ebpbka~gbdusad ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki ̀ }ag ulb Da}ul Ja}bid kbieb}s ulbgsbkpbs+ mru iksa

a~bd ulb ~asshmhkhux ̀ a} Gascav ua hd`krbdcb ulbsb bpbdus is ulbx rdàke idedrefb ^xadfxidf hd ulb eh}bcuhad a` `r}ulb} sachabcadaghc ide ~akhuhcik}bà}gs iu lagb ide ga}b cadsu}rcuhpb mblipha} im}aie$

]rsshid Phbvs ad ulb Da}ul Ja}bid Yrbsuhad

Ulb ]rsshid fapb}dgbdu sbbgs ua issrgb uliu+ àkkavhdf ulb lhsua}hc hdub}'Ja}bid srgghu ad 92 Ordb =>>>+ ulb skav'gaphdf ~}acbss a` Ja}bid }bhdub'f}iuhad lis ik}biex mbfrd$ Hu hs }iulb} rdsuimkb ide b}}iuhc mbcirsb a` `}b'

yrbdu `krcuriuhads hd Da}ul Ja}bi‘s sbcr}hux ~ashuhad+ `hdidchik eh``hcrkuhbs+~akhuhcik syrimmkhdf hdsheb ulb ]AJ+ ide i R$S$ ~akhcx sbbghdfkx ebshfdbeua skav Ja}bid }brdh`hciuhad ,^}bshebdu a` ]rsshi =>>3+ 2+ <($ Ulb uva Ja}bis

i}b ad ulbh} vix ua à}gik ~akhuhcik rdh`hciuhad+ lavbpb}+ ide ulb ~}acbss hs

khjbkx adkx ua iccbkb}iub hd ulb xbi}s ua cagb$ Ua ~ashuhad husbk` hd i vix uliu varke bdimkb hu ua mbdb`hu ̀ }ag hus `}hbdekx

ide ckasb }bkiuhadslh~ vhul ulb `h}su kbieb} a` i rdh`hbe Ja}bi+ ]rsshi su}hpbsua jbb~ r~ ulb }brdh`hciuhad gagbdurg mx c}biuhdf i ~}a~b} mikidcb hd hushdehpherik }bkiuhads vhul Sbark ide ^xadfxidf: mx gbehiuhdf hdub}'Ja}bid

eh``b}bdcbs: ide mx lig~b}hdf ulb `r}ulb} ebpbka~gbdu a` ulb Ja}bid ~}a'cbssbs hd icca}eidcb vhul ulb ~b}cbhpbe R$S$ scbdi}ha+ ulb}bmx }berchdf ulb~asshmhkhux a` ulb b|~idshad a` ulb R$S$ ghkhui}x ~}bsbdcb ad ulb ~bdhdsrki

ide hus }beb~kaxgbdu ckasb} ua ulb ]rsshid @i} Bisub}d ma}eb}s ,^}bshebdu a` ]rsshi =>>3+ <($

Gidx Ja}bi b|~b}us hd ]rsshi ubde ua ehsghss R$S$ ga}ikhzhdf }bfi}ehdf Jhg Oadf'hk‘s }bfhgb$99 Ulbx ~}ihsb ulb iccbkb}iuhad a` ulb Da}ul Ja}bid }b'à}gs ide bdcar}ifb ga}b isshsuidcb ide sr~~a}u `}ag Sarul Ja}bi$ Gasu ]rsshids rdeb}suide uliu ulb Ebi} Kbieb}‘s }bfhgb hs uauikhui}hid hd diur}b+

ide ulbx ea dau ~i}uhcrki}kx khjb hu mbcirsb ulbx lie ulbh} avd ub}}hmkb lhs'ua}hcik b|~b}hbdcb vhul Suikhdhsu uauikhui}hidhsg$ ]rsshi+ lavbpb}+ hs ifihdsu idx }bfhgb clidfb ul}arfl ̀ a}bhfd hdub}pbduhad a} b|~a}u a` ebgac}iuhc }bpa'

kruhad ua Da}ul Ja}bi$ Ulb adfahdf bcadaghc khmb}ikhziuhad ide ~akhuhcik

99 B|~b}us hdckreb Piehg Ujiclbdja+ eh}bcua} a` ulb Cbdub} à} Ja}bid ]bsbi}cl iu ulb Hdsuhurub a` ulb @i} Bisu a` ulb ]rsshid Iciebgx a` Schbdcbs+ ide Ikb|ideb} Pa}adusap+ lbie a` ulb Ja}bi sbcuhadiu ulb Hdsuhurub a` A}hbduik Surehbs iu ulb ]rsshid Iciebgx a` Schbdcbs$




ebcag~}bsshad hd ^xadfxidf i}b khjbkx ua f}ierikkx saùbd r~ ulb }bfhgb

mbxade }bcafdhuhad+ ide+ vhul uhgb+ ulb Jhg ckid hs sr}b ua ~iss ivix `}agulb lhsua}hcik scbdb+ ulb}bmx a~bdhdf ulb fiubs à} Ja}bid rdh`hciuhad$ Uliu

~}acbss grsu rdàke diur}ikkx+ vhularu ̀ a}bhfd ghkhui}x hdub}pbduhad ,I}miuap =>>3($Ad ulb aulb} lide+ gidx mbkhbpb uliu ulb R$S$ li}e'khdb ~akhcx ide iei'

gidu hdshsubdcb ad Da}ul Ja}bi‘s rdcadehuhadik rdhkiub}ik drckbi} ehsi}gi'

gbdu à}uh`hbs ulb shbfb gbduikhux hd ^xadfxidf ide adkx su}bdfulbds JhgOadf'hk‘s }bfhgb$ Hdubdsh`hbe hdub}diuhadik lasuhkhux i}arde ulb E^]J shg~kx ikkavs ulb E^]J fapb}dgbdu ua hg~asb li}slb} sbcr}hux gbisr}bs ad ulb

sachbux+ ~rus ulb JÎ ad ulb cbdub} suifb a` eagbsuhc ~akhuhcs iu ulb b|~bdsba` aulb} sachik ide ~akhuhcik à}cbs+ e}ihds ~}aercuhpb }bsar}cbs `}ag bca'daghc }bà}g ide ebpbka~gbdu+ ide hdc}bisbs ~a~rki} sr~~a}u à} ide ulb

eagbsuhc kbfhuhgicx a` Jhg Oadf'hk ,Uhui}bdja =>>3($Hd vliu hs }bghdhscbdu a` ulb Cake Vi} gbduikhux+ yrhub i `bv idikxsus

cadubde uliu ulb Rdhube Suiubs ~r}~asb`rkkx b|iffb}iubs ulb Da}ul Ja}bid

drckbi} ul}biu mbcirsb a` ulb ‛R$S$ ~b}gidbdu hdub}bsu hd iff}ipiuhdf ubd'shads ad ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki‗ hd a}eb} ua orsuh`x hus kadf'ub}g ghkhui}x ~}bs'bdcb hd Ja}bi ide Bisu Ishi is i vlakb ,Uhui}bdja =>>3($ Ulbx mbkhbpb uliu

ulb Da}ul Ja}bid drckbi} c}hshs hs dau imaru drckbi} dad~}akh`b}iuhad: dbh'ulb} hs hu }bikkx i sbcr}hux c}hshs mbuvbbd ^xadfxidf ide Vislhdfuad$ Hdsubie+hu hs i f}biu eh~kagiuhc figb mbuvbbd Vislhdfuad ide Mbhohdf+ vhul lrfb

suijbs+ ide ~kixbe à} kadf'ub}g su}iubfhc cadu}ak ide eaghdidcb apb} ulb

bduh}b Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki is vbkk is ulb ̀ rur}b sli~b a` ulb Bisu Ishid sbcr}hux a}eb}$ Hd aulb} va}es+ ulb yrbsuhad hs dau vlbulb} ulb Rdhube Suiubs vhkk

`hflu i vi} ifihdsu Da}ul Ja}bi apb} i car~kb a` ermhars drckbi} vi}lbiesmru+ hdsubie+ vlbulb} ulb Rdhube Suiubs vhkk claasb ua bdfifb hd i gioa} cad`khcu vhul i 9$3'mhkkhad'su}adf Clhdi uliu hs }i~hekx bgb}fhdf is ulb sbc'

ade sr~b}~avb} ide ~aubduhik ~}hgi}x clikkbdfb} ua R$S$ fkamik sr~}bgicx apb} su}iubfhc ~}bbghdbdcb hd Ja}bi$ Hu hs iksa i yrbsuhad imaru vliu ulblhsua}hcik cadsbyrbdcbs a` srcl i gbfi'cad`}aduiuhad mbuvbbd ulb uva Ishi'

îch`hc fhidus carke mb à} ulb sbcr}hux shuriuhad hd ulb vlakb a` Bisu Ishi

,Mrmdap =>>3($Sagb ]rsshid ghkhui}x b|~b}us mbkhbpb uliu+ hd cadu}isu vhul H}iy a} Xrfa'

skiphi+ ulb Rdhube Suiubs kicjs `rdeigbduik bcadaghc a} ~akhuhcik hdub}bsu hdhdhuhiuhdf i gioa} vi} hd Ja}bi$ Ulb}b hs da ahk hd ulb E^]J―hu hs ~aa}+lrdf}x+ ide rdeb}ebpbka~be ,hd ulb ghkhui}x b|~b}us‘ va}es+ ‛ulb}b hs daul'

hdf ua ~krdeb} hd ulb Da}ul‗(+ ide+ ebs~hub hus a``hchik kimbk a` i ‛ub}}a}'s~adsa}hdf diuhad+‗ ^xadfxidf hs dau jdavd à} b|u}bghsu Grskhg caddbc'uhads$ Mbshebs+ Vislhdfuad gix dau vidu ua lipb idx sb}hars u}armkb vhul

Mbhohdf iu ~}bsbdu ,Fi}bxbp =>>3($ Hd ieehuhad+ ]rsshid b|~b}us cadsheb} ^xadfxidf‘s srs~bcube drckbi} i}sbdik ide i}uhkkb}x à}cbs kaciube dbi} ulb

Ebghkhui}hzbe _adb ,EG_( is sr``hchbdu ghkhui}x ebub}}bdus+ imkb ua ~}bpbdu iR$S$ ghkhui}x iuuicj ifihdsu Da}ul Ja}bi ,Si`}idclrj =>>3: Jadapikap =>>3($



30= I Dbv Hdub}diuhadik Bdfifbgbdu @}igbva}j à} Da}ul Ja}bi1

^}bchshad su}hjbs ̀ }ag a``sla}b misbs ikadb i}b rdkhjbkx ua }bsakpb ulb Ja}bid

c}hshs+ ide Vislhdfuad hs ckbi}kx dau hdub}bsube hd idx ~}au}icube+ ki}fb'scikbghkhui}x cad`khcu ad ulb ~bdhdsrki ,Uhui}bdja =>>3($ Ga}bapb}+ sbbghdf R$S$

ìhkr}b hd }bmrhkehdf ~asuvi} H}iy ~rus i eig~b} ad ga}b iff}bsshpb R$S$~kids hd Ja}bi ,]afap =>>3($Lavbpb}+ aulb} ghkhui}x idikxsus i}frb uliu+ h` ulb Mrsl ieghdhsu}iuhad

vb}b ua ebcheb ua iuuicj ulb Da}ul ~}bbg~uhpbkx+ hu varke mb gasukx à} ea'

gbsuhc }bisads ide cirsbs rd}bkiube ua ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki$ Hd uliu cisb+ Vislhdfuad hs dau fahdf ua isj idxadb‘s ~b}ghsshad+ hdckrehdf ulb RdhubeDiuhads+ ulb ]AJ+ ]rsshi+ a} bpbd Clhdi+ ide hs khjbkx ua su}hjb `h}su vlbd

R$S$ @a}cbs Ja}bi ,RS@J(+ R$S$ @a}cbs Oi~id ,RS@O(+ ide irfgbduiuhad ̀ a}cbsi}b ghkhui}hkx ide kafhsuhcikkx }biex à} i gioa} srsuihdimkb a``bdshpb a~b}i'uhad$ Hd ulbh} a~hdhad+ R$S$ vi} ~kiddb}s i}b dau i`}ihe a` Jhg Oadf'hk‘s hgifh'

di}x drckbi} ebub}}bdu a} a` lhs }rsuhdf kadf'}idfb i}uhkkb}x urmbs$ Ulbx i}bkhjbkx ua ci}~bu magm bpb}xulhdf `}ag drckbi} ìchkhuhbs ua Jhg Oadf'hk‘s ~ik'icbs+ is ulbx ehe hd H}iy+ ide ulbd ~i}iclrub ulb ]AJ‘s s~bchik ̀ a}cbs hdua ikk

gioa} Da}ul Ja}bid chuhbs ide jbx hdsuikkiuhads hd a}eb} ua }brdhub ulb card'u}x `}ag vhulhd ,Pkiehgh}ap =>>3($ Fhpbd ikk ulbsb b|~b}u a~hdhads uliu mx ide ki}fb ikkav à} ulb ~asshmhkhux a` vi} hd Ja}bi+ hu hs da vadeb} uliu+ hd

ghe'Irfrsu =>>3+ ulb ]rsshid Fbdb}ik Sui`` ide ̂ ich`hc Caggide cadercubeki}fb'scikb oahdu chphkhid ide ghkhui}x b|b}chsbs ebshfdbe ua+ igadf gidx aulb} ulhdfs+ ubsu ulb ]rsshid a~b}iuhadik }bs~adsb ua ulb ~asshmhkhux a` ulb aru'

m}bij a` lasuhkhuhbs ad ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki hd khflu a` ulb bscikiuhdf E^]J'

R$S$ cad`}aduiuhad ,J}ipclbdja =>>3: ^rkhjapsjx =>>3($ Vliubpb} li~~bds ad ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki hd ulb hggbehiub `rur}b ide

hd ulb xbi}s ua cagb+ hu hs ckbi} uliu ]rsshi‘s diuhadik sbcr}hux hdub}bsus ide husbcadaghc ide ~akhuhcik hdub}bsus vhkk mb eh}bcukx i``bcube$ Ulb}bà}b+ ulb ]rs'shid fapb}dgbdu hs sr}b ua caduhdrb hus icuhpb+ mikidcbe bdfifbgbdu ~akhcx

vhul maul Ja}bid suiubs ul}arfl sb~i}iub mhkiub}ik cliddbks: vhulhd pi}harsgrkuhkiub}ik `}igbva}js+ hdckrehdf ulb sh|'~i}ux uikjs: ide hd caa~b}iuhad vhul ulh}e ~i}uhbs+ bs~bchikkx Clhdi$

^}as~bcus à} Grkuhkiub}ik Cad`khcu ]bsakruhadad ulb Ja}bid ^bdhdsrki

]rsshi lik`'lbi}ubekx bdea}sbe ulb Fbdbpi uikjs+ ulb àr}'~i}ux ~bicb uikjs+ide ulb Ja}bid ^bdhdsrki Bdb}fx Ebpbka~gbdu A}fidhziuhad ,JBEA( ghs'shad hd ulb E^]J ul}arflaru ulb 988>s: b|~}bssbe cadehuhadik eh~kagiuhc

sr~~a}u à} ulb ul}bb'~i}ux ~bicb uikjs hd Mbhohdf hd I~}hk =>>3 ,Kasxrjap =>>3(: ide hs icuhpbkx ~i}uhch~iuhdf hd ulb sh|'~i}ux Da}ul Ja}bid c}hshs'}bsa'kruhad ~}acbss$9= ]rsshi‘s faik hd ulb Mbhohdf ~}acbss hs ua mb id ladbsu m}ajb}

9= î}uhch~idus hd ulb àr}'~i}ux uikjs vb}b Clhdi+ Da}ul Ja}bi+ Sarul Ja}bi+ ide ulb Rdhube Suiubs$î}uhch~idus hd ulb ul}bb'~i}ux uikjs vb}b Clhdi+ Da}ul Ja}bi+ ide ulb Rdhube Suiubs$ î}uhch~idus hdulb sh|'~i}ux uikjs i}b Clhdi+ Oi~id+ Da}ul Ja}bi+ ]rsshi+ Sarul Ja}bi+ ide ulb Rdhube Suiubs$




uliu su}hpbs ua iclhbpb ebdrckbi}hziuhad a` ulb Ja}bid ~bdhdsrki+ amuihd c}be'

hmkb issr}idcbs a` grurik dadiff}bsshad ide cad`hebdcb'mrhkehdf gbisr}bsic}ass ulb EG_+ ide iepidcb mbuub} fapb}didcb misbe ad ebgac}iuhc pikrbs

ide `}bb gi}jbus hd Da}ul Ja}bi$Gasu b|~b}us hd ]rsshi i}b }bkiuhpbkx ~bsshghsuhc+ lavbpb}+ imaru ulb ~}as'~bcus ̀ a} ulb sh|'~i}ux uikjs$ Ulbx ubde ua ~}behcu i u}armkbsagb caduhdriuhada` ulb b|hsuhdf suiurs yra+ vlhcl vhkk mb slijbd r~ s~a}iehcikkx mx bga'

uhadik vikjarus ide im}r~u ub}ghdiuhads$ Ulb suiurs yra gix mb accishad'ikkx ieorsube iu ulb gi}fhds er}hdf ulb ad'ifihd+ a``'ifihd }ardes a` sh|'~i}ux ~kbdi}x sbsshads ebpaube ua bdekbss ebmiubs imaru ulb ph}urbs+ `kivs+

casus+ mbdb`hus+ ide c}behmhkhux a` sagbulhdf khjb id If}bbe @}igbva}j Khuba} Pb}x Khub+ id If}bbe @}igbva}j Uva ,suh~rkiuhdf Da}ul Ja}bid drckbi} ehsi}gigbdu hd b|clidfb à} grkuhkiub}ik sbcr}hux fri}idubbs ide hdub}di'

uhadik bcadaghc isshsuidcb(+ id If}bbgbdu ua Ehsif}bb+ a} bpbd id If}bb'gbdu ad Va}jhdf F}ar~s$ Ulbsb b|~b}us b|~bcu srcl uikjs ua lbie skavkx uavi}e id rdiddardcbe ebiul―khjb ulb daua}hars ̀ ar}'~i}ux ~bicb uikjs a`

9886–88$ Iu va}su+ ]rsshids vla s~bchikhzb hd Ja}bid i`ìh}s ~}behcu i e}igiuhc ̀ ihk'

r}b à} ulb Mbhohdf sh|'~i}ux uikjs$ Hd ~i}uhcrki}+ ulbsb uikjs i}b mbkhbpbe ua mb

i pbdrb à} maul Vislhdfuad ide ^xadfxidf ua mrx uhgb à} `r}ulb} ie' pidcbgbdu a` ulbh} }bs~bcuhpb shdhsub} iff}bsshpb ~kids ifihdsu bicl aulb} is vbkk is id a~~a}urdhux ua ebkbfhuhghzb bicl aulb} hd ulb bxbs a` ulb hdub}di'

uhadik caggrdhux a` diuhads? ‛Sbb+ vb uake xar sa$ $ $ $ Vb gieb cadcbsshads

uhgb ide ifihd+ mru ulbx orsu }b`rsbe ua khsubd ide cag~}aghsb$ $ $ $‗ Iu ulbbde a` ulb eix+ ulbsb b|~b}us b|~bcu uliu ulb Rdhube Suiubs gix srccbbe hd

`rkkx ebkbfhuhghzhdf ulb Da}ul Ja}bid }bfhgb hd `}adu a` aulb} ~i}uhch~idushd ulb sh|'~i}ux uikjs+ bs~bchikkx hus Clhdbsb Caggrdhsu ikkx$

Cadsbyrbdukx+ ulbx mbkhbpb uliu Vislhdfuad gix u}x ua rsb ulb uikjs ua

à}g id ie lac+ grkuhkiub}ik+ iduh'E^]J cab}chpb caikhuhad a` ulb hduhgh'eiube ,ulb ]AJ ide ulb ^]C(+ ulb vbij ,]rsshi(+ ide ulb f}bbex ,Oi~id( idegix iuubg~u ua m}hdf eavd ulb Da}ul Ja}bid }bfhgb mx hdubdsh`xhdf mkacj'

iebs+ hdc}bishdf hdub}diuhadik ~}bssr}b+ ide rshdf à}cb h` dbcbssi}x ua }b'

sakpb ulb Da}ul Ja}bid sbcr}hux c}hshs adcb ide ̀ a} ikk$ Ulbx r}fb ulb ]rsshidfapb}dgbdu ua suix ilbie a` ulb figb hd a}eb} ua ~}bpbdu srcl id bpbdurikhux$

Hd fbdb}ik+ ]rsshid fapb}dgbdu a``hchiks i}b `}rsu}iube vhul ulb e}igiuhc slhù uavi}e mbkkhfb}bdcb hd R$S$ ~akhcx uavi}e ulb E^]J$ Ulbx i}frb uliu ^xadfxidf ki}fbkx imhebe mx hus amkhfiuhads rdeb} ulb If}bbe @}igbva}j

ide hs }bcbhphdf ulb sla}u bde a` ulb suhcj+ vlhcl+ h}adhcikkx+ cad`h}gs ulbh} kadf'lbke mbkhb` uliu Vislhdfuad vis dbpb} sb}hars imaru ~}aphehdf ^xadfxidf vhul ikub}diuhpb sar}cbs a` drckbi} ~avb} à} ~bicb`rk rsb$

Vislhdfuad‘s i}mhu}i}x ebchshad ua dau cb}uh`x ^xadfxidf‘s cag~khidcb vhululb If}bbe @}igbva}j hs hdub}~}bube is i gidh`bsuiuhad a` i f}avhdf R$S$

ubdebdcx hd hdub}diuhadik i`ìh}s uavi}e rdhkiub}ik }bobcuhadhsg ide hdc}bis'hdf }bkhidcb ad ulb rsb a` à}cb hdsubie a` ulb }rkb a` kiv$ Gascav eabs dau




}bikkx sli}b ulb R$S$ cadcb}ds apb} ulb Da}ul Ja}bid ghsshkb ide drckbi}

vbi~ads ~}af}igs$ @r}ulb}ga}b+ ]rsshid a``hchiks mbkhbpb uliu ulb R$S$ ebs'hfdiuhad a` ulb E^]J is ~i}u a` id i|hs a` bphk+ ebs~hub ckbi} bphebdcb a`

~ashuhpb eagbsuhc bpakruhad hd ulb Da}ul hd }bcbdu xbi}s+ gix sb}harskx rd'eb}ghdb ulb b``hcicx a` ̂ }bshebdu ]al Gaa'lxrd‘s ~bicb ide ~}as~b}hux ~akhcx ide ~}as~bcus à} ~bicb+ suimhkhux+ ide hdub}'Ja}bid }bcadchkhiuhad ad ulb~bdhdsrki$ Ulrs+ vhularu dighdf digbs+ Gascav rdigmhfrarskx lakes

Vislhdfuad }bs~adshmkb à} ulb cr}}bdu imsbdcb a` ehikafrb ide bscikiuhada` ubdshad mbuvbbd Vislhdfuad ide ^xadfxidf$

Hu hs ckbi} uliu ulb ]rsshid fapb}dgbdu vhkk dau sr~~a}u idx iuubg~u mx ulb

Da}ul Ja}bid kbieb}s ua mkicjgihk Sbark ul}arfl ul}biubdbe ghkhui}x if'f}bsshad: uliu varke mb cardub}~}aercuhpb ide lhdeb} ]rsshi‘s b|~idehdf diuhadik hdub}bsus hd ulb Sarul$ Dbhulb} vhkk Gascav bdcar}ifb idx jhde a`

lbie'ua'lbie clikkbdfb mx ^xadfxidf ifihdsu Vislhdfuad mbcirsb Gascavrdeb}suides ulb ebpisuiuhdf cadsbyrbdcbs uliu varke }bsrku à} ulb Da}ulide ulb lhflkx ebsuimhkhzhdf hg~icu srcl i clikkbdfb varke mb à} ikk a`

Da}ulbisu Ishi$Hu hs iksa bphebdu+ lavbpb}+ uliu ]rsshi vhkk mb }bcb~uhpb ua Jhg Oadf'hk‘s

~b}sadik apb}ur}bs ide ~kbis ̀ a} ~akhuhcik+ eh~kagiuhc+ ide ghkhui}x'ubcldhcik

sr~~a}u ide+ ~asshmkx+ bpbd b|~idebe bcadaghc isshsuidcb$ Gascav hs cag'ghuube ua ~}aphehdf bdarfl s~i}b ~i}us ̀ a} eb`bdshpb vbi~ads ua ^xadfxidf ua bdsr}b ulb Da}ul Ja}bid }bfhgb‘s sbk`'eb`bdsb sr``hchbdcx ide ulb }bsua}i'

uhad a` ulb Da}ul‘s c}behmkb ghkhui}x ebub}}bdu ci~imhkhux ad ulb ~bdhdsrki$ Hu

fabs vhularu sixhdf uliu ]rsshi vhkk dau sr~~a}u idx jhde a` hdub}diuhadikcaikhuhad uliu lis is hus faik ulb ghkhui}x c}rslhdf a` Da}ul Ja}bi$

H` ulb hdub}diuhadik caggrdhux srccbbes hd }biclhdf i dbv ‛f}ide mi}'fihd‗ vhul ulb E^]J iu ulb dbfauhiuhad uimkb hd ulb adfahdf sh|'~i}ux uikjshd Mbhohdf―ide ulhs hs i mhf ‛h`‗―ulb}b vhkk mb ~}icuhcik khghus ua ]rsshid

~i}uhch~iuhad hd idx srcl sclbgb$ Gascav gix mb vhkkhdf ua ~i}uhch~iub hda``b}hdf sagb pifrb grkuhkiub}ik sbcr}hux issr}idcbs ua ^xadfxidf ide hdhg~kbgbduhdf ulb hdub}diuhadik hds~bcuhad ide pb}h`hciuhad }bfhgbs ua mb

c}biube ua pb}h`x ide gadhua} ulb Da}ul Ja}bid cag~khidcb vhul hus `rur}b

drckbi} ehsi}gigbdu amkhfiuhads$ Ulb ]rsshid }akb hd ulb E^]J‘s bcadaghc }blimhkhuiuhad is ~i}u a` i dbv ~icjifb ebik hs khjbkx ua mb pb}x khghube+ lav'

bpb}$ Srmsuiduhpb ide grurikkx mbdb`hchik }ihk}aie caa~b}iuhad+ bdb}fx ca'a~b}iuhad+ bdub}~}hsb }blimhkhuiuhad caa~b}iuhad+ ide ebmu }bkhb` caa~b}i'uhad i}b ikk gxuls à} dav$ Iu ~}bsbdu+ gidx amsuickbs ,eagbsuhc ide hdub}'

diuhadik+ bcadaghc+ ̀ hdidchik+ ide ~akhuhcik( ua ulbsb caa~b}iuhpb mhkiub}ik a} grkuhkiub}ik ~}aobcus i}b uaa lhfl+ suijbs i}b uaa kav+ ide ~ixa``s i}b ebkixbeuaa ì} hdua ulb `rur}b+ gijhdf ]rsshid hdub}bsus orsu uaa gi}fhdik$ Ebs~hub

ikk ulb uikj+ ]rsshids i}b dau vhkkhdf ua vikj ulb vikj uavi}e hg~kbgbdui'uhad idx uhgb saad$ Hd srg+ is ì} is ]rsshi hs cadcb}dbe+ ulb}b vhkk mb da

U}ids'Shmb}hid ]ihkvix–U}ids Ja}bid }ihkvixs caddbcuhad+ da ]rsshid'




Ja}bid fis!ahk ~h~bkhdb+ da ebmu }bkhb`+ ide da ga}b gadbx ul}avd hdua ulb

Da}ul Ja}bid ‛gadbx ~hu‗ rduhk Ja}bid }brdh`hciuhad$Gascav+ lavbpb}+ hs khjbkx ua caduhdrb hus b`à}us ua cadphdcb ulb Da}ul

Ja}bid kbieb}s uliu eagbsuhc clidfb hs faae: uliu clidfb slarke dau dbcbs'si}hkx ul}biubd ulb E^]J‘s sr}phpik: ide uliu ulb ga}b a~bd ide gi}jbu a}h'bdube ulb E^]J mbcagbs+ ulb ga}b mbdb`hus ulb E^]J hs khjbkx ua }bcbhpb hdub}gs a` ulb iepidcbgbdu a` hus bcadagx+ sachik vbkì}b+ ide diuhadik sbcr'

}hux$ Hd ulhs pbhd+ Gascav vhkk caduhdrb hus ~akhcx a` bdcar}ifhdf ulb Da}ul'Sarul bcadaghc+ crkur}ik+ ide ~akhuhcik b|clidfbs mx ~kichdf i f}biub} bg'~lishs ad ulb dbbe ̀ a} ulb Da}ul ua slav ga}b }bch~}achux ide u}ids~i}bdcx

hd hus }bkiuhads vhul hus ehikafrb ~i}udb}s `}ag ulb Sarul$

]b`b}bdcbs

Ikb|bxbp+ Xr}h$ =>>=$ Da}ul Ja}bid Kbieb} Hs Hdub}bsube hd ]rsshid B|~b}hbdcb vhul Bcadaghc ]bà}gs ,hd ]rsshid($ 92 Irfrsu$ luu~?!!vvv$su}idi$}r!$

I}miuap+ Ikb|bh$ =>>3$ ]bisadimkb Eb`bdsb Hs ]byrh}be à} @h}g ^bicb ,hdub}' phbv($ =< Orkx$ vvv$sgh$}r!$

Mrmdap+ Pishkx$ =>>3$ Clhdi Fbuuhdf ]biex à} Sbpb}b Mkhuzj}hbf$ ^}ipei$ 9 Irfrsu$ luu~?!!bdfkhsl$~}ipei$}r!va}ke!=>!89!300!9>036Qja}bi$lugk$

Fi}bxbp+ Gijlgaau$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: Fi}bxbp+ id i}gx fbdb}ik+ hs ~}bshebdu a` ulb ]rsshid Iciebgx a` Ghkhui}x Schbdcbs$ Pkiehpasuaj? Pasuaj'GbehiDbvs Ifbdcx$ =8 Orkx$

Jadapikap+ Ikb|ideb}$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: Jadapikap hs ~}bshebdu a` ulb Hdsuh'urub a` Su}iubfhc Issbssgbdus$ Pkiehpasuaj? Pasuaj'Gbehi Dbvs Ifbdcx$ =8Orkx$

Ja}bid Cbdu}ik Dbvs Ifbdcx ,JCDI($ =>>>i$ Uikjs Lbke mbuvbbd Jhg Oadf

Hk ide P$ P$ ^ruhd$ 98 Orkx$

―――$ =>>>m$ E^]J']rsshi Oahdu Ebcki}iuhad ]bkbisbe$ => Orkx$

J}ipclbdja+ Phcua}$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: J}ipclbdja hs clhb` a` gihd sui`` a` ulb

]rsshid îch`hc @kbbu$ Pkiehpasuaj? HUI]'UISS$ 9< Irfrsu$

Kasxrjap+ Ikb|ideb}$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: Kasxrjap hs eb~rux à}bhfd ghdhsub} a` ulb ]rsshid @beb}iuhad hd cli}fb a` ulb Ishi'îch`hc }bfhad$ Gascav?

Jxaea Dbvs Ifbdcx$ 96 I~}hk$ vvv$ghe$}r!: da$ 856'98'>5'=>>3$

Ghdhsu}x a` @a}bhfd I`ìh}s ,GA@I($ =>>>$ ^}bss }bkbisb da$ 622$ Gascav?Ghdhsu}x a` @a}bhfd I`ìh}s$ 99 Irfrsu$

^}bshebdu a` ]rsshi$ =>>3$ ]bcaggbdeiuhads a` ulb @i} Bisub}d @beb}ik Ehs'

u}hcu ihgbe iu hg~}aphdf c}ass'ma}eb} caa~b}iuhad+ u}ieb ide bcadaghc b|clidfbs+ ide crkur}ik uhbs vhul ulb CHS ~i}udb}s ide dbhflma}hdf card'u}hbs+ ~}bsbdube à} ulb cadsheb}iuhad a` ulb dhdul sbsshad a` ulb ^}bshebd'

uhik Suiub Cardchk+ ebpaube ua ulb idikxshs a` cr}}bdu hdub}diuhadik icuhph'




uhbs a` ulb ]rsshid @beb}iuhad$ Gascav? ^}bshebdu a` ]rsshi+ J}bgkhd$ ==

Oidri}x$ vvv$j}bgkhd$}r!$

^rkhjapsjx+ Jadsuiduhd M$ =>>=$ A}hbduik B|~}bss? Ic}ass ]rsshi vhul Jhg Oadf

Hk$ Gascav? Fa}aebus ^rmkhslb}s$―――$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: ^rkhjapsjx hs ~b}gidbdu }b~}bsbduiuhpb a` ^}bshebdu

^ruhd ua ulb @i} Bisub}d @beb}ik Ehsu}hcu$ Jlimi}apsj? HUI]'UISS$ 98 Irfrsu$

]afap+ Sb}fbx$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: ]afap hs eh}bcua} a` ulb Hdsuhurub a` ulb RdhubeSuiubs ide Cidiei$ Gascav$ Sb~ubgmb}$

Si`}idclrj+ Hpid$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: Si`}idclrj hs eh}bcua} a` ulb Eb`bdsb Hd'à}giuhad Cbdub}+ Gascav$ Pkiehpasuaj? Pasuaj'Gbehi Dbvs Ifbdcx$ =8Orkx$

Uhui}bdja+ Ghjlihk$ =>>3$ Igb}hcids ulbgsbkpbs su}bdfulbd ulb Da}ul Ja'

}bid }bfhgb$ = Sb~ubgmb}$ vvv$sgh$}r!$ Pkiehgh}ap+ Ikb|ideb}$ =>>3$ Hdub}phbv: Pkiehgh}ap+ i gioa} fbdb}ik+ hs phcb

~}bshebdu a` ulb Cardchk a` Ghkhui}x B|~b}us vhulhd ulb ]rsshid Ghdhsu}x a` Eb`bdsb$ Pkiehpasuaj? Pasuaj'Gbehi Dbvs Ifbdcx$ =8 Orkx$

Ikb|ide}b X$ Gidsar}ap hs id Issachiub ̂ }a`bssa} vla hs vhul ulb Ishi'îch`hc Cbd'

ub} à} Sbcr}hux Surehbs+ Ladakrkr+ Livihh$ Ulb phbvs b|~}bssbe hd ulhs cli~ub} i}b

~b}sadik a~hdhads a` ulb irula} ide ea dau }b`kbcu ulb a``hchik ~ashuhads a` ulb I^CSSa} ulb R$S$ fapb}dgbdu$



Ja}bi Hdsuhurub à}Ja}bi Bcadaghc Hdsuhurub Hdub}diuhadik Bcadaghc ̂ akhcx Igb}hcid Bdub}~}hsb Hdsuhurub Clasrd'Hkma

9=>9 @ Su}bbu+ D$V$+ Sub$ 89> 3>>'5+ Xagfaj'Eadf 992> Sbpbdubbdul Su$+ D$V$ 09+ 9'fi+ Uib~xadf'da+ Clrdf'fr

Vislhdfuad+ EC =>>>5 Sacla'Fr+ Sbark 936'656+ Ja}bi Vislhdfuad+ EC =>>30 Sbark+ 9>>'620+ Ja}bi

^ladb =>=$505$98<= ^ladb <=$=$350>$9995 ^ladb =>=$<0=$2<>> ^ladb <=$=$6=5$2=62

vvv jbhi a}f vvv jhb~ fa j} vvv ibh a}f vvv bdfkhsl clasrd cag

Documents

Russian-North Korean Relations and the Prospects for Multilateral Conflict Resolution on the Korean Peninsula