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Diarrhoea!!!

1. Most common bacteria in diarrhoeic syndrome of calves

**diarrhoeic syndrome in calves slide 5

E. coli- enterotoxaemic form from 4th day of life

Salmonella Dublin- from 2nd week of life, stinky faeces

Clostridium perfinges- enterotoxaemia?

2. Most common viruses in diarrhoeic syndrome of calves : Rotavirus and Coronavirus

3. Cryptosporidium in diarrhoeic syndrome **diarrhoeic syndrome in calves slide 6

Subclinical, can become worse if mixed infection

4. Maximum fluid for severe dehydration in diarrhoeic syndrome 10 liter

5. Minimum fluid for diarrhoeic syndrome 3 or 6 l/day

6. Rehydration fluid volume per day

3 x 2 liter = 6 liter

Same with milk, but never mix- wait a few hours between milk and other fluids

7. In fluid therapy, can it be mixed with milk No

8. Maximum amount of bicarbonate which can be given in diarrhoeic syndrome

Max- 40 g/day

40g more than 8 days, 20g if less than 8 days

9. Where do you perform fluid therapy for diarrhoeic syndrome Vein

OR 9. One shot / intensive rehydration given **diarrhoeic syndrome in calves slide 25+32

IV; Vv. Auriculares. Vv. jugulares

8,4 % NaCHO3 5ml/kg-sever acidosis

5,84% NaCl 10ml/kg-mild acidosis

10. When do you use antibiotics in diarrhoeic syndrome

Severe sickness, recumbancy. Animals with secondary infection (RS, navel). Sepsis (fever,

hypothermia). E. coli infection. Causal therapy.

11. What happens to value of blood urea in diarrhoeic syndrome

Increases to 18,5 (normal- 2-5,5 mmol/L)

12. When can you give per os rehydration to calf

- when suckling reflex is present and strong

- Self drinking, Normal BT, HR, RR and light apathy

- OBS! 2nd best in NaCl

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13. Lab findings in diarrhoeic syndrome metabolic acidosis (dehydration, hypoglycemia)

14. Treatment of diarrhoeic syndrome symptomatic – no time to treat causal

15. How many types of BVDV are internationally recognised Type I and Type II

16. Predominant site of diarrhea syndrome in calves Small Intestine

17. Creatinine in diarrhoea**diarrhoeic syndrome in calves slide 15

Light diarrhea: normal creatinine – 95 μmol/L (normal <106 μmol/L

Severe diarrhoea: increased creatinine – 224 μmol/L

BRD!!

18. When do we treat all animals for BRD / Mass medication **BRD treatment, slide 30

It could have been; treating all calves in a group once individual treatment no longer makes

much economic sense when: 10 % of the calves have been treated for three consecutive days /or

more than 25 % of the calves require treatment on a single day, I remember that these numbers

were one of the options

OR 18. Metaphylaxis as Tx when **BRD treatment, slide 25

Mass medication of a group of animals to eliminate or minimize an expected outbreak of

disease. think it´s when u give it to a whole group (mass mediaction) when a few of them show

clinical signs, and u want to prevent the rest of them to get the disease, it´s kind of a

prophylactic Tx, but u actually have some diseased ones I the group of animals

19. Prophylaxis – definition, when should be given etc **BRD treatment, slide 24, 26

Definition: a measure taken to maintain health, prevent disease and to protect against

infection

Given: - when ATBs are administered to a herd at risk of a disease outbreak

- In relation with the start of the aggression– Pro = before the aggression begins

20. Metaphylaxis – definition **BRD treatment, slide 26

Definition: In control or treatment of diseased animals

Given: After the aggression begins

Previous answer: based on healthy, ill, vaccinated etc

21. 3 common pathogens of BRD **BRD uvod, slide 22

Bacteria: M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. Somni (3 most important)

Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Chlamydiaceae (2 extra)

Viruses: BHV-1, BRSV, PI-3, BVDV 1 and 2, Bovine corona virus, adenovirus, IBR

Lungworm , Aspergillus

22. Main predisposing factors to BRD **BRD uvod, slide 8+9

Age, Nutritional condition, Immunological backround, Stress, Environmental, Epidemiological

factors, Dehydration

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20. Why must treatment be prompt in BRD

Prevent chronically affected animals and deaths

Prevent extensive and irreversible lung damages

Better response to treatment

21. Anatomy of the bovine lung that makes it more predisposed to BRD **BRD uvod, slide 13,14

Bovine lungs have smaller mass, shorter, smaller tidal volume

Increased area of dead space

Highly segmented with interlobular septa

Reduced collateral ventilation Atelectasis Hypoxic vasoconstriction

23. 3 goals of BRD treatment **BRD treatment, slide 7

a. inhibition of bacterial growth – antimicrobial therapy

b. modulation of the inflammatory process

c. alteration of mechanical and functional disorders

24. Aims of ancillary treatment of BRD **BRD treatment, slide 33

Provide rapid alleviation of symptoms (make the animals feel better

Aid the repair of damaged lung

Prevent further damage to lung tissue

Improve lung function

Improve immune function

Regulation of the body temperature

Stimulation feed intake (maintain productive growth –minimise economic loss)

Rumen,Abomasal, Hoflund!!!

25. Where is the most common location of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis-TRP **hmm I couldn’t

find it in Reticuloperitonitis ppt but I guess it’s correct the answer

Reticulum

26. What does Hoflund syndrome cause

If the cause (etiology): abomasal displacement This is differential diagnosis . Holfund

syndrome, slide 7

If the CS: This is in Holfund syndrome, Slide 5, Clinical signs=Causes :

• Obvious abdominal dilatation in L shape

• Decreased or lost appetite

• Decreased or lost defecation

• Normal or increased rumen contractions

• Progressive apathy

• Bradycardia

• Dehydration

• Enophtalmos

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27. Something to do with mineral levels in acute tympany (FREE GAS BLOAT) **Ruminal

tympany, slide 3+4 it is mentioned

Decrease Ca and Mg

28. Treatment of oesophageal obstruction gastric tube, endoscopy etc

29. Determining different kinds of bloat **Ruminal tympany, slide 4

Frothy bloat (Ruminal drinking in calves), Free gas bloat (Hypocalcemia), Fluid and gas bloat (DA)

30. Predisposing factors of tympany Genetic predisposition

31. Treatment of abomasal displacement Rumenotomy

LAD- Rolling, toggling, culling, Percutaneous Abomasopoxy, Laporotomy omontopoxy

RAD- surgical correction Laparotomy omentopoxy

32. Rumination contractions/activity in Hoflund syndrome Normal or Increased

33. Diagnosis of abomasal displacement **Abomasal displacement, slide 8

Double auscultation (This is what other people chose that wrote this test),

Blowing, Liver percussion, Puncture, Rectal examination, Sonography

34. Hyperkalaemia in tympany or Hoflund syndrome **??? can’t remember which

35. Ethiology (most common) of abomasal displacement **Abomasal displacement, slide 4

a.Ketosis b.Ruminal acidosis c.Retained fetal membranes

OR 2nd option Predisposition for abomasal displacement (question was in test twice) Ketosis

OR 34. Etiology of LDA Ketosis

36. Tympany caused by inability to **Ruminal tympany, slide 4

a.Swallow b.Eructate c.Increased salivation

37. Hypersalivation in tympany Esophageal obstruction

Whoever typed those answers wrote think one of the options was vagus indigestion

38. Dx of one frothy bloat Gastric tube, Ultrasounds and Auscultation or something

39. Tx of bloat?

Free gas bloat= oesophageal passage, trochar

Fluid and gas bloat= DA

Frothy bloat= Silicans

40. Nerve etiology for bloat and Clinical picture

N. Vagus . Cannot eructate

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41. Paradoxic aciduria? In which syndromes can it be seen?

Abomasal displasment, Hoflund syndrome (Vagus indigestion- Vagotony), Traumatic

reticuloperitonitis (TRP- Hardware disease)

Pasteurellosis!!!

42. Pathogenesis in Pasteurellosis Ciliary eptihelium

Reproduction!!!

43. Topical treatment of endometritis

**Diagnosis and therapy of endometritis in cows,slide 27,29,30

-Antibiotic, nonAntibiotic(antiseptic, enzymatic) and hormonal

-absolutely or combination with hormons

-local or parenteral aplication

-Intrauterine applicaction

-Parenteral application

Previous answer about structure of ATB, status of endometrial wall, applied topically are irritants

44. Something to do with corpus luteum **Diagnosis and therapy of endometritis in cows

Slide 11 In pyometra: presence of persistent corpus luteum on the ovary

Slide 13 Diagnosis of endometritis: Rectal palpation of the uterus: Dominant structure on ovaries

(corpus luteum,follicle, cysts, non identify structure on the ovaries- endometritis)

Slide 19 Diagnosis of endometritis: Ultrasonography: diagnosis of corpus luteum with USG- 100%

Slide 36 Hormonal therapy: Prostaglandin F2 a: luteolytic effect: regression of corpus luteum

(luteolysis)

45. Folicular cyst Thin walled, lutenized, estrogen production

Questions from pictures:

46. Fertilization ability of oocytes is normally: 90%

47. Embryonic death is the loss of embryo: **Abortions, slide 4

1-2 months of gestation- early embryonic death

During the first 42 days of gestation

48. Embryo is most resistant to the action of the teratogens: Before implantation

49. Ovarian cysts are:

Dynamic structures larger than 2,5cm , persisting at least 20 days on the ovary

50. Interferon(INF-tau) produced by embryo:

Stimulates the production of proteins from endometrial glands

Another form is : 47. What does interferon tau release from foetus do in pregnancy

signals mother is pregnant, prevents luteolysis

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51. Luteal cysts are: Thick-walled, luteinized, progesterone production

52. Acute puerperal metritis is: Inflammation of the uterine myometrium and perimetrium

53. Treatment of cysts -

Follicular - GnRH

Luteal- PGF-2α (Progesterone

Early puerperal cyst treated after 20 days post partum

54. In the etiology of endometritis during the early postpartum period are also involved these

bacteria E. coli

55. For the diagnosis of endometritis has to be done:

Anamnestic examination, rectal examination. Vaginoscopy, ultrasonographic examination,

histological examination, Cytology, Bacteriology

56. Infusion of non-antibiotic, antiseptic solutions into the uterus after partus

Irritates the mucose of endometrium

57. Follicular growth during pregnancy:

Continues, the diameter of dominant follicles is decreasing, because LH pulsativity is decreasing

during the late pregnancy

58.Extreme LH pulses and lack of LH release is associated with:

Development of functional ovarian disorders

59.Blood concentrations of IGF-1, insulin and leptin are

Higher in cows with positive energy balance

60. Antiluteolytic strategy includes also:

Increase the rate of growth of corpus luteum, luteal phase progesterone increase, increase in

antiluteolytic stimulation by germline unit, decrease in luteolytic response by maternal unit

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BACHELORS 12/12/13!!!

61. Which of these agents cause abortion? **Abortions, Slide 37

a. trick something verminous a,

b. Aspergillus fumigatus

62. Which phase of parturition is the opening of cervix and swollen vulva? **Parturition, Slide 27

Phase 1

63. Which phase of parturition is the passage of foetus through the pelvic canal? **Parturition, Slide

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Phase 2

64. Expulsion of the placenta **Parturition, Slide 41

Phase 3

65. What is abortion? **Abortions, Slide 2

-Is the premature expulsion of the foetus from the dam and usually occurs because the fetus has died

in- utero (or living - incapable of independent life)

- premature initiation of parturition when normal relationship between foetus and dam fail

66. What happens to the pin bone? **Parturition, Slide 20

Loosing of ligaments

67. What happens if there is no good preparation for delivery **I went through the Parturition pdf

quick and from what I read the general meaning is this answer. So if this is not the exact phrase we

should choose something similiar

Abnormal or problematic delivery

68. If there is not good preparation for calving

a. Abortion

b. Difficult calvings ???

c. Something maternal

d. death of foetus.

**Parturition, Slide 9

Difficult deliveries, C-sections, Weak calves, Calf scours, Poor calf crops

69. Question about preparation for pregnancy

Migration of cells into mammary gland.

**Parturition, Slide 10

Movement of immune cells into the udder to form the life- giving colostrum

70. What happens to the udder before parturition...something with minerals **Parturition, Slide 24

Movement of antibodies from cow's bloodstream into udder to form colostrum

71. What hormones does foetus produce for parturition **Parturition, Slide 17

Cortisol

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Other questions about Hormones. Parturition, Slide 17

As the fetus approaches full term Progesterone decline, Estrogen increase

It’s done via a pre-timed powerpoint, there are 3 or 4 questions on a slide, some are long, some

are short, go for the ones you know first just in case you waste time reading ones you don’t

know the answers to!! You have an answer sheet and just have to circle a, b or c and just

remember, if in doubt, guess!! I hope this helps you guys, good luck!!