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PORTFOLIORui Santos
[02] INDEXName: Rui Pedro Martins Ferreira Santos
Birth Date: 15.05.1983
Nationality: Portuguese
Address: Est. nacional 16, 6370 Fornos de Algodres
Phone Number: (+351) 963080500
E-mail: [email protected]
Education:
2001
Science highschool graduation in Escola EB2,3/S in
Fornos de Algodres, Portugal.
2001/2008
Degree in Architecture by Faculdade de Ciências e
Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal,
with fi nal grade of 14 values (0-20).
2004/2005
With ERASMUS program, is accepted by the Norwe-
gian University of Science and Technology (Faculty
of Architecture and Fine Art), Trondheim, Norway.
2004 [September]
International Workshop in Liguria: “How To Tackle
Future Changes in Italian Medieval Communities”
Comune di Castelbianco - Italy
2007/2008
Concludes the fi nal thesis “Marginalidades: Patolo-
gias da Coimbra fl uvial” ( about Coimbra’s approach
to the Mondego river).(grade _ 16).
Degree in Architecture.
2011
Participates in Arquitectum competition for a Bohe-
mian Hostel In the Gothic district in Barcelona.
Professional experience:
2009/2010
From September to November, works in the catalan
architectural offi ce MAB Arquitectura, Barcelona.
From November of 2009 to June 2010 works in the
catalan architectural offi ce VORA Arquitectura,
Barcelona.
Personal interests:
Special interests in drawing, astronomy, music [gui-
tar since 14, 1 year in Coimbra’s Jazz school], cin-
ema and literature.
Participates in junior soccer from 6 to 18 years old;
Traveling around Middle East and Asia from August
to December 2010.
Linguistic skills:
Portuguese: Mother tongue
English: Fluent
Spanish: Fluent
French: basic knowledges
Computer skills:
Autodesk AutoCad
Autodesk 3D Studio Max
Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Indesign
CURRICULUM [03]
TOWER HOSTEL _ Barcelona, Catalunha [Arquitectum competition]....................10
PAVLIDES RESIDENCE _ Nicosia, Cyprus [MCA]...................................................06
WAR MEMORIAL _ V. Nova de Cabeçudos, Portugal [Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]........08
COLLECTIVE HOUSING _ Nicosia, Cyprus [MCA]................................................04
01 02 03
04 05 06
07 08 09
10 11
ACADEMICAL PROJECTS 13]; POST-ACADEMICAL [01 - 12]
KINDERGARTEN _ Barcelona, Espanha [VORA Arquitectura].............................14
REFURB.+ ANNEX House _ Barcelona, Espanha [VORA]....................................16
TWO FAMILY HOUSING _ Barcelona, Eapanha [VORA]......................................18
COLECTIVE HOUSING _ Burriana, Espanha [MAB Arquitectura].........................22
HOUSE _ Fornos de Algodres, Portugal [Rui Santos]............................................24 SHOE STORE _ Fornos de Algodres, Portugal [Rui Santos]...............................26
MARGINALIDADES _ Final Thesis [Coimbra, FCTUC].................................................28
01
03
04
05
06
07
09
10
11
12
13
12
13
URBAN FURNITURE, Banc-c _ Barcelona, Espanha [VORA]...............................20
08
REHABILITATION _ Moledo do Minho, Portugal [Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]............12
02
2011
While living in Nicosia, Cyprus, participates in several
competitions with international teams of architects.
Integrates a team that participates in WCypriot Ar-
chitectural competition for the rethinking of the riv-
erbanks of Liopetri, Cyprus, achieving an honourable
mention (5th place).
2012 [June]
Starts working at Michael Cosmas Architecture
(MCA), a practice directed by Michael Cosmas, Cy-
priot architect graduated at the Architectural Asso-
ciation, Aschool of Architecture, London and PhD at
Harvard University, USA.
2013 [July]
Returns to Portugal, where he collaborates with his
colleague Miguel Roque in architectural projects.
[04] Collective Housing
C y p r u s
2 0 1 3
M C A
Project Narrative
In an old industrial area of Nico-
sia, not far from a University
Campus, lies the possibility of
developing low cost residences,
for which students would be the
main purchasers.
Assuming an uncommon build-
ing layout in Cyprus, the build-
ing encloses a common plaza,
enhancing a new social scheme
which, together with tha habit-
able rooftops, promotes a new
kind of interaction in the collec-
tive housing scenario of the city.
Illustration of the main entrance to the building and to the common plaza
Illustration of the building from the main road
Typologies
rooftop plan
michael cosmas architecture
plans 2 and 4 plans 3 and 5 plan 6 plan 7
model illustrating main facade of the existing building and the relationship with the new addition
basement plan
south plan
section
back facade
groundfl oor plan 1st fl oor plan rooftop plan
model illustrating the 2 buildings and the garden/swimming pool in-between
west facade
east facade
C y p r u s
2 0 1 3
M C Amichael cosmas architecture
[06] Pavlides Residence
Project Narrative
50m away from the Mediterra-
nean Sea in the city of Limassol,
this house built in the British
colonial style was the subject of
a refurbishment and ampliation
project.
The two distinct objects, both
programatically and aestheti-
cally, are connected through a
ramp like volume, allowing the
connection between kitchen area
of the existing building and bed-
room area of the new addition,
as well as between the master
bedroom of the existing building
and the rooftop of the new build-
ing, from where the Mediterra-
nean is visible.
Pavlides Residence [07]
01.PEDESTRIAN CONTINUITY
The proposed site, located at the top
of St. Catarina´s hill in a platform
which edges the Chapel of St. Catari-
na at a slightly lower level, allowed
the project to embrace the character
of a belvedere over the valley that
surrounds it. The project tries to ad-
dress the lack of pedestrian continu-
ity between the village (located far
down the asphalt road) and the Chap-
el, through the creation of a stair-
case that hierarchizes and frames the
access to the “Acropolian” platform,
clearly signalling the beggining of the
experience.
02. GREEN RECYCLING
The preexisting retaining walls remain-
ing in the proposal are painted white
and topped by granite stone, similar to
what happens with the walls that ex-
ist in the complex while enhancing the
identity of the site. The proposal pre-
serves the existing large trees includ-
ing them in a grassy area.
03. TRIANGLE & SIMBOLOGY
A reflection on the reality of the Por-
tuguese Ultramar (overseas) War is
essential to understand not only the
reality of Portuguese ex-combatants
but, especially, the reality of a Portu-
gal that extended itself by virtue of
maritime merchandising to three con-
tinents over five centuries. The mem-
ory of the ex-combatants of Vila Nova
de Cabeçudos is the end of this great
empire, particularly in the wars that
took place in Angola, Mozambique and
Guinea, where they lent its strength
and part of their youth at the service
of the three branches of the Armed
Forces: Navy, Army and Air Force.
04. REMEMBER PLACE & PEOPLE
The rhetoric of this Memorial is about
the memories of the overseas, that
we chose to be always Impressionist,
through a seemingly indefinite number
of pillars of different heights, sug-
gesting a standing platoon as well as
a dense forest. In conjunction with
the concrete walls, it alludes to a
vessel, the ultimate symbol of the five
centuries of Portuguese overseas.
05. FINAL OUTCOME
The chosen materials emphasize the
invocation of memories overseas. For
the floor covering is proposed 5x5cm
granite micro-cube (similar to what ex-
ists in the churchyard of the Chapel
of Santa Catarina) and red gravel in-
side the triangle, inspired by African
soils. The pillars are COR-TEN steel,
one being different from the rest, hon-
oring a soldier killed in combat. At the
center, a parallelepiped 0.5x1.8x0,5
concrete bench hosts this pillar, fac-
ing the valley and endowing the whole
complex with a sense of contempla-
tion.
[08] War Memorial War Memorial [09]
illustration
section
plan
Individual Project
[Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]
V. Nova deCabeçudos
2 0 1 2
[10] Tower Hostel competition
Competition for a 100m high Bohemian Hos-
tel tower. The program should include 50
double rooms, lounge, bar, canteen, internet
space, reception, administration area and a
viewpoint on the top.
Being Barcelona a city with thousands of
backpackers per year, the goal was to create a
cheap priced accomodation for these visitors,
bearing in mind the site was directly con-
nected to MACBA’s square in gotico’s district.
ARQUITECTUM 2011
[12] Rehabilitation
Project Narrative
The clients of this project had the need
of extending the bedroom’s private
bathroom, once the space inside it was
very reduced.
The solution for this conditionants was
to relocate the bathroom’s sink to the
exterior. This option was born from the
perspective of treating the whole end
stripe of the bedroom as a whole area,
which would become not just a bath-
room but a dressing area as well, once
the closets were already at this location.
The next concern was to propose a
smooth transition between these 2 ar-
eas, considering the existing light com-
ing through the window.
Therefore, and bearing in mind that our
intention was to keep some visual re-
lationship between bedroom and bath-
room/dressing area but offering some
privacy at the same time, we decided
to use 3 elements that would combine
these characteristics: the sink’s
Old Plan Area of InterventionPre-existing phase
Section CC’ Section BB’
Individual Project
[Rui Santos + Miguel Roque]
M o l e d o do Minho
2 0 1 1
Rehabilitation [13]
support, defi ning an entrance to this
new area, the wooden bars moderating
the relationship between the 2 spaces,
and fi nally the top bar, treating the en-
trance to this area as a portic, somehow
enclosing the space and defi ning a tran-
sition.
Sketches A: Detail of lamp position over the sink; Sketches B: Detail of
the rectangles of glass built-in the wooden bars.
A
B
Plan
A A’
B B’
C C’
D
D’
Section AA’ Section DD’
[14] Kindergarten
Site
Implacement
Section S1
Square view
Local. Urban relation school/locality:
The square should respond to the
situation in the “gate” area of Raval,
and become space-hinge between two
neighborhoods, two distinct social and
physical structures (Raval Eixample
and south). The square and its facilities
(including kindergarten) must become
a magnet for both poles, facilitating ac-
cess and connectivity.
1.1. Set:
The School building and the street shall
be understood as an inseparable whole.
The building is not understood to limit
the space of the square. In part, articu-
lates the public space and its continu-
ities.
1.2. Hinge:
The School building as a joint is placed
so as to create a better link between the
regular grid of the Eixample and the
density of the Raval. Lateral position
and orientation of the building expands
the space of connection (ramp) between
St. Paul Avenue and the Plaza Redonda.
It beats the height difference in a calm
and generous slope, with a generous
width of the inclined plane. The square
of the building and its size allows for an
appropriate length of an inclined plane
serving legislation (pending only 6%),
without exceeding the scope defi ned by
the school, and avoiding physical bar-
riers.
Barcelona
2 0 1 0
Kindergarten [15]
Groundfl oor plan 1st fl oor plan
Section a Section bAxonometria
Axonometria
explotada
Access to the building moves through
this space of transition and ramp to
open its service to two neighborhoods.
1.4. Integration:
The school building is low. The ground
fl oor is located near the lowest level of
the plaza to reduce shadow over his own
presence and public space.
[16] Reformation + Amp.
Implacement
Pre-reformation plan
Groundfl oor plan [post-reformation]
1st fl oor plan [post-reformation] Front façade
Longitudinal section
Barcelona
2 0 1 0
1. The house consists of two perfectly clear parts, although both formally hybrid, but very
different from one another. The lower fl oor, spatially incoherent and rather fractured (com-
bination of fl uid spaces and spaces partitioned) and diffuse boundaries. The uppper fl oor: a
big tilled roof of four plans, with variations on a main powerful form, is what gives identity
to the house. Currently the ground fl oor is completely covered, not standing out of the limits
imposed by the roof, like a turtle in its shell.
2. From the understanding of the house and its defi ning characteristics, the proposal works to
transform the pre-existence maintaining a dialogue with it at spatial, conceptual and distribu-
tional level. These three levels of reading should be consistent. The result can be summarized
by the following concepts:
Shell: the top is not changed outwardly, it is only internally reorganized to include the neces-
sary rooms.
Layers: keep the logic of separation between two distinct elements, and especially to drama-
tize the transformation of the ground fl oor.
Stick: The house has a reading of three plants clearly differentiated not only in form but also
in the uses included. The stairs are the only element that connects all three levels, crossing
them.
Amoeba: The ground fl oor extends and deforms, tangentially between the cover and heavy
ground-plane. Therefore, its boundaries do not coincide with the boundaries of the roof and
occasionally exceeds them. The interior is deliberately fl uid, different ways to be shared by
the whole family.
Drops: an independent body is separated from the main body, a tearing of the deformation
of the volume.
Disappearance: The volume “disappears” with a set of mirrors lining the facade so that the
garden continues under the roof.
Input: Changing the elevation of the entrance and lobby for a more natural relationship with
the street.
[17]
West facade
East facade
Groundfl oor plan
1st fl oor plan
Rooftop planLongitudinal section
[18] Two family housing
Front and back facades
Rooftop plan
2nd fl oor plan [type a - white]
1st fl oor plan [type b - brown]
Ground fl oor plan
patio view
Two family housing. PLUS theme.
Concept: Equal distribution and common areas. Each house,
a whole fl oor and a “plus”, avoiding duplex. The comfort of
the housing avoids inner stairs and consequent temperature
losses.
Each house provides the maximum area allowed: a liv-
ing room-dinning room-kitchen, bathroom, 3 bedroom and
studying area for the convertible room. The balcony offer a
generous exttension to the living room.
Two houses exactly alike, avoiding a fl at of better quality than
others, where some areas are common and others become
common as the ground-fl oor, being the garden, understood
as a space, an extension of level 0.
Evolutionary House: The house “plus” has the shifting
characteristic of possible additions: basement, elevator, com-
mon rooms, pool on the roof, etc.. A house that adapts to the
changing of people’s lives with minimal effort, which does not
restrict changing needs, the emergence of new residents the
opportunity to work, public activities from home, etc ... Thus,
one can generate various forms of life of the building.
Indoor Environment: Neutral spaces. Wardrobes to avoid
furniture. Warm and neutral colors provided by the applied
materials. Dominance of wood, fl oor and ceiling, all the rest is
white. Bright spaces, well-oriented and assisted by the white
interior.
The walls of the main body (lift and services) are made of con-
crete to better respond to moist areas (bathrooms).
Barcelona
2 0 0 9
Two family housing [19]
Longitudinal section
Living-room type b Living-room type a
Perspective back facade
Zona A [night]
.fl exible space
.night area
(bedrooms and
studio)
Zone B [services]
.fi x space
.service area:
bathrooms and
instalations
.vertical and
horizontal
communication
(stairs and lift)
Zone C [day]
.fl exible space
.day area, most
of time.
.living-room,
dinning-room,
rooftop, studio.
[20] Urban Furniture Urban furniture [21]
1. natural color concretel (grey),
polished.
2. gap in concrete according to light
measures.
3. beveled edge.
4. gap for the instalation of power
source for light.
5. adjustable leveling piece.
6. cables gap.
[22] Colective housing
The project is based on the optimization of the tipology and the house’s
orientation, as well as in the using of cheap constructive systems, fast
placing and durability. Energy saving is optimized through passive and
active strategies. The simple and light façade allows the building to min-
gle discreetly with the surrounding buildings. Vertical movements are
done through four nucleus of stairs supporting eight individual houses
in each fl oor. The façades are oriented according to solar exposition:
bedrooms facing north, living rooms and balconies facing south, leav-
ing the central corridor at the service of distributing spaces and services.
M A Barquitectura
implacement
Solar scheme and section.
Front facade
Back facade
Floor-type plan
Barcelona
2 0 0 9
Colective housing [23]
Rooftop plan
Front façade
_ BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Main principles
It was requested a 3 bedroom
house for a family, with spe-
cial attention for the fact that it
should be built at the same lev-
el. The majority of the material
would be stone. Besides a tiled
roof, the clients requested a
back lean-to roof connected to
the kitchen which would be a
space for socialization, refuge,
contemplation.
The proposal takes advantage
of the sobriety resulting from
the “one-fl oor” house, and
tries to be a discreet line in the
landscape. The plan is therefore
developed in an L shape, which
simply divides public from pri-
vate areas quite easily and can
enjoy from the inner courtyard
that results from it, creating the
lean-to roof demanded.
Besides its plan development,
also the section work up-hill
gave a clear understanding on
how interesting and viable it
would be to delevop the house
in successive connecting plat-
forms all the way up, smooth-
ing either the fl uidity between
spaces, either the visual impact
of the house in the landscape.
Regarding programatical ques-
tions, the living room defi nes
itself as the ending of the fron-
tal body, gathering space of
the house, suggesting to who
inhabits it the priviliged view
of “Serra da Estrela” moun-
tain, the highest in Portugal;
the kitchen clearly states a con-
nection with the lean-to roof
on the back of the house, given
the intimate relationship of the
two realities; the bedrooms de-
velop at different heights, one
being at the entrance height, in
order to be used by a handicap
person, two other being 30cm
higher, with a small porch.
The access for people is pro-
vided by an arriving patio,
and exterior stairs that make
the transition; the carr goes
through a ramp with an exterior
parking space.
[24] HOUSE
Implacement
Implacement
Section
F.Algodres
2 0 0 8
Individual Project
Legenda: On top, plan of the
house: the “L” shape divides
public space from private.
At the centre, north facade,
where it is visible the ongo-
ing levels up the site, from the
main entrance to the top levels,
which will be used for agricul-
ture.
At the bottom, views of the
proposal.
HOUSE [25]
Plan
North facade
For this project was requested an
object that would serve the pur-
pose of exhibiting shoes. A single
piece that could have its own value
as well.
The toilets were the only spacial
inconvenience to deal with, once
they were facing to rest of the
room, a clean rectangle.
The option was to design a piece
that could do its job as well as
organize the space at the same
time, which was achieved by a
single piece hanging out of the
main body, interrupting the visual
contact between the store and the
services.
W.C. W.C.
[26] SHOE STORE
F.Algodres
2 0 0 8
Individual Project
SHOE STORE [27]
SectionPlan
Facade
[28] Marginalidades
Being diffi cult to resume a thesis, i give an
overall idea through index, introduction and
conclusion of the thesis. The thesis was an
analitical process regarding the relationship
between the city of Coimbra (Portugal) and
the Mondego river, a crucial element for the
stablishing of Coimbra.
The drawings presented are the result of the
practical character of the concluding phase,
in which some personal approaches to the
problematic are made.
Coimbra
2 0 0 8
INTRODUCTION
Experiencing a city for one day, like
a tourist, will hardly bring more
than the mental print of its icons,
its general specifi cities as an urban
structure; lived for years, it won’t
only easily ignore the memory of
some icons but, overall, it will force
us to focus on its “weaknesses” amd
imperfections.
Also the contact with Coimbra dur-
ing years, in my personal experience,
went through a similar pattern of
evolution. From the subconscious of
all those years of experience raised
a sudden need for practicity which
rinsed the constant fl ow of abstrac-
tions and focused it on a need for
working “in loco”, backed up by
some certainty of having absorved
more from this city than any other.
From the variety of “imperfections”
that Coimbra had to offer, the city’s
total alienation towards a crucial
structuring element of great wealth
and tradition like the Mondego river
(that gradually but still insufi ciently
is being fought) seemed to me an ap-
pealing theme of discussion. Thus,
the work according to two main
axis: the fi rst, with a more analitical
character, focus on the evolution of
the 2 main actors, the city and the
river; the second axis elaborates on
the fusion of this actors.
The fi rst axis tries to divide (bearing
in mind its conectivity) the Mondego
river and the city of Coimbra, ranges
and characteristics, with the pur-
pose of better understanding the de-
fi ning moments of this relationship,
through profound individualization.
For instance, understanding when
and how the river stabilized is, di-
rectly, to understand in which way
the city developed, and vice-versa.
The second axis can be subdivided
into 3 smaller moments: recent in-
terventions, real or speculative,
indispensable to the debate and
actual comprehension of the pos-
sible inter-conectivity in the riv-
erside livings; european examples
applied to this problematic and, int
he end, personal approaches seek-
ing hypotheses which consider short
term appliance, opposing to possible
utopical abstractions [not neglecting
the interest and importance of these
processes in the broadening of the
architectural spectrum] and which
may be evidence of a concluding
stage.
European rivers always have been
perceived under a acertain degree
of duality, combining resources and
danger: even though they were a
strategic vehicle for trades and re-
sources, they carried with them the
threats of fl oods and devastation;
urban planning showed its respect
for this, keeping a safe distance in
most of the cases.
In the course of the urban devel-
opment, this connection became a
process of continuous change, ehich
saw communities either embracing
either rejecting its water courses.
For the history of mankind, water-
courses were essencial in determin-
ing settling points and consequent
civilization developments, not just
for providing the basic needs like
water or fi sh, but also for soil pro-
ductivity, energy production and,
mainly, for the extreme importance
in providing trading routes, con-
necting people, cities and countries.
Industrialization dragged with it
a growing disconnection between
social conscioussness and water
fronts, much of it caused by the
construction of docks, harbours,
highways, railways, warehouses, etc
along the banks.
The “technical domestication” in the
name of safety and effectiveness, to-
gether with polution, renegated river
banks to apparent controlled and
predictable infra-structures, dimin-
ishing its atractivity. Cities closed in
themselves, made this watercourses
inaccessible and neglected them.
Societies’ consciencialization of its
value in the history and structure
of their cities began a recent regen-
eration of the waterfronts in several
european cities, restricting exces-
sive construction and protecting
the banks as most as possible, im-
proving its qualities not only at the
urban level but also at the regional
level.
It is up to us to explore conveniently
the rediscovering of this great lega-
cies.
CONCLUSION
Mondego’s reality has changed. It
ain’t the navigable course which
provided an alternative route any-
more, but it ain’t also the unpredict-
able force which devastated the city
many times in the past: what was
lost in accessibility was gained in
stability, and the opportunities rise
again, although they may now have
a different orientation.
Once a conditioning element, the
river became conditioned. The fu-
ture will have to know this fact and
be cautious, interacting in the mini-
mum interventions possible, and
only in strict need.
INDEX
Introduction...............................................3
PART I _City and River..............................5
The river
Coimbra and the region................6
The fl oods..................................10
Hidraulic effi ciency plan
in Mondego’s region..................13
The city_urban structure
Roman occupation.....................17
Muslim occupation....................18
Medina and suburbs...................19
Reformation
University as a new center..........21
Marquês de Pombal
Reformations.............................23
Industrial Revolution.................24
The XXth century......................25
PART II_Today’s reality..........................31
Morfology..................................32
Mobility.....................................37
Analysis.....................................42
Intentions and interventions:
Polis program.............................45
“Inserções”................................50
Other examples..........................59
Final analysis.............................73
Bibliography..............................76
Marginalidades [29]
Thus, the city will have to be aware
of this while solving its internal ur-
ban confl icts.
Currently, studies show that in the
year of 2008, 50% of humans live in
cities, when in 1900, only 10% did;
predictions point to an exponential
growth that forsees 75% of the hu-
man population living in cities.
Globalization is another phenomena
which defi ning limits are still blurry
and unpredictable, concerning the
cities future impact and societies
behavior facing a vertiginous meta-
morphosis of concepts, distances,
ideologies...
Bearing this in mind, the synergies
between Coimbras’s several actors
will adopt one of 2 ways: the fi rst,
they keep the same attitude towards
the city (referring to the latest half
of the XXth century) which will pre-
sumably result in a fragmented and
gigantly scattered “city-territory”
taht will suffer large scale effects,
starting with the city itself but ex-
panding to serious environmental
imbalances in the region, due to the
brawling of the territory, if we con-
sider the actual rhythm at which cit-
ies are expanding [as curious data,
we may refer that in Portugal, there
are over 5 million houses, from
which 3.5 million are inhabited;
since 1900 we assist to the construc-
tion of 106.000 houses per year, a
house every 5 minutes!]; the other
way, the devastating effect of this
reality of consuming is understood
and the course of action is changed,
re-using, re-vitalizing, re-qualifying,
re-defi ning... the city turns to itself
and seeks for consolidation, fulfi ll-
ing the gaps of the inner urban ter-
ritory, defi ning clearly its outside
limits, understanding built space as
the minimum necessary for a pros-
perous growth, recognizing the lux-
ury and the superfl uous.
The Mondego river has the potential
to contribute for Coimbra’s improve-
ment of the quality of life.
Other cities like Prague, Paris or
Amsterdam had an earlier awaken-
ing on how to positively explore the
water element, integrating it in the
city, offering it to its citizens.
Coimbra has currently the asleep
potential as well, the oportunity to
also ambrace it in its organization, if
the way of acting reveals adequate,
concise and coordinated.
It is necessary that cities’ inter-
ventions become a vast cultural
movement and be discussed and
criticized outside the public arena,
outside of an elite of experts and, for
that, it becomes part of the city, the
city itself; in a way, there are no “op-
posing” buildings, once everything
that is built is convenient to the
dominant class.
Therefore, cities are the refl ex of the
wills and demands of the genera-
tions, and that is what we must be-
gin with.