RTU Paper Solution - GIT · Ans.4. Pile Driving Equipment: - Pile driving equipment designed to align and hold piles in correct position and to drive the piles into the ground. Equipment

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

JAIPUR

RTU Paper Solution

Branch – Civil Engineering

Subject Name –Construction Technology and Equipments

Paper Code – 5CE3-01

Date of Exam – 14 Nov. 2019

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Scanned by CamScanner

Global Institute of Technology, Jaipur ITS-1, IT Park, EPIP, Sitapura, Jaipur 302022 (Rajasthan)

Solution V Sem University Examination 2019

Subject: Construction Technology and Equipment Code: 5CE3-01 Semester: V/ III Year

PART-A

Ans.1. Objectives of Construction Technology and Management:- Construction Technology and

Management objectives are the successful development of the project’s procedures of initiation,

planning, execution, regulation and closure as well as the guidance of the project team’s operations

towards achieving all the agreed upon goals within the set scope, time, quality and budget standards.

Following are the objectives of Construction Technology and Management.

1. Planning of each activity

2. Construction Methods

3. Planning for Construction Equipments and Machinery

4. Procurement of materials

5. Planning for employee skills

6. Planning for required documents and drawings

7. Financial Planning

Ans.2. Depreciation spreads out the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life; depletion allocates

the cost of extracting natural resources such as timber, minerals, and oil from the earth.

Depreciation

Depreciation applies to expenses incurred for the purchase of assets with useful lives greater than

one year. A percentage of the purchase price is deducted over the course of the asset's useful life.

Some examples of fixed or tangible assets that are commonly depreciated include:

Buildings

Equipment

Office furniture

Vehicles

Land

Machinery

Depletion

Depletion also lowers the cost value of an asset incrementally through scheduled charges to income.

Where it differs is that it refers to the gradual exhaustion of natural resource reserves, as opposed to

the wearing out of depreciable assets or aging life of intangibles.

Depletion expense is commonly used by miners, loggers, oil and gas drillers, and other companies

engaged in natural resource extraction. Enterprises with an economic interest in mineral property or

Standing timber may recognize depletion expenses against those assets as they are used. Depletion

can be calculated on a cost or percentage basis, and businesses generally must use whichever

provides the larger deduction for tax purposes.




1. Depreciation is on tangible assets where as depletion is on non-renewable resources.

2. Depreciation is the deduction of the asset value due to aging, whereas depletion is the actual

physical reduction of the company’s natural resources (accounting for consumption).

Ans. 3. Objectives of Material Management

A. Primary Objectives:

1. Low price.

2. High inventory turnover (Inventory turnover = Sale/Average Inventory)

3. Low cost of acquisition and possession.

4. Continuity of supply.

5. Consistency of quality.

6. Low payroll (wage) cost.

7. Favourable supplier relations.

8. Development of personnel.

9. Maintenance of regular records.

B. Secondary Objectives:

1. Favourable reciprocal relations.

2. New materials and products.

3. Make or buy decision.

4. Standardization.

5. Product improvement.

6. Inter-departmental harmony.

7. Forecast.

Ans.4. Breakeven point analysis:- Break-even analysis, the simplest analytical tool in management.

The Break-Even Chart: - In its simplest form, the break-even chart is a graphical representation of

costs at various levels of activity shown on the same chart as the variation of income (or sales,

revenue) with the same variation in activity. The point at which neither profit nor loss is made is

known as the "break-even point" and is represented on the chart below by the intersection of the two

lines.




Fig. Graph representing Break Even Analysis

Ans.5. Different types of Earth moving equipment: - Following are the most prominently used

earth-moving equipment in the construction industry:

Excavators

Backhoe Loaders

Bulldozers

Skid-Steer Loaders

Trenchers

PART-B

Ans.1. Depreciation is defined as the reduction of recorded cost of a fixed asset in a systematic

manner until the value of the asset becomes zero or negligible.

Examples of fixed assets are buildings, furniture, office equipment, machinery etc. A land is the only

exception which cannot be depreciated as the value of land appreciates with time.

Methods to find out Depreciation: - There three methods commonly used to calculate depreciation.

1. Straight line method

2. Unit of production method

3. Double-declining balance method

http://www.profitbooks.net/what-is-fixed-asset/




1) Straight-line depreciation method

This is the simplest method of all. It involves simple allocation of an even rate of depreciation

every year over the useful life of the asset. The formula for straight line depreciation is:

Annual Depreciation expense = (Asset cost – Residual Value) / Useful life of the asset

2) Unit of Production method

This is a two-step process, unlike straight line method. Here, equal expense rates are assigned to

each unit produced. This assignment makes the method very useful in assembly for production lines.

Hence, the calculation is based on output capability of the asset rather than the number of years.

3) Double declining method

This is one of the two common methods a company uses to account for the expenses of a fixed asset.

This is an accelerated depreciation method. As the name suggests, it counts expense twice as much

as the book value of the asset every year.

Ans.2. Various Safety measures for storage and handling of building material: - Stored

materials must not create a hazard for employees. Employers should make workers aware of such

factors as the materials’ height and weight, how accessible the stored materials are to the user, and

the condition of the containers where the materials are being stored when stacking and piling

materials. To prevent creating hazards when storing materials, employers must do the following:

Keep storage areas free from accumulated materials that cause tripping, fires, or explosions,

or that may contribute to the harboring of rats and other pests;

Place stored materials inside buildings that are under construction and at least 6 feet from

hoist ways, or inside floor openings and at least 10 feet away from exterior walls;

Separate no compatible material

Equip employees who work on stored grain in silos, hoppers, or tanks, with lifelines and

safety belts.

In addition, workers should consider placing bound material on racks, and secure it by stacking,

blocking, or interlocking to prevent it from sliding, falling, or collapsing.

During materials stacking activities, workers must also do the following:

Stack lumber no more than 16 feet high if it is handled manually, and no more than 20 feet if

using a forklift;

Remove all nails from used lumber before stacking;

Stack and level lumber on solidly supported bracing;




Ensure that stacks are stable and self-supporting;

Do not store pipes and bars in racks that face main aisles to avoid creating a hazard to

passersby when removing supplies;

Stack bags and bundles in interlocking rows to keep them secure; and

Stack bagged material by stepping back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least every

ten layers (to remove bags from the stack, start from the top row first).

Ans.3. Common causes of construction site accidents include:

1. Unsafe equipment

Without safety devices

Equipment failure

Not ergonomics

2. Job site conditions

Poor site management

Construction materials arrangement

Equipment and waste material arrangement

Slippery and muddy work surface

Excessive noise

Poor illumination

Poor ventilation

3. Unique nature of industry

Work operation

Rough Work

Mental and physical requirements

High energy required

Variable hazard

Work at high elevation

Limitation of working area

Transient workforce

4. Unsafe method

Incorrect work procedure

Knowledge level

Failed to obey work procedure




4. Human element

Negligence

Body effort

Tiredness

Pain

Drug addiction

Alcohol intake

Experience

Total work hours

Training undertaken

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Self emotion

Attitude

Stubborn

Assume safety is not important

Give up easily

5. Management

Education

Safety training

Orientation

Poor inspection program

Insensitive

Motivation program

Inadequate warning system

Non-compliance with safety regulation

Poor safety policies

Safety is not an important element

Ans.4. Pile Driving Equipment: - Pile driving equipment designed to align and hold piles in correct

position and to drive the piles into the ground. Equipment of this type can also be used for extracting

piles from the ground. Pile-driving equipment includes a weight-lifting device and a driver, which is

usually mounted on a pile driver or on a truck, tractor, railroad platform, excavator, or crane hoist.

There are several machines and equipment which are employed for pile driving during construction.

These machines and tools used as following




Types of Pile Driving Equipments

1. Piling rigs

2. Piling winches

3. Hanging leader

4. Hammer guides

5. Piling hammer

6. Helmet, driving cap, dolly, and packing.

Fig. Pile Driving Equipment.

Ans.5. Need of Construction Planning: - It is the basic function of management. It deals with

chalking out a future course of action & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions

for achievement of pre-determined goals.

Construction planning is the specific process construction managers use to lay out how they will

manage and execute a construction project, from designing the structure to ordering materials to

deploying workers and subcontractors to complete various tasks. A construction plan lists out each

step that it will take to achieve the desired result. There are following need of Construction Planning.




Step 1: Create the project. Create a Project Initiation Document that spells out the people, resources,

and budget for the project.

Step 2: Draft an initial plan. Use the S.M.A.R.T. and C.L.E.A.R. processes to set concrete, specific

goals for your project.

Step 3: Execute the plan. Call a meeting with your team, get on the same page, set expectations, and

assign project managers to oversee progress.

Step 4: Track your performance. Gather data on key performance indicators (KPIs) such as

objectives, performance, and quality.

Step 5: Close out and evaluate. Using the data you gathered, evaluate your performance and talk

with your team on how you could improve on the next project.

Need of Construction Resources- In project management, resources are required to carry out the

project tasks. They can be people, equipment, facilities, funding, or anything else capable of

definition (usually other than labour) required for the completion of a project activity.

These resources are- Manpower, Money. Machinery, Material, Space etc.

Ans.6. Engineering Economy:-Involves the systematic evaluation of the economic merits of

proposed solutions to engineering problems.

Engineering Economy is the application of economic factors and criteria to evaluate alternatives by

computing a specific measure of worth of estimated cash flows over a specific period of time.

Principles of Engineering Economy

1. Develop the Alternatives: - the final choice (decision) is among alternatives. The alternatives

need to be identified and then defined for subsequent analysis.

2. Focus on the Differences: - Only the differences in expected future outcomes among the

alternatives an irrelevant to their comparison and should be considered in the decision.

3. Use a Consistent Viewpoint: - The prospective outcomes of the alternatives, economic and other,

should be consistently developed from a defined viewpoint (perspective).

4. Use a Common Unit of Measure: - Using a common unit of measurement to enumerate as many

of the prospective outcomes as possible will make easier the analysis and comparison of alternatives

https://www.softwareadvice.com/resources/what-is-construction-planning/#1








5. Consider All Relevant: - Criteria Selection of a preferred alternative (decision making) requires

the use of a criterion (or several criteria).

6. Make Uncertainty:-Explicit Uncertainty is inherent in projecting (or estimating) the future

outcomes of the alternatives and should be recognized in their analysis and comparison.

7. Revisit Your Decisions: - Improved decision making results from an adaptive process; to the

extent practicable, the initial projected outcomes of the selected alternative should be subsequently

compared with actual results achieved.

Minimum cost point analysis: - The two important components of any activity are the cost and

time. Cost is directly proportional to time and vice versa. For example, in constructing a shopping

complex, the expected time of completion can be calculated using be time estimates of various

activities. But if the construction has to the finished earlier, it requires additional cost to complete the

project. We need to arrive at a time / cost trade-off between total cost of project and total time

required to complete it.

Normal time: Normal time is the time required to complete the activity at normal conditions and

cost.

Crash time: Crash time is the shortest possible activity time; crashing more than the normal time

will increase the direct cost.

Fig. Minimum Cost Point Analysis




Examples of fixed costs: - Rent and rates - Depreciation - Research and development - Marketing

costs (non- revenue related) - Administration costs.

Variable Costs: - Variable costs are those costs which vary directly with the level of output. They

represent payment output-related inputs such as raw materials, direct labour, fuel and revenue-

related costs such as commission.

PART C

Ans.1. Power Shovels: Power shovels are used primarily to excavate earth and load it into trucks or

tractor–pulled wagons or onto conveyer belts. They are capable of excavating all classes of earth,

except solid rock, without prior loosening. They may be mounted on crawler trucks (crawler-

mounted shovels), such shovels have very low travel speed but their wide treads give low soil

pressures, which permit them to operate on soft ground. Fig. illustrates a crawler-mounted shovel.

Power shovels may be mounted on rubber tired wheels.

Power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel or dipper shovel) is a

bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or

fragmented rock and for mineral extraction.

These are also known as face shovel and operates from flat surface, producing upward digging

action, excavating and filling the bucket as it climbs. After the bucket is filled, its upper part swings

to the dumping position where the bucket is emptied in a waiting truck or on to a stockpile. It then

returns to its original position and starts its next cycle

Fig. Power Shovel




The power shovel consists of boom, dipper stick, the bucket and the mechanism of operation. The

boom and stick are connected as shown in figure. The lower end of the boom is hinged to the support

bracket of the revolving deck and the upper end, carries the bucket hoist sheaves. The bucket is

provided at the end of the dipper stick.

The Basic Parts and Operation of a Shovel: The basic parts of a power shovel include:

Mounting

Cab

Boom.

Dipper stick

Dipper

Hoist line

Fig.- Basic Parts of a Cable-Operated Power Shovel

In selecting the size of a shovel, two primary factors should be considered:

1. The cost per cubic meter of material excavated

2. The job conditions under which the shovel will operate.

The Output of Power Shovels: The output is affected by numerous factors such as the following:

Class of material.

Depth of cut.

Angle of swing.

Job condition.

Management condition.

Size of hauling units.

Skills of operator.

Physical condition of the shovel.




Ans.2. Need of Construction Team

Owner- It is the owner's responsibility to provide complete and accurate relevant data, as

may become necessary for correct installation of the work. The contractor is typically

responsible for the correct layout and execution of the work

Engineer- Working with the architect will be a number of engineers that are responsible for

structural, mechanical and electrical design. The Structural Engineer is a key member of the

Project Team. Structural Engineers design the skeleton or structure of the building, enabling

Architects to focus their talents on creating a design that satisfies their client’s demands.

Contractor- The Contractor oversees and manages the construction of the building for the

Client, following the Architect and Engineers’ designs. The work is delivered under a

contractual agreement. The Main Contractor will select Sub-contractors based on the

capability, availability and price. Sub-contractors include many specialist trades.

Stages in Construction

Design- The design stage involves four steps: programming and feasibility, schematic

design, design development, and contract documents.

Pre-Construction- The pre-construction stage begins when the owner gives a notice to

proceed to the contractor that they have chosen through the bidding process.

Procurement- The procurement stage is when labor, materials and equipment needed to

complete the project are purchased.

Construction- The next step is to move everything onto the construction site and set it all up.

Owner Occupancy- Once the owner moves into the building, a warranty period begins. This

is to ensure that all materials, equipment, and quality meet the expectations of the owner that

are included within the contract.

Ans.3. Different Methods of Tunneling

A tunnel construction is an underground passage provided beneath earth surface or water. Different

methods of tunnel construction and their details are discussed.

Methods of Tunnel Construction

There are various types of construction techniques developed for construction of tunnels which are

discussed below:

i) Cut and Cover Method of Tunnel Construction

Cut and cover method of tunnel construction is generally used to build shallow tunnels. In this

method, a trench is cut in the soil and it is covered by some support which can be capable of bearing

load on it.




The cutting can be done by two methods. One is bottom up method in which a tunnel is excavated

under the surface using ground support. Another method is top-down method in which side support

walls are constructed first by slurry walling method or contiguous bored piling.

ii) Bored Tunnel Method

Bored tunnel method is modern technology. In this case, tunnel boring machines are used which

automatically work and makes the entire tunnelling process easier. It is also quicker process and

good method to build tunnel in high traffic areas.

Fig. Tunnel Boring Machine

Tunnels boring machines (TBM’s) are available in different types suitable for different ground

conditions. These machines can be used in difficult conditions such as below the water table etc. A

special pressurized compartment is provided for TBM to work in below water table conditions. The

workers should not enter that compartment except for repair works. Care should be taken while

TBM is in working conditions. The only difficulty with this TBM is its heavy weight. So,

transportation is difficult and costlier.

iii) Clay Kicking Method of Tunnel Construction

This method is used for strong clayey soil conditions. This is an old method and used for small

works like sewage pipes installations etc.

In this method, a hole is excavated into the ground and after some depth tunnel is excavated which is

done by the clay kicker which lies on a plank at 45o angle.




An excavating tool is provided under clay kicker foot. The excavated using that tool is collected by

other workers. This is well famous because it is the method used by Englishmen to put mines under

the German empire during First World War.

iv) Shaft Method of Tunnel Construction

In this method tunnel is constructed at greater depth from the ground surface. The shaft is built up to

the depth where tunnel is required.

Shaft is a permanent structure which is like well with concrete walls. At required depth, tunnels are

excavated using TBM’s. Shafts are provided at both inlet and outlet of tunnels.

Intermediate shafts are also provided if tunnel is too long. After the construction process, these

shafts can also be used for ventilation purpose as well as emergency exits.

v) Pipe Jacking Method of Tunnel Construction

Pipe jacking method is used to construct tunnels under existing structures like road ways, railways

etc. In this method, specially made pipes are driven into underground using hydraulic jacks.

Maximum size of 3.2-meter diameter is allowed for tunnels.

vi) Box Jacking Method of Tunnel Construction

Box jacking method is similar to pipe jacking, but in this case instead of pipes, specially made boxes

are driven into the soil. A cutting head is provided at the front side of the box. Excavated matter is

collected within the box. Larger size tunnels can be excavated using box jacks up to 20 meters.

vii) Underwater Tunnel Construction

An underwater tunnel is a structure which is built under water to make a way through it. If

construction of bridge is not possible then under water tunnel is good choice.

Under water tunneling is costly process but have advantages over bridge or ferry links. Immersed

tubes or bored tunnel are two most common methods which are used to construct under water

tunnels.

Documents

RTU Paper Solution - GIT · Ans.4. Pile Driving Equipment: - Pile driving equipment designed to align and hold piles in correct position and to drive the piles into the ground. Equipment