RUSH - Standards Project

8/14/2019 RUSH - Standards Project

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STANDARD 11.2.1Know the effects of industrialization on livingand working conditions,including the portrayal of

working conditions and foodsafety in Upton Sinclairsthe jungle.

April Angelico

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Vocabulary

Edwin L. Drake: Successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville,Pennsylvania, that removing oil from beneath the earths surface soon becamepractical

Bessemer process: developed independently by the British manufacturer HenryBessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850, soon becamewidely used.

Thomas Alva Edison: became a pioneer on the now industrial frontier when heestablished the worlds first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.

Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world ofwork

Alexander Graham Bell: invention of the telephone

Transcontinental railroad: a railroad line linking Atlanta and Pacific coasts ofthe United States completed in 1869.

George M. Pullman: built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroadcars on the Illinois prairie.

Credit Mobiller: a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the UnionPacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits forthemselves.

Munn vs. Illinois 1877 case: Supreme Court upheld states regulations of railroadsfor the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right ofgovernment to regulate private industry to serve the public interest.

Interstate Commerce Act: established the right of the federal government tosupervise railroad activities and established a five-member Interstate CommerceCommission (ICC) for that purpose.

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Vertical Integration: combines all resources and transportation

Horizontal Integration: merges companies with similar products together

Industrialization: Working Conditions

Industrialization was a huge movement for the United States in the 1800s.New transportation was invented, as well as machinery to produce goods quickerand easier. New technology was also invented such as the telephone andtypewriter. With the help of Christopher Sholes, Thomas Alva Edison, and

Alexander Graham Bell, work life was easier. Edisons inventions brought arevolutionary change to society. Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill oilfrom underground. This natural resource was easier to get with a steam engine.This natural resource such as iron could be obtained through the BessemerProcess. The transcontinental railroad linked Atlanta and Pacific coasts of theUnited States together which made transporting people and trading around theworld easier. Credit Mobillerwas a construction company which tried to take theprofit of the railroad by the owners of the Pacific Union. The Vertical integrationcombined all resources which meant that all companies of different productscame together. They came together because there is power in numbers. Theworking conditions were bad. Adults and children worked seven days a week,

they had no vacation time, and they were required to work, regardless of injury.Children worked up to fourteen hours per day and were only paid twenty-sevencents. Adults worked about twelve hours a day.

New towns and markets were built in the late 1800s. George Pullmanwas the first man to establish a town solely for his employees. Railroadspromoted trade and interdependence. Chicago was known for their stock yardsand Minneapolis was known for their grain industries. Sinclairs book TheJungle was based on the poor working and living conditions in Chicago. Marketssold large quantities of their products to their country that it was sold in. CarnegieSteel had the largest stock business in the world while the Standard OilCompany joined other companies to run it as one corporation of trustees, whichis an example ofhorizontal integration.

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STANDARD 11.2.2Describe the changing

landscape, including thegrowth of cities linked byindustry and trade and thedevelopment of cities

divided according to race,ethnicity, and class.

Jennifer Mei

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Vocabulary

Edwin L. Drake: successfully used the steam engine to drill oil (mainly forkerosene)

Bessemer Process: was a method introduced from Britain that was used tocreate steel out of iron ore.

Immigrants: people who came to America from another country to seek betterlives or freedoms (religious, speech, press).

Segregation: separation of different races, especially between the white andblack African Americans.

Melting Pot: a name given to America because of the mixture of many differentpeople with different cultures.

Urbanization: the growth of cities (especially in the Northeast and Mid-west)

Gentlemens Agreement: was an agreement between the Japanese andAmerican government which declared that no unskilled Japanese person couldimmigrate to America in 1907-1908 and in exchange, the United States had to

cancel San Franciscos segregation order.

The Americanized Movement: was a system issued by the United Statesgovernment which attempted to educate all immigrants U.S. etiquette. Thissystem was sponsored by concerned citizens and the government.

Mass Transit: was a transportation system that transported many people at onetime.

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Tenements: were multifamily dwellings which were usually cramped andunsanitary. These tenements would usually form from immigrants.

Brooklyn Bridge: took fourteen years to build. Completed in 1883.

Growth and Development

After the discovery of coal, iron, and oil mines in the 1880s, a hugechange of growth and development began. Edwin L. Drake successfully built asteam engine which drilled oil. Machine drilling sped up the process which thusquickened the development of cities and demands. The oil was used to light upkerosene lamps, in which the use of candles slowly became extinct. TheBessemer process was introduced from Britain. This process satisfied ademand for railroad building.

The development of railroads influenced the growth of new cities andtransportation. The population could now travel long distances in a much shorter

time. With the development of the railroads, the commotion of new technologiesand the promise of freedom attracted many immigrants of different races fromdifferent countries to come to America.

These immigrants often competed with white laborers for work, in whichtensions rose and segregation mounted. In one city, there could be differentsections which defined a races culture and character. The government attemptedto Americanize the people by creating the Americanized Movement later on.Soon, America was given the name the melting pot from many years ofimmigration. Immigration caused urbanization because the inflow of immigrantscaused towns to become populated with tenements and in turn, becomes a city.

At one point in time, the U.S. and the Japanese government created theGentlemens Agreement which was a result of the overpopulation dilemma.With the growth of people, availability of transportation must increase. Soonsome cities such as San Francisco and Boston created mass transportation, inattempt to relieve the problem.

All throughout this time, the steel production increased as well becausethe Bessemer process was replaced and many other changes took place as well.In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge opened up after fourteen years of work. This

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heavily signified the growth and development of cities contributed by immigrationof many races.

STANDARD 11.2.3 Trace the effect of theAmericanization movement.

Carlos M.

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VocabularyEllis Island: immigration station where they had to pass inspection in New YorkHarbor

Angel Island: immigration station on the West Coast in San Francisco Bayprimarily for Asians such as the Chinese.

Melting pot: a mixture of people of different culture and races who blendedtogether by abandoning their native languages and customs.

Nativism: an over favoritism toward native born Americans

Chinese Exclusion Act: banned entry to all Chinese except studtnts, teachers,merchants, tourists, and government officials.

Gentlemens Agreement: a 1907-1908 agreement by the government of Japanto limit Japanese emigration to the United States

Urbanization: growth of cities

Americanized Movement: an education program that was designed to help

immigrants assimilate to American culture

Tenements: multifamily urban dwellings (overcrowded and unsanitary)

Mass transit: transportation systems designed to move large numbers of peoplealong fixed routes.

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The Americanized Movement

The Americanized movement was designed for people of wide-rangingcultures. It helped a lot of people change their culture, but many stayed with theirculture. There were two migration stations, one on the east coast, Ellis Island,and one on the west coast, Angel Island. Those who came through Angel islandwere treated more worse than those who came through Ellis Island. There was amixture of different cultures, which led to the creation of the Americanizedmovement. This mixing of different people and cultures was given the name themelting pot. U.S. born people were also some of the people who wanted to start

the Americanized movement. These people had negative feelings towards theimmigrants because they were not born in the U.S. This was called nativism.There were a lot of Asians such as Chinese who refused to change their culturewhich led to the Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1907, the Gentlemens Agreementwas created due to the fact that there were too many Japanese Americansimmigrating to America. This led to a lot of tenements which were oftenunsanitary and overcrowded. This was a sign of urbanization. So the masstransit was designed to help move large numbers of people.

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STANDARD 11.2.4Analyze the effect of urbanpolitical machines andresponses to them byimmigrants and middle-class reformers.

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Esther Shim

Vocabulary

Political machine: an organized group that controls a political party in a city andoffers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financialsupport.

Graft: illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Patronage: and office holders power to appoint people usually those whohave helped him/her get elected to positions in government.

Civil service: the nonmilitary branches of government administration

Alliance: a merging of efforts or interests by persons, families, states, ororganizations.

Pendleton civil service act: a law, enacted in 1883, that established abipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to governments jobsby means of merit system.

Kickbacks: illegal payments to political machines for their services to gain cash.

Merit: to earn, deserve

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Reform: to change to a better state, form; improve by alteration, substitution,abolition

Naturalization: to grant full citizenship to (one of foreign birth)

Effect of Political Machines

Although the political machine provided many benefits to people, such asimmigrants, unfortunately, it also led to corruption (e.g. politics), which resulted inmany reforms to prevent it.

Political machines benefited both the political bosses provided thepeople with services and in return, the political bosses received political andfinancial support. Political machines were very useful for immigrants, whoneeded services for their needs in a new country. For votes, immigrants receivedservices and naturalization.

Although the political machine may have provided support for politicalbosses, sometimes it just wasnt enough to win. Corruption began to emerge inorder for political bosses to obtain their gains. They used illegal methods such asgraft and kickbacks to reach their goals (political, etc.) problems of corruptionalso were included in politics. There were many problems of patronage in thepresidency; the spoils system. People began to obtain government jobs throughfavoritism, rather than merit.

Due to all the corruption, reforms began to emerge to fight against it. Manyreformers believed that jobs should be given by merit, rather than by choice.They also believed that jobs in civil service should go to people who deserved itthe most; best for the job. Reforms such as the Pendleton civil service actwhich allowed appointments in federal jobs by merit system through examination.

Because politicians now had lost their unfair gained support from thereforms, they relied on wealthy businesses. Political machines resulted in tighter

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alliance between government and businesses, but also political administrationgrow more honest and efficient.

STANDARD 11.2.5Discuss corporate mergersthat produced trusts andcartels and the economic

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and political policies ofindustrial leaders.

Natalie Ruiz

Vocabulary

Andrew Carnegie: born in Scotland topenniless parents, came to the U.S. in 1848 atage twelve. He became a private secretary tothe local superintendent of the PennsylvaniaRailroad.

Vertical Integration: a companys taking overits suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control overthe quality and cost of its product

Horizontal Integration: companies producing similar products merge

Social Darwinism: an economic and social philosophy

John D. Rockefeller: established the corporations such as the Standard OilCompany.

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Sherman Antitrust Act: made it illegal to form trusts that interfered with freetrade between states or with other countries

Samuel Gompers: led the Cigar Makers International Union to join with othercraft unions in 1886.

American Federation of Labor (AFL): with Gompers as president, focused oncollective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor andmanagement, to reach written agreement on wages, hours, and workingconditions.

Eugene V. Debs: attempted to form such an industrial union the AmericanRailway (ARU)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): a labor organization for unskilledworkers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.

Mergers and their Trusts

There were many industrial leaders in the late nineteenth century whoestablished many corporate mergers. Such leaders were Andrew Carnegie,John D. Rockefeller, Samuel Gompers, and Eugene V. Debs.

Andrew Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as hecould by use of vertical integration and horizontal integration. Philosophersexplained Andrew Carnegies success scientifically with a philosophy calledSocial Darwinism. The Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal for John D.Rockefellers approach to mergers.

Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers International Union to join withother craft unions in 1886 with the craft unionism. He also was president of theAmerican Federation of Labor, which focused on collective bargaining ofnegotiation between representative of labor and management. Eugene V. Debsfelt that unions should include all laborers skilled and unskilled in a specific

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industry. He was part of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) whichincluded all races. The membership never topped 100,000.

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STANDARD 11.2.6 Trace the economicdevelopment of the UnitedStates and its emergence asa major industrial power,including its gains fromtrade and the advantages ofits physical geography.

Jennifer Mei

Vocabulary

Spindletop: a hill near Beaumont in Southeast Texas where Higgins believed oilwas present

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Iron ore deposits: natural resource that is plentiful in the U.S. used to makesteel by removing Carbon.

Electricity: (inexpensive), convenient source of energy

Thomas Alva Edison: inventor who invented a system that produced electricalpower

George Westinghouse: made electricity safer and less expensive.

Transcontinental railroad: the railroad system that spanned the entire continentfrom the East coast to the West coast.

Chicago: a city in Illinois that was known for stockyards and grain industries.

Andrew Carnegie: Scotland immigrant who rose from rags to riches through

hard work and other factors.

John D. Rockefeller: an industrialist who joined with competing companies intrust agreements

Industrial and Economic Development

The economic development in the United States triggered when PattilloHiggins, a mechanic and lumber merchant found oil in Spindletop, Texas. Afterproving that oil indeed did exist there, the economic development there soared.

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Oil and iron ore deposits were beginning to become a valuable and lucrativeresource that everybody wanted to get their hands on. So many people werehired to work for large corporations.

Thomas Alva Edison discovered electricity, which proved to be anefficient source of energy as well. George Westinghouse came a little later

which helped everyone afford electricity. This introduction of electricity helpedpower many things from common household items to large machine operatedfactories.

With electricity made available to factories, many things were made with aquicker speed which proved to keep up demands. One demand was the need forrailroads and eventually the transcontinental railroad was built whichdeveloped better trade, improved the economy, positively influenced businessesand the demand of supplies, and also promoted more trade.

Chicago, Illinois is an example of a city that readily developed from theintricate railroad system. Out of the big oil demand raised a shrewd businessman, Andrew Carnegie. His oil company showed a result of development in the

economy which helped him rise to power (money). Another industrialist Rockefeller who, eventually controlled the markets, also rose to power derivedfrom the soaring developing industrial economy.

The United States emerged as a major industrial power from the abundantnatural resources which were found in the Northeast and Southwest. Discoveryof oil and iron ore deposits and their usage boosted the U.S. status ofindustrialization in competition with global industrial power. If oil was never found

or found useful then these powerful industrialists (Carnegie and Rockefeller)would have never found their place in the economy. Also the discovery of theresources greatly assisted the economys development.

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STANDARD 11.2.7Analyze the similarities and

differences between theideologies of socialDarwinism and SocialGospel.

Esther Shim

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Vocabulary

Social Darwinism: and economic and social philosophy supposedly based onthe biologist Charles Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

Social Gospel movement: a nineteenth century reform movement based on thebelief the Christians has a responsibility to help improve working conditions andalleviate poverty

Settlement homes: community centers providing assistance to residents particularly immigrants in a slum neighborhood

Urbanization: the growth of cities

Tenements: a multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary

Natural selection: a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survivalof the fittest

Laissez Faire: the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercialaffairs

Naturalist: a person who studies natural history, especially in the study of plantsand animals in their natural surroundings

Charles Darwin: English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolutionby natural selection (1809-1882)

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Social Gospel & Darwinism

Social Darwinism and Social Gospel has many differences in ideas, but

also share some similarities.Social Darwinism was a scientific theory by naturalistCharles Darwinthat a process of natural selection explains why certain individuals aresuccessful in life and others are not. His theory of survival of the fittest allowedeconomists to back up the idea of laissez faire; so the government should notinterfere with business. Charles Darwins biological theories were related to thehuman world.

The Social Gospelmovement was a reform program that emerged fromurbanization. As city growth increased, social problems also increased. Manypoor lived in terrible living conditions; many lived in tenements that housedmultiple numbers of families and were usually overcrowded and unsanitary.

These people were usually immigrants and reformers created settlementhouses to aid them. Aids such as educational cultural, and social services weregiven to the poor. The social Gospel movement resulted in better living conditionsin cities and for the needy.

Similarities that both ideologies shared were that they both incorporatedreligion. In Social Darwinism, wealth and prosperity mean that one had Godssavor while in Social Gospel, providing services to the people was Gods calling.Another similarity was that they both relate to survival of people. In SocialDarwinism, being the strongest ensures survival and in Social Gospel, aids andservices ensure survival of the people. The last similarity that these ideologiesshared was that they both emerged due to the growth of cities.

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STANDARD 11.2.8Examine the effect ofpolitical programs andactivities of Populists.

Pamela Solache

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Vocabulary

Populism (populists): a late nineteenth century political movement demandingthat people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance theinterests of farmers and laborers. The movement of the people.

Bimetallism: the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetarysystem

Gold standard: a monetary system in which the life basic unit of currency isdefined in terms of a set amount of gold (only gold).

Mary Elizabeth Lease: was a leader of the Populist Party

Oliver Hudson Kelley: started the patrons of Husbandry, and organization forfarmers that because popularly known as the Grange

Grange: In 1867 Oliver Hudson Kelley started the patrons of husbandry andorganization for farmers that because popularly known as Grange

Farmers Alliances: these groups included many others who sympathized withfarmers.

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The Populists

On July 2, 1892, a Populist Party convention in Omaha, Nebraskademanded that people have a greater voice in government. This became knownas the populism movement. Mary Elizabeth Lease became the leader. She

joined the growing Farmers Alliance Movement and began speaking on issues ofconcern to leaders who were affected. These issues were soon to be involuntarilybrought into politics. The Democratic Party was mainly composed of Populists.The populists ideas were so popular among the majority of the people, that theirpresidential candidate won almost ten percent of the popular vote.

Another leader, Oliver Hudson Kelley, was affected too. He started the

Patrons of Husbandry organization for the farmers, also known as the Grange.This organization taught the people how to organize. The Farmers Alliance alsoemerged from the Grange. In this group, Lease helped get the message across.This organization helped farmers pull through the difficult times such as the Panicof 1893 and the currency situation (Bimetallism versus gold standard). Thepopulists favored bimetallism because it provided more money to distributeamong the farmers to pay off their loans. Gold standard was favored by businessmen, wealthy people, and generally the Republican Party. This is because theywanted the value of the dollar to increase.

William Jennings Bryan ran against William McKinley for president wholost only by about half a million votes. Bryan ran in favor for the populists. This

showed that the populists had a huge effect in the political field.

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