RUIZ BUSTOS 1999 - Biostratigraphy of the Continental Deposits in the Granada, Guadix and Baza Basins (Betic Cordillera)

8/6/2019 RUIZ BUSTOS 1999 - Biostratigraphy of the Continental Deposits in the Granada, Guadix and Baza Basins (Betic Cor

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Biostratigraphy of the Continental Deposits in the Granada, Guadixand Baza Basins (Betic Cordillera)

Antonio Ruiz BUSTOSInstituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra CSIC-UGFacultad de Ciencias18002 Granada

SUMMARY

In the Granada, Guadix and Baza Basins, a biostratigraphic synthesis has been performed using data on therelative position of the deposits that fill the basins and on the fossil marnmals found in these basins.The stratigraphic position of the deposits is explained by the Lacustrine Stages Model, in which stagescharacterized primarily by erosion and fluvial sedimentation alternate with lacustrine stages characterizedpredominantly by carbonate sedimentation. Each lacustrine stage, called by the same name as the age of the faunafound there, is preceded by a detrital stage.The criterion governing the phylogenies compiled in the Betic basins was the hierarchical arrangement ofthe different traits in relation te the importance of their biological nature. The leading taxa of the chronologywere considered to be the subfamily Arradiculatine and the genera Stephanomys, Castillomys and Mimomys.Thepalaeoecological conditions were deduced by the use of biocenograms, these being based on the relationshipwhich, according to the fauna and their feeding, allow inferences both the on habitat and on the climate capableof bringing about the habitat.The biostratigraphic scale is the synthesis of data coming from the relative position of the deposits and fromthe study of the phylogenetic and palaeoecological characteristics of the fossil mammals. This scale consists ofthe Upper Miocene divided into two mammalian levels: Turolian (MN11 and MN12) and Ventian (MN13). Theformer is equivalent in part to the Tortonian, and the second to the Messinian. The Pliocene is split into twoother levels: Ruscinian (MN14 and MN15) and Villafranchian (MN16 and MN17). The Quaternary is dividedinto 3 biozones of Pleistocene Mammals (MP), corresponding to the Lower Pleistocene (MP18),Nliddle (MP19)and Upper (MP20).

RESUMEN

En las cuencas de Granada, Guadix y Baza se realiza una sntesis biostratrigrfica mediante los datos queproceden de la posicin relativa de los sedimentos que rellenan las cuencas y el estudio de los mamferos fsilesencontrados en estas cuencas.La posicin estratigrfica de los sedimentos se explica mediante el modelo de las Etapas Lacustres que indicauna alternancia en el tiempo entre etapas con predominio de los procesos erosivos y depsitos de sedimentosfluviales, y etapas lacustres donde predomina el deposito de sedimentos carbonatados. Cada etapa lacustre sedenominan con el nombre de la edad de la fauna que contienen y est precedida por una etapa detrtica.Las filogenias realizadas en las cuencas bticas tienen como criterio director: la jerarquizacin de loscaracteres en relacin a la importancia de su naturaleza biolgica y se consideran como taxones lideres de lacronologa la subfamilia Arradiculatine y los gneros Stephanomys, Castillomys y illmornys.Las condiciones paleoecolgicas son obtenidas mediante Biocenogramas estos se basan en la relacin que atravs de la fauna y su alimentacin nos conduce a inferir tanto el habitat como el clima capaz de originar elhabitat.La escala biostratigrfica sntesis de los datos que proceden de la posicin relativa de los sedimentos yel estudio de las caractersticas filogeneticas y paleoecologicas de los mmiferos fsiles consiste en un Mio-ceno superior dividido en dos Pisos de Mamferos: Turoliense (MN11 y MN12) y Ventiense (MN13); elprimero equivale en parte al Tortoniense y el segundo al Messiniense. El Plioceno se separa en otros dospisos: Rusciniense (MN14 y MN15) y Villafranquiense (MN16 y MN17). El Cuaternario se divide en tresBiozonas MP (Mamferos Pleistocenos) correspondientes al Pleistoceno Inferior (MP18), Medio (MP19) ySuperior (MP20).

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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTAL DEPOSITS IN THE GRANADA, GUADIX AND BAZA BASINS

not strictly coetaneous in the different basins, the bottom of this stage being the Cullar de Baza site (Baza Basin)and the top represented by the Solana site (Guadix Basin). In general, the Quaternary lakes had greater environmentaldiversity and were smaller than their forerunners in the Miocene and Pliocene.

3. BIOZONE MARK (BM)In the Betic Cordillera, there is a high number of sites which are stratigraphically intercalated between thefirst and last sites of each Biozone of Pleistocene and Neogene Mammals. This requires increasing the chronologicalprecision within the time span of each biozone by using regular and successive time intervals called BiozoneMarks (BM). Shown in Figure 2, these were first described by Ruiz Bustos (1992). The Biozone Marks representintervals of approximately 0.250.05 M.y., but tend to diminish in duration as the Biozone Marks approach thepresent. These consist of two numbers separated by a hyphen, the first representing the biozone and the secondthe position with the biozone. For example, Biozone Mark 13-1 refers to the bottom of the MN13 Biozone.The Biozone Marks lose their meaning when separated from the Biozones to which they belong. This impliesthat for proper use the Biozone Marks must not be confused with short-terco biozones or subzones, since the

principal characteristic of the Biozone Marks is that the time periods are successive within a biozone andtherefore between these the fauna show no differences of enough magnitude for the Biozone Marks to beconsidered true Biozones. The morphological changes which occur between one Biozone Mark and the nextare mostly of intraspecific nature. This does not prohibit the appearance or disappearance of a taxon within abiozone from being accurately identified with the corresponding Biozone Mark.Sites represent isolated, local events within the sedimentary record, thus requiring the distinction betweenthe following concepts: a) Real Presence, with real time during which the species lived generation after generationin the basin; b) Local Presence, indicated by each site; and c) Guide Presence, inferred from several instantesof Local Presence. The duration which indicates the Guide Presence is equal to or greater than the LocalPresence marked by the sites and tends to equalize with the Real Presence. The Biozone Marks, due to theirshort time period, allow inferences concerning the presence of taxa (exercising the necessary precautions) andbecome the best representation possible of the fauna that live at each point in time in the Betic Basins. The rulesthat limit the possibilities of inferring the presence of a taxon are as follows: a) When the taxon is a genus orhigher, and carries the terco continuity of presence cannot be inferred. b) Non-specified species do notallow continuity of presence to be inferred. An exception crises when the absence is situated within a singleBiozone while there is majority presence of the taxon in the rest of the Biozone Marks of the Biozone. c) Ineach species, while there is no Biozone or further separation, continuity of presence is inferred.

4. MAMMAL FAUNA AND THEIR EVOLUT IONARY PROCESSESIn the Betic basins, 1 have worked on the evolutionary processes undergone by mammal tooth morphologyusing as a governing criterion the hierarchical arrangement of the traits in relation to the importance of theirbiological nature.The biological nature of the morphological traits, also called biological role or importance, expresses theinheritablity of the trait and the degree to which the ordinary vital activity of the individual requires the correct

functioning of the trait. The greater the biological nature of a trait, the greater is the capacity for modification,subject to natural selection, and thus engender phylogenetic changes detectable by palaeontology. For example,we might ask:Which trait has greater biological nature eye morphology of a deer which was not inherited andcarne about accidentally during the embryonic development of the individual, or a secondary sexual trait suchas a horn which was smaller than average in the population? Eye morphology can cause the individual die beforereproduction or simply have no affect on offspring; however, the horn affects both the life of the individual aswell as its offspring, and therefore the latter trait has more biological nature than che former.Size, despite its biological nature determined by inheritance and the peed to be optimal for daily activity,strongly depends on the environment, in the broad sense. This can result in individuals with notably differentminirnum or maximum values. In the Betic Cordillera, as a rulo, body size registers a continuous increase overtime. Although at certain points of crisis this process can stop, but if the crisis is overcome without thegeneralized extinction of the species within a genus, then the evolutionary trend towards increased size resumes.This scenario appears in the size dispersion undergone by Stephanornys during the transition from Lower to15 5


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Upper Pliocene, reflected at the karstic site (Moreda) and the stratified lacustr ne site (CTH-3), as well as inApodemus gorafensis in which tooth size fluctuated at the end of the Ventian (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1992a).The size of a protuberante or fold of tooth enamel is greater with relation to the rest of the crown thegreater its biological nature, for example, the distinction between initial and definitive folds in arvicolids. TheEnamel Units method (Ruiz Bustos, 1987, 1988, 1995b) is a tool to quantify the biological nature of themorphological traits of the tooth crown.The book entitled La Evolucin Plstica (Ruiz Bustos, 1994a) explains in detail how to calibrate the biologicalnature of traits. This enables inheritance laws to be applied to fossil populations in order to provide a biologicalexplanation for traits observed in the fossil record. The establishment of a hierarchy of morphological traitsaccording to their biological nature enables a calibration of the meaning of the morphologies, both accessoryand accidental, considering these essential for characterizing the species. In analyses using the Dental Equation(Ruiz Bustos, 1987, pp. 8-13), different morphological features can be related and arranged into hierarchiesaccording to their greater or lesser biological nature, thereby defining the species that comprise a phylogeneticsequence. This evaluation is the necessary condition to determine whether a given trait within a biocanton (RuizBustos, 1994a) can be used in taxonomy. An example of the use of this criterion is the study of the genusStephanomys by Ruiz Bustos (1986).By the analysis of the biological nature of the traits, Ruiz Bustos (1976, 1977, 1978, y 1991b) explains thephylogeny of the subfamily Arradiculatine and of the genera Stephanomys, Castillomys and Mimomys, as well as theirrespective species and subspecies. Other systematics have been used with reference to Elephanticlae (Aguirre, 1968and Mazo, 1989); Carnvora (Alcala and Morales, 1989 and Martinez Navarro,1991); Rhinocerotidae (Cerdeo,1989); Bovdae (Azanza and Morales,1989); Cervidae (Azanza and Morales, 1989 and Ruiz Bustos et al., 1990)and Lagomorpha(Lopez Martinez, 1989). These phylogenies offer the following data:

1) A list of the taxa described in the Betic basins from the beginning of the sedimentary infilling until thepresent (see Appendix II).2) The number of sites at which a certain taxon is present (see Appendix I). This enables the calculationof the Presence (P) and Abundance (A) Indexes of a taxon in each Biozone Mark. The definition of theseconcepts is: P=(nx100)/Y; A=(Txn)/Y, in which n represents the number of the sites where the taxonwas present in a Biozone Mark; Y is the number of sites in a Biozone Mark; T is the number of differentmammalian taxa in a Biozone Mark. For example, in the BM 12-2, there were 3 sites, where a total

of 16 different taxa were collected. Hipparion sp. cf. concudense and Rhinocerotidae gen. indet. appear attwo sites at the sanee time and no taxon was found at all three sites. Translated into percentages ofPresence, this indicates that no taxon reaches 100% Presence, and only two taxa reach 66.66% while theremaining 14 taxa register 33.33%. The calculation of the Abundance Index for the taxon Hipparion sp .cf. concudense is A=(16x2)/3= 10.66.3) Dating. Values for taxon presence in each Biozone Mark, and therefore in each biozone, give a detailedbiostratigraphy by groups of taxa. Ascertaining the age of a given fauna requires identifying the BiozoneMark which according to cladistic analysis (where the importante of each taxon is evaluated) is closestto the fauna being dated.4) Appearance and extinction. The point in time of the first and last record of each taxon in the basinallows the calculation of the percentage of taxa that appear for the first time and how many appear forthe last time in each Biozone Mark in relation to the total number of taxa; that is, these which at somepoint have been or are present in the Betic sedimentary basins. From these evolutionary processes, it is

possible to identify which taxa are immigrants and which are the products of evolution in the region.5. PALAEOECOLOGY FOSTERING MAMMALIAN FAUNA

The palaeological conditions of a region can be deduced from biocenograms (Ruiz Bustos, 1976, 1990b,1993a 1995c and 1995d). These consist of double-entry tables where the most general and basic plant habitatsof a region are plotted on the abscissa, and the mammals living in these habitats at a given site (MN and MPBiozone or Biozone Mark) are plotted on the ordinate. The relationship between the two axes is establishedaccording to the following criteria: value (0), mammals do not live in the biotope; value (1), the animal livesin the habitat, but with difficulty; and value (2) the animal lives under optimal conditions in the habitat. Thesum of the values in the column corresponding to each habitat, and expressed in percentages with respect tothe other habitats, constitute the Habitat Index (HI).156


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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTAL DEPOSITS IN THE GRANADA, &JADE\ AND BAZA BASINS

Basic plant habitats of a region are considered those which refe.r only to the size and number of theindividuals inhabiting a plant mass. re p.-ardless of the floristic composition. Elemental tupes of basic plant habitatsinclude: Deserts, Forests, Prairies and Forest Meadows. For a specific region. to the extent that we know othercharacteristics of the plant masse.s_ ve can specifv and amplifv these basic habitats. each of which constitutes abasic biotope for the mammalian fauna.The characteristics of the present-dav vegetation and the. fossil data in the Iberian southeast, as in the restof the western Mediterranean area (Suc. 1984 and Barron et al.. 1994). indicate a similar structure and organizationof the basic plant habitats from the Vendan ro the present. This does not ir/1ply that the floristic compositionhas never undergone transformations by replacement of one plant species by another, the appearance of newspecies or changes in the dimensions of the plant biotopes as a result of shifts in regional climate.In the sphere of continental Europe, and in the present work for the Betic Cordillera, basic plant habitatsand related climatic conditions are considered to be: A= snowline and tundra (cold and dry); B= short-grass areaand steppe (cold and dry); C= coniferous forest and taiga (cold and wet); D= Deciduous forest (hot and wet);E= sclerophyllous forest (hot and dry); F= shrublands and dry grassland (hot and dry); G= cold continentalwaters (cold and wet); H= warm continental waters (hot and wet) and I= Desert (hot and dry).The Tendencies of mammals in the Betic Cordillera in relation to the Basic Biotopes A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H and I are expressed by a succession of numbers with a constant order (000112200). In this succession, thefirst number corresponds to the Basic Biotope A, the second to B and the third to C, etc... The Tendency ofeach taxon, enumerated in alphabetical order, is expressed in Appendix II.Any type of basic plant habitat can be included in one of four climatic categories: cold and dry, b) coldand wet, c) hot and dry and e) hot and wet. From this relationship, four climatic parameters can be calculated:Cold (C'), resulting froni the sum of the Habitat Indices (In), in which the habitats are classified as cold, Andthe calculation is repeated successively for the other parameters, Hot (H'), Dry (D') and Wet (W'). Theseparameters are expressed by two binomials referring to temperature: C'+H'=100 and in relation to wetness:D'+W'=100.The interpretation of the data obtained by biocenograms requires the use of a system of measurement basedon the diversity and ecological trend of the rnammals with their habitat; the unit of this system, called MammalDiversity Unit (MDU), is defined as the climatic conditions of a hypothetical habitat where only one mammalspecies lives under minimum conditions for viability. The relationship fauna-vegetation-climate is quantified bybiocenograms and expressed in MDU.From the data of Guide Presence of each taxon and its Trend towards the basic plant biotopes, it is possibleto construct biocenograms for each Biozone Mark. These provide their respective Habitat Indices. The totalityof the biocenograms obtained constitute the Biocenotic Spectrum of the basin. This indicates how the biomassof the vegetation in the basin evolved over time:The evolution of the climatic conditions in the Betic Cordilleraand its biotopes are shown in the Synthesis Table (Table 1).

6. CONCLUSIONThe Guide Table for the Betic Cordillera (Hg. 3) is constructed with the stratigraphic sequence of thecontinental fill involved in the model of the Lacustrine Stages in the Betic basins and the dates for the rnammals

(explained in Appendix I and II). Because of the printing difficulties poned by the large dimensions of this table,distribution is advisable in the forro of a computerized version of the Guide Table for the Betic Cordillera inQuattro Pro. This diskette is available from the author upon request.The summarized explanation of the data in the Guide Table constitute the Synthesis Table (Table 1). Thisreflects the following conclusions:

1) The climatic conditions of the Betic basins evolved from a hot, dry climate when the infilling of thebasins began, with values of the climatic parameters expressed in Mammal Diversity Units (MDU) of roughlyHot>80, Cold60 and Wet


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than in the higher latitudes of the continent. The b3.1 crisis reflects the intens ty of the Mediterranean Wrmin the region.5) The biostratigraphic scale proposed by Ruiz Bustos (1990a. 1991c, 1992 and 1993b), shown in Figure2, accounts for data published since 1974 and synthesized in the present work. This scale takes into account theLacustrine Stages Model for the stratigraphy of the Betic basins and shows the Upper Miocene divided into twomammalian levels: the Turolian (MN11 and MN12) and Ventian (MN13). The former is equivalent in part tothe Tortonian and the later to the Messinian. The Pliocene is split into another two levels: Ruscinian (MN14and MN15) andVillafranchian (MN16 and MN17). The Quaternarv is divided into 3 Pleistocene Mammal (PM)Biozones: Lower Pleistocene (PM18), Middle (PM19) and Upper (PM20).In accord with these observations, the Synthesis Table (Table 1) reveals an internal logic which converts themanimalian fauna, on the basis of their rnorphology, into a tool to interpret the history of successive events.

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medio en el karst de la Sierra de la Alfaguara (Granada). Sntesis estratigrfica de este periodo en la reginBtica. Estudios geol., 33, 255-265.LPEZ MARTNEZ, N. 1989. Revisin Sistemtica y Biostratigrtica de los Lagomorpha (Marnmalia) delTerciario y Cuaternario de Espaa. Memorias del Museo Paleontolgico de la Universidad de Zaragoza 3, 3350p.MARTIN PENELA, A.J. 1987. Los grandes mamferos del yacimiento achelense de la Solana del Zamborino(Fonelas, Granada). Antropologa y Paleoecologa humana, 5, 29-188.MARTINEZ NAVARRO, B.1991. Revisin sistemtica y estudio cuantitativo de la fauna de macromamferosdel yacimiento de Venta Micena (Orce, Granada). Tesis Doctoral U A. Barcelona. 264p.MARTIN SUAREZ, E. 1988. Sucesiones de micromamiferos en la depresion de Guadix-Baza (Granada, Espa-a). Tesis Universidad de Granada. 300p.MAZO, A.V., SESE, C., RUIZ BUSTOS, A. y PEA, J.A. 1985. Geologa y Paleontologa de los yacimientosPlio-Pleistocenos de Huescar (Depresin de Guadix-Baza, Granada). Estudios geol., 41, 467-493.MAZO, A.V. 1989. Nuevos restos de Proboscidea (Mammalia) en la cuenca de Guadix-Baza. In: Geologa yPaleontologa de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza (Eds.) M.T. Alberdi y EP. Bonadona, Museo Nacional deCiencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, 53-78.MEIN, P., 1975. Rsultats du groupe de travail des vertbrs: Biozonation du Nogne mditerranen partirdes mammiferes, in Senes, J. (ed.), Report on Activity of the RCMNS Working Groups (1971-1975), Bratislava,78-81MEIN, P., 1976. Biozonation du Nogne mditerranen partir des mammiferes, in Proceedings, Vith Congress,RCMNS, Bratislava, September 4-7, v.2.MEIN, P., 1990. Updating of Mn Zones. European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Edited by E.H. Lindsay et al.Plenum Press, New York.MORALES, J. 1984. Venta del Moro: su macrofauna de\ mamferos, y biostratigrafia continental del Moicenoterminal mediterrneo. Tesis Doctoral, Univ. Complutense Madrid, 1-313.PADIAL OJEDA, P. 1986. Estudio de los Roedores y Lagomorfos del Mioceno Continental de la Depresion deGranada. Tesis Doctoral, Univ. Granada, 306p.PEA, J.A., RODRIGUEZ FERNANDEZ, J. y RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1977. El yacimiento de Vertebrados deCortes de Baza-I. (Depresin Guadix-Baza). Act. Geol. Hispnica, XI1,1-3, 42-45.PREZ LPEZ, A. y RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1991. Estudio del relleno krstico en carbonatos del Trisicopertenecientes a la Unidad Olistostrmica del Guadalquivir (Cordilleras Bticas, Espaa). Geogaceta, 10,20-21.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1975. Presencia de Equus stenonis cf. senezensis E Prat 1964 en la Depresin de Granada.Cuad. Cienc. Biol. Univ. Granada, 3, 1, 15-59.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1976. Estudio Sistemtico y Ecolgico sobre las faunas del Pleistoceno Medio en lasDepresiones Granadinas. El yacimiento de Cullar de Baza-I. Trae. y Monog. Dpto. Zool. Univ. Granada 1,1-300.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. y GARCA SANCHF.Z, M. 1977. Las condiciones ecolgicas del Musteriense en lasDepresiones granadinas. La fauna de Micromamferos en la Cueva de la Cariguela (Granada).Cuad. Prehist.Univ. Granada2, 1, 7-17.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1978. Edad y estudio faunstico del yacimiento krstico de las Yedras (Sierra de la Alfaguara,Granada). Estudios geol., 34, 323-330.

RUIZ BUSTOS, A., SESE, C., DABRIO, C., PEA, J.A. y PADIAL, J. 1984. Geologa y fauna de Micromamferosdel nuevo yacimiento del Plioceno inferior de Gorafe-A (Depresin de Guadix-Baza). Estudios geol., 40,231-241.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1984. El yacimiento paleontolgico de Cullar de Baza-I. Investigacin y Ciencia / ScientificAmerican, 91, 20-28.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1986. Anlisis del proceso evolutivo del gnero Stephanomys (Rodentia, Muridae). Paleomammalia,1, 1, 1-27.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1987. Consideraciones sobre la sistemtica y evolucin de la Familia Arvicolidae. El gneroMimomys. Paleomammalia, 1, 2, 1-58.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1988. Estudio sobre los Arviclidos Cuaternarios. Paleomammalia, 2,1, 1-89.RUIZ BUSTOS, A 1990a. Biostratigraphy of the continental Neogene in the Betic Cordilleras. IX R.C.M.N.S.Congress, Barcelona. 301-302.RUIZ BUSTOS, A 1990b. The contribution paleoecological data from mammalian fauna provide on the climatic

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conditions of the continental neogene in the Betic Cordilleras. The Plio-Quaternary limit. IX R.C.M.NS.Congress, Barcelona. 303-304.RUIZ BUSTOS, A., FERNANDEZ, J., MORALES, J., RODRIGUEZ FERNANDEZ, J. y VERA J.A. 1990.Biostratigrafia de los materiales Plio-Cuaternarios del borde norte de la Depresin de Granada. EstudiosGeol., 46, 3-4, 277-290.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1991a. Biostratigrafia de los sedimentos negenos del sector de Galera (Noreste de laCuenca de Baza, Cordilleras Bticas). I Congreso Grupo Espaol Terciario. Vic, 301-304.RUIZ BUSTOS A. 1991b. Primeros datos sobre la fauna de roedores del yacimiento Pleistoceno de Plines-1(Cuenca de Granada, Cordilleras Bticas). Geogaceta. 10, 17-19.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1991c. Biostratigraphy of the continental neogene in the Betic Cordilleras. Terra abstracta,3,1, 331.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1992. Biostratigrafia del Negeno en las cuencas Bticas. Significado geolgico regional delas agrupaciones de Yacimientos. III Congreso Geolgico de Espaa y V III Congreso Latinoamericano de Geo-loga. Salamanca, 549-553.RUIZ BUSTOS, A., FERNANDEZ, J. y LPEZ GARRIDO, A.C. 1992a. Consideraciones sobre la biostratigrafiay paleoecologa del Ventiense final en las Cordilleras Bticas. El yacimiento de Cacn-1. Geogaceta. 11,101-105.

RUIZ BUSTOS, A., MARTN MARTN, M. y MARTN ALGARRA, A. 1992b. Nuevos datos sobre elNegeno continental en el sector noreste de la Cuenca de Granada, Cordillera Btica. Geogaceta, 12, 52-56.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. y PREZ LPEZ, A. 1992. Geologa y fauna de los yacimientos krsticos de Atalaya yArtesa (Cuenca de Granada, Cordillera Btica). Geogaceta, 12, 57-60.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1993a. The relation between mammal fauna and climatic conditions using biocenogramas.Premier Congrs Europen de Palontologie. Lyon, 13.RUIZ BUSTOS A. 1993b. The Quaternary framework in the Betic Cordillera and its correlation with theNorthern Hemisphere. Tercera Reunin del Cuaternario Ibrico. Coimbra, 66 bis.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1993c. New data on lower Pleistocene arvicolids the Venta Micena, Betfia-IX and Villany-5 sites. Comunicaciones IX Jornadas de Paleontologa. Malaga, 60-64.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1994a. La Evolucin Plastica. Editorial Andalucia. Editora Regional del Sur, Granada, 127p.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1994b. Procesos evolutivos, datacin y paleoecologa de los Mamferos negenos y cuaternariosen las cuencas centrales de la Cordillera Btica. Comunicaciones de las X Jornadas de Paleontologa. Madrid,1976-1979.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1995a. Revisin de la posicin cronologica de los yacimientos situados en la regin de Orce(Cuenca de Baza, Cordillera Btica). Actas del Congreso Internacional de Paleontologa Humana. Orce, 70-71.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1995b. Analysis of enamel-line length as a morphometric parameter and its application toQuaternary arvicolids. Lethaia, 28, 361-369.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1995c. The Biocenogram provides knowledge of Quaternary climatic conditions throughmammal fauna. Terra Nostra, 2: 234.RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1995d. Quantification of the climatic conditions of Quaternary sites by means of mammals.Monografas del Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales CSIC, 3, 69-67.SANTISTEBAN, C. 1981. Petrologa y Sedimentologia del Mioceno superior de la cuenca de Fortuna (Murcia),a la luz de la Teoria de la Crisis de Salinidad. Tesis Univ. Barcelona, 2 vols 535p.SANZ DE GALDEANO, C. and VERA, J. A. 1992. Stratigraphic record and palaeogeographical context of theNeogene basins in the Betic Cordillera, Spain. Basin Research 4, 21-36.SESE, C. 1989. Micromanuferos del Mioceno, Plioceno y Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza (Granada).In: Geologa y Paleontologa de la Cuenca de Guadix-Baza (Eds.) M.T. Alberdi y EP. Bonadona, MuseoNacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, 13-51.SEVILLA GARCIA, 1'. 1988. Estudio paleontolgico de los Quirpteros del Cuaternario espaol. Paleontologai Evoluci, 22, 113-233.SORIA MINGORANCE, J.M. y RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1991. Biostratigrafia de los sedimentos continentalessituados en el sector septentrional de la cuenca de Guadix, Cordilleras Bticas. Geogaceta, 9, 94-96.SORIA MINGORANCE, J.M. y RUIZ BUSTOS, A. 1992. Nuevos datos sobre la edad del inicio de lasedimentacin continental en la Cuenca de Guadix. Cordillera Btica. Geogaceta, 11, 92-94.SORIA MINGORANCE, J.M., 1993. La sedimentacion Neogena entre Sierra Arana y el rio Guadiana Menor(Cordillera Btica Central). Evolucin desde un margen continental hasta una cuenca intramontaosa. TestsDoctoral Univ. de Granada. 1-192.

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SUC, J. P., 1984. Origin and evolution of the Mediterranean vegetat on and climate in Europe. Nature, 307. 429-432.VEGA TOSCANO, L.G., HOYOS, M., RUIZ BUSTOS, A. et LAVILLE, H. 1989. La squente de la grottede la Carihuela (Piar, Granade): Chronostratigraphie et Palocologie du Pleistocene suprieur du sudde la Pninsule Ibrique. L'Homme de Nandertal. 2, 169-180.VILLALTAJE, 1952. Contribucin al conocimiento de la fauna de Mamiferos fsiles del Plioceno de Villarroya(Logroo). Bol. Inst. Geol. y Mn. Espaa. 54: 3-203.VISERAS, C., 1991. Estratigrafia y sedimentologa del relleno aluvial de la Cuenca de Guadix (CordillerasBticas). Tesis Doctoral Unjo. de Granada, 1-327.WEER VAN de, A. 1976. Rodent faunas of the mio-pliocene continental sedimenta of the Teruel-Alfambraregion, Spain. Utrecht Micropaleontological Bulletns, Special Publications 2, 1-185.ZANCHETTA, G., ALBERDI M.T., BONADONNA E P and LEONE G. 1995. Escenario de la evolutionclimatica entre la regin pampeana y el area del mediterraneo occidental durante el Cuaternario. In:Evolucin biolgica y climatica de la regin pampeana durante los ltimos cinco millones de aos (Eds.) M. T.Alberdi, G. Leone and E.P. Tonni. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC. 1-423.

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APPENDIX I: CATALOGUE OF SITES IN THE GRANADA, GUADIX AND BAZA BASINS

The sequence of the sites enumerated represents the synthesis of two sources of information: on the onehand, the dating given by the mammalian fauna and, on the other, the chronology implicit in the superpositionof the deposits in the regional stratigraphic sequence. The nomenclature of the mammalian levels is that adoptedby Ruiz Bustos (1990a).SITES OF THE UPPER TUROLIAN

Canteras de Jun (Aguirre et al., 1974; Dabrio et al., 1978; Padial, 1986; Padial y Ruiz Bustos, 1989; RuizBustos et al., 1992b). Biozone Mark: 12-2. Fauna: Cervidae indet., Eliomys sp., Gomphotherium sp., Hipparionsp. cf. concudense, Insectivora indet., Machairodus aphanistus, Metailurus sp. aff. major, Occitanomys adroveri,Prolagus crusafonti, Rinocerotidae gen. indet., Ruscinomys schaubi, Valerymys juniensis, Zygolophodon sp.,Molino de Alfacar (Aguirre et al., 1974).Biozone Mark: 12-2. Fauna: Pentalophodon sivalense, Deinotheriumgiganteum, Chooerolophodon pentelici.Monachil (Dabrio and Ruiz Bustos, 1979).Biozone Mark: 12-2. Fauna: Hipparion sp. cf. concudense,Rinocerotidae gen. indet..

Barranco del Beiro (Aguirre et al., 1974; Padial, 1986).Biozone Mark: 12-3. Fauna: Proboscidea indet.,Occitanomys adroveri, Stephanomys cf. stadii, Valerymys turoliensis, Ruscinomys schaubi, Prolagus crusafonti.Los Arcos (Aguirre et al., 1974; Padial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 12-3. Fauna: Valerymys turoliensis, Prolaguscrusafonti, Insectivora indet..Salinas (Soria Mingorance y Ruiz Bustos, 1992). Biozone Mark: 12-6. Fauna: Occitanomys adroveri,Ruscinomys schaubi. Aves indet..Pulianas-1 (Padial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 12-7. Fauna: Occitanomys adroveri, Stephanomys ramblensisramblensis, Apodemus gudrunae, Ruscinomys schaubi, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Pulianas-2 (Padial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 12-7. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis, Apodemusgudrunae, Ruscinomys schaubi, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Insectivora indet., Reptilia indet.Pulianas-3 (Padial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 12-8. Fauna: Apodemus gudrunae, Ruscinomys schaubi, Dipoidesproblematicus. Prolagus cf. michauxi, Insectivora indet.SITES OF THE VENTIAN.

Pino Mojon (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 12/13. Fauna: Occitanomys adroveri,Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis, Apodemus gudrunae, Ruscinomys schaubi, Myocricetodon sp., Eliomystruci, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Insectivora indet..Calerico-F1 (Aguirre et al., 1974, Bone et al., 1978; Paial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 13-1. Fauna: Occitanomysadroveri, Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis, Apodemus gorafensis, Ruscinomys schaubi, Cricetus cf. kormosi,Dipoides problematicus, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Mina-5 (Bone et al., 1978; Paial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 13-2. Fauna: Apodemus gorafensis.Mina-M12 (Bone et al., 1978; Paial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 13-2. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis,Paraethomys cf. miocaenicus, Dipoides problematicus, Castor sp.Dehesa-D4 ( Aguirre et al., 1974, Bone et al., 1978; Paial, 1986; Alberdi and Bone, 1978). Biozone Mark:13-3. Fauna: Anancus arvernensis, Hipparion gromovae granatense, Microstonyx sp., Rhinocerotidae indet.,Bovidae indet.I, Parabos sp., Palaeoryx sp., Cervidae indet., Hippopotamus crusafonti, Ictitherium sp., Occitanomys

adroveri, Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis, Paraethomys cf. miocaenicus, Dipoides problematicus, Testudo cf.bolivari.Dehesa-D5 (Bone et al., 1978; Paial, 1986; Alberdi and Bone, 1978). Biozone Mark: 13-3. Fauna: Occitanomysadroveri, Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis, Apodemus gorafensis, Paraethomys cf. miocaenicus, Cricetidemicrotide cf. Pannonicola, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Botardo-B (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 13-3. Fauna: Occitanomys adroveri.Curva (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1992b). Biozone Mark: 13-4. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis postremus, Apodemusgorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Cricetus cf. kormosi, Ruscinomys cf. lasallei, Eliomys truci, Dibolia dekkersi,Prolagus cf. michauxi.Aguila-1 (Padial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 13-4. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis postremus,Apodemus gorafensis,Paraethomys cf. meini, Cricetus cf. kormosi, Ruscinomys cf. lasallei.Aguila-2 (Padial, 1986). Biozone Mark: 13-4. Fauna: Occitanomys adroveri, Stephanomys ramblensispostremus, Paraethomys cf. meini, Ruscinomys cf. lasallei, Chalicomys jaegeri.

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Nivar (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1992b). Biozone Mark: 13-5. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis postremus, Apodemusgorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Cricetus cf. kormosi, Ruscinomys cf. lasallei, Eliomys truci, Dibolia dekkersi,Prolagus cf. michauxi.Purcal (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1992b). Biozone Mark: 13-5. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis postremus,Apodemus gorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Cricetus cf. kormosi, Ruscinomys cf. lasallei, Eliomys truci,Atlantoxerus cf. adroveri, Muscardinus sp., Dibolia dekkersi, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Calicasas (Dabrio et al., 1978; Padial, 1986; Ruiz Bustos et al., 1992b). Biozone Mark: 13-5. Fauna:Stephanomys ramblensis postremus, Apodemus gorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Ruscinomys cf. lasallei, Castorsp., Prolagus cf. michauxi.Colorado-1 (Guerra Merchan et al., 1991). Biozone Mark: 13-5. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis postremus,Apodemus gorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Eliomys truci, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Cacin-1 (Ruiz Bustos et al 1992a). Biozone Mark: 13-5. Fauna: Stephanomys ramblensis postremus,Apodemus gorafensis, Dibolia dekkersi, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Sorex sp., Lacertidae indet.Cerro limones (Estevez et al., 1982). Biozone Mark: 13/14. Fauna: Hipparion gromovae granatense.Abla (Cuevas et al., 1984). Biozone Mark: 13/14. Fauna: Hipparion gromovae granatense.Botardo-C (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 13/14. Fauna: Apodemus gorafensis,

Apodemus gudrunae, Stephanomys donnezani cordii, Paraethomys cf. meini, Occitanomys cf. adroveri, Castillomyscrusafonti gracilis, Cricetus cf. kormosi, Protatera sp., Eliomys intermedius, Galerix sp., Dibolia dekkersi, Sorexsp .

Botardo-2 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 13/14. Fauna: Apodemus gudurnae,Paraethomys cf. meini, Sthepanomys donnezani cordii, Castillomys crusafonti gracilis.Botardo-3 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 13/14. Fauna: Occitanomys cf.adroveri, Pareathomys cf. meini, Sthephanomys donnezani cordii, Apodemus gudrunae, Galerix sp..SITES OF THE LOWER RUSCINIAN

Cuzo-1 (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-1. Fauna: Apodemus gudrunae, Paraethomyscf. meini, Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Cricetus barrieri, Atlantoxerus cf. adroveri, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Episoriculusgibberodon, Galerix sp.Bacochas (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 14-1. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni,Stephanomys donnezani cordii, Apodemus gudrunae, Paraethomys cf. meini, Myocricetodon sp., Cricetus barrieri,Eliomys Intermedius, Atlantoxerus cf . adroveri, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Leporidae indet., Soricidae indet., Erinaceidaeindet., Chiroptera indet.Cuzo-2 (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-1. Fauna: Apodemus gudrunae.Cuzo-3 (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-1. Fauna: Apodemus gudrunae, Apodemusgorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Cricetus barrieri, Eliomys truci, Prolagus cf.michauxi, Galerix sp.Gorafe-A (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1984). Biozone Mark: 14-2. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezani cordii, Occitanomyscf. brailloni, Apodemus gorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Ruscinomys lasallei, Trilophomys vandeweerdi, Cricetusbarrieri, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Gorafe-1 (Bruijn, 1974). Biozone Mark: 14-2. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezani cordii, Paraethomys cf.meini, Protatera sp., Trilophomys pyrenaeicus, Castillomys crusafonti gracilis.Colorado-2 (Guerra Merchan et al., 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-2. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Apodemusgorafensis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Ruscinomys lasallei, Cricetus barrieri, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Erinaceidaeindet., Diplocynodon sp., Emydidae indet., Ciprinidae indet.Aljibe-2 (Guerra Merchan et al., 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-3. Fauna: Paraethomys cf. meini, Paraethomysjaegeri, Cricetus barrieri, Eliomys intermedius, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Aljibe-3 (Guerra Merchan et al., 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-3. Fauna: Paraethomys cf. meini, Paraethomysjaegeri, Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Castillomys crusafonti gracilis, Stephanomys donnezani cordii, Micromys sp.,Cricetus barrieri, Prolagus cf. michauxi.Yeguas (Soria Mingorance y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 14-4. Fauna: Paraethomys cf. meini,Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Castillomys crusafonti gracilis, Trilophomys vandeweerdi, Eliomys intermedius, Prolaguscf. michauxi. Crocidura sp., Erinaceidae indet.Rambla del Conejo (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 14-4. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezanicordii, Trilophomys vandeweerdi, Eliomys intermedius, Prolagus cf. michauxi, Erinaceidae indet.

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Gorafe-4 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 14-4. Fauna: Apodemus gorafensis,Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Paraethomys cf. meini, Castillomys crusafonti gracilis, Cricetus barrieri, Protatera sp.,Eliomys intermedius, Trilophomys vanderverdi, Dibolia dekkersi.Gorafe-3 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 14-4. Fauna: Apodemus gorafensis,Stephanomys donenzani adroveri, Paraethomys jaegeri, Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Castilomys crusafonti gracilis,Cricetus cf. barrieri, Ruscinomys europeus, Trilophomys vanderverdi, Eliomys intermedius, Dolomys sp., Sorex

sp.. Gorafe-2 (Bruijn, 1974). Biozone Mark: 14/15. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezani adroveri, Paraetomysjaegeri, Trilophomys vandeweerdi, Eliomys intermedius, Dolomys sp.SITES OF THE UPPER RUSCINIAN

Huescar-3 (Mazo et al., 1985). Biozone Mark: 15-1. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezani donnezani, Castillomyscrusafonti gracilis, Paraethomys cf. meini, Cricetus barrieri, Blancomys neglectus, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini,Prolagus cf. michauxi, Trischizolagus aff. maritsae, Anancus arvernensis.(Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 15-1. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezani donnezani, Castillomyscrusafonti crusafonti, Blancomys neglectus, Eliomys intermedius, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini, Trischizolagus aff.maritsae, Erinaceidae indet.Santa (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 15-1. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni,Stephanomys donnezani donnezani, Apodemus dominans, Paraethomys cf. meini, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini,Micromys sp., Prolagus cf. michauxi.

Caada del Castao-1 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 15-1. Fauna: Paraethomysjargeri, Occitanomys brailloni, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Rhagapodemus sp., Stephanomys donnezanidonnezani, Apodemus dominans, Eliomys intermedius, Muscardinus sp., Sorex sp.Gorafe-5 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 15-1. Fauna: Apodemus gorafensis,Stephanomys donnezani adroveri, Paraethomys jaegeri, Occitanomys brailloni, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti,Cricetus barrieri, Ruscinomys europeus, Eliomys intermedius, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini, Sorex sp., Trilophomysvanderverdi.Nuca-1 (Ruiz Bustos 1991a). Biozone Mark: 15-2. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Stephanomys donnezani

donnezani, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Apodemus dominans, Cricetus aff. barrieri,Trilophomys vandeweerdi,Trilophomys sp., Eliomys intermedius, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini, Micromys sp., Rhagapodemus sp., Prolaguscalpensis., Talpidae indet.Cmodo (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 15-2. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni,Stephanomys donnezani donnezani, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Apodemus dominans, Mimomys (Cseria)sthelini, Prolagus calpensis.Barranco de cariuelas-4,5 (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 15-2. Fauna: Stephanomysdonnezani donnezani, Stephanomys donnezani adroveri, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Apodemus dominans,Ruscinomys europaeus, Trilophomys vandeweerdi, Eliomys intermedius, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini, Prolaguscalpensis, Leporidae indet.Cortijo del Muro (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 15-2. Fauna: Stephanomys donnezanidonnezani, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Trilophomys vandeweerdi, Eliomys intermedius, Prolagus calpensis,Leporidae indet.Galera-1 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 15-2. Fauna: Mimomys (Cseria)sthelini, Stephanomys donnezani donnezani, Occitanomys cf. brailloni,Caada del Castao-2 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 15-2. Fauna: Occtanomysbrailloni, Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Stehpanomys donenzani, Apodemus dominans, Eliomys intermedius,Mimomys (Kislangia) cappettai.Fonelas-1 (Alonso Diago, 1989). Biozone Mark: 15-3. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Castillomyscrusafonti crusafonti, Apodemus dominans, Mimomys (Kislangia) cappettai.SITES OF THE LEWER VILLAFRANCHIAN

Moreda (Ruiz Bustos, 1986). Biozone Mark: 15/16. Fauna: Occitanomys cf. brailloni, Stephanomys amplius,Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, Apodemus dominans, Apodemus jeanteti, Blancomys neglectus, Trilophomysvandeweerdi, Eliomys intermedius, Eliomys sp., Muscardinus sp., Glis sp., Atlantoxerus cf. Adroveri, Mimomys

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(Cseria) sthelini, Mimomys (Kislangia) cappettai, Micromys sp., Rhagapodemus sp., Beremendia sp., Episoriculusgibberodon, Dibolia sp., Soricidae indet., Prolagus calpensis, Cercopithecidae indet., Gazella sp..TCH-3 (Agust et al.,1990). Biozone Mark: 15/16. Fauna: Stephanomys amplius, Castillomys crusafonticrusafonti, Apodemus dominans, Eliomys intermedius, Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini, Mimomys (Kislangia) cappettai.SITES OF THE UPPER VILLAFRANCHIAN

Huelago (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 17-1. Fauna: Stephanomys laynensis, Castillomyscrusafonti meini, Apodemus dominans, Castor sp., Mimomys (Cseria) pliocaenicus, Mymomys (Villanyia) reidi,Mimomys (Kislangia) rex, Talpidae indet., Soricidae indet., Prolagus calpensis, Oryctolagus sp., Mammuthusmeridionalis, Equus stenonis livenzovensis, Stephanorhinus cf. etruscus, Cervidae indet., Croizetoceros ramosus,Eucladoceros cf. senezensis, Gazella borbonica, Gazellospira torticornis, Hesperidoceras merlae, Leptobos cf.elatus.Barranco de cauelas-1,2,3 (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 17-1. Fauna: Stephanomyslaynensis, Mymomys (Villanyia) reidi, Equus stenonis livenzovensis.Nuca-2 (Ruiz Bustos 1991a). Biozone Mark: 17-1. Fauna: Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi, Mimomys (Kislangia)rex, Drepanosorex praearaneus, Prolagus calpensis, Talpidae indet..Toyo (Soria Mingorance y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Stephanomys laynensis, Castillomyscrusafonti meini, Apodemus dominans, Micromys sp., Mimomys (Cseria) pliocaenicus, Prolagus calpensis, Oryctolagussp., Drepanosorex praearaneus, Sorex sp., Talpidae indet..Tapia (Alonso Diago, 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Apodemus dominans, Mimomys(Cseria) pliocaenicus, Mymomys (Villanyia) reidi, Mimomys (Kislangia) rex, Prolagus calpensis, Equus stenonis

ssp.Agua-3 (Ruiz Bustos 1991a). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Mimomys (Kislangia) rex, Drepanosorex praearaneus,Prolagus calpensis.Nuca-3 (Ruiz Bustos 1991a). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi, Castillomys crusafontimeini, Talpa cf. europea.Galera-2 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Apodemus dominans,Castillomys crusafonti meini, Crocidura kornfeldi, Eliomys intermedius, Galemys kormosi, Mimomys (Cseria)medasensis, Mimomys (Kislangia) rex, Sorex prearaneus, Stephanomys laynensis.Cortes Baza-3 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Apodemus dominans,Castillomys crusafonti meini, Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi.Alquera (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-2. Fauna: Apodemus dominans,Castillomys crusafonti meini, Eliomys intermedius, Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi, Galemys kormosi, Sorex sp.Alfarerias (Ruiz Bustos, 1986). Biozone Mark: 17-3. Fauna: Stephanomys balcellsi, Prolagus calpensis.Fuentenueva-1 (Alberdi y Ruiz Bustos 1985; Moya Sola et al., 1987). Biozone Mark: 17-3. Fauna:Castillomys plinensis, Apodemus dominans, Mymomys (Villanyia) reidi, Gazella borbonica, Equus stenonis cf.vireti.Cortes de Baza-1 (Pea et al., 1977). Biozone Mark: 17-3. Fauna: Castillomys plinensis, Mimomys(Cseria) medasensis.Orce-1 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-3. Fauna: Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi.Areba (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Mymomys (Villanyia) savini,Oryctolagus sp.Orce-2 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna:Apodemus cf. jeanteti, Apodemus dominans, Castillomys crusafonti meini, Drepanosorex prearaneus, Eliomysintermedius, Equus stenonis cf. vireti, Galemys kormosi, Gazellospira torticornis, Leptobos etruscus, Mimomys(Ceceria) medasensis, Mimomys (Villanya) reidi,Cementerio Orce-B (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Apodemus dominans, Castillomyscrusafonti meini, Eliomys intermedius, Equus stenonis ssp., Leptobos etruscus, Mamuthus meridionalis, Mimomys(Cseria) medasensis, Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi.Cortijo Don Alfonso (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Castillomys crusafonti meini,Equus stenonis, Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi, Mimomys (Cseria) medasensis.Cortijo Don Diego (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Mamuthus meridionalis, Mimomys(Cseria) medasensis, Soergelia minor.Barranco del Paso (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Bubalus sp., Equus stenonis,Mamuthus meridionalis, Mimomys (Cseria) medasensis, Soergelia minor, Stephanorhirnus etruscus.

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Orce-D (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Apodemus dominans, Equus stenonis vireti,Gazella borbonica.Orce-C (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna:Castillomys crusafonti meini, Cervus sp., Eliomys intermedius, Gazella sp.Barranco de los Conejos-1 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 17-4. Fauna: Mimomys (Cseria) medasensis.SITES OF THE LOWER PLEISTOCENE

Plines-1 (Ruiz Bustos 1991b). Biozone Mark: 18-2. Fauna: Castillomys plinensis, Apodemus aff. sylvaticus,Arvicola deucalion, Talpa cf. europea, Sorex sp., Crocidura sp. Hippopotamus antiquus, Aves indet., Lacertidaeindet., Barbus aff. boragei, Leuciscus pyrenaicus.Cerro Parejo (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1990). Biozone Mark: 18-2. Fauna: Arvicola deucalion, Hippopotamusantiquus.Orce-3 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-2. Fauna: Apodemus sylvaticus, Arvicola deucalion, Castillomysplinensis, Crocidura kornfeldi, Eliomys intermedius, Episoriculus gibberodon, Galemys pyrenaicus, Mimomys(Villanyia) savini, Sorex sp.,Venta Micena (Gibert et al. 1983, Martinez Navarro, 1991, Ruiz Bustos, 1993c). Biozone Mark: 18-3.Fauna: Castillomys plinensis, Apodemus aff. mystacinus, Eliomys intermedius, Arvicola deucalion, Euphaiomysazarai, Hystrix major, Prolagus calpensis, Oryctolagus cf. lacosti, Galemys pyrenaicus, Episoriculus gibberodon,Equus stenonis granatensis, Mammuthus meridionalis, Stephanorhinus etruscus brachicephalus, Cervus acoronatus,Cervus elaphoides, Praemegaceros verticornis, Bison sp., Praeovibos sp., Soergelia minor, Capra sp., Hippopotamusantiquus, Ursus etruscus, Canis etruscus, Canis falconeri,Vulpes praeglacialis, Homotherium latidens, Megantereonsp., Lynx sp., Pachycrocuta brevirostris, Meles sp., Horno sp.Lachar (Aguirre et al, 1974; Ruiz Bustos 1975). Biozone Mark: 18-3. Fauna: Equus stenonis granatensis,Mammuthus meridionalis, Stephanorhinus etruscus brachicephalus, Praemegaceros verticornis, Praedama savini,Leptobos sp. cf. etruscus.Fuensanta (Aguirre et al, 1974; Ruiz Bustos 1975). Biozone Mark: 18-3. Fauna: Equus stenonis granatensis,Mammuthus meridionalis.Fuentenueva 2-3 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-3. Fauna: Equus stenonis granatensis.Barranco de Leon 1 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-3. Fauna: Euphaiomys azarai.Barranco de Leon 2-3 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-3. Fauna: Apodemus aff. mystacinus,Apodemus sylvaticus, Bubalus sp., Canidae indet., Capra sp., Castillomys plinensis, Cervus sp., Eliomys intermedius,Equus stenonis granatensis, Euphaiomys azarai, Hippopotamus sp., Homotherium latidens, Mamuthus meridionalis,Prolagus calpensis, Soergelia minor, Bison sp.,Barranco de los Conejos-2 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-3. Fauna: Arvicola deucalion,Mimomys (Villanyia) savini, Praeovibos sp.Caada de Murcia (Alonso Diago 1989; Sese, 1989). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Arvicola deucalion,Euphaiomys azarai.Cortijo de las Nieves 18-4 (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1990). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Praedama savini.Loma Quemada 1-2 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Apodemussylvaticus, Apodemus aff. mystacinus, Arvicola deucalion, Castillomys plinensis, Euphaiomys azarai, Galemyspyrenaicus, Micromys sp., Mimomys (Villanyia) savini, Sorex sp.Puerto Lobo 1-4 (Martin Suarez, 1988; Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Arvicoladeucalion, Euphaiomys azarai, Mimomys (Villanyia) savini.Orce-6 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Arvicola deucalion, Euphaiomys azarai, Bovidaeindet.Orce-7 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna:Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus aff. mystacinus, Arvicola deucalion, Castillomys plinensis, Euphaiomysazarai, Galemys pyrenaicus, Sorex sp.Orce-4 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Arvicola deucalion, Euphaiomys azarai, Mimomys(Villanyia) savini.Orce-5 (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna:Castillomys plinensis, Euphaiomys azarai.Orce-P (Gibert et al. 1994). Biozone Mark: 18-4. Fauna: Euphaiomys azarai.Atalaya (Ruiz Bustos y Prez Lpez 1992). Biozone Mark: 18-5. Fauna: Castillomys plinensis, Apodemusaff. sylvaticus, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Euphaiomys azarai, Arvicola deucalion, Lepus sp., Crocidura sp,Capra sp., Vulpes vulpes, Felis sp.. Reptilia indet., Aves indet.

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Huescar-1 (Mazo et al., 1985). Biozone Mark: 18-6. Fauna: Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Hippopotamusantiquus, Castillomys plinensis, Apodemus aff. mystacinus, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Mimomys (Villanyia)savini, Microtus brecciensis brecciensis, Terricola duodecimcostatus primus. Terricola huescarensis huescarensis.Oryctolagus sp., Leporidae indet., Lepus cf. granatensis, Equus stenonis ssp., Stephanorhinus etruscus brachicephalus.Cervus elaphoides, Praemegaceros verticornis, Leptobos sp., Ursus sp.. Panthera sp., Enhydrictis cf. ardea.Caniles (Guerra Merchan y Ruiz Bustos 1992). Biozone Mark: 18-6. Fauna: Mimomvs (Villanyia) savini.SITES OF THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE

Cullar de Baza-1 (Ruiz Bustos, 1976). Biozone Mark: 19-2. Fauna: Apodemus sylvaticus, Allocricetusbursae, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Arvicola mosbachensis, Microtus brecciensis mediterraneus,Terricola huescarensiscullarensis, Lepus cf. granatensis, Sorex sp., Neomys sp., Crocidura sp., Equus sssenbornensis, Equus altidens,Stephanorhinus etruscus brachicephalus, Mammuthus trogontherii, Cervus acoronatus, Praemegaceros verticornis,Bison sp., Capra sp., Sus scrofa, Canis etruscus, Vulpes sp., Vulpes praeglacialis, Crocuta sp., Testudo sp., Lacertasp., Teleosteos.Cuarterones (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1990). Biozone Mark: 19-4. Fauna: Arvicola cf. mosbachensis.

Majolicas-D (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1990, Cerdeo, 1990). Biozone Mark: 19-4. Fauna: Magacerini indet.,Cervus cf. acoronatus, Capreolus sp., Stephanorhinus hemitoechus.Solana Z.(Martin Penela, 1987, Cerdeo, 1990). Biozone Mark: 19-5. Fauna: Apodemus cf. flavicollis,Allocricetus bursae, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Eliomys quercinus lusitanicus, Arvicola cantiana, Microtusbrecciensis mediterraneus, Oryctolagus cf. cuniculus, Lepus capensis, Sorex sp., Crocidura sp., Macaca sylvanus,Mammuthus trogontherii, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Equus caballus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Cervus elaphus,Capreolus capreolus, Dama sp., Bos primigenius, Bison priscus, Hippopotamus sp. cf. amphibius, Sus scrofa,Canis lupus, Panthera leo spelaea, Lynx cf. pardina, Felis sylvestris.SITES OF THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE

Daimuz (Aguirre et al., 1974). Biozone Mark: 20-1. Fauna: Mammuthus intermedius.Cueva del Agua (Lopez Martinez y Ruiz Bustos, 1977, Sevilla, 1988). Biozone Mark: 20-1. Fauna:

Apodemus sylvaticus, Allocricetus bursae, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Eliomys quercinus lusitanicus, Mymomys(Villanyia) savini, Phomys sp., Clethrionomys sp., Arvicola cf. sapidus, Microtus brecciensis mediterraneus,Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus capensis, Talpa europea, Sorex sp.,Neomys sp., Crocidura sp., Rhinolophus euryale, Myotis myotis, Myotis nattereri, Plecotus auritus, Barbastellabastastellus, Nyctalus lasiopterus, Nyctalus leisleri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Miniopterus schereibersi, Equus caballus,Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Ursus sp., Lynx sp.. Lacertidos, Colubrinae, Anguido.Majolicas-J (Ruiz Bustos et al., 1990). Biozone Mark: 20-1. Fauna: Microtus brecciensis mediterraneus,Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus.Cueva Hor (Fuentes y Mejide 1975). Biozone Mark: 20-2. Fauna: Apodemus sylvaticus, Eliomys quercinuslusitanicus, Allocricetus bursae, Microtus arvalis arvalis, Microtus brecciensis cabrerae, Terricola duodecimcostatusduodecimcostatus, Arvicola cf. sapidus, Pliomys sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus capensis, Equus caballus,Equus hydruntinus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Cervus elaphus, Bos sp., Capra pyrenaica, Canis lupus, Vulpesvulpes, Lynx pardina, Felis sylvestris.Serra-1 (Delgado Castilla et al., 1993). Biozone Mark: 20-2. Fauna: Microtus brecciensis cabrerae, Terricoladuodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus, Arvicola cf. sapidus.Artesa (Ruiz Bustos y Prez Lpez 1992). Biozone Mark:20-2. Fauna: Terricola duodecimcostatusduodecimcostatus, Equus caballus, Cervus elaphus, Capra sp., Canis lupus.Cruz-1 (Prez Lpez y Ruiz Bustos, 1991). Biozone Mark: 20-2. Fauna: Apodemus aff. flavicollis, Allocricetusbursae.Yedras (Ruiz Bustos, 1978, Sevilla, 1988, Cerdeo, 1990). Biozone Mark: 20-2. Fauna: Apodemus flavicollis,Allocricetus bursae, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Microtus brecciensis cabrerae, Microtus arvalis arvalis, Microtusoeconomus ratticeps,Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus capensis, Erinaceuseuropaeus, Crocidura suaveolens, Myotis myotis, Myotis nattereri, Equus caballus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus,Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Dama sp., Bison sp., Vulpes vulpes.Carihuela (Ruiz Bustos y Garcia Sanchez, 1977; Vega Toscano et al., 1989; Sevilla, 1988; Cerdeo, 1990).Biozone Mark: 20-3, Apodemus cf. flavicollis, Eliomys quercinus lusitanicus, Allocricetus bursae, Microtus arvalis

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arvalis, Microtus nivalis, Microtus brecciensis cabrerae, Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus, Arvicola cf.sapidus, Pliomys sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus capensis, Erinaceus europeus, Crocidura russula, Sorex cf.araeus, Sorex cf. minutus, Neomys sp., Equus caballus, Equus hydruntinus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Cervuselaphus, Bos sp., Capra pyrenaica, Ursus sp., Panthera sp., Canis lupus,Vulpes vulpes. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum,Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rhinolophus euryale, Myotis myotis, Myotis bechsteini, Myotis nattereri, Myotisemarginatus, Plecotus auritus, Barbastella bastastellus, Miniopterus schereibersi.Zafarraya (Barroso et al., 1984). Biozone Mark: 20-4. Fauna: Apodemus cf. flavicollis, Eliomys quercinuslusitanicus, Microtus arvalis arvalis, Microtus brecciensis cabrerae, Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus,Oryctolagus cuniculus, Lepus capensis, Equus caballus, Cervus elaphus, Bos sp., Capra pyrenaica, Sus scrofa,Ursus sp., Canis lupus.Pastora (Aguayo de Hoyos et al., in press). Biozone Mark: 20-4. Fauna: Apodemus cf. flavicollis, Eliomysquercinus quercinus, Microtus arvalis arvalis, Microtus brecciensis cabrerae, Terricola duodecimcostatusduodecimcostatus, Arvicola sapidus, Crocidura russula, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Cervus elaphus.HOLOCENE.

Holocene Fauna. Biozone Mark: 0-1. Fauna: Sciurus vulgaris, Eliomys quercinus quercinus, Eliomysquercinus lusitanicus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus, Arvicola sapidus, Microtusnivalis, M. brecciensis cabrerae, Castor fiber, Lepus granatensis, Lepus capensis, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Erinaceuseuropaeus, Erinaceus algirus, Talpa caeca, Crocidura russula, Suncus etruscus, Neomys anomalus, Equus caballus,Equus hydruntinus, Meles meles, Martes foina, Putorius putorius, Mustela ibrica, Lutra lutra, Ursus arctos,Canis lupus,Vulpes vulpes, Genetta genetta, Herpestes ichneumon, Felis sylvestris, Lynx pardina, Capra pyrenaica,Capreolus capreolus, Dama dama, Cervus elaphus, Sus scrofa.PRESENT

Living Fauna Biozona Mark: 0-0. Fauna: Erinaceus algirus, Talpa caeca, Crocidura russula, Suncus etruscus,Neomys anomalus, Meles meles, Martes foina, Putorius putorius, Mustela iberica, Lutra lutra, Canis lupus,Vulpesvulpes, Genetta genetta, Herpestes ichneumon, Felis sylvestris, Lynx pardina, Sciurus vulgaris, Eliomys quercinusquercinus, Eliomys quercinus lusitanicus, Apodemus sylvaticus, Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus,Arvicola sapidus, Microtus nivalis, M. brecciensis cabrerae, Lepus granatensis, Lepus capensis, Oryctolagus cuniculus,Capra pyrenaica, Capreolus capreolus, Dama dama, Cervus elaphus, Sus scrofa.

APPENDIX II: TENDENCIES ATTRIBUTED TO THE MAMMALS PRESENT IN THE GRANADA, GUADIX AND BAZA BASINSThe tendencies of each taxon, listed in alphabetical order, are:Allocricetus bursae = 020001000; Anancus arvernensis = 000222010; Apodemus gudrunae = 001221000;Apodemus gorafensis= 001221000; Apodemus dominans= 001122000; Apodemus jeanteti= 001221000; Apodemus

aff. mystacinus = 001221000; Apodemus sylvaticus = 001122000; Apodemus flavicollis= 002210000; Arvicoladeucalion= 000000220; Arvicola cantiana = 000000220; Arvicola mosbachensis= 000000220; Arvicola sapidus=000000220; Atlantoxerus cf. adroveri= 000122000; Beremendia sp. = 000112010; Bison sp.= 021110000; Bisonpriscus= 021110000; Blancomys neglectus = 000012000; Bos sp.= 010012000; Bos primigenius = 010012000;Bovidae indet. = 000001000; Bubalus sp= 000000020; Canis etruscus = 121112000; Canis falconeri= 121112000;Canis lupus = 121112000; Capra sp.= 121111000; Capra pyrenaica= 121111000; Capreolus sp.= 012220000;Capreolus capreolus= 012220000; Castillomys crusafonti gracilis= 000112000; Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti=000112000; Castillomys crusafonti meini = 000112000; Castillomys plinensis = 000112000; Castor sp. = 001110210;Castor fiber 001110210; Cercopithecidae indet.= 000221000; Cervidae indet.= 002220000; Cervus acoronatus=002220000; Cervus elaphoides= 002220000; Cervus elaphus = 002220000; Cervus sp. = 002220000; Chalicomysjaegeri= 001110220; Chooerolophodon pentelici = 000222010; Clethrionomys sp.= 002220000; Cricetide microtidecf. Pannonicola= 000012000; Cricetus cf. kormosi = 010002000; Cricetus barrieri= 010002000; Crocidurakornfeldi= 000012000; Crocidura russula= 001122000; Crocidura sp. = 001122000; Crocidura suaveolens = 001122000;Crocuta sp. = 000012010; Croizetoceros ramosus = 002220000; Dama sp. = 002221000; Dama dama= 002221000;Deinotherium giganteum= 000222010; Dibolia dekkersi = 000111020; Dibolia sp.= 000111020; Dipoides

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problematicus= 001110220; Dolomys sp.= 000012000; Drepanosorex praearaneus= 021100100; Eliomys sp.=002221000; Eliomys truci = 002221000; Eliomys Intermedius = 002221000; Eliomys quercinus quercinus= 002221000;Eliomys quercinus lusitanicus= 002221000; Enhydrictis cf. ardea = 002220000; Episoriculus gibberodon= 000110020;Equus stenonis livenzovensis = 010012000; Equus stenonis ssp.= 010012000; Equus stenonis cf. vireti= 010012000;Equus stenonis granatensis = 010012000; Equus sssenbornensis= 020011000; Equus altidens = 010012000; Equuscaballus= 020011000; Equus hydruntinus= 000012000; Erinaceidae indet.= 001211000; Erinaceus europaeus=001211000; Erinaceus algirus = 001121000; Eucladoceros cf. senezensis = 002220000; Euphaiomys azarai= 020001000;Felis sp. = 002220000; Felis sylvestris= 002220000; Galemys kormosi = 000111020; Galemys pyrenaicus= 000111020;Galemys sp. = 000111020; Galerix sp. = 001211000; Gazella sp. = 000012000; Gazella borbonica= 000012000;Gazellospira torticornis = 000012000; Genetta genetta= 002221000; Gis sp.= 002220000; Gomphotherium sp.=000222010; Herpestes ichneumon = 000022000; Hesperidoceras merlae = 000012000; Hipparion sp. cf. concudense=000012000; Hipparion gromovae granatense = 000012000; Hippopotamus crusafonti = 000000020; Hippopotamusantiquus= 000000020; Hippopotamus sp. cf. amphibius= 000000020; Homotherium latidens= 000012000; Hystrixmajar= 000012000; Ictitherium sp.= 000122000; Leporidae indet. = 000122000; Leptobos sp.= 000012000;Leptobos cf. elatus= 000012000; Leptobos etruscus = 000012000; Lepus sp. = 011122000; Lepus cf. granatensis=011122000; Lepus granatensis = 011122000; Lepus capensis= 011122001; Lynx sp. = 002221000; Lutra lutra=000000220; Lynx pardina = 002222000; Macaca sylvanus= 00022100; Machairodus aphanistus= 001221000;Mammuthus merdionalis= 000122010; Mammuthus trogontherii = 000122010; Mammuthus intermedius=020110100; Megacerini indet. 002220000; Megantereon sp.= 001221000; Martes foina = 012220100; Metailurussp. aff. major= 001221000; Micromys sp. = 000112000; Microstonyx sp.= 002221010; Microtus brecciensisbrecciensis = 021110000; Microtus brecciensis mediterraneus = 021110000; Microtus brecciensis cabrerae = 021110000;Microtus arvalis arvalis = 021100000; Microtus oeconomus ratticeps= 221000000; Microtus nivalis= 120000000;Mimomys (Cseria) sthelini = 000012000; Mimomys (Kislangia) cappettai= 000012000; Mimomys (Cseria)pliocaenicus=000012000; Mimomys (Kislangia) rex = 000012000; Mimomys (Cseria) medasensis = 000012000;Mymomys (Villanyia) savini = 000012010; Mimomys (Villanyia) reidi= 000012010; Meles sp. = 002220000; Melesmeles= 002220100; Muscardinus sp.= 002220000; Mustela iberica = 012221000; Myocricetodon sp.= 000012000;Neomys sp.= 011100200; Neomys anomalus = 011100200; Occitanomys adroveri= 000112000; Occitanomys cf.brailloni= 000112000; Oryctolagus sp. = 001122000; Oryctolagus cf. lacosti= 001122000; Oryctolagus cuniculus=001122000; Pachycrocuta brevirostris= 000012010; Palaeoloxodon antiquus = 000122010; Palaeoryx sp. = 000012001;Panthera leo spelaea= 000122000; Panthera sp. = 002220000; Parabos sp. = 000012000; Paraethomys cf. miocaenicus=000122000; Paraethomys cf. meini= 000122000; Paraethomys jaegeri= 000122000; Pentalophodon sivalense=000222010; Terricola duodecimcostatus primus= 010122110; Terricola duodecimcostatus duodecimcostatus=-010122110; Terricola huescarensis huescarensis = 010122110; Terricola huescarensis cullarensis= 010122110; Pliomyssp.= 020000000; Praedarna savini = 002220000; Praemegaceros verticornis= 002220000; Praeovibos sp.= 120000000;Prohoscidea indet.= 000222010; Prolagus crusafonti= 000022000; Prolagus cf. michauxi = 000022000; Prolaguscalpensis= 000022000; Protatera sp. = 000012000; Putorius putorius = 002221000; Rhagapodemus sp. = 000122000;Rinocerotidae gen. indet. = 000122000; Ruscinomys europeus = 010012000; Ruscinomys lasallei= 000012000;Ruscinomys schaubi = 000012000; Sciurus vulgaris = 002210000; Soergelia minor= 012220000; Sorex cf. araeus=021100100; Sorex cf. minutus= 020000100; Sorex prearaneus = 021100100; Sorex sp. = 021100100; Stephanomyscf. stadii= 000112000; Stephanomys ramblensis ramblensis= 000112000; Stephanomys ramblensis postremus=000112000; Stephanomys donnezani cordii= 000112000; Stephanomys donnezani adroveri = 000112000; Stephanomysdonnezani donnezani= 000112000; Stephanomys laynensis = 000112000; Stephanomys amplius = 000112000;Stephanomys balcellsi= 000112000; Stephanorhinus cf. etruscus = 000122000; Stephanorhinus etruscus brachicephalus=000122000; Stephanorhinus hemitoechus = 000122000; Suncus etruscus = 001112000; Sus scrofa= 012221110;Talpa caeca = 021110000; Talpa europea = 021110000; Trilophomys vandeweerdi = 000012000; Trilophomyspyrenaeicus= 000012000; Trischizolagus aff. maritsae = 000122000; Ursus arctos= 012220100; Ursus etruscus=002220100; Ursus sp.= 002220100; Valerymys juniensis= 000211000; Valerymys turoliensis= 000211000; Vulpessp . = 002220000; Vulpes praeglacialis = 122220000; Vulpes vulpes = 012221000; Zygolophodon sp.= 000222010.

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Figure 1: Location map of the Betic Cordillera.

System of the Guide Table of a basinTaxaPresent MN-00SI-1 SI-2 SI-3 SI-4endencies in thebasin

5 3 7 1BCDEFGH00000001 species X 1* 7 .00222000 species Z 2 x 1 .11000020 species Y 1* 1 1 .

...Biozone Marks

...n2 of SitesPresence:* first time. last timex inferred1, 2, 7, times

Figure 3: Systgem of the organization of the data obtained in a basin from the mamalian fauna in order toconstruct the Guide Table of the basin. For example, Biozone Mark SI-3 contains 7 sites. In all of these, speciesX is present, indicated by the number of times "7". Species Z, however, is present at none of the sites, but itspresence can be inferred. This is indicated with the sign "x". Finally, species Y is present in only one of the 7sites, as indicated by the times number "1".

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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTAL DEPOSITS N THE GRANADA, GUADIX AND BAZA BAS[NS

Ages

Chro

Po1

Seraigi

8 ma dt eBlostratigraphy

MammalsC o rBeticd i 1 l e r a

L1thologyn r e e t Stages Biozon. B io z o n o o a ll uv .s e d im .

M a . s(CO2) tIsse

r r .Marks x lake sedim.

= erosion.surf.H . Versil. 0- 0 00

0.01 0-1 0020-4 00

Tyrrh. upp. MP20 20-3 o oC1n P P 20-2 00

L L 20-1 00E E 19-5 xI I 19-4 x tltddleS Sici1. S med. MP19 19-3 x Ple1stoceneT T 19-2 x lake0 0 19-1 o oC C 18-6 xC1r.1n E E 18-5 x juerN N 18-4 x Pleistocene

Calabr. E 1ou. MP18 18-3 x lake18-2 x18-1 00

1.6 17/18 00C2n U 17-4 xC2r.1n I 17-3 x VIllafrench.L upp. MN17 17-2 x lake

L 17-1 xPiacen. 16/17 00

F 16-4 00C2An.1n P R lou. MN16 16-3 o oL A 16-2 00

C2An.2n I N . 16-1 003.3 O 15/16 xC2An.3n C 15-3 xE R upp. MN15 15-2 x

N U 15-1 xE and. 14/15 x Ruscinian

C3n.ln C 14-4 x lakeC3n.2n I lou. MN14 14-3 xC3n.3n N . 14-3 xC3n.4n 14-1 x

5.3 13/14 00U 13-5 xMessin. E MN13 13-4 x Ventian

C3An.1n N 13-3 x lakeT 13-2 x

C3An.2n M IAN 13-1 x6.6 I 12/13 x

0 12-8 xC3Bn C T 12-7 =C3Br.1n E U 12-6 xC3Br.2n N Torton. R 12-5 x Turolian

E O upp. MN12 12-4 x lakeC4n.ln L 12-3 x1 12-2 x

C4n.2n A 12-18 .0 12/11

Figure 2: Chronology, biostratigraphy and regional lithological sequence of the continental sedirnents in the BeticCordillera (opposite page).

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TABLE 1:Table Synthesis of the biostratigraphy and palaeoccology of the Betic basins of Granada,

Guadix and Baza. In the columns of the table, the following explanations are provided foreach Biozone Mark: the values of the Habitat Indices; the climatic conditions expressed inMammal Diversity Units (MDU) and Phases (A and B), Stages (Al, A2, 13, 14, Bl, B2 and

B3) and Crisis (a2.1, a2.2 and b3.1), which involve the data of the Synthesis Table.

BiozoneMarks ABCDEFGHIHatitat Indices Climatic Condit.in MDU EventsC ' H ' D ' W '0-0 1 9 21 21 25 15 5 3 0 36 64 50 500-1 1 10 20 21 24 15 6 3 0 37 63 50 50 modern20-4 2 12 19 21 24 17 3 2 0 36 64 54 4620-3 2 15 18 20 22 15 5 3 0 40 60 55 45 *b3,120-2 3 15 18 19 23 17 2 2 0 38 62 58 42 B320-1 1 13 1 9 2 1 24 15 5 3 0 3 8 62 52 4819-5 1 10 17 20 26 19 3 4 0 31 69 56 4419-4 0 9 17 21 27 15 4 7 0 30 70 51 4 9 B19-3 B219-2 2 15 15 18 23 18 5 5 0 37 63 58 4219-118-6 0 5 16 21 30 21 3 4 0 23 77 57 4318-5 1 7 1 9 22 27 17 3 5 0 29 71 52 4818-4 0 4 1 9 24 28 1 5 4 7 0 26 74 46 54 B118-3 3 9 16 20 26 1 9 2 6 0 30 70 57 4318-2 0 1 1 1 1 14 22 22 8 11 0 31 69 56 4418-117/1817-4 0 9 9 14 32 36 0 0 o 18 82 77 2317-3 0 7 7 12 31 43 0 0 o 14 86 81 1917-2 0 11 9 14 24 36 4 2 o 24 76 71 2917-1 0 5 1 2 16 28 31 5 3 o 2 2 78 65 3516/17 A416-416-316-216-115/16 o 1 10 21 3 1 31 1 5 0 12 88 63 3715-3 o 0 7 15 33 46 0 0 0 7 93 78 2215-2 o 3 6 15 29 44 2 2 0 10 90 76 2415-1 o 2 5 1 9 2 9 44 0 2 6 94 74 26 A14/15 o 2 4 16 31 47 0 0 6 94 80 20 A314-4 o 2 7 1 9 3 0 4 2 0 0 9 91 74 2614-3 o 3 5 17 30 46 0 0 7 93 78 2214-2 o 2 7 18 29 42 0 0 2 9 91 75 2514-1 o 3 11 23 29 30 1 3 1 14 86 63 3713/14 o 0 9 18 36 36 0 0 0 9 91 73 2713-5 o 5 1 1 1 9 27 27 5 5 0 21 79 60 40 *a2,213-4 o 2 9 18 26 30 7 9 0 18 82 58 4213-3 o 1 9 18 28 30 4 7 2 15 85 6 1 39 A213-2 o 2 1 1 20 26 26 9 7 0 22 78 54 46 *a2,113-1 o 3 11 18 26 32 5 5 0 18 82 61 3912/13 o 2 11 19 26 28 6 6 2 19 81 57 4312-8 o 3 8 20 25 28 8 8 0 19 81 56 4412-7 o 3 7 21 28 35 3 3 0 14 86 66 3412-6 o 0 0 14 29 57 0 0 0 100 86 1412-5 Al12-412-3 0 3 3 24 26 35 3 6 0 9 91 65 3512-2 0 1 8 26 30 27 1 7 0 10 90 58 4212-112/11

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RUIZ BUSTOS 1999 - Biostratigraphy of the Continental Deposits in the Granada, Guadix and Baza Basins (Betic Cordillera)