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Appendix
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES
RuTH MuRRAY Rubber Division ACS Library The University of Akron Akron, Ohio
The body of rubber literature continues to increase as new materials enter the picture and as old and new ones find new applications. It is difficult for the expert in the field to keep track of its many developments, while to one not so skilled in the art as the engineer or designer, the rubber literature can be obscure.
The references listed below are intended only to highlight the major sources of information. Books review the known and basic information; handbooks, dictionaries and directories point out the specific facts and data; periodicals keep one up-to-date on the relatively late information. The newest information is usually found in conference proceedings.
Forming a little classification of their own are the books which cannot be included in the technical listing per se but which will appeal to the reader interested in the history of the rubber industry and of rubber technology.
GENERAL BOOKS
K. W. Allen, ed., Adhesion 1-9, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977-1985.
The books contain papers that were given at the Annual Conferences on Adhesion and Adhesives at the City University in London.
G. Alliger and I. J. Sjothun, Vulcanization of Elastomers, Reinhold, New York, 1964.
A series of lectures presented by the Akron Rubber Group, edited and published in book form.
J. C. Arthur, Jr., ed., Polymers for Fibers and Elastomers, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 20036, 1984.
615
616 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
A state-of-the-art volume in fiber technology, based on a symposium sponsored by the Macromolecular Secretariat at the 186th Meeting of the ACS, 1983.
R. 0. Babbit, ed., The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook, 12th ed., R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, CT 06855, 1978.
A practical manual describing available elastomers, explaining basic principles of compounding, and giving frequently used physical test methods.
L. Bateman, ed., The Chemistry and Physics of Rubber-like Substances, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1963.
A compilation of the main studies undertaken by the Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association. A book of classic scientific information on natural rubber.
F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 3d Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
An up-to-date text dealing with basic principles of polymer science and including descriptions of new polymer materials and composite materials.
D. C. Blackley, High Polymer Latices: Their Science and Technology, Maclaren & Sons, l,..ondon, 1966.
A thorough coverage of polymer latices, what they are, and the uses to which they may be put.
D. C. Blackley, Synthetic Rubbers: Their Chemistry and Technology, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983.
An up-to-date survey of the principal types of synthetic rubber that have been and are currently available.
C. M. Blow and C. Hepburn, Rubber Technology and Manufacture, 2d Ed., Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982.
An up-to-date guide for students, beginners in the rubber manufacturing and associated supplying industries, and users of rubber products in other industries.
R. P. Brown, Physical Testing of Rubbers, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979.
A handbook of testing methods for workers in the field and for engineers and others who specify or use rubber products.
J. A. Brydson, Plastics Materials, 4th Ed., Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982.
Preparation, structure, and properties of many classes of plastics, including diene rubbers.
J. A. Brydson, Rubber Chemistry, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1978.
The chemistry underlying rubbery polymeric materials with particular emphasis on rubber technology.
K. 0. Calvert, Polymer Latices and Their Applications, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1982.
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 617
An up-to-date look at latex technology compiled by authors from industry.
S. K. Clark, ed., Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, 2d Ed., Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1981.
A complete treatise on tire mechanics, including rubber and textile properties, friction, material properties, tire design and construction, skid and handling.
C. C. Davis and J. T. Blake, eds., The Chemistry and Technology of Rubber, Reinhold, New York, 1937.
Originally the basic, comprehensive reference volume on rubber; now of historical interest.
J.-B. Donnet and A. Voet, Carbon Black: Physics, Chemistry, and Elastomer Reinforcement, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976.
In one volume, the most important contributions to the physics and chemistry of carbon black and its manufacture.
F. R. Eirich, ed., Science and Technology of Rubber, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
A postgraduate text, covering the most important aspects of rubber science and some technology.
C. W. Evans, ed., Developments in Rubber and Rubber Composites 1-3, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1980-1983.
Chapters on topics relating to rubber and rubber compounding and processing by different authors.
C. W. Evans, Powdered and Particulate Rubber Technology, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1978.
A guide and introduction to the subject.
C. W. Evans, Practical Rubber Compounding and Processing, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981.
Discussion of all phases of rubber manufacture, from raw materials to typical recipes, mixing and equipment, processing and vulcanization steps, to the finished product.
R. A. Fleming and D. I. Livingston, eds., Tire Reinforcement and Tire Performance, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103, 1979.
Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by ASTM Committees D13 and F9, Montrose, OH, October 1978.
P. K. Freakley and A. R. Payne, Theory and Practice of Engineering with Rubber, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1978.
Of interest to technologists and to scientists, covering properties of elastomeric materials, theory and practices of design and many applications.
P. K. Freakley, Rubber Processing and Production Organization, Plenum, New York, 1985.
618 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
A guide to the analysis and synthesis of manufacturing systems in rubber product companies.
K. C. Frisch and J. H. Saunders, eds., Plastic Foams (2 parts), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1972.
The fundamental principles of foam formation in general as well as coverage of the specific varieties of the flexible and rigid types.
J. M. Funt, Mixing of Rubbers, RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, England, 1977.
Aimed at the production engineer or machine designer, dealing with the mechanical operations of rubber in the processing plant.
J. B. Gomez, Anatomy of Hevea and its Influence on Latex Production, Malaysian Rubber Research and Development Board (MRRDB Monograph No. 7), Kuala Lumpur, 1982.
A summary of the present state of knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of Hevea.
J. B. Gomez, Physiology of Latex (Rubber) Production, Malaysian Rubber Research and Development Board (MRRDB Monograph No. 8), Kuala Lumpur, 1983.
Provides a summary of several aspects of latex production and relates the background research to the practical problems of the rubber producers.
C. A. Harper, ed., Handbook of Plastics and Elastomers, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1976.
Handbook featuring the important plastic and elastomer materials, and a survey of testing, standards, and specifications within industry.
D. F. Hays and A. L. Browne, eds., The Physics of Tire Traction, Theory and Experiment, Plenum, New York, 1974.
Contains the papers and discussions of a symposium held at General Motors Research Laboratories, October 1973, and details fundamental aspects of rubber friction and tire traction.
C. Hepburn and R. J. W. Reynolds, eds., Elastomers: Criteria for Engineering Design, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979.
The published papers of a symposium held at Loughborough University of Technology as a tribute to Dr. Bob Payne. Its subjects provide information on the academic, theoretical, and practical aspects of rubber physics and engineering.
C. Hepburn, Polyurethane Elastomers, Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1982.
The essentials of the industrially important and established materials and processes described for people with both technical and semitechnical backgrounds.
W. Hofmann, Vulcanization and Vulcanizing Agents, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1967.
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 619
Comprehensive survey of the methods of crosslinking and the necessary implementation systems, for the rubber technician.
D. I. James, ed., Abrasion of Rubber, trans. by M. E. Jolley, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1967.
Consists of papers presented at the conference on abrasion in Moscow, December 1961, and reviews the problems of wear mechanism of rubber and rubber products, mainly tires.
J.P. Kennedy and E. G. M. Tornqvist, eds., Polymer Chemistry of Synthetic Elastomers, 2 vols., Interscience Publishers, New York, 1968.
A comprehensive treatise on synthetic elastomers. Chemical aspects of polymer formation are emphasized rather than polymer physics.
F. J. Kovac, Tire Technology, Goodyear Tire & RubbP-r Co., Akron, OH 44316, 1973.
A small basic tire manual, going into types, components, materials, reinforcing systems, engineering features and building.
G. Kraus, ed., Reinforcement of Elastomers, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1965.
A collection of chapters covering the basic phenomena of reinforcement, properties of filled rubbers, and processing operations.
A. Krause, A. Lange, and M. Ezren, Chemical Analysis of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Fundamental Qualitative and Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Macmillan, Riverside, NJ, 1982.
Brings together in one volume the classical methods of chemical analysis and modem instrumental analytical methods. An appendix lists service companies and reference spectra.
H. L. Long, ed., Basic Compounding and Processing of Rubber, Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Akron, OH 44325, 1985.
A textbook emphasizing practical rather than theoretical aspects of compounding and designed for Rubber Group use.
W. Lynch, Handbook of Silicone Rubber Fabrication, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1978.
Describes all of the main methods of fabricating silicone rubber, covering the electrical, appliance, automotive, aerospace and medical applications. It is a guide to industry processes, materials and applications.
E. W. Madge, Latex Foam Rubber, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1962.
Surveys and analyzes the technical factors that influence the process and product of foam rubbers based on both natural rubber latex and on synthetic rubber latices.
J. E. Mark and J. Lal, eds., Elastomers and Rubber Elasticity, ACS Symposium Series No. 193, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 20036, 1982.
620 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society, New York, August 1981, the papers discuss the important advances in the molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity.
D. F. Moore, Friction and Lubrication of Elastomers, Pergamon Press, New York, 1972.
Theories for the slide of elastomers over a surface.
D. F. Moore, Friction of Pneumatic Tires, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1975.
Deals with the pneumatic tire as a complete system and discusses the tread/pavement interaction under varying conditions.
S. H. Morrell, Progress of Rubber Technology, Applied Science Publishers, London.
Annual review of most topics in the industry. Begun in 1937, its last volume was published in 1984. It has been succeeded by the quarterly journal Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology.
M. Morton, ed., Introduction to Rubber Technology, Reinhold, New York, 1959.
Covers the compounding of natural and synthetic rubber, as well as testing and properties. Though now out of print, it is still a good introduction to rubber technology.
W. J. S. Naunton, The Applied Science of Rubber, Edward Arnold (Publishers), London, 1961.
A comprehensive text-book of rubber technology which combines theory and practice.
R. H. Norman, Conductive Rubber and Plastics: Their Production, Applications and Test Methods, Applied Science Publishers, 1970.
This book covers the properties, processing of, and uses for conductive rubbers and plastics.
A. R. Nutt, Toxic Hazards of Rubber Chemicals, Elsevier, New York, 1984.
The toxicities and effects of all the chemicals commonly used in rubber processing are noted, and toxicological testing methods and atmospheric monitoring methods used by the industry are reviewed.
A. R. Payne and J. R. Scott, Engineering Design with Rubber, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1960.
Discussion of the properties, testing, and design of rubber as an engineering material.
C. K. Riew and J. K. Gillham, eds., Rubber-Modified Thermoset Resins, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 20036, 1984.
Covers chemistry and physics of thermoset polymerization.
W. J. Roff and J. R. Scott, Handbook of Common Polymers, Fibers, Films, Plastics and Rubbers, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1971.
Information on high polymers and natural rubber and all types of synthetic rubbers: data, trade names, synonyms, applications, structural characteristics, properties.
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 621
W. M. Saltman, ed., The Stereo Rubbers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977.
A treatise on the preparation, processing, basic physical, mechanical, and technological properties, and major uses of the elastomers made with solution and stereospecific catalysts.
D. J. Schuring, ed., Tire Rolling Resistance, Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Akron, OH 44325, 1982.
Papers and discussion of a symposium, Chicago, Fall 1982, dealing with the measurement of rolling resistance, conditions that affect rolling loss, and mathematical modelling.
M. Sittig, Stereo-Rubber and Other Elastomer Processes, Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge, NJ, 1979.
A chemical engineering study based primarily on the patent literature supplemented by other commercial information and data.
H. J. Stem, Rubber: Natural and Synthetic, 2d Ed., Maclaren & Sons, London, 1967.
An account of all aspects of the subject from polymers synthesis to reclaiming, suitable for anyone with basic scientific training but not necessarily any prior knowledge of rubber technology.
J. A. Szilard, Reclaiming Rubber and Other Polymers, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, NJ 07656, 1973.
First book on the subject in many years, supplying detailed technical information. It can also be used as a guide to the U.S. Patent literature in the field.
L. R. G. Treloar, The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford (U.K.), 1975.
A detailed presentation of the main developments in the field of the equilibrium elastic properties of rubber and the associated theoretical background.
C. M. van Tumhout, Rubber Chemicals, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1973.
A revised and enlarged edition of J. van Alphen's book of the same title. It gives names, trade names, and suppliers of many chemicals.
W. C. Wake, Adhesion and the Formulation of Adhesives, 2d Ed., Applied Science Publishers, London, 1982.
Emphasizes applications and formulations of adhesives.
W. C. Wake, B. K. Tidd, and M. J. R. Loadman, TheAnalysisofRubberandRubberlike Polymers, 3d Ed., Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983.
Coverage of a variety of techniques and applications from the "bum test" to those using instrumentation costing many thousands of dollars.
W. C. Wake and D. B. Wootton, Textile Reinforcement of Elastomers, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1982.
622 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
Discusses from the textile viewpoint the various reinforced rubber structures used industrially with the exception of the tire.
B. M. Walker, Handbook of Thermoplastic Elastomers, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979.
Providing information on commercially available TPE's, is organized by major elastomer groups, manufacturers, and brand names.
M.A. Wheelans, Injection Moulding of Rubbers, Halsted Press, New York, 1974.
Shows how natural rubber may be injection-molded. This book is designed for rubber manufacturers, chemists, technologists, and engineers.
A. Whelan and K. S. Lee, eds., Developments in Rubber Technology, 3 vols.: l. Im
proving Product Performance; 2. Synthetic Rubbers; 3. Thermoplastic Rubbers, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979-1981.
Many subjects covered in this series, each chapter written by one who has extensive experience in topic or field.
A. Whelan, Injection Moulding Machines, Elsevier Science Publishers, London, 1984.
Detailing of the principles of injection molding.
G. S. Whitby, C. C. Davis, and R. F. Dunbrook, eds., Synthetic Rubber, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1954.
A comprehensive post-World War II publication covering all that was known about synthetic rubber at that time; of great historical interest.
G. G. Winspear, The Vanderbilt Latex Handbook, R. T. Vanderbilt Co., New York, 1954.
A source of information for those engaged in the latex branch of the rubber industry.
P. Wright and A. P. C. Cumming, Solid Polyurethane Elastomers, Maclaren & Sons,
London, 1969.
Emphasizes process and applications, but also considers chemistry, chemical reactions, and analytical techniques.
PERIODICALS
Caoutchoucs & Plastiques, 5, rue Jules-Lefebre, 75009 Paris, France. Monthly.
Practical and technical information. Includes summaries of its papers in English.
Elastomerics, Communication Channels, Inc., 6255 Barfield Rd., Atlanta, GA 30328.
Monthly.
A journal covering new developments, business conditions, production, sales, personalities, and forthcoming meetings and events.
European Rubber Journal, Crain Communications Ltd., 20-22 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EW England. Monthly.
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 623
Reviews European technical developments, standards, testing, patents, economic trends, and forecasts.
GAK Gummi Fasern Kunststo.ffe, A. W. Gentner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Postfact 688, Stuttgart 1, FR Germany. Monthly.
Contains articles of practical information, review of patent literature and short abstracts of journal articles.
International Polymer Science and Technology, RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shopshire SY4 4NR, England. Monthly.
Includes abstracts of papers from leading Soviet, Eastern European and Japanese periodicals in polymer science and technology, and translation of papers recommended by subscribers.
NR Technology, The Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association, England. Quarterly.
Provides scientific and technical information on many aspects of natural-rubber use.
Natural Rubber News, Malaysian Rubber Bureau, 1925 K St., Washington, DC 20005. Monthly.
Provides news and information to consumers of natural rubber in North and South America.
Plastics and Rubber International, The Plastics and Rubber Institute, London. Six issues per year.
A trade publication for the professionals in the plastics and rubber industries.
Plastics & Rubber News, Thomson Publications SA, Johannesburg, SA. Monthly.
The news and official publications of the South African section of the Plastics and Rubber Institute.
Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London. Four issues per year.
The journal publishes original papers at a specialist level, in particular in three areas: processing, the effect of processing on properties, and applications.
Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology, Plastics and Rubber Institute and RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shopshire SY 4 4NR England. Quarterly.
Critical and authoritative reviews of rubber and plastics topics.
Rubber & Plastics News and Rubber & Plastics News II, Craine Automotive Group Inc., 34 N. Hawkins Ave., Akron, OH 44313. Weekly.
Newspapers, published alternate weeks, containing technical articles and events and developments of interest to the rubber industry.
Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Rubber Division, ACS, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325. Five times a year.
624 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
Contains original manuscripts and papers of theoretical and technical interest presented at Rubber Division meetings or published elsewhere.
Rubber Developments, The Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association, England. Quarterly.
Reviews developments in natural rubber research, technology and use.
Rubber World, Lippincott & Peto Inc., 1867 W. Market St., Akron, OH 44313. Monthly.
A technical service and news magazine for the rubber industry.
Tire Science and Technology, The Tire Society, Inc., Munroe Falls, OH. Quarterly.
Authoritative articles and reviews on the subject.
ABSTRACTS AND INDEXES
Researchers and practitioners concerned with rubbers and polymers have been wellserved by two important indexes: RAPRA Abstracts and Chemical Abstracts. The Bibliography of Rubber Literature is also a useful reference for publications prior to 1972.
RAPRA Abstracts.
Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain began publication of its monthly Rubber Abstracts in 1922, and in 1972 a computer-readable form of the printed abstracts also became available. This data base offers worldwide access to commercial and technical aspects of these industries, including machinery, raw materials, compounding, synthesis and polymerization, properties, testing, and applications. The printed fortnightly journal RAPRA Abstracts is available from RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY 4 4NR, England; the online data base is available from Pergamon International Information Corporation, 1340 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101.
Chemical Abstracts: Section 39-Synthetic Elastomers and Natural Rubber.
Chemical Abstracts (CA) has indexed the world's chemical literature since it began publication in 1907. Its online data base contains records for documents covered in printed CA for 1967-present.
Section 39 includes the analysis, preparation, manufacture, testing, processing, and composition of synthetic elastomers and natural rubber, and the chemicals used in their manufacture. Also included is chemical engineering related to the production of synthetic rubbers and rubber chemicals and to the fabrication of tires and preparation of the components.
CA is published weekly by Chemical Abstracts, a Division of the American Chemical Society, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, OH 43210. CAS Online is available from The Scientific & Technical Information Network, c/o Chemical Abstracts Service, P.O. Box 02228, Columbus, OH 43202; Dialog Information Services, 3460 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304; BRS, 1200 Route 7, Latham, NY 12110; and Per-
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 625
gamon International Information Corporation, 1340 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101.
Bibliography of Rubber Literature.
An annual volume of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society that provided coverage of the periodical and patent literature from 1935 until 1972, when it ceased publication. The entries were grouped by subject classes and included a short abstract. Each volume also included an author index.
DICTIONARIES, DIRECTORIES, REFERENCES
Blue Book-Materials, Compounding Ingredients and Machinery for Rubber, by Rubber World Magazine, Lippincott & Peto, Akron, OH 44313.
An annual directory, its intention being to furnish the compounder, chemist, researcher, purchasing agent, or market agent with a short sketch of the properties of these materials, and the how and why they are used in rubber-making processes.
A. S. Craig, Dictionary of Rubber Technology, Philosophical Library, New York, 1969.
Some of the more important entries expanded into short articles and sources for further reading given for many entries.
Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, American Society for Testing and Materials, 3d ed., 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA, 1976.
A compilation of terms to promote and encourage preparation and use of standard definitions. The terms are listed alphabetically, each defiQition followed by the designation of the ASTM standard containing it together with the ASTM committee having jurisdiction.
A. F. Dorian, ed., Six-Language Dictionary of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Iliffe Books, London, 1965.
A comprehensive dictionary in English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Dutch.
Elastomeric Materials: A Desk Top Data Bank, International Plastics Selector, San Diego, CA, 1977.
Compilation of specific technical data of more than 1400 individual commercially available elastomers.
Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2d Ed., editorial board H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. Overberger, G. Menges; J. I. Kroschwitz, ed.-in-ch. (Vols. 1-4); additional volumes to a total of 20 will be available as published. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985.
Articles in these volumes include polymer descriptions, processes, and uses. Bibliographies supply supporting references to articles of review or particularly good subject treatments.
626 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
"Glossary of Terms Relating to Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials," Special Technical Publication 184A, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia PA, 1972.
Authoritative definitions that reflect the state-of-the-art of the rubber industry.
K. F. Heinish, Dictionary of Rubber, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974 (English edition of Kautschuk-Lexikon, Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1966).
Provides compositions and properties of various commercial products, equivalent materials, concepts, jargon, abbreviations, and so forth. This dictionary also includes obsolete products, outdated concepts, and processes.
W. Hofmann, Kautschuk-Technologie, Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1980.
In German, a detailed book, encyclopedia in scope, on rubber technology.
H. E. Horton, Plastics and Rubber Machinery in Four Languages, Elsevier, London, 1970.
Detailed manufacturers' descriptions, with drawings, of processing machinery in English, German, French, and Spanish. International symbols, conversion tables, and a four-language dictionary are included.
K. P. Jones, Thesaurus of Rubber Technology, Malayan Rubber Fund Board, The Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association, Welwyn Garden City, U.K. (England) 1972.
Slanted toward natural rubber, consisting of main heads under which words appear and coded to indicate relation to head word.
R. E. Kirk and D. F. Othmer, eds., Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-lnterscience, New York, 1985.
A single-volume condensation of all subjects covered in the 25-volume Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3d ed.
R. E. Kirk and D. F. Othmer, eds., Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3d Ed., Wiley-lnterscience, New York, 1979.
Gives properties and describes manufacture of many substances. The rubber articles summarize many aspects of rubber technology, giving bibliographies to journal and patent literature.
L. R. Mernaugh, ed., Rubbers Handbook, Morgan-Grampian, London, 1969.
Covers aspects of rubber pertinent to engineers. Part I gives basic characteristics and properties, Part 2 shows particular applications, and Part 3 covers specific rubbers.
New Trade Names in the Rubber and Plastics Industries, Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523.
An annual volume of new trade names applicable to the rubber and plastics industries, as noted by RAPRA from trade literature, journals, and books. The trade names are listed in alphabetical order, each followed by a description, company, and reference.
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 627
Rubber Red Book, Communication Channels, Inc., 6285 Barfield Rd., Atlanta, GA 30328.
An annual directory of manufacturers and suppliers to the rubber industry. Product listings for machinery and equipment, chemicals, fabrics, natural, synthetic, and reclaimed rubber are also covered. Information on courses in rubber chemistry and technology is provided. Trade and technical organizations throughout the world that deal with rubber are also listed.
Rubbicana, by Rubber & Plastics News, Akron, OH 44313.
An annual directory of rubber product manufacturers and rubber industry suppliers in North America. Tradename information and information about industry associations and societies is also included.
Rubbicana Europe, by European Rubber Journal, 25 Bedford Sq., London WC 1B 4HG. England.
Annual directory, started in 1985, this volume provides names of suppliers of raw materials, equipment and services to the rubber and polyurethane industries in Europe.
The Semperit Tyre Dictionary, 3d ed., Semperit Aktiengesellschaft, Austria, 1973.
A trilingual tire dictionary.
Synthetic Rubber, International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers, Inc., 2077 S. Gessner St., Houston, TX 77063.
Includes world rubber consumption and production statistics for synthetic rubber and the capacities of world production facilities for general and specialty rubbers. The producers of these rubbers are also chronicled. An annual compilation.
STATISTICS (REPORTS)
International Rubber Digest, International Rubber Study Group, Brettenham House, 5-6 Lancaster Place London, England. Monthly.
Report on the natural rubber market and the main influences underlying rubber price movements.
Natural Rubber News, Malaysian Rubber Bureau, 1925 K. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006. Monthly.
Newsletter presenting topical developments in rubber, and industry statistics.
Rubber Manufacturers Association Industry Rubber Report, Rubber Manufacturers Association, 1400 K. St. Washington DC 20005. Monthly.
Statistics covering U.S. production, imports, exports, stocks, and apparent consumption of natural and synthetic rubber.
Rubber Statistical Bulletin, International Rubber Study Group, Brettenham House, 5-6 Lancaster Place London, England. Monthly.
628 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
Statistical tables dealing with production, consumption, imports, exports, stocks and prices of natural and synthetic rubber in most of the major producing and consuming countries.
Rubber Trends, Economist Intelligence Unit, Spencer House, 27 St. James Pl., London, England. Quarterly.
A review of production, markets, prices, and so forth.
The Synthetic Rubber Manual, International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc., 2077 S. Gessner Rd., Houston, TX 77063. Annual.
Tabulates the synthetic rubbers according to their method of manufacture and general physical and chemical properties.
STANDARDS
American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, NY 10018.
Serves as a clearinghouse for nationally coordinated voluntary safety, engineering, and industrial standards. It publishes an annual catalog of all approved American National Standards and periodic supplements.
Annual Book of Standards, Part 09.01: "Rubber, Natural and Synthetic-General Test Methods, Carbon Black"; Part 09.02: "Rubber Products, Industrial Specifications and Related Test Methods; Gaskets; Tires," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. Annual.
Geared particularly toward development of standards.
CONFERENCES
Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325.
This Division was created in 1919 and is the oldest and largest body devoted to the chemistry and technology of rubber. National meetings are held twice a year at various locations in the U.S. and Canada; the technical presentations are avilable for purchase. Every two years, a rubber trade show is sponsored in association with the technical program.
International Rubber Conferences (RUBBERCON)
Annual conferences held in a different country each year and sponsored by a leading trade organization of that country. Its programs are international in scope and proceedings are published.
HISTORIES
T. R. Dawson, Rubber Industry in Germany During the Period 1939-1945 (British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, Overall Report No.7), HMSO, London, 1948.
RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 629
Summa!)' of the technical information collected at governmental level after World War II concerning wartime activities in Germany and Japan.
J.D. D'Ianni, Alfin Rubber History, American Histocy Research Center, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, 1984.
Summa!)' of the program on research in Alfin polymerization, 1945-194 7.
J. H. Drabble, Rubber in Malaya, I876-I922: The Genesis of the Industry, Oxford University Press, London, 1973.
The establishment of rubber cultivation in Malaya is traced through combination of capital, labor, entrepreneurial and government activity.
H. Fcy, In Tribute to the Chemists Who Tame Rubber: Celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the ACS Rubber Division, Suppl., Rubber & Plastics News, Akron, OH 44325, 1984.
The stocy of the chemists who have played, and are playing, a major role in rubber chemist!)'' s histocy.
W. C. Geer, The Reign of Rubber, The Centucy Co., New York, 1922.
A record of the early successes, failures, and hopes of lives spent in creating rubber products.
C. Goodyear, Gum-Elastic, facsimile of 1855 edition by The India-Rubber Journal Vol. I, Gum-Elastic and its Varieties, with a Detailed Account of its Applications and Uses and of the Discovery of Vulcanization; Vol. II, The Applications and Uses of Vulcanized Gum-Elastic; with Descriptions and Directions for Manufacturing Purposes, Maclaren and Sons, London, 1937.
Charles Goodyear's own account of the early histocy of rubber and his discovecy of vulcanization, as well as descriptions of its applications.
V. Herbert and A. Bisio, Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1985.
The development of synthetic rubber from its inception, through its beginnings, up to its current relatively mature status is encapsulated.
F. A. Howard, Buna Rubber: The Birth of an Industry, Van Nostrand, New York, 1947.
The stocy of synthetic rubber from its beginnings in foreign patents and research, through World War II.
P. E. Hurley, History of Natural Rubber, pub!. by J. Macromol. Sci. (Chern.) Al5, 1279 (1981); also in History of Polymer Science and Technology, R. B. Seymour, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982, p. 215.
The development of natural rubber into a key industrial material is chronicled.
P. Mason, Cauchu The Weeping Wood: A History of Rubber, The Australian Broadcasting Commission, Sydney, 1979.
A light-readable and illustrated histocy of rubber, going back to its origins in 1500 up through World War II and on briefly to the present.
630 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
F. M. McMillan, The Chain Straighteners, Macmillan, London, 1979.
The book is an interesting account of the discoveries and developments that have been the basis for the growth in production of stereoregular high polymers. Ziegler and Natta are the principle characters.
M. Morton, "History of Synthetic RuHber," J. Macromol. Sci. (Chern.), AlS, 1289 (1981); also in History of Polymer Science and Technology, R. B. Seymour, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982, p. 225.
An account of the synthetic-rubber project, including the post-World War II period.
R. A. Solo, Across the High Technology Threshold, the Case of Synthetic Rubber, Norwood Editions, Norwood, PA, 1980.
A case in the technological development of synthetic rubber under governmental direction.
E. Tompkins, History of the Pneumatic Tire, Eastland Press, London, 1981.
Recounts the development of automobile tire and rim construction, improvements in tread patterns and tread compounds, and the development of tire science, with emphasis on the contributions by Dunlop over the years.
R. F. Wolf, India Rubber Man; The Story of Charles Goodyear, The Claxton Printers, Caldwell, ID, 1939.
The first biography of Charles Goodyear.
H. Wolf and R. Wolf, Rubber: A Story of Glory and Greed, Covici Friede, New York, 1936.
A readable history of rubber from the discovery of the raw material, to its promotion by invention and research, then on to rubber as a big business.
INDEX
Abrasion resistance, 172 effect of carbon black, 74 effect of silica filler, 103
with silane coupling, 103 Accelerators, 22, 44. See also Compounding
of rubber activators, 46 classification, 45 production, 46
Acrylonitrile, 13. See also Nitrile rubber Age resistors, 50. See also Compounding of
rubber chemical agents, 50
classification, 53 cost, 53
physical protectants, 51 Antioxidants, 50. See also Age resistors Antiozonants, 50. See also Age resistors
Bromobutyl rubber. See Halobutyl rubber Butadiene, 7, 13, 215. See also Polybuta
diene, SBR consumption in U.S., by year, 217
Butyl rubber, 14, 18, 284 history, 284 manufacture, 285
grades, 287 product formulations
auto body mount, 293 cable insulation, 292 inner tube, 290 tire-curing bladder, 291
properties raw rubber, 286 vulcanizate, 2 89
chemical resistance, 293 gas permeability, 289 ozone and weather resistance, 291 thermal stability, 290 vibration damping, 291
vulcanization, 289, 294 dioxime cure, 295
resin cure, 296 sulfur, 294
Calcium carbonate. See Fillers, nonblack Carbon black, 21, 59. See also Compounding
of rubber agglomeration, 62 chemical properties, 67
purity, 69 classification and nomenclature, 69 effect on rubber properties, 71
abrasion resistance, 74 die swell, 74 hardness, 72 heat buildup, 80 hysteresis, 80 modulus, 72 Mooney viscosity, 72 rebound, 80 resilience, 80 tear strength, 74 tensile strength, 74
manufacture and morphology, 61 mixing and dispersion, 70 physical properties, 63
electrical and thermal conductivity, 68 particle size, 63 pellet quality, 68 structure, 66 surface area, 66
Chlorinated polyethylene, 496 applications, 498 chemical composition, 496 formulations and vulcanization, 498
·properties, 498 Chlorobutyl rubber, see Halobutyl rubber Chloroprene, 14. See also Neoprene. Clays, see Fillers, nonblack "Cold" rubber, see Styrene-butadiene rubber Compounding of rubber, 20. See also Vulcan-
ization components of recipe, 22
accelerators, 22, 44
631
632 INDEX
Compounding of rubber components of recipe (Cont.)
accelerator activators, 22, 46 age-resistors, 22, 50 fillers, 22, 56, 59 miscellaneous ingredients, 22, 52, 56 peptizing agents, 41 processing aids, 22 softeners, 22, 52 sulfur, 42 vulcanization agents, 22, 41 zinc oxide, 43, 49
processing methods capacities of mills and Banbury mixers,
24 mixing cycles, 28
processing tests. See Processing tests Curemeters, 118, 149
new developments, 129 uses, 121
Cyclopolyisoprene, 239
Die swell effect of carbon black, 74 Pliskin Die Swell Tester (DST), 111 relation to processibility, 112
EPDM, see Ethylene-propylene rubber Epichlorhydrin polymers, 494
chain structure, 495 processing and vulcanization, 495 properties, 496, 497
Ethylene, 6, 14. See also Polyethylene, Ethylene-propylene rubber
Ethylene-acrylic elastomers, 499 chain structure, 499 compounding and vulcanization, 500
properties raw polymer, 500 vulcanizate, 50 1
Ethylene-propylene rubber, 14, 19, 260 applications, 267, 280 chain structure, 261 compounding EPDM, 271
curing systems, 271 plasticizers and processing aids, 273 reinforcement, 273
diene types, 262, 264 ethylene-propylene ratio, 263 history, 260 molecular weight distribution, 263
nomenclature, 260 processing, 267
calendering, 271 extrusion, 270 mixing, 267 molding, 271
product compounding (EPDM), 273 automotive, 274 high oil-extended, 275 sheeting, 274 wire and cable, 278
properties raw rubber, 266 vulcanizates, 276
trade names, by company, 266
Fillers, 22, 56, 59. See also Compounding of rubber
Fillers, nonblack, 86 applications in rubber industry, 99 calcium carbonate, 89
characteristics, 89 effect on rubber properties, 90, 91 manufacture and grades, 90
clays, 90 effect on rubber properties, 92, 93
silane-treated, 93 manufacture and grades, 90 properties, 92
history and development, 86 properties, 87 reinforcement by, 101 silicas, 94
compounding, 95 manufacture and grades
precipitated silicas, 94 fumed silicas, 95
processing and vulcanization, 95 properties, 94 properties of vulcanizates, 97
natural rubber, 98 SBR, 98
silane coupling, 98 silicone rubber compounding, 99
silicates, 98 Fluorocarbon elastomers, 410
adhesion, 430 applications, 435 compounding, 413 fluid resistance, 423, 431 heat resistance, 423, 427
history, 410 low temperature, 426, 430 manufacture, 412 perfluoroelastomer, 433 processing, 419 properties, 413
raw gum, 413 vulcanizates, 423
service life, 427 types, by company, 412 uses, 414 vulcanization, 418, 421
Foam rubber, 546 compounding, 548 Dunlop process, 547 fabrication, 549 formulations, 551 processing, 554 Talalay process, 546
Goodyear, Charles. See Natural rubber
Halobutyl rubber, 284, 297 bromobutyl, 311
product formulations and properties, 316 conveyor belts, 319 pharmaceutical, 319 radial black sidewalls, 317 tire innerliners, 316
vulcanizate properties, 314 chemical resistance, 314 compatibility, 316 flex resistance, 315 . heat resistance, 314 permeability, 314
vulcanization systems, 312 scorch control, 314
chlorobutyl, 304 compounding, 30 I grades, 300 processing, 303 product formulations and properties, 308
innerliner for tubeless tires, 308 miscellaneous, 311 tire sidewall, 310 truck inner tube, 311
stabilization, 300 synthesis and production, 298 vulcanizate properties, 306 vulcanization systems, 304
bis-alkylation, 305
resin cure, 306 scorch control, 306 zinc oxide, 304
INDEX 633
Hancock, Thomas. See Natural rubber Hardness, !50
effect of carbon black, 72 Heat buildup, 164
effect of carbon black, 80 Heveaplus MG, see Natural rubber Hydrogenated nitrile rubber, 488
applications, 490 formulations, 491 properties, 491
Hypalon, 360 applications, 372 chemical composition, 360 commercial grades, 362 compounding, 363 history, 360 mixing, 367 processing, 368 properties
raw polymer, 362 vulcanizate, 361
vulcanization, 372 Hysteresis, 158
effect of carbon black, 80
Isobutylene, 14. See also Butyl rubber Isoprene, 5, 12, 14. See also Polyisoprene
Latex, 578 compounding, 520, 527 dispersions, 528 emulsions, 529 history, 518 films, 538
effect of heat, 541 heavy metals, 542 oxidation, 540 ozone, 542 strain, 541
modified natural latex, 524 natural rubber, 181, 523 Neoprene, 535 nitrile, 526 processes, 542
dipping, 543 extruding, 546 prevulcanization, 545
resin type, 525
634 INDEX
Latex (Cont. ) SBR, 525, 551 slurries, 529 stabilization, 531 vulcanization, 532
accelerators, 534 Lithium polymerization
polybutadiene, 247 polyisoprene, 245
Loss moudlus, 163 Loss tangent, 163
Macromolecules, 3 crystallization, 9, 18 glass-transition temperature, 10 size, 3 structure and properties, 9 synthesis, 5
addition polymerization, 6 condensation polymerization, 7
Methyl methacrylate, 6 Modulus, 141
effect of carbon black, 72 Mooney viscosity, 109
effect of carbon black, 72
Natural rubber, 11, 18, 179 botany, 181 composition
latex, 192 rubber, 192
de Ia Condamine, Charles, 179 deproteinized, 190 dry rubber grading, 184
conventional, 184 technically specified, 186
epoxidized (ENR), 191 Goodyear, Charles, 179 Hancock, Thomas, 179 Hevea tree, 181
breeding, 183 clones, 183 planting, 183
Heveacrumb process, 186 Heveaplus MG, 191 history, 179 latex, 181
oil extended, 189 plantations, 180
powdered, 190 processing, 184 tapping, 181
processing, 197 products, compounding formulations, 201
conveyor belts, 203 hose, 204 mechanical goods, 205 tires, 200
products, usage in, 200 raw rubber, properties of, 192
crystallization, 194 gel content, 193 molecular weight, 193
Ridley, Henry, 180 skim latex, 190 SMR (Standard Malaysian Rubber), 186
specifications, 188 superior processing (SP), 190 thermoplastic (TPNR), 191 TCR (technically classified), 189 TSR (technically specified), 186 vulcanizates, properties of, 198
abrasion and wear, 198 aging, 199 compression set, 199 dynamic properties, 199 skid resistance, 199 strength, 198
vulcanization, 195 sulfur, 195 urethane, 196
Wickham, Henry, 180 world consumption, by year, 200 world production (1983), 181
Neoprene, 14, 19, 339 applications
adhesives, 350 belts, 352 construction, 352 energy, 351 hose, 352 transportation, 351
commercial grades, by manufacturer, 340
compounding dry rubber, 346 antioxidants, 348 fillers, 348 plasticizers, 349 processing aids, 348 vulcanization systems, 346
crystallization, 344 history, 339 latex, 353
grades by manufacturer, 354 compounding, 353 processing, 353
processing dry rubber, 349 calendering and extrusion, 349 mixing, 349
product safety, 358 properties, raw and cured, 343
Nitrile rubber, 13, 18, 322 applications, 326 chemical structure, 323 compounding, 326 developments, recent, 328 history, 323 manufacture, 324
trade names, 323 mixing and processing, 327 product formulations, 328
automotive fuel hose, 328 general-purpose, 329 oil-well packer, 329
vulcanizate properties, 324 effect of fillers, 327
vulcanization systems, 328
Phosphonitrilic fluoroelastomers, 500 compounding and vulcanization, 503 properties, 503 types and applications, 502
Physical testing of vulcanizates, 147 abrasion, 172 adhesion, 172 aging, 167 computer use, 174 crack growth, 166 creep, 169 crystallization, 151, 154 DTA (differential thermal analysis), 152 dynamic tests, 157 fatigue, 167 flex resistance, 165 forced vibration, 162 free vibration, 159 friction, 173 future trends, 175 glass transition, 151
hardness, 150 heat buildup, 164 hysteresis, 158 low temperature, 157
stiffness, 154 brittleness, 156
rebound, 158 resilience, 160 set, 169 standardization, 137 stress relaxation, 169 stress-strain, 141 tear, 170 tensile, 143
INDEX 635
as measure of state of cure, 147 test design, 174 validity, 138
Polyacrylate rubber, 330 adhesion, 337 applications, 333 chemical composition, 331 compounding, 333
antioxidants, 335 blends, 338 plasticizers, 335 process aids, 335
history, 330 manufacture, 330
trade names, 330 processing, 336
calendering, 336 extrusion, 336 mixing, 336
properties, 331 raw polymer, 331 vulcanizates, 332, 334
vulcanization systems, 333, 337 Polybutadiene, 7, 13, 18, 235
chain structure, 240, 24 7 history, 235 polymerization, 242
alfin process, 248 catalysts, 246 lithium, 247 sodium, 235, 246
processing, 252 properties of vulcanizates, 255
blends, 255 test recipe, 253
Polychloroprene. See Neoprene
636 INDEX
Polyethylene, 6, 583 applications and fabrication, 60 I
blow molding, 604 coatings, 608 filaments, 609 film and sheeting, 602 injection molding, 604 pipe, 607 powder molding, 609 wire and cable, 606
chain structure, 594 branching, 595 crosslinking, 598 crystallization, 595 molecular weight, 596
consumption in U.S., 602 history, 583 manufacturing processes, 584
high pressure, 584 Phillips, 585 Union Carbide, 587 Ziegler, 586
modified polyethylene, 610 properties, 587
effect of additives, 592 Polyisoprene, 5, 12, 18, 235
chain structure, 236 cyclopolyisoprene, 239 crystallization, 230 gel and branching, 239 history, 235 polymerization, 242
a! fin process, 248 catalysts, 243 lithium, 245 sodium, 245
processing, 255 properties of vulcanizates, 256
Polymerization, 5. See also specific elastomers addition, 6 condensation, 7
Polymers, 1 Polysulfide elastomers, 15, 19, 482
formulations, 486 gaskets, 488 printing rollers, 488
properties, 487 Polyurethane elastomers, 16, 438
chain structure, 445 components of system, 445
chain extenders ( crosslinkers), 448
diisocyanates, 446 polyols, 447
compounding, 458 crosslinking and network structure, 451 foam process, 17, 555
polyether urethane, 557 history, 438 morphology, 453 one-shot process, 450 prepolymer process, 449 processes, 458
castable liquids, 458 millable gums, 459 thermoplastic resins, 460 RIM process, 460
properties, 456 urethane chemistry, 440
Poly(vynyl chloride), 561 compounding, 571
dispersion resin, 579 fabrication, 576
dispersion resin, 579 polymerization methods, 563
emulsion, 568 mass, 565 suspension, 563
production in U.S., by company, 564 properties, 568 vinyl chloride, 6, 562
physical properties, 563 Processing tests, 105
extrusion, Ill mixing, 110 Mooney viscosity, 109 processibility, 107 relaxation test, 112 scorch, 113 Williams Plastometer, lOS
Propylene, 14. See also Ethylene-propylene rubber
Propylene oxide polymers, 493 chain structure, 493 formulations, 494 properties
raw polymer, 493 vulcanizate, 494
Rebound, 158 effect of carbon black, 80
Reclaimed rubber, 505 advantages, 511
definitions, 507 formulations, 513 history, 505 reclaiming processes, 508
digester, 509 dynamic devulcanization, 510 heater or pan, 509 millroom operation, 5ll Reclaimator, 509 scrap-rubber preparation, 508
rubberized asphalt, 515 economics, 517
uses, 513 Resilience, 158
effect of carbon black, 80 Rheometer, for vulcanization test, 118, 149 Ridley, Henry. See Natural rubber RIM (reaction injection molding). See Poly
urethane elastomers (processes)
SBR, 13, 18. See also Styrene-butadiene rubber
Scorch, 113 Silane coupling, with silica filler, 98 Silane reinforcement with, 103 Silica, see Fillers, nonblack Silicates, See Fillers, nonblack Silicone rubber, 15, 19, 375
commercial suppliers, 395 compounding ingredients, 384
additives, 388 curing agents (peroxides), 388
general-purpose, 392 vinyl specific, 393
elastomers, 384 fillers, 386
fabrication, 397 bonding, 403 calendering, 400 dispersion coating, 401 extrusion, 398 "freshening," 397 hose, heavy duty, 402 molding, 398 post-baking, oven, 404
liquid compounds, 405 addition cure, 407 condensation cure
one-component, 406 two-component, 407
properties of vulcanizates, 396
service life, estimated, 375 synthesis, 377 types, 379 vulcanization, 380
types of peroxides, 381 mechanism, 382
INDEX 637
SMR (Standard Malaysian Rubber). See Natural rubber
Sodium polymerization polybutadiene, 235, 246 polyisoprene, 245
Stereoisomerism, 12. See also specific elastomers
Stereospecific polymerization polybutadiene, 246 polyisoprene, 243
Styrene, 6, 13. See also Styrene-butadiene rubber
consumption in U.S. by year, 218 Styrene-butadiene rubber, 13, 18, 209
applications, 233 butadiene, U.S. consumption, 217 "cold" SBR, 218 compounding, 228 dynamic properties, 228 emulsion polymerization, 217 glass transition, 213, 227 history, 209 processing, 214, 228 product compounds and properties, 228
conveyor belts, 231 hose, 232 tires, passenger, 229 tires, truck, 230
production of synthetic rubber, by year, 211 radial tires, 215 raw materials, 214, 215 solution SBR, 221
blending and compatibility, 225 chain branching, 222, 225 manufacturing process, 223 molecular-chain structure, 222 molecular-weight distribution, 222, 227
styrene, U.S. consumption, 218 Synthetic rubber, world production, by year,
2ll U.S. production, by year, 212
Tear strength, 170 effect of carbon black, 74
638 INDEX
Tensile strength, 143 effect of carbon black, 74
Thermoplastic elastomers, 465 applications, 472
adhesives, 473 blends with thermoplastics, 476 general purpose, 472
block copolymer structures, 465 compounding, 471, 474 crystal melting temperatures, 470 formulations, 476 glass transitions, 470 manufacture, 468 phase morphology, 467 properties, 475, 478
polyurethanes, 478 polypropylene/EPDM, 478 styrenic block copolymers, 475
property-structure relations, 468 environmental resistance, 469 processibility, 469 service temperatures, 469 stiffness, 468
trade names and types, 479 types, 465
Thiokol, 15, 19. See also Polysulfide elastomers
Transitions in elastomers, 151 crystallization, 9, 18, 151 glass transition, 10, 151
Urethane polymers. See Polyurethane elastomers
Vinyl chloride, 6. See also Poly( vinyl chloride)
Vinylidene chloride, 6 Vulcanizates. See Physical testing of
vulcanizates Vulcanization, 11, 20. See also Compounding
of rubber compounding recipes, 20
for passenger tires, 21 conditions, 32
temperature, 33, 123 thermal stability, 33 thickness, 32
natural rubber, 195 by sulfur, 195 by urethanes, 196
systems, 30 miscellaneous, 32 peroxide, 32 sulfur, 30 sulfurless, 32
techniques, 34 cold, 39 compression molding, 34 continuous, 3 7 high energy, 39 injection molding, 34 microwave, 39 open cure, 36 transfer molding, 34
tests, 117. See also Curemoter; Rheometer, for vulcanization test
Curometer, 119 oscillating-disk rheometer, 120 step-cure method, 117 Vulkameter, 118
Wickham, Henry. See Natural rubber Williams Plastometer, 108
